Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
Greeks	nevertheless greek surnames commonly patronymics ending suffix opoulos ides others derive trade professions physical characteristics location town village monastery.commonly greek male surnames end common ending greek masculine proper nouns nominative case.occasionally especially cyprus surnames end ou indicating genitive case patronymic name.many surnames end suffixes associated particular region akis crete eas akos mani peninsula atos island cephalonia ellis island lesbos forth.addition greek origin surnames turkish latinitalian origin especially among greeks asia minor ionian islands respectively.
Greeks	female surnames end vowel usually genitive form corresponding males surname although usage followed diaspora male version surname generally used.with respect personal names two main influences christianity classical hellenism ancient greek nomenclatures never forgotten become widely bestowed th century onwards.antiquity children customarily named grandparents first born male child named paternal grandfather second male child maternal grandfather similarly female children.personal names often familiarized diminutive suffix akis male names itsa oula female names.greeks generally use middle names instead using genitive fathers first name middle name.usage passed russians east slavs otchestvo.
Greeks	sea exploring commerce traditional greek homelands greek peninsula aegean sea southern italy magna graecia black sea ionian coasts asia minor islands cyprus sicily.platos phaidon socrates remarks greeks live around sea like frogs around pond describing friends greek cities aegean.image attested map old greek diaspora corresponded greek world creation greek state .sea trade natural outlets greeks since greek peninsula mostly rocky offer good prospects agriculture.notable greek seafarers include people pytheas massalia sailed great britain euthymenes sailed africa scylax caryanda sailed india navarch alexander great nearchus megasthenes explorer india later th century merchant monk cosmas indicopleustes cosmas sailed india explorer northwestern passage ioannis fokas also known juan de fuca.later times byzantine greeks plied sealanes mediterranean controlled trade embargo imposed byzantine emperor trade caliphate opened door later italian preeminence trade.
Greeks	panayotis potagos another explorer modern times first reach mbomu uele river north.the greek shipping tradition recovered late ottoman rule especially treaty küçük kaynarca napoleonic wars substantial merchant middle class developed played important part greek war independence.today greek shipping continues prosper extent greece one largest merchant fleets world many ships greek ownership fly flags convenience.notable shipping magnate th century aristotle onassis others yiannis latsis stavros g. livanos stavros niarchos.genetics genetic studies using multiple autosomal gene markers chromosomal dna haplogroup analysis mitochondrial gene markers mtdna show greeks share similar backgrounds rest europeans especially southern europeans italians southern balkan populations albanians slavic macedonians romanians.according studies using multiple autosomal gene markers greeks earliest contributors genetic material rest europeans one oldest populations europe.
Greeks	study showed greeks genetically closest italians romanians another study showed close italians albanians romanians southern balkan slavs.study showed greeks cluster south european mainly italians northeuropean populations close basques fst distances showed group european mediterranean populations especially italians −.tuscans ..y dna studies show greeks cluster europeans carry oldest haplogroups europe particular j haplogroup j subhaplogroups e haplogroups genetic markers denoting early farmers.ychromosome lineage ev appears originated greece southern balkans high greeks well albanians southern italians southern slavs.ev also found corsicans provencals admixture analysis estimated ychromosomes provence may attributed greek colonization also found low frequencies anatolian mainland.
Greeks	results suggest ev may trace demographic sociocultural impact greek colonization mediterranean europe contribution appears considerably larger neolithic pioneer colonization.study showed greek regional samples mainland cluster balkans principally albanians cretan greeks cluster central mediterranean eastern mediterranean samples.greek signature dna influence seen southern italy sicily genetic contribution greek chromosomes sicilian gene pool estimated southern balkans primarily albania.di gaetano et al.also note genetic links analysed findings shows sicily southeastern europe especially greece albania share common background.studies using mitochondrial dna gene markers mtdna showed greeks group mediterranean european populations principal component analysis pca confirmed low genetic distance greeks italians also revealed cline genes highest frequencies balkans southern italy spreading lowest levels britain basque country cavallisforza associates greek expansion reached peak historical times around bc certainly began earlier.a study genetic origins minoans mycenaeans showed modern greeks resemble mycenaeans additional dilution early neolithic ancestry.
Greeks	results study support idea genetic continuity civilizations modern greeks isolation history populations aegean time earliest civilizations.interview studys author harvard university geneticist iosif lazaridis precised three bronze age groups minoans mycenaeans bronze age southwestern anatolians trace ancestry earlier neolithic populations similar greece western anatolia.also ancestry east related populations caucasus iran well ancestry north related huntergatherers eastern europe siberia also bronze age people steppe.could also compare mycenaeans—again first speakers greek language—to modern people greece similar lower early neolithic ancestry argues theorized minoan mycenaean civilizations influenced culturally genetically old civilizations levant egypt quantifiable genetic influence.a study genomic history aegean palatial civilizations showed modern greeks genetically similar bce aegeans northern greece.physical appearance study prediction hair eye colour dna greek people showed selfreported phenotype frequencies according hair eye colour categories follows individuals – hair colour blond dark blondlight brown dark brown brown redauburn black hair eye colour blue intermediate green heterochromia brown eye colour.another study included dental school students university athens results study showed light hair colour blondelight ash brown predominant .
Greeks	students.medium hair colour light brownmedium darkest brown darkest brown black .black midnight black.conclusion hair colour young greeks mostly brown ranging light dark brown significant minorities black blonde hair.study also showed eye colour students .
Greeks	bluegreen medium light brown .dark brown.timeline history greek people closely associated history greece cyprus southern italy constantinople asia minor black sea.ottoman rule greece number greek enclaves around mediterranean cut core notably southern italy caucasus syria egypt.early th century half overall greekspeaking population settled asia minor turkey later century huge wave migration united states australia canada elsewhere created modern greek diaspora.
Natural law	see also notes citations references reading external links diasporaworld council hellenes abroad sae umbrella diaspora organizationreligiousecumenical patriarchate constantinoplegreek orthodox patriarchate alexandriagreek orthodox patriarchate antiochgreek orthodox patriarchate jerusalemchurch cypruschurch greeceacademictransnational communities programme university oxford archived june wayback machine includes papers greek diasporagreeks greekness construction uses greek past among greeks roman empire.the modern greek studies association scholarly organization modern greek studies north america publishes journal modern greek studies.got greek next generation national research studywaterloo institute hellenistic studiestrade organizationshellenic canadian board tradehellenic canadian lawyers associationhellenic canadian congress british columbiahellenicamerican chamber commercehellenicargentine chamber industry commerce c.i.c.h.a.charitable organizationsahepa – american hellenic educational progressive associationhellenic heritage foundationhellenic home agedhellenic hope centerhellenic scholarshipsaccording natural law theory people inherent rights conferred act legislation god nature reason.natural law theory also refer theories ethics theories politics theories civil law theories religious morality.in western tradition anticipated presocratics example search principles governed cosmos human beings.concept natural law documented ancient greek philosophy including aristotle referred ancient roman philosophy cicero.references also found old new testaments bible later expounded upon middle ages christian philosophers albert great thomas aquinas.school salamanca made notable contributions renaissance.although central ideas natural law part christian thought since roman empire foundation natural law consistent system laid aquinas synthesised ideas predecessors condensed lex naturalis lit.
