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Jack Kirby	created series eternals featured race inscrutable alien giants celestials whose behindthescenes intervention primordial humanity would eventually become core element marvel universe continuity.produced adaptation expansion film space odyssey well abortive attempt classic television series prisoner.wrote drew black panther drew numerous covers across line.kirbys marvel creations period include machine man devil dinosaur.kirbys final comics collaboration stan lee silver surfer ultimate cosmic experience published part marvel fireside books series considered marvels first graphic novel.film animation – still dissatisfied marvels treatment offer employment hannabarbera aided fact lived close city kirby left marvel work animation.
Jack Kirby	field rubyspears productions designs turbo teen thundarr barbarian animated series television.addition superior pay comics work kirby enjoyed excellent relations staff especially younger artists typically credited inspiration.worked new fantastic four animated series reuniting scriptwriter stan lee kept relations sufficiently cordial professional level.illustrated adaptation walt disney movie black hole walt disneys treasury classic tales syndicated comic strip –.in kirby drew concept art film producer barry gellers script treatment adapting roger zelaznys science fiction novel lord light geller purchased rights.collaboration geller commissioned kirby draw set designs would used architectural renderings colorado theme park called science fiction land geller announced plans november press conference attended kirby former american football star rosey grier writer ray bradbury others.
Jack Kirby	film come fruition kirbys drawings used cias canadian caper members u.s. embassy tehran iran avoided capture iran hostage crisis able escape country posing members movie locationscouting crew.final years – early kirby pacific comics new nonnewsstand comicbook publisher made one industrys earliest deals creatorowned series resulting captain victory galactic rangers sixissue miniseries silver star later collected hardcover format .together similar actions independent comics publishers eclipse comics kirby cocreated character destroyer duck benefit comicbook series published help steve gerber fight legal case marvel helped establish precedent end monopoly workforhire system wherein comics creators even freelancers owned rights characters created.in richard kyle commissioned kirby create page autobiographical strip street code became one last works published kirbys lifetime.published second issue kyles revival argosy.kirby continued periodic work dc comics including brief revival fourth world saga super powers miniseries graphic novel hunger dogs.
Jack Kirby	dc executives jenette kahn paul levitz kirby redesign fourth world characters super powers toyline way entitling royalties several dc creations.kirby gil kane helped create concept designs rubyspears animated television series centurions.comicbook series based show published dc toy line produced kenner.in twilight life kirby spent great deal time sparring marvel executives ownership rights original page boards.marvel many pages owned company due outdated legally dubious copyright claims given away promotional gifts marvel clients simply stolen company warehouses.passage copyright act greatly expanded artist copyright capabilities comics publishers began return original art creators marvels case signed release reaffirming marvels ownership copyright.
Jack Kirby	marvel issued release demanded kirby affirm art created hire allowing marvel retain copyright perpetuity addition demanding kirby forego future royalties.marvel offered pages art less total output signed agreement reserved right reclaim art kirby violated deal.kirby publicly slammed marvel calling company thugs claiming arbitrarily holding creations marvel finally returned two years deliberations approximately pages estimated kirby drew company.for producer charles band jack kirby made concept art films doctor mortalis mindmaster would later released doctor mordrid mandroid respectively.doctor mordrid began planned adaptation marvel comics character dr. strange bands option expired.for topps comics founded kirby retained ownership characters used multiple series company dubbed kirbyverse.titles derived mainly designs concepts kirby kept files intended initially bythendefunct pacific comics licensed topps became jack kirbys secret city saga mythos.
Jack Kirby	phantom force last comic book kirby worked death.story cowritten kirby michael thibodeaux richard french based eightpage pitch unused bruce lee comic .issues published image comics various image artists inking kirbys pencils.issue issues published genesis west kirby providing pencils issues .thibodeaux provided art remaining issues series kirby died.
Jack Kirby	personal life death early kirby family moved brooklyn.kirby met rosalind roz goldstein lived apartment building.pair began dating soon afterward.kirby proposed goldstein th birthday two became engaged.married may .