Natural law	natural law.st. thomas argues human beings reason reason spark divine see image god human lives sacred infinite value compared created object meaning humans fundamentally equal bestowed intrinsic basic set rights human remove.modern natural law theories took shape age enlightenment combining inspiration roman law christian scholastic philosophy contemporary concepts social contract theory.used challenging theory divine right kings became alternative justification establishment social contract positive law government—and thus legal rights—in form classical republicanism.early decades st century concept natural law closely related concept natural rights.indeed many philosophers jurists scholars use natural law synonymously natural rights latin ius naturale natural justice though others distinguish natural law natural right.because intersection natural law natural rights natural law claimed attributed key component declaration independence united states declaration rights man citizen france universal declaration human rights united nations well european convention human rights council europe.
Natural law	history ancient greece plato although plato explicit theory natural law rarely used phrase natural law except gorgias timaeus e concept nature according john wild contains elements found many natural law theories.according plato live orderly universe.basis orderly universe nature forms fundamentally form good plato describes brightest region being.form good cause things seen leads person act wisely.symposium good closely identified beautiful.
Natural law	symposium plato describes experience beautiful socrates enabled resist temptations wealth sex.republic ideal community city would established accordance nature.aristotle greek philosophy emphasized distinction nature physis φúσις one hand law custom convention nomos νóμος other.law commanded would expected vary place place nature everywhere.law nature would therefore flavor paradox something obviously existed.
Natural law	conventionalism distinction nature custom could engender socrates philosophic heirs plato aristotle posited existence natural justice natural right dikaion physikon δίκαιον φυσικόν latin ius naturale.aristotle often said father natural law.aristotles association natural law may due interpretation given works thomas aquinas.whether aquinas correctly read aristotle dispute.according aquinas conflates natural law natural right latter aristotle posits book v nicomachean ethics book iv eudemian ethics.according interpretation aquinass influence affect number early translations passages unfortunate manner though recent translations render literally.
Natural law	aristotle notes natural justice species political justice specifically scheme distributive corrective justice would established best political community take form law could called natural law though aristotle discuss suggests politics best regime may rule law all.the best evidence aristotles thought natural law comes rhetoric aristotle notes aside particular laws people set common law according nature.specifically quotes sophocles empedoclesuniversal law law nature.really every one extent divines natural justice injustice binding men even association covenant other.sophocles antigone clearly means says burial polyneices act spite prohibition means naturenot today yesterday isbut lives eternal none date birth.and empedocles bids us kill living creature saying people unjust othersnay allembracing law realms skyunbroken stretcheth earths immensity.some critics believe context remark suggests aristotle advised could rhetorically advantageous appeal law especially particular law ones city averse case made actually law.moreover claim aristotle considered two three candidates universally valid natural law provided passage wrong.
Natural law	aristotles paternity natural law tradition consequently disputed.stoic natural law development tradition natural justice one natural law usually attributed stoics.rise natural law universal system coincided rise large empires kingdoms greek world.whereas higher law aristotle suggested one could appeal emphatically natural contradistinction result divine positive legislation stoic natural law indifferent either natural divine source law stoics asserted existence rational purposeful order universe divine eternal law means rational lived accordance order natural law inspired actions accorded virtue.as english historian a. j. carlyle – notesthere change political theory startling completeness change theory aristotle later philosophical view represented cicero seneca ... think cannot better exemplified regard theory equality human nature.charles h. mcilwain likewise observes idea equality men profound contribution stoics political thought greatest influence changed conception law part resulted it.natural law first appeared among stoics believed god everywhere everyone see classical pantheism.
Natural law	according belief within humans divine spark helps live accordance nature.stoics felt way universe designed natural law helped us harmonise this.ancient rome cicero wrote de legibus justice law originate nature given humanity human mind embraces function humanity serves unite humanity.cicero natural law obliges us contribute general good larger society.purpose positive laws provide safety citizens preservation states tranquility happiness human life.
Natural law	view wicked unjust statutes anything laws definition term law inheres idea principle choosing true.law cicero ought reformer vice incentive virtue.cicero expressed view virtues ought cultivate always tend happiness best means promoting consists living men perfect union charity cemented mutual benefits.in de publica writesthere indeed law right reason accordance nature existing unchangeable eternal.commanding us right forbidding us wrong.dominion good men possesses influence bad ones.
Natural law	law substituted part taken away abrogated altogether.neither people senate absolve it.one thing rome another thing athens one thing today another thing tomorrow eternal immutable nations time.cicero influenced discussion natural law many centuries come era american revolution.jurisprudence roman empire rooted cicero held extraordinary grip ... upon imagination posterity medium propagation ideas informed law institutions empire.ciceros conception natural law found way later centuries notably writings saint isidore seville decretum gratian.
Natural law	thomas aquinas summary medieval natural law quoted ciceros statement nature custom sources societys laws.the renaissance italian historian leonardo bruni praised cicero person carried philosophy greece italy nourished golden river eloquence.legal culture elizabethan england exemplified sir edward coke steeped ciceronian rhetoric.scottish moral philosopher francis hutcheson student glasgow attracted cicero always professed greatest admiration.generally eighteenthcentury great britain ciceros name household word among educated people.likewise admiration early americans cicero took pride place orator political theorist stylist moralist.the british polemicist thomas gordon incorporated cicero radical ideological tradition travelled mother country colonies course eighteenth century decisively shaped early american political culture.
Natural law	ciceros description immutable eternal universal natural law quoted burlamaqui later american revolutionary legal scholar james wilson.cicero became john adamss foremost model public service republican virtue forensic eloquence.adams wrote cicero ages world produced greater statesman philosopher united character authority great weight.thomas jefferson first encountered cicero schoolboy learning latin continued read letters discourses throughout life.admired patriot valued opinions moral philosopher little doubt looked upon ciceros life love study aristocratic country life model own.
Natural law	jefferson described cicero father eloquence philosophy.christianity new testament carries exposition abrahamic dialogue links later greek exposition subject pauls epistle romans states gentiles law nature things contained law law law unto shew work law written hearts conscience also bearing witness thoughts meanwhile accusing else excusing one another.intellectual historian a. j. carlyle commented passage little doubt st pauls words imply conception analogous natural law cicero law written mens hearts recognized mans reason law distinct positive law state st paul recognized revealed law god.sense st pauls words taken fathers fourth fifth centuries like st hilary poitiers st ambrose st augustine seems reason doubt correctness interpretation.because origins old testament early church fathers especially west saw natural law part natural foundation christianity.notable among augustine hippo equated natural law humanitys prelapsarian state life according unbroken human nature longer possible persons needed instead seek healing salvation divine law grace jesus christ.the natural law inherently teleological well deontological.
Natural law	christians natural law human beings manifest divine image life.mimicry gods life impossible accomplish except means power grace.thus whereas deontological systems merely require certain duties performed christianity explicitly states one fact perform duties grace lacking.christians natural law flows divine commands fact humanity made gods image humanity empowered gods grace.living natural law humanity displays gifts life grace gifts good.
Natural law	consequences gods hands consequences generally within human control thus natural law actions judged three things persons intent circumstances act nature act.apparent good evil consequence resulting moral act relevant act itself.specific content natural law therefore determined persons acts mirror gods internal life love.insofar one lives natural law temporal satisfaction may may attained salvation attained.state bound natural law conceived institution whose purpose assist bringing subjects true happiness.
Natural law	true happiness derives living harmony mind god image living god.after protestant reformation protestant denominations maintained parts catholic concept natural law.english theologian richard hooker church england adapted thomistic notions natural law anglicanism five principles live learn reproduce worship god live ordered society.catholic natural law jurisprudence twelfth century gratian equated natural law divine law.albertus magnus would address subject century later pupil st. thomas aquinas summa theologica iii qq.– restored natural law independent state asserting natural law rational creatures participation eternal law.
Natural law	yet since human reason could fully comprehend eternal law needed supplemented revealed divine law.see also biblical law christianity.meanwhile aquinas taught human positive laws judged conformity natural law.unjust law law full sense word.retains merely appearance law insofar duly constituted enforced way law perversion law.
Natural law	point natural law used pass judgment moral worth various laws also determine laws meant first place.principle laid seed possible societal tension reference tyrants.the catholic church holds view natural law introduced albertus magnus elaborated thomas aquinas particularly summa theologiae often filtered school salamanca.view also shared protestants delineated anglican writer c. s. lewis works mere christianity abolition man.the catholic church understands human beings consist body mind physical nonphysical soul perhaps two inextricably linked.humans capable discerning difference good evil conscience.many manifestations good pursue.
Natural law	like procreation common animals others like pursuit truth inclinations peculiar capacities human beings.to know right one must use ones reason apply thomas aquinas precepts.reason believed embodied abstract form concept primary precept good sought evil avoided.st. thomas explains belongs natural law first certain general precepts known secondly certain secondary detailed precepts conclusions following closely first principles.general principles natural law abstract nowise blotted mens hearts.blotted case particular action insofar reason hindered applying general principle particular point practice account concupiscence passion stated .
Natural law	i.e.secondary precepts natural law blotted human heart either evil persuasions speculative matters errors occur respect necessary conclusions vicious customs corrupt habits among men theft even unnatural vices apostle states rm.esteemed sinful.however primary immediate precepts cannot blotted secondary precepts be.therefore deontological ethical theory open surprisingly large amount interpretation flexibility.rule helps humanity live primary subsidiary precepts secondary precept exampledrunkenness wrong injures ones health worse destroys ones ability reason fundamental humans rational animals i.e.
Natural law	support selfpreservation.theft wrong destroys social relations humans nature social animals i.e.support subsidiary precept living society.natural moral law concerned exterior interior acts also known action motive.simply right thing enough truly moral ones motive must right well.example helping old lady across road good exterior act impress someone bad interior act wrong.however good intentions dont always lead good actions.
Natural law	motive must coincide cardinal theological virtues.cardinal virtues acquired reason applied nature areprudencejusticetemperancefortitudethe theological virtues arefaithhopecharityaccording aquinas lack virtues lack ability make moral choice.example consider person possesses virtues justice prudence fortitude yet lacks temperance.due lack selfcontrol desire pleasure despite good intentions find themself swaying moral path.in th century school salamanca francisco suárez francisco de vitoria etc.developed philosophy natural law.the catechism catholic church describes following way natural law expresses original moral sense enables man discern reason good evil truth lie natural law written engraved soul every man human reason ordaining good forbidding sin .
Natural law	..command human reason would force law voice interpreter higher reason spirit freedom must submitted.the natural law consists catholic church one supreme universal principle derived natural moral obligations duties.thomas aquinas resumes various ideas catholic moral thinkers principle since good primarily falls apprehension practical reason supreme principle moral action must good central idea therefore supreme principle good done evil avoided.islamic natural law abū rayhān albīrūnī medieval scholar scientist polymath understood natural law survival fittest.
Natural law	argued antagonism human beings overcome divine law believed sent prophets.also said general position ashari school largest school sunni theology well ibn hazm.conceptualized thus laws viewed originating subjective attitudes actuated cultural conceptions individual preferences notion divine revelation justified kind divine intervention replaces human positive laws criticized relative single divine positive law.however also entails anything may included divine law would human laws unlike latter gods law seen binding regardless nature commands virtue gods might since god subject human laws conventions may command wills may wills.the maturidi school secondlargest school sunni theology well mutazilites posits existence form natural objective law humans comprehend.abu mansur almaturidi stated human mind could know existence god major forms good evil without help revelation.
Natural law	almaturidi gives example stealing believes known evil reason alone due peoples working hard property.similarly killing fornication drunkenness discernible evils human mind could know according almaturidi.likewise averroes ibn rushd treatise justice jihad commentary platos republic writes human mind know unlawfulness killing stealing thus five maqasid higher intents islamic sharia protection religion life property offspring reason.aristotelian commentaries also influenced subsequent averroist movement writings thomas aquinas.ibn qayyim aljawziyya also posited human reason could discern great sins good deeds.nonetheless like ibn taymiyah emphasized authority divine revelation asserted must followed even seems contradict human reason though stressed gods commands sensible rationalizable advantageous humans life hereafter.the concept istislah islamic law bears similarities natural law tradition west exemplified thomas aquinas.
Natural law	however whereas natural law deems good selfevidently good according tends towards fulfillment person istislah typically calls good whatever related one five basic goods.many jurists theologians philosophers attempted abstract basic fundamental goods legal precepts.alghazali instance defined religion life reason lineage property others add honor also.brehon law early irish law senchus mor great tradition mentions number places recht aicned natural law.concept predating european legal theory reflects type law universal may determined reason observation natural action.
Natural law	neil mcleod identifies concepts law must accord fír truth dliged right entitlement.two terms occur frequently though irish law never strictly defines them.similarly term córus law accordance proper order occurs places even titles certain texts.two real concepts jurists value given judgment respect apparently ascertainable.mcleod also suggested specific laws mentioned passed test time thus truth confirmed provisions justified ways younger tested time laws written oldest dialect irish language called bérla féini bairlafaina even time difficult persons become brehons specially instructed length time beginning becoming learned brehon usually years.
Natural law	although law third person could fulfill duty parties agreed sane.included ethnoceltic breakaway subculture religious undertones freedom religious expression allows used valid system western europe.english jurisprudence heinrich a. rommen remarked upon tenacity spirit english common law retained conceptions natural law equity assimilated catholic middle ages thanks especially influence henry de bracton d. sir john fortescue d. cir..bractons translator notes bracton trained jurist principles distinctions roman jurisprudence firmly mind bracton adapted principles english purposes rather copying slavishly.