Jack Kirby	couple four children together susan b. december neal b. may barbara b. november lisa b. september .after drafted u.s. army serving european theater world war ii kirby corresponded wife regularly vmail roz sending daily letters worked lingerie shop lived mother brighton th street brooklyn.winter kirby suffered severe frostbite taken hospital london recovery.doctors considered amputating kirbys legs turned black eventually recovered able walk again.returned united states january assigned camp butner north carolina spent last six months service part motor pool.kirby honorably discharged private first class july received combat infantryman badge europeanafricanmiddle eastern campaign medal bronze battle star.in kirby bought house family mineola new york long island.
Jack Kirby	would familys home next years kirby working basement studio feet .wide family referred jocularly dungeon.moved family southern california early live drier climate sake daughter lisas health closer hollywood studios kirby believed might provide work.in interview kirbys granddaughter jillian kirby said kirby liberal democrat.on february kirby died age heart failure thousand oaks california home.buried valley oaks memorial park westlake village california.artistic style achievements brent staples wrote new york timeshe created new grammar storytelling cinematic style motion.
Jack Kirby	oncewooden characters cascaded one frame another—or even page page—threatening fall right book readers lap.force punches thrown visibly explosively evident.even rest kirby character pulsed tension energy way makes movie versions characters seem static comparison.jack kirby referred superhero style artwork described john carlin masters american comics deliberately primitive bombastic elsewhere compared cubist futurist primitivist outsider art.contributions comic book form including many characters created cocreated many genres worked led referred definitive comic book artist.given number places kirbys artwork found toys based designs success movies based upon work charles hatfield ben saunders declare one chief architects american imagination.
Jack Kirby	regarded hard working artist calculated drew least pages published art covers career.published pages alone.kirby defined comics two periods.work early joe simon captain america strip superhero comics stan lee marvel comics dc comics.kirby also created stories almost every genre comics autobiographical street code apocalyptic science fiction fantasy kamandi.
Jack Kirby	narrative approach comics like many contemporaries kirby hugely indebted milton caniff hal foster alex raymond codified many tropes narrative art adventure comic strips.also suggested kirby also drew burne hogarth whose dynamic figure work may informed way kirby drew figures ferocious bounding grotesquely articulated figures seem directly descended hogarths dynamically contorted forms.style drew influences major artists time kirby learning craft caniff foster raymond imparting sequential adventure comic strip highly illustrative approach based realizing setting high degree.kirby diverged influences style impacted formation comic book art move away illustrated approach one dynamic.kirbys artistic style one captured energy motion within image synergizing text helping serve narrative.
Jack Kirby	contrast successors illustrative approach gil kane found work eventually reach impasse.art would illustrate lacking movement caused reader contemplate art much written word.later artists bryan hitch alex ross combined kirby kane approaches using highly realistic backgrounds contrasted dynamic characters create became known widescreen approach comics.kirbys dynamism energy served push reader story illustrative detailed approach would cause eye linger.reduction presentation given scene one represents semblance movement led kirby described cinematic style.worked fleischer studios coming comics kirby grounding animation techniques producing motion.
Jack Kirby	also realized comic books werent subject constraints newspaper strip.comic book artists recreated layouts format used kirby swiftly utilized space whole comic book page created.ron goulart describes broke pages new ways introduced splash panels stretched across two pages.kirby described creation dynamic style reaction cinema urge create compete found competing movie camera.compete camera.
Jack Kirby	felt like john henry ... tore characters panels.made jump page.tried make cohesive would easier read ... get characters extreme positions created extreme style recognizable everybody.style early kirby would times disregard panel borders.character would drawn one panel shoulder arm would extend outside border gutter sometimes top nearby panel.
Jack Kirby	character may punched one panel feet original panel body next.panels would overlap kirby would find new ways arrange panels comic book page.figures depicted lithe graceful although kirby would place thrusting page towards reader.late saw kirby move away superhero comics working joe simon try hand number genres.kirby simon created romance comics genre working well war western crime genres saw kirbys style change.
Jack Kirby	left behind diverse panel framing layouts.nature genres enabled channel energy posing blocking characters forcing drama constraints panel.when kirby stan lee came together marvel comics art developed again.characters representations became abstract less anatomically correct.would place figures across three planes panels depth suggest three dimensions.backgrounds would less detailed want eye drawn.
Jack Kirby	figures would move actively along diagonals utilized foreshortening make character appear recede deeply panel appeared move towards reader page.kirby also developed talent creating collages initially utilizing within pages fantastic four.introduced negative zone place within marvel universe would illustrated via collage.however reproduction within published comics collages coupled low page rate paid time took develop saw use discarded.kirby would later return use collage fourth world work dc comics.