Natural law	particular bracton turned imperial roman maxim prince law head insisting king law.legal historian charles f. mullett noted bractons ethical definition law recognition justice finally devotion natural rights.bracton considered justice fountainhead rights arise.definition justice bracton quoted twelfthcentury italian jurist azo justice constant unfailing give right.bractons work second legal treatise studied young apprentice lawyer thomas jefferson.fortescue stressed supreme importance law god nature works profoundly influenced course legal development following centuries.
Natural law	legal scholar ellis sandoz noted historically ancient ontologically higher law—eternal divine natural—are woven together compose single harmonious texture fortescues account english law.legal historian norman doe explains fortescue follows general pattern set aquinas.objective every legislator dispose people virtue.means law accomplished.fortescues definition law also found accursius bracton sacred sanction commanding virtuous honesta forbidding contrary.
Natural law	fortescue cited great italian leonardo bruni statement virtue alone produces happiness.christopher st. germains doctor student classic english jurisprudence thoroughly annotated thomas jefferson.st. germain informs readers english lawyers generally dont use phrase law nature rather use reason preferred synonym.norman doe notes st. germains view essentially thomist quoting thomas aquinass definition law ordinance reason made common good charge community promulgated.sir edward coke preeminent jurist time.cokes preeminence extended across ocean american revolutionary leaders law meant sir edward cokes custom right reason.coke defined law perfect reason commands things proper necessary prohibits contrary things.
Natural law	coke human nature determined purpose law law superior one persons reason will.cokes discussion natural law appears report calvins case law nature god time creation nature man infused heart preservation direction.case judges found ligeance faith subject due unto king law nature secondly law nature part law england thirdly law nature judicial municipal law fourthly law nature immutable.support findings assembled judges reported coke one cited authorities aristotle cicero apostle paul well bracton fortescue st. germain.after coke famous common law jurist seventeenth century sir matthew hale.hale wrote treatise natural law circulated among english lawyers eighteenth century survives three manuscript copies.
Natural law	naturallaw treatise published law nature .hales definition natural law reads law almighty god given man nature discovering morall good moral evill moral actions commanding former forbidding latter secret voice dictate implanted nature reason concience.viewed natural law antecedent preparatory subsequent civil government stated human law cannot forbid law nature injoins command law nature prohibits.cited authorities plato aristotle cicero seneca epictetus apostle paul.critical hobbess reduction natural law selfpreservation hobbess account state nature drew positively hugo grotiuss de jure belli ac pacis francisco suárezs tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore john seldens de jure naturali et gentium juxta disciplinam ebraeorum.as early thirteenth century held law nature...is ground laws chancellor judges required law nature every person punishd ought present absent contumacy ought summoned make default.
Natural law	find held proceedings courts founded upon law england law founded upon law nature revealed law god.right sought enforced inconsistent either english municipal courts cannot recognize it.hobbes th century medieval teleological view came intense criticism quarters.thomas hobbes instead founded contractarian theory legal positivism men could agree upon sought happiness subject contention broad consensus could form around feared violent death hands another.natural law rational human seeking survive prosper would act.
Natural law	natural law therefore discovered considering humankinds natural rights whereas previously could said natural rights discovered considering natural law.hobbes opinion way natural law could prevail men submit commands sovereign.ultimate source law comes sovereign sovereigns decisions need grounded morality legal positivism born.jeremy benthams modifications legal positivism developed theory.as used thomas hobbes treatises leviathan de cive natural law precept general rule found reason man forbidden destructive life takes away means preserving omit thinks may best preserved.according hobbes nineteen laws.first two expounded chapter xiv leviathan first second natural laws contracts others chapter xv laws nature.the first law nature every man ought endeavour peace far hope obtaining cannot obtain may seek use helps advantages war.the second law nature man willing others far forth peace defence shall think necessary lay right things contented much liberty men would allow men himself.the third law men perform covenants made.
Natural law	law nature consisteth fountain original justice... covenant made break unjust definition injustice performance covenant.whatsoever unjust just.the fourth law man receiveth benefit another mere grace endeavour giveth reasonable cause repent good will.breach law called ingratitude.the fifth law complaisance every man strive accommodate rest.observers law may called sociable contrary stubborn insociable forward intractable.the sixth law upon caution future time man ought pardon offences past repenting desire it.the seventh law revenges men look greatness evil past greatness good follow.the eighth law man deed word countenance gesture declare hatred contempt another.breach law commonly called contumely.the ninth law every man acknowledge another equal nature.
Natural law	breach precept pride.the tenth law entrance conditions peace man require reserve right content reserved every one rest.breach precept arrogance observers precept called modest.the eleventh law man trusted judge man man deal equally them.the twelfth law things cannot divided enjoyed common quantity thing permit without stint otherwise proportionably number right.the thirteenth law entire right else...the first possession case alternating use thing neither divided enjoyed common determined lottery.the fourteenth law things cannot enjoyed common divided ought adjudged first possessor cases first born acquired lot.the fifteenth law men mediate peace allowed safe conduct.the sixteenth law controversie submit right judgement arbitrator.the seventeenth law man fit arbitrator cause.the eighteenth law man serve judge case greater profit honour pleasure apparently ariseth victory one party other.the nineteenth law disagreement fact judge give weight testimony one party another absent evidence give credit testimony witnesses.hobbess philosophy includes frontal assault founding principles earlier natural legal tradition disregarding traditional association virtue happiness likewise redefining law remove notion promotion common good.hobbes use aristotles association nature human perfection inverting aristotles use word nature.hobbes posits primitive unconnected state nature men natural proclivity...to hurt also right every thing even one anothers body nothing unjust warre every man every man human life solitary poore nasty brutish short.rejecting ciceros view people join society primarily certain social spirit nature implanted man hobbes declares men join society simply purpose getting miserable condition warre necessarily consequent...to naturall passions men visible power keep awe.
Natural law	part campaign classical idea natural human sociability hobbes inverts fundamental natural legal maxim golden rule.hobbess version another thou wouldst done thy selfe.cumberlands rebuttal hobbes english cleric richard cumberland wrote lengthy influential attack hobbess depiction individual selfinterest essential feature human motivation.historian knud haakonssen noted eighteenth century cumberland commonly placed alongside alberico gentili hugo grotius samuel pufendorf triumvirate seventeenthcentury founders modern school natural law.eighteenthcentury philosophers shaftesbury hutcheson obviously inspired part cumberland.
Natural law	historian jon parkin likewise describes cumberlands work one important works ethical political theory seventeenth century.parkin observes much cumberlands material derived roman stoicism particularly work cicero cumberland deliberately cast engagement hobbes mould ciceros debate stoics believed nature could provide objective morality epicureans argued morality human conventional selfinterested.cumberland deemphasized overlay christian dogma particular doctrine original sin corresponding presumption humans incapable perfecting without divine intervention accreted natural law middle ages.by way contrast hobbess multiplicity laws cumberland states first sentence treatise laws nature laws nature reducd one benevolence toward rationals.later clarifies name rationals beg leave understand well god man upon authority cicero.cumberland argues mature development perfection human nature involves individual human willing acting common good.
Natural law	cumberland human interdependence precludes hobbess natural right individual wage war rest personal survival.however haakonssen warns reading cumberland proponent enlightened selfinterest.rather proper moral love humanity disinterested love god love humanity well others.cumberland concludes actions principally conducive happiness promote honour glory god also charity justice towards men.cumberland emphasizes desiring wellbeing fellow humans essential pursuit happiness.
Natural law	cites reason authority conclusion happiness consists extensive benevolence also mentions essential ingredients happiness benevolent affections meaning love benevolence towards others well joy arises happiness.american jurisprudence u.s. declaration independence states become necessary people united states assume separate equal station laws nature natures god entitle them.early american lawyers judges perceived natural law tenuous amorphous evanescent legal basis grounding concrete rights governmental limitations.natural law however serve authority legal claims rights judicial decisions legislative acts legal pronouncements.robert lowry clinton argues u.s. constitution rests common law foundation common law turn rests classical natural law foundation.
Natural law	european liberal natural law liberal natural law grew medieval christian natural law theories hobbes revision natural law sometimes uneasy balance two.sir alberico gentili hugo grotius based philosophies international law natural law.particular grotiuss writings freedom seas war theory directly appealed natural law.natural law wrote even omnipotent cannot change abrogate natural law would maintain objective validity even assume impossible god care human affairs.de iure belli ac pacis prolegomeni xi.famous argument etiamsi daremus non esse deum made natural law longer dependent theology.
Natural law	however german churchhistorians ernst wolf m. elze disagreed claimed grotius concept natural law theological basis.grotius view old testament contained moral precepts e.g.decalogue christ confirmed therefore still valid.moreover useful explaining content natural law.biblical revelation natural law originated god could therefore contradict other.in similar way samuel pufendorf gave natural law theological foundation applied concepts government international law.john locke incorporated natural law many theories philosophy especially two treatises government.
Natural law	considerable debate whether conception natural law akin aquinas filtered richard hooker hobbes radical reinterpretation though effect lockes understanding usually phrased terms revision hobbes upon hobbesian contractarian grounds.locke turned hobbes prescription around saying ruler went natural law failed protect life liberty property people could justifiably overthrow existing state create new one.while locke spoke language natural law content law large protective natural rights language later liberal thinkers preferred.political philosopher jeremy waldron pointed lockes political thought based particular set protestant christian assumptions.locke content natural law identical biblical ethics laid especially decalogue christs teaching exemplary life st. pauls admonitions.locke derived concept basic human equality including equality sexes adam eve genesis – startingpoint theological doctrine imago dei.
Natural law	one consequences humans created equally free governments need consent governed.thomas jefferson arguably echoing locke appealed unalienable rights declaration independence hold truths selfevident men created equal endowed creator certain unalienable rights among life liberty pursuit happiness.lockean idea governments need consent governed also fundamental declaration independence american revolutionaries used justification separation british crown.the belgian philosopher law frank van dun one among elaborating secular conception natural law liberal tradition.anarchocapitalist theorist murray rothbard argues existence natural law discoverable reason potentially powerful threat status quo standing reproach reign blindly traditional custom arbitrary state apparatus.austrian school economist ludwig von mises states relaid general sociological economic foundations liberal doctrine upon utilitarianism rather natural law r. a. gonce argues reality argument constituting system overwhelms denial.
Natural law	murray rothbard however says gonce makes lot errors distortions analysis misess works including making confusions term mises uses refer scientific laws laws nature saying characterizes mises natural law philosopher.david gordon notes people speak natural law mind contention morality derived human nature.human beings rational animals suchandsuch sort moral virtues are...filling blanks difficult part.nobel prize winning austrian economist social theorist f. a. hayek said originally term natural used describe orderliness regularity product deliberate human will.together organism one two terms generally understood refer spontaneously grown contrast invented designed.use sense inherited stoic philosophy revived twelfth century finally flag late spanish schoolmen developed foundations genesis functioning spontaneously formed social institutions.
Natural law	idea natural product designing reason product seventeenth century rationalist reinterpretation law nature.luis molina example referred natural price explained called results thing without regard laws decrees dependent many circumstances alter sentiments men estimation different uses often even consequence whims pleasures.even john locke talking foundations natural law explaining thought citing reason said reason however think meant faculty understanding forms traint thought deduces proofs certain definite principles action spring virtues whatever necessary proper moulding morals.this antirationalist approach human affairs hayek guided scottish enlightenment thinkers adam smith david hume adam ferguson make case liberty.one knowledge necessary plan society natural spontaneous order society shows efficiently plan bottomup.also idea law product deliberate design denied natural law linked legal positivism easily generate totalitarianism law wholly product deliberate design whatever designer decrees law definition unjust law becomes contradiction terms.
Natural law	duly authorized legislator wholly unfettered guided solely concrete interests.idea wrong law cannot product reason system articulated law applied except within framework generally recognized often unarticulated rules justice.however secular critique natural law doctrine stated pierre charron de la sagesse sign natural law must universal respect held anything nature truly commanded us would undoubtedly obey universally would every nation respect every individual.instead nothing world subject contradiction dispute nothing rejected one nation many equally nothing strange opinion many unnatural approved many countries authorized customs.contemporary jurisprudence one modern articulation concept natural laws given belina dzudzekby constant repetition practices develop structures form discourses become natural abstract societal origins latter forgotten seem natural laws.in jurisprudence natural law refer several doctrinesthat laws immanent nature discovered found created things bill rightsthat emerge natural process resolving conflicts embodied evolutionary process common law orthat meaning law content cannot determined except reference moral principles.these meanings either oppose complement although share common trait rely inherence opposed design finding laws.whereas legal positivism would say law unjust without less law natural law jurisprudence would say something legally deficient unjust norm.besides utilitarianism kantianism natural law jurisprudence common virtue ethics live option first principles ethics theory analytic philosophy.the concept natural law important development english common law.struggles parliament monarch parliament often made reference fundamental laws england times said embody natural law principles since time immemorial set limits power monarchy.
Natural law	according william blackstone however natural law might useful determining content common law deciding cases equity identical laws england.nonetheless implication natural law common law tradition meant great opponents natural law advocates legal positivism like jeremy bentham also staunch critics common law.natural law jurisprudence currently undergoing period reformulation legal positivism.prominent contemporary natural law jurist australian john finnis based oxford also americans germain grisez robert p. george canadian joseph boyle brazilian emídio brasileiro.tried construct new version natural law.thcentury anarchist legal theorist lysander spooner also figure expression modern natural law.new natural law sometimes called originated grisez.