Jack Kirby	used often pages supermans pal jimmy olsen.kirbys style late regarded highly stan lee instituted marvels house style.lee would instruct artists draw like jack would also assign books work using kirbys breakdowns story could closely hew kirbys style.time kirbys style become well known imitations homages pastiche referred kirbyesque.kirby krackle also referred kirby dots kirbys artistic convention depicting effect energy.within drawing field black pseudofractal images used represent negative space around unspecified kinds energy.kirby krackles typically used illustrations explosions smoke blasts ray guns cosmic energy outer space phenomena.
Jack Kirby	advanced technology kirby drew afrofuturistic state wakanda mother boxes new gods spaceships design celestials gathered together collective term kirby tech.john paul leon described tech mechanical even alien drawn organic way dont question it.extension world.im sure else could say that.kirbys depiction technology linked charles hatfield leo marxs idea technological sublime specifically utilizing edmund burkes definition sublime.
Jack Kirby	using definition kirbys view depiction technology something feared.working method unlike many contemporaries kirby use preliminary sketches rough work layouts.would instead start blank board draw story onto page top bottom start finish.many artists including carmine infantino gil kane jim steranko remarked unusual nature method.kirby would rarely erase working art therefore story would flow almost fully formed.
Jack Kirby	kirbys pencils reputation detailed point difficult ink.eisner remembers even early years kirbys pencils tight.working eisner kirby initially inked pen confident enough ability use japanese brushes lou fine eisner preferred.time kirby worked joe simon kirby taught use brush would occasion ink inked work felt needed.due amount work kirby produced rare ink work.instead pencilled pages sent inker.
Jack Kirby	different inkers would therefore impact published version kirbys art kirby noting individual inkers suited different genres.period work dried suggested harry mendryk kirby inked himself.late kirby preferred pencil feeling inking separate kind art.stan lee recalls kirby really interested inked cared much inked kirby kirby ... kirby never seemed care inked ... think kirby felt style strong didnt matter inked him.chic stone inker kirbys marvel recalled two best inkers jack mike royer steve rude.
Jack Kirby	truly maintained integrity jacks pencils.the size art board made difference kirbys style.late industry shrunk size art board artists used.prior art boards around x inches reproduced x inches.size board shrunk x .affected way kirby drew.
Jack Kirby	gil kane noted amount space around figures became less less ... figures became bigger bigger couldnt contained single panel even single page.professor craig fischer asserts kirby first hated new size.fischer argues took kirby around months negotiate way working smaller size.initially retreated less detailed close style seen fantastic four .adjusting new size kirby began utilizing depth bring pages life increasing use foreshortening.
Jack Kirby	time kirby moved dc started incorporate use twopage spreads art more.spreads helped define mood story came define kirbys late era work.exhibitions original art kirbys art exhibited part masters american comics joint exhibition hammer museum museum contemporary art los angeles november march .charles hatfield curated comic book apocalypse exhibition california state university northridge art galleries.exhibition focused kirbys work onward.
Jack Kirby	jack kirby odyssey organized tom kraft.exhibition displayed photocopies unpublished kirby pencils stories intended publication space odyssey comic book adaptation series well reproductions published work.cartoon art trust organized exhibition inlondon kirby art jack kirby king comic books wake kirbys death.dan nadel paul gravett curated jack kirby house jack built retrospective kirbys career .exhibition part fumetto international comics festival held lucerne switzerland.kirbys original art regularly sells auction heritage auctions listing cover tales suspense inked frank giacoia realizing price february auction.
Jack Kirby	large portion kirbys art remains unaccounted for.work created around world war ii would reused pulped due paper shortages.dc comics policy destroying original art s. marvel comics would also destroy art stored artwork prior policy saw art returned artist.kirbys case reported returned roughly pieces estimated pages drawn.whereabouts missing pages unknown although turn sale provenance unknown.