Natural law	focuses basic human goods human life knowledge aesthetic experience selfevidently intrinsically worthwhile states goods reveal incommensurable one another.the tensions natural law positive law played continue play key role development international law.u.s.supreme court justices clarence thomas neil gorsuch proponents natural law.see also notes references external links stanford encyclopedia philosophythe natural law tradition ethics mark murphy .aquinas moral political legal philosophy john finnis .natural law theories john finnis .internet encyclopedia philosophy entry natural law kenneth einar himmaaquinas natural lawnatural law explained evaluated applied clear introduction natural lawjonathan dolhenty ph.d. overview natural lawcatholic encyclopedia natural lawmcelroy wendy nonabsurdity natural law freeman february vol.no.pp.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	–john wijngaards controversy natural law.lex naturalis ius naturalis law positive reasoning natural rationality eric engle elias clarke .value acquisition listed usd ibm based united states.value acquisition listed undisclosed.many companies listed article subsidiaries subsidiaries ... examples see pughs book building ibm page .precursors – herman hollerith initially business name hollerith electric tabulating system specialising punched card data processing equipment.incorporated tabulating machine company.bundy manufacturing company incorporated.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	computing scale company incorporated.dey patents company soon renamed dey time register company incorporated.willard frick manufacturing company rochester new york incorporated.detroit automatic scale company incorporated.hollerith incorporates tabulating machine company.reincorporated .standard time stamp company acquired bundy manufacturing company.international time recording company incorporated acquiring timerecording business bundy manufacturing company willard frick manufacturing company rochester.chicago timeregister company acquired international time recording company.dayton moneyweight scale company acquired computing scale company.detroit automatic scale company acquired computing scale company.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	hollerith reincorporates tabulating machine company.dey time register company acquired international time recording company.syracuse time recorder company acquired international time recording company.computingtabulatingrecording company since earlier ibm described formation merger three companies tabulating machine company origin washington dc international time recording company itr endicott computing scale company america dayton ohio.however merger amalgamation amalgamation four three companies.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	ctr stock prospectus states bundy manufacturing company also included.while itr acquired time recording business bundy remained separate entity producing adding machine wares.tabulating machine companycomputing scale corporationinternational time recording companybundy manufacturing companyctr owned stock four companies ctr neither produced sold product four companies continued operate names.acquisitions – acquisitions since number acquisitions per year according table belowin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companiesin ibm acquired companies spinoffs – dayton scale division sold hobart manufacturing company.– ticketograph division sold national postal meter company.– time equipment division sold simplex time recorder company.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	– service bureau corporation sold control data corporation – prodigy formerly joint venture sears roebuck company.– satellite business systems sold mci communications – copierduplicator business including service support contracts sold eastman kodak.– ardis mobile packet network joint venture motorola.motorola buys ibms interest .motient.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	– lexmark keyboards typewriters printers.ibm retained interest.lexmark sold keyboard typewriter businesses.– kaleida joint multimedia software venture apple computer.– taligent joint software venture apple computer.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	– ibm commercial multimedia technologies group spun form private company fairway technologies.– ibm sells remaining percent stake rolm company siemens a.g. germany.– xyratex enterprise data storage subsystems network technology formed management buyout ibm.– advantis advanced valueadded networking technology ibm sears voice data network company.joint venture ibm holding sears holding .
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	ibm buys sears interest .att acquires infrastructure portion advantis becoming att global network.ibm retained business strategic outsourcing portions joint venture.– federal systems division sold loral becoming loral federal systems.federal systems division performed work nasa.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	loral later acquired lockheed martin.– celestica electronic manufacturing services ems.– ibm global network sold att form att business internet.– dominion semiconductor dsc ibm sells share jv partner toshiba.dsc becomes wholly owned subsidiary toshiba.
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM	– information services extended department developer specialized databases software telephone directory assistance spun form privately held company isx inc later sold local matters.december – ibm sells hdd business hitachi global storage technologies approximately billion.hitachi global storage technologies provides many hardware storage devices formerly provided ibm including ibm hard drives microdrive.ibm continues develop storage systems including tape backup storage software enterprise storage.december – lenovo acquires interest ibm personal systems group employees billion revenue.april – web analytics provider coremetrics acquires surfaid analytics standalone division ibm global services.deal said eightfigure range making worth least million.note since coremetrics turn acquired ibmjanuary – threeyear joint venture ibm printing systems division ricoh form new ricohowned subsidiary infoprint solutions company million.september – ibm launches online business video advice service association guruonline.september – ibm sells u multivalue database application development products created vmark unidata system builder prime computer obtained via informix acquisition rocket softwareapril – ibm sells retail store solutions division pointofsales toshiba tecjanuary – ibm sells ibm system x business lenovo .
Jack Kirby	billion.october – ibm sells microelectronics computer chips business globalfoundries.ibm pay globalfoundries .billion years take business.december – unicom global acquires ibm rational focal point ibm rational purify plus.january – ibm sells algorithmics collateral smartstream technologies december – unicom global acquires ibm rational system architect december – hcl technologies acquire select ibm software products .b.july – ibm watson marketing business spins standalone company acoustic acquisition centerbridge partnersoctober – ibm announced spinning managed infrastructure services unit global technology services division new public company action expected completed end .january – ibm announced would sell watson health private equity firm francisco partners.see also list largest mergers acquisitionslists corporate acquisitions mergers references external links ibm list selected acquisitionsgrew new york city learned draw cartoon figures tracing characters comic strips editorial cartoons.entered nascent comics industry drawing various comics features different pen names including jack curtiss ultimately settling jack kirby.writereditor joe simon created highly successful superhero character captain america timely comics predecessor marvel comics.kirby regularly teamed simon creating numerous characters company national comics publications later become dc comics.after serving european theater world war ii kirby produced work dc comics harvey comics hillman periodicals publishers.crestwood publications simon created genre romance comics later founded shortlived comic company mainline publications.
Jack Kirby	kirby involved timelys iteration atlas comics next decade became marvel.kirby created many companys major characters including fantastic four xmen thor hulk iron man.kirbys titles garnered high sales critical acclaim feeling treated unfairly largely realm authorship credit creators rights kirby left company rival dc.at dc kirby created fourth world saga spanned several comics titles.series proved commercially unsuccessful canceled fourth worlds new gods continued significant part dc universe.kirby returned marvel briefly midtolate ventured television animation independent comics.
Jack Kirby	later years kirby called william blake comics began receiving great recognition mainstream press career accomplishments one three inaugural inductees eisner comic book hall fame.kirby posthumously named disney legend creations field publishing also creations formed basis walt disney companys financially critically successful media franchise marvel cinematic universe.kirby married rosalind goldstein .four children remained married death heart failure age .jack kirby awards jack kirby hall fame named honor known king among comics fans many influential contributions medium.early life – jack kirby born jacob kurtzberg august essex street lower east side manhattan new york city raised.
Jack Kirby	parents rose bernstein benjamin kurtzberg austrianjewish immigrants father earned living garment factory worker.youth kirby desired escape neighborhood.liked draw sought places could learn art.essentially selftaught kirby cited among influences comic strip artists milton caniff hal foster alex raymond well editorial cartoonists c.h.sykes ding darling rollin kirby.
Jack Kirby	rejected educational alliance drew fast charcoal according kirby.later found outlet skills drawing cartoons newspaper boys brotherhood republic miniature city east rd street street kids ran government.at age kirby enrolled pratt institute brooklyn leaving week.wasnt kind student pratt looking for.wanted people would work something forever.didnt want work project forever.
Jack Kirby	intended get things done.career entry comics – kirby joined lincoln newspaper syndicate working newspaper comic strips singlepanel advice cartoons health comes first pseudonym jack curtiss.remained late began working theatrical animation company fleischer studios inbetweener artist fills action majormovement frames popeye cartoons time .left studio fleischer strike .went lincoln fleischer recalled.
Jack Kirby	fleischer get hurry couldnt take kind thing describing factory sense like fathers factory.manufacturing pictures.around time american comic book industry booming.kirby began writing drawing comicbook packager eisner iger one handful firms creating comics demand publishers.company kirby remembered first comic book work wild boy magazine.included strips science fiction adventure diary dr. hayward pseudonym curt davis western crimefighter feature wilton west fred sande swashbuckler adventure count monte cristo jack curtiss humor features abdul jones ted grey socko seadog teddy variously jumbo comics eisneriger clients.
Jack Kirby	first used surname kirby pseudonymous lance kirby two lone rider western stories eastern color printings famous funnies – oct.–nov..ultimately settled pen name jack kirby reminded actor james cagney.however took offense suggested changed name order hide jewish heritage.partnership joe simon kirby moved comicbook publisher newspaper syndicator fox feature syndicate earning thenreasonable aweek salary.
Jack Kirby	began explore superhero narrative comic strip blue beetle published january march starring character created pseudonymous charles nicholas house name kirby retained threemonthlong strip.time kirby met began collaborating cartoonist fox editor joe simon addition staff work continued freelance.simon recalled loved jacks work first time saw couldnt believe seeing.asked could freelance work together.delighted took little office.
Jack Kirby	worked second issue blue bolt ... years.after leaving fox collaborating premiere issue fawcett comics captain marvel adventures march first solo title previously introduced superhero kirby told mimic creator c.c.becks drawing style duo hired staff pulp magazine publisher martin goodmans timely comics later become marvel comics.simon kirby created patriotic superhero captain america late .simon became companys editor kirby art director said negotiated goodman give duo percent profits feature.first issue captain america comics released early sold days second issues print run set million copies.
Jack Kirby	titles success established team notable creative force industry.first issue published simon asked kirby join timely staff companys art director.with success captain america character simon said felt goodman paying pair promised percentage profits sought work two national comics publications later renamed dc comics.kirby simon negotiated deal would pay combined week opposed respectively earned timely.pair feared goodman would pay found moving national many people knew plan including timely editorial assistant stan lee.goodman eventually discovered told simon kirby leave finishing work captain america comics .
Jack Kirby	kirby bitterly convinced specifically lee betrayed ignoring simons willingness give benefit doubt.kirby simon spent first weeks national trying devise new characters company sought best utilize pair.failed editorassigned ghosting assignments nationals jack liebowitz told want.pair revamped sandman feature adventure comics created superhero manhunter.july began boy commandos feature.ongoing kid gang series name launched later year creative teams first national feature graduate title.
Jack Kirby	sold million copies month becoming nationals third bestselling title.scored hit homefront kidgang team newsboy legion featuring starspangled comics.dc comics writer executive paul levitz observed like jerry siegel joe shuster creative team joe simon jack kirby mark quality proven track record.world war ii – world war ii underway liebowitz expected simon kirby would drafted asked artists create inventory material published absence.pair hired writers inkers letterers colorists order create years worth material.
Jack Kirby	kirby drafted u.s. army june .basic training camp stewart near savannah georgia assigned company f th infantry regiment.landed omaha beach normandy august twoandahalf months dday although kirbys reminiscences would place arrival days after.kirby recalled lieutenant learning comics artist kirby command made scout would advance towns draw reconnaissance maps pictures extremely dangerous duty.postwar career – war simon arranged work kirby harvey comics early duo created titles kidgang adventure boy explorers comics kidgang western boys ranch superhero comic stuntman vogue fad movies captain d. simon kirby additionally freelanced hillman periodicals crimefiction comic real clue crime crestwood publications justice traps guilty.the team found greatest success postwar period creating romance comics.
Jack Kirby	simon inspired macfadden publications romanticconfession magazine true story transplanted idea comic books kirby created firstissue mockup young romance.showing crestwood general manager maurice rosenfeld simon asked comics profits.crestwood publishers teddy epstein mike bleier agreed stipulating creators would take money front.young romance coverdate oct. became jack joes biggest hit years.pioneering title sold staggering print run inspiring crestwood increase print run third issue triple initial number copies.
Jack Kirby	initially published bimonthly young romance quickly became monthly title produced spinoff young love—together two titles sold two million copies per month according simon—later joined young brides love latter featuring fulllength romance stories.young romance spawned dozens imitators publishers timely fawcett quality fox feature syndicate.despite glut simon kirby romance titles continued sell millions copies month.bitter timely comics iteration atlas comics relaunched captain america new series kirby simon created fighting american.simon recalled thought wed show captain america.comic book initially portrayed protagonist anticommunist dramatic hero simon kirby turned series superhero satire second issue aftermath armymccarthy hearings public backlash redbaiting u.s. senator joseph mccarthy.
Jack Kirby	simon – urging crestwood salesman kirby simon launched comics company mainline publications securing distribution deal leader news late early subletting space friend al harveys harvey publications broadway.mainline existed published four titles western bullseye western scout war comic foxhole ec comics atlas comics success war comics promoting written drawn actual veterans love earlier romance comic young love still widely imitated crime comic police trap claimed based genuine accounts lawenforcement officials.duo rearranged republished artwork old crestwood story love crestwood refused pay team sought audit crestwoods finances.upon review pairs attorneys stated company owed work done past seven years.crestwood paid addition recent delayed payments.
Jack Kirby	partnership kirby simon become strained.simon left industry career advertising kirby continued freelance.wanted things stuck comics kirby recalled .fine.reason continue partnership parted friends.at point mids kirby made temporary return former timely comics known atlas comics direct predecessor marvel comics.
Jack Kirby	inker frank giacoia approached editorinchief stan lee work suggested could get kirby back pencil stuff.freelancing national comics publications future dc comics kirby drew stories atlas beginning fivepage mine field battleground nov. kirby penciled cases inked wife roz wrote stories western hero black rider fu manchulike yellow claw more.distribution troubles caused atlas implosion resulted several series dropped new material assigned many months.would following year kirby returned nascent marvel.for dc around time kirby cocreated writers dick dave wood nonsuperpowered adventuring quartet challengers unknown showcase feb. contributing anthologies house mystery.months freelancing dc kirby drew slightly pages included sixpage green arrow stories worlds finest comics adventure comics rarity kirby inked himself.
Jack Kirby	kirby recast archer sciencefiction hero moving away batmanformula roots process alienating green arrow cocreator mort weisinger.he began drawing sky masters space force newspaper comic strip written wood brothers initially inked unrelated wally wood.kirby left national comics publications due largely contractual dispute editor jack schiff involved getting kirby wood brothers sky masters contract claimed due royalties kirbys share strips profits.schiff successfully sued kirby.dc editors criticized art details drawing shoelaces cavalrymans boots showing native american mounting horse wrong side.marvel comics silver age – several months later split dc kirby began freelancing regularly atlas despite harboring negative sentiments stan lee cousin timely publisher martin goodmans wife kirby believed disclosed timely back simon secretly working project national.