Jack Kirby	kirbys estate subsequent releases lisa kirby announced early cowriter steve robertson artist mike thibodeaux planned publish via marvel comics icon imprint sixissue limited series jack kirbys galactic bounty hunters featuring characters concepts created father captain victory.series scripted lisa kirby robertson thibodeaux richard french pencil art jack kirby thibodeaux inking scott hanna karl kesel primarily ran initial five issues sept. –jan.later final issue sept. .marvel posthumously published lost kirbylee fantastic four story fantastic four lost adventure april unused pages kirby originally drawn story partially published fantastic four march .in dynamite entertainment published kirby genesis eightissue miniseries writer kurt busiek artists jack herbert alex ross featuring kirbyowned characters previously published pacific comics topps comics.copyright dispute september kirbys four children served notices termination walt disney studios th century fox universal pictures paramount pictures sony pictures attempt gain control various silver age marvel characters.marvel sought invalidate claims.
Jack Kirby	midmarch kirbys children sued marvel terminate copyrights gain profits kirbys comic creations.july united states district court southern district new york issued summary judgment favor marvel affirmed august united states court appeals second circuit.kirby children filed petition march review case supreme court united states settlement reached september family requested petition dismissed.settlement left uncertain legal right works governed copyright act created copyright act came force kirby childrens attorney marc toberoff said issue creators rights reclaim work done independent contractors remains potential claims yet become ripe.legacy glen david gold wrote masters american comics kirby elevates us realm fly among beating wings immortal omnipotent gods monsters dreamers play host demons creation become myths.michael chabon afterword pulitzer prizewinning novel amazing adventures kavalier clay fictional account two early comics pioneers wrote want acknowledge deep debt owe everything else ive ever written work late jack kirby king comics.director james cameron said kirby inspired look film aliens calling intentional sense sat looked favorite comics studied film yeah kirbys work definitely subconscious programming.
Jack Kirby	guy visionary.absolutely.could draw machines like nobodys business.sort like a. e. van vogt sciencefiction writers able create worlds — even though live sciencefictionary world today — still far beyond experiencing.several kirby images among marvel super heroes set commemorative stamps issued u.s. postal service july .ten stamps portraits individual marvel characters stamps depict individual marvel comic book covers.
Jack Kirby	according credits printed back pane kirbys artwork featured captain america thing silver surfer amazing spiderman incredible hulk captain america xmen fantastic four .in superman animated series television show police detective dan turpin modeled kirby.in episode demon within new batman adventures klarion etrigan break kirby cake company.characters created kirby.in jazz percussionist gregg bendian released seventrack cd titled requiem jack kirby inspired kirbys art storytelling.titles instrumental cuts include kirbys fourth world new gods mother box teaneck marvel age air zennla.the cartoon networkadult swim show minoriteam uses artwork homage jack kirby credited jack king kirby thanked shows end credits.various comicbook cartoon creators done homages kirby.examples include teenage mutant ninja turtles mirage comics series kirby warp crystal donatello animated counterpart king cartoon series.episode superman animated series entitled apokolips ... part dedicated memory.as june hollywood films based characters kirby cocreated collectively earned nearly us.
Jack Kirby	billion.kirby character portrayed luis yagüe spanish short film king worst inspired kirbys service world war ii.portrayed michael parks brief appearance factbased drama argo canadian caper.a play based kirbys life king kirby crystal skillman new york times bestselling comics writer fred van lente staged brooklyns brick theater part annual comic book theater festival.play new york times critics pick selection funded widely publicized kickstarter campaign.the novel hate internet frequently mentions kirby central personage novel.to mark jack kirbys th birthday dc comics announced series oneshots involving characters kirby created including newsboy legion boy commandos manhunter sandman new gods darkseid ending black racer shilo norman.in may fantastic four issue written mark waid penciled mike weiringo reed sue johnny travel heaven recover soul deceased ben grimm.passing trial allowed meet god depicted jack kirby.
Jack Kirby	god explains seen considers fact see kirby honor.alan moore delivers tribute jack kirby nexttolast issue supreme series supreme return new jack city march illustrated rob liefeld kirbyesque part rick veitch.story supreme enters realm pure ideas meets gigantic floating jack kirby head smoking cigar.gigantic entity explains used flesh blood artist entirely realm ideas much better flesh blood limitations four five pages day tops exists purely world ideas.filmography kirby guest starred episode bounty hunter starsky hutch officer.kirby made uncredited cameo appearance episode escape incredible hulk.spotted hospital scene police sketch artist recreating witnesss description picture man claimed saved life.
Jack Kirby	instead resembling liveaction hulk illustration instantly recognizable hulk appeared original comics.kirby appeared episode cant win bob.awards honors jack kirby received great deal recognition course career including alley award best pencil artist.following year runnerup behind jim steranko.alley awards favorite short story – human torch meets captain america stan lee jack kirby strange tales best novel – captain america joins avengers stan lee jack kirby avengers best new strip book – captain america stan lee jack kirby tales suspense best short story – origin red skull stan lee jack kirby tales suspense best professional work regular short feature – tales asgard stan lee jack kirby thor best professional work regular short feature – tie tales asgard tales inhumans stan lee jack kirby thorbest professional work best regular short feature – tales inhumans stan lee jack kirby thorbest professional work hall fame – fantastic four stan lee jack kirby nick fury agent s.h.i.e.l.d.jim sterankokirby shazam award special achievement individual fourth world series forever people new gods mister miracle supermans pal jimmy olsen.
Jack Kirby	received inkpot award inducted shazam awards hall fame .inaugural inductee eisner comic book hall fame.received bob clampett humanitarian award years eisner awards.his work honored posthumously collection new gods material jack kirbys new gods edited bob kahan harvey award best domestic reprint project eisner award best archival collectionproject.july jack kirby named disney legend cocreation numerous characters would comprise disneys marvel cinematic universe.the jack kirby awards jack kirby hall fame named honor.posthumous recipient bill finger award .with eisner robert crumb harvey kurtzman gary panter chris ware kirby among artists honored exhibition masters american comics jewish museum new york city september january .asteroid kirby discovered september named honor.
Jack Kirby	crater mercury located near north pole named honor .bibliography abridged listing kirbys comics work interior pencil art two main comics publishers dc comics marvel comics.work dc lists title kirby worked eight issues .marvel comics work lists title kirby worked eight issues .dc comics demon – –forever people – –kamandi last boy earth – –mister miracle – –new gods – –o.m.a.c.
Jack Kirby	– –our fighting forces losers – –supermans pal jimmy olsen – – – marvel comics amazing adventures – inhumans avengers – full pencils – layouts pencils heck –black panther – –captain america – – – annual – –devil dinosaur – eternals – annual –fantastic four – annual – –incredible hulk – –journey mystery – – – thor – – annual –machine man – silver surfer strange tales – – – human torch – – annual – nick fury – full pencils – – layouts pencils john severin jim steranko others –tales suspense – – – iron man captain america – – – full pencils – layouts –tales astonish – antman – – – incredible hulk – full pencils – layouts pencils bill everett others – submariner thor – annual – space odyssey – –xmen – full pencils – layouts pencils alex toth werner roth – references citations bibliography carlin john ed..masters american comics catalogue published conjunction masters american comics exhibition jointly organized hammer museum museum contemporary art los angeles contributions stanley crouch illustrated ed.. new u.a.yale univ.press.
Jack Kirby	isbn .eisner .eisners shop talk st ed.. milwaukie or.dark horse comics.isbn .evanier mark .kirby king comics.
Jack Kirby	new york new york abrams.isbn .george milo ed..comics journal library volume one jack kirby.seattle washington fantagraphics books.
Jack Kirby	isbn .hatfield charles .hand fire comics art jack kirby.university press mississippi.isbn .hatfield charles saunders brian eds.september .
Jack Kirby	comic book apocalypse graphic world jack kirby catalogue published conjunction comic book apocalypse graphic world jack kirby exhibition organized california state university northridge contributions various essayists.northridge california idw publishing california state university northridge.isbn .jones gerard .men tomorrow geeks gangsters birth comic book.basic books.
Jack Kirby	isbn .ro ronin .tales astonish jack kirby stan lee american comic book revolution.new york new york bloomsbury usa.isbn .van lente fred dunlavey ryan .comic book history comics.
Jack Kirby	san diego california idw.isbn .ref reading wyman ray .art jack kirby.blue rose press inc. isbn .external links jack kirby museum research centerjack kirby comic book db archived originaljack kirby imdbjack kirby internet speculative fiction databasejack kirby find gravejack kirby mikes amazing world comicsevanier mark.
Jack Kirby	jack f.a.q.news me.archived original july .mitchell elvis august .jack kirby heroes thrive comic books film.new york times.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	archived original june .christiansen jeff.creations jack kirby.appendix handbook marvel universe.archived original november .previously served prime minister turkey mayor istanbul .founded justice development party akp leading election victories general elections required stand upon election president .later returned akp leadership following constitutional referendum year.coming islamist political background selfdescribing conservative democrat promoted socially conservative populist policies administration.following local elections erdoğan elected mayor istanbul candidate islamist welfare party.later stripped position banned political office imprisoned four months inciting religious hatred due recitation poem ziya gökalp.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	erdoğan subsequently abandoned openly islamist politics establishing moderate conservative akp went lead landslide victory .erdoğan still technically prohibited holding office akps cofounder abdullah gül instead became prime minister later annulled erdoğans political ban.winning byelection siirt erdoğan replaced gül prime minister gül instead becoming akps candidate presidency.erdoğan led akp two election victories .the early years erdoğans tenure prime minister saw advances negotiations turkeys membership european union economic recovery following economic crisis investments infrastructure including roads airports highspeed train network.also two successful constitutional referendums .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	however government remained controversial close links fethullah gülen gülen movement since designated terrorist organisation turkish state akp accused orchestrating purges secular bureaucrats military officers balyoz ergenekon trials.late government began peace negotiations kurdistan workers party pkk end kurdish–turkish conflict –present.ceasefire broke leading renewed escalation conflict.erdoğans foreign policy described neoottoman led turkish involvement syrian civil war focus preventing syrian democratic forces gaining ground syria–turkey border syrian civil war.in recent years erdoğans rule turkey experienced democratic backsliding corruption.starting antigovernment protests government imposed growing censorship press social media temporarily restricting access sites youtube twitter wikipedia.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	stalled negotiations related turkeys eu membership.us billion corruption scandal led arrests erdoğans close allies incriminated erdoğan.years head government prime minister erdoğan decided run president .time presidency somewhat ceremonial function.following elections erdoğan became first popularly elected president turkey.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	souring relations gülen continued government proceeded purge supporters judicial bureaucratic military positions.failed military coup détat attempt july resulted purges temporary state emergency.government claimed coup leaders linked gülen denied role it.erdogans rule marked increasing authoritarianism expansionism censorship banning parties dissent.erdoğan supported referendum changed turkeys parliamentary system presidential system thus setting first time turkish history term limit head government two full fiveyear terms.new system government formally came place general election erdoğan became executive president.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	party however lost majority parliament currently coalition peoples alliance turkish nationalist mhp.erdoğan since tackling also accused contributing turkish currency debt crisis caused significant decline popularity widely believed contributed results local elections party lost power big cities like ankara istanbul opposition parties first time years.family personal life early life erdoğan born kasımpaşa poor neighborhood istanbul family moved rize province s. erdoğans tribe originally adjara region georgia.parents ahmet erdoğan – tenzile erdoğan née mutlu –.erdoğan spent early childhood rize father captain turkish coast guard.summer holidays mostly spent güneysu rize family originates.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	throughout life often returned spiritual home opened vast mosque mountaintop near village.family returned istanbul erdoğan years old.as teenager erdoğans father provided weekly allowance .turkish lira less dollar.erdoğan bought postcards resold street.sold bottles water drivers stuck traffic.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	erdoğan also worked street vendor selling simit sesame bread rings wearing white gown selling simit red threewheel cart rolls stacked behind glass.youth erdoğan played semiprofessional football local club.fenerbahçe wanted transfer club father prevented it.stadium local football club district grew kasımpaşa s.k.named him.erdoğan member community i̇skenderpaşa turkish sufistic community naqshbandi tariqah.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	education erdoğan graduated kasımpaşa piyale primary school i̇mam hatip school religious vocational high school .educational path followed cofounders akp party.one quarter curriculum i̇mam hatip schools involves study qurʼān life islamic prophet muhammad arabic language.erdoğan studied qurʼān i̇mam hatip classmates began calling hoca muslim teacher.erdoğan attended meeting nationalist student group national turkish student union milli türk talebe birliği sought raise conservative cohort young people counter rising movement leftists turkey.within group erdoğan distinguished oratorical skills developing penchant public speaking excelling front audience.