Jack Kirby	poor page rates kirby would spend hours daily drawing table home producing four five pages artwork day.first published work atlas cover sevenpage story discovered secret flying saucers strange worlds dec. .initially christopher rule regular inker later dick ayers kirby drew across genres romance comics war comics crime comics western comics made mark primarily series supernaturalfantasy science fiction stories featuring giant drivein moviestyle monsters names like groot thing planet x grottu king insects fin fang foom companys many anthology series amazing adventures strange tales tales astonish tales suspense world fantasy.bizarre designs powerful unearthly creatures proved hit readers.additionally freelanced archie comics around time reuniting briefly joe simon help develop series fly double life private strong.
Jack Kirby	additionally kirby drew issues classics illustrated.it marvel kirby hit stride superhero comics beginning fantastic four nov. observed shares many elements kirbys challengers unknown.landmark series became hit revolutionized industry comparative naturalism eventually cosmic purview informed kirbys seemingly boundless imagination—one wellmatched consciousnessexpanding youth culture s. almost decade kirby provided marvels house style creating many marvel characters designing visual motifs.editor chiefs request often provided newtomarvel artists breakdown layouts would pencil order become acquainted marvel look.artist gil kane describedjack single influential figure turnaround marvels fortunes time rejoined company ... wasnt merely jack conceived characters done ... jacks point view philosophy drawing became governing philosophy entire publishing company beyond publishing company entire field ... marvel took jack used primer.would get artists ... taught abcs amounted learning jack kirby ... jack like holy scripture simply follow without deviation.
Jack Kirby	thats told ... taught everyone reconcile opposing attitudes one single master point view.highlights kirbys tenuure also include hulk thor.defalco says thes gilbert p. based collaboration fantastic four stan lee worked jack kirby.instead team fought traditional marvel monsters however lee decided time wanted feature monster hero.ref thor defalco gilbert p. stan lee always fascinated legends norse gods realized could use tales basis new series centered mighty thor ... heroic glamorous style ... jack kirby perfect thor.kirby disputes assessment comics journal interview said came blitz.came fantastic four came thor knew thor legends well hulk xmen avengers.
Jack Kirby	revived could came could.tried blitz stands new stuff.new stuff seemed gain momentum.. went say came thor.whatever took sell book came with.stan lee never editorial minded.
Jack Kirby	wasn’t possible man like stan lee come new things — old things matter.stan lee wasn’t guy read told stories.stan lee guy knew papers coming visit day.stan lee essentially office worker ok. https iron man original xmen doctor doom uatu watcher magneto ego living planet inhumans hidden city attilan black panther comics first black superhero afrofuturist nation wakanda.kirby initially assigned pencil first spiderman story showed lee first six pages lee recalled hated way badly—it wasnt character wanted heroic.
Jack Kirby	lee turned steve ditko draw story would appear amazing fantasy kirby nonetheless penciled cover.lee kirby gathered several newly created characters together team title avengers would bring back old characters submariner captain america.later years lee kirby would contest deserved credit creations fantastic four.the story frequently cited lee kirbys finest achievement galactus trilogy fantastic four – march–may chronicling arrival galactus cosmic giant wanted devour planet herald silver surfer.fantastic four chosen greatest marvels time poll marvels readers .editor robert greenberger wrote introduction story fourth year fantastic four came close stan lee jack kirby seemed warming up.
Jack Kirby	retrospect perhaps fertile period monthly title marvel age.comics historian les daniels noted mystical metaphysical elements took saga perfectly suited tastes young readers lee soon discovered story favorite college campuses.kirby continued expand mediums boundaries devising photocollage covers interiors developing new drawing techniques method depicting energy fields known kirby krackle experiments.in joe simon involved litigation marvel comics ownership captain america initiated marvel simon registered copyright renewal captain america name.according simon kirby agreed support company litigation part deal kirby made publisher martin goodman signed marvel rights might character.at time kirby grew increasingly dissatisfied working marvel reasons kirby biographer mark evanier suggested include resentment lees media prominence lack full creative control anger breaches perceived promises publisher martin goodman frustration marvels failure credit specifically story plotting character creations cocreations.began write draw secondary features marvel inhumans amazing adventures volume two well horror stories anthology title chamber darkness received full credit kirby presented contract included unfavorable terms prohibition legal retaliation.
Jack Kirby	kirby objected management refused negotiate contract changes bluntly dismissing contribution marvels success since considered lee solely responsible.kirby although earning year freelancing company adjusted inflation equivalent almost subsequently left marvel rival dc comics editorial director carmine infantino.dc comics fourth world saga – kirby spent nearly two years negotiating deal move dc comics late signed threeyear contract option two additional years.produced series interlinked titles blanket sobriquet fourth world included trilogy new titles — new gods mister miracle forever people — well extant supermans pal jimmy olsen.kirby picked latter book series without stable creative team want cost anyone job.the three books kirby originated dealt aspects mythology hed previously touched upon thor.
Jack Kirby	new gods would establish new mythos forever people kirby would attempt mythologise lives young people observed around him.third book mister miracle personal myth.title character escape artist mark evanier suggests kirby channeled feelings constraint into.mister miracles wife based character kirbys wife roz even caricatured stan lee within pages book funky flashman depiction lee found hurtful kirby tried downplay insult confronted lees protege roy thomas similarly insulted flashmans sidekick houseroy.the central villain fourth world series darkseid fourth world concepts appeared jimmy olsen launch fourth world books giving new titles greater exposure potential buyers.superman figures jimmy olsen faces drawn kirby redrawn al plastino later murphy anderson.
Jack Kirby	les daniels observed kirbys mix slang myth science fiction bible made heady brew scope vision endured.comics writer grant morrison commented kirbys dramas staged across jungian vistas raw symbol storm ... fourth world saga crackles voltage jack kirbys boundless imagination let loose onto paper.in addition artistic efforts kirby proposed variety new formats comics planning collect published fourth world stories squarebound books format would later called trade paperback would eventually become standard practice industry.however infantino company receptive kirbys proposals went far producing oneshot blackandwhite magazines spirit world days mob .kirby later produced dc series omac kamandi demon kobra worked extant features losers fighting forces.together former partner joe simon one last time worked new incarnation sandman.kirby produced three issues st issue special anthology series created atlas great new manhunter dingbats danger street.kirbys production assistant time mark evanier recounted dcs policies era synch kirbys creative impulses often forced work characters projects like.
Jack Kirby	meanwhile artists dc want kirby threatened positions company also bad blood previous competition marvel legal problems him.since working california able undermine work redesigns new york office.return marvel – comic book convention marvelcon stan lee used fantastic four panel discussion announce kirby returning marvel left work dc comics.lee wrote monthly column stan lees soapbox mentioned special announcement make.started telling jacks return totally incredulous audience everyones head started snap around kirby came waltzin aisle join us rostrum imagine felt clownin around cocreator marvels greatest strips more.back marvel kirby wrote drew monthly captain america series well captain americas bicentennial battles oneshot oversized treasury format.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.