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	first place poetryreading competition organized community turkish technical painters began preparing speeches reading research.erdoğan would later comment competitions enhancing courage speak front masses.erdoğan wanted pursue advanced studies mektebi mülkiye mülkiye accepted students regular high school diplomas i̇mam hatip graduates.mülkiye known political science department trained many statesmen politicians turkey.erdoğan admitted eyüp high school regular state school eventually received high school diploma eyüp.according official biography subsequently studied business administration aksaray school economics commercial sciences turkish aksaray i̇ktisat ticaret yüksekokulu known marmara universitys faculty economics administrative sciences.several turkish sources dispute graduated even attended all.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	family erdoğan married emine gülbaran b. siirt july .two sons ahmet burak b. necmettin bilal b. two daughters esra b. sümeyye b. .father ahmet erdoğan died mother tenzile erdoğan died age .erdoğan brother mustafa b. sister vesile b. .fathers first marriage havuli erdoğan d. two halfbrothers mehmet – hasan –.early political career erdoğan engaged politics joining national turkish student union anticommunist action group.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	year became head beyoğlu youth branch islamist national salvation party msp later promoted chair istanbul youth branch party.holding position served consultant senior executive private sector era following military coup political parties closed down.in erdoğan followed necmettin erbakans followers islamist welfare party.became partys beyoğlu district chair became chair istanbul city branch.elected parliament barred taking seat.mayor istanbul – local elections march erdoğan elected mayor istanbul .popular vote.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	erdoğan yearold dark horse candidate mocked mainstream media treated country bumpkin opponents.he pragmatic office tackling many chronic problems istanbul including water shortage pollution traffic chaos.water shortage problem solved laying hundreds kilometers new pipelines.garbage problem solved establishment stateoftheart recycling facilities.erdoğan office air pollution reduced plan developed switch natural gas.changed public buses environmentally friendly ones.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	citys traffic transportation jams reduced fifty bridges viaducts highways built.took precautions prevent corruption using measures ensure municipal funds used prudently.paid back major portion istanbul metropolitan municipalitys twobilliondollar debt invested four billion dollars city.erdoğan initiated first roundtable mayors istanbul conference led global organized movement mayors.sevenmember international jury united nations unanimously awarded erdoğan unhabitat award.imprisonment fundamentalist welfare party declared unconstitutional grounds threatening secularism turkey shut turkish constitutional court.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	erdoğan became prominent speaker demonstrations held party colleagues.in december siirt erdoğan recited poem work written ziya gökalp panturkish activist early th century.recitation included verses translated mosques barracks domes helmets minarets bayonets faithful soldiers.... original version poem.erdoğan said poem approved education ministry published textbooks.article turkish penal code recitation regarded incitement violence religious racial hatred.given tenmonth prison sentence served four months march july .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	due conviction erdoğan forced give mayoral position.conviction also stipulated political ban prevented participating parliamentary elections.appealed sentence converted monetary fine reduced days instead.period erdoğans life made film titled reis.justice development party erdoğan member political parties kept getting banned army judges.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	within virtue party dispute appropriate discourse party traditional politicians proreform politicians.latter envisioned party could operate within limits system thus getting banned predecessors like national order party national salvation party welfare party.wanted give group character ordinary conservative party following example european christian democratic parties.when virtue party also banned definitive split took place followers necmettin erbakan founded felicity party sp reformers founded justice development party akp leadership abdullah gül erdoğan.proreform politicians realized strictly islamic party would never accepted governing party state apparatus believed islamic party appeal percent turkish electorate.ak party emphatically placed broad democratic conservative party new politicians political center like ali babacan mevlüt çavuşoğlu respecting islamic norms values without explicit religious program.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	turned successful new party vote general elections .erdoğan became prime minister march gül government ended political ban.premiership – general elections elections first elections erdoğan participated party leader.parties previously elected parliament failed win enough votes reenter parliament.akp .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	national vote formed new government.turkish stocks rose monday morning.politicians previous generation ecevit bahceli yılmaz çiller resigned.second largest party chp received .votes.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	akp landslide victory parliament taking nearly twothirds seats.erdoğan could become prime minister still banned politics judiciary speech siirt.gül became prime minister instead.december supreme election board canceled general election results siirt due voting irregularities scheduled new election february .time party leader erdoğan able run parliament due legal change made possible opposition republican peoples party.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	akp duly listed erdoğan candidate rescheduled election becoming prime minister gül handed post.on april estimated people marched ankara protest possible candidacy erdoğan presidential election afraid elected president would alter secular nature turkish state.erdoğan announced april party nominated abdullah gül akp candidate presidential election.protests continued next several weeks one million people reported turned april rally istanbul tens thousands separate protests may manisa çanakkale one million i̇zmir may.the stage elections set fight legitimacy eyes voters government chp.erdoğan used event took place illfated presidential elections months earlier part general election campaign party.july akp important victory opposition garnering .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	popular vote.july elections marked second time republic turkeys history whereby incumbent governing party election increasing share popular support.march turkeys chief prosecutor asked countrys constitutional court ban erdoğans governing party.party escaped ban july year winning .vote national elections although judges cut partys public funding .in june elections erdoğans governing party seats .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	popular vote making erdoğan prime minister turkeys history win three consecutive general elections time receiving votes previous election.second party republican peoples party chp received seats .nationalist mhp received seats .independents received seats .. referendums opposition parties deadlocked presidential election boycotting parliament ruling akp proposed constitutional reform package.reform package first vetoed president sezer.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	applied turkish constitutional court reform package president unable veto amendments second time.turkish constitutional court find problems packet .voters supported constitutional changes.the reforms consisted electing president popular vote instead parliament reducing presidential term seven years five allowing president stand reelection second term holding general elections every four years instead five reducing quorum lawmakers needed parliamentary decisions.reforming constitution one main pledges akp election campaign.main opposition party chp interested altering constitution big scale making impossible form constitutional commission anayasa uzlaşma komisyonu.amendments lacked twothirds majority needed become law instantly secured votes seat parliament – enough put proposals referendum.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	reform package included number issues right individuals appeal highest court creation ombudsmans office possibility negotiate nationwide labour contract gender equality ability civilian courts convict members military right civil servants go strike privacy law structure constitutional court.referendum agreed majority .domestic policy kurdish issue prime minister erdoğans government announced plan help end quartercenturylong turkey–kurdistan workers party conflict cost lives.governments plan supported european union intended allow kurdish language used broadcast media political campaigns restored kurdish names cities towns given turkish ones.erdoğan said took courageous step resolve chronic issues constitute obstacle along turkeys development progression empowerment.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	erdoğan passed partial amnesty reduce penalties faced many members kurdish guerrilla movement pkk surrendered government.november televised meeting party ankara apologised behalf state dersim massacre many alevis zazas killed.government erdoğan began peace process kurdistan workers party pkk turkish government mediated parliamentarians peoples democratic party hdp.decided peace process supported lift parliamentary immunity hdp parliamentarians.presidency law introduced banned use word kurdistan parliament speech held local election told hdp politicians kurdistan turkey looked one go northern iraq.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	armenian genocide prime minister erdoğan expressed multiple times turkey would acknowledge mass killings .million armenians world war genocide thorough investigation joint turkisharmenian commission consisting historians archaeologists political scientists experts.erdoğan main opposition party leader deniz baykal wrote letter armenian president robert kocharian proposing creation joint turkisharmenian commission.armenian foreign minister vartan oskanian rejected offer asserted proposal insincere serious.added issue cannot considered historical level turks politicized problem.in december erdoğan criticised apologize campaign turkish intellectuals recognize armenian genocide saying neither accept support campaign.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	commit crime therefore need apologise ... benefit stirring trouble disturbing peace undoing steps taken.november said possible belong muslim faith carry genocide.in erdoğan ordered tearingdown statue humanity turkish–armenian friendship monument kars commissioned represented metaphor rapprochement two countries many years dispute events .erdoğan justified removal stating monument offensively close tomb thcentury islamic scholar shadow ruined view site kars municipality officials said illegally erected protected area.however former mayor kars approved original construction monument said municipality destroying monument humanity humanity itself.demolition unopposed among detractors several turkish artists.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	two painter bedri baykam associate pyramid art gallery general coordinator tugba kurtulmus stabbed meeting artists istanbul akatlar cultural center.on april erdoğans office issued statement nine languages including two dialects armenian offering condolences mass killings armenians stating events inhumane consequences.statement described mass killings two nations shared pain said experienced events inhumane consequences – relocation – first world war prevent turks armenians establishing compassion mutually humane attitudes among one another.ottoman parliament previously used term relocation describe purpose tehcir law resulted deaths anywhere armenian civilians commonly referred armenian genocide.pope francis april special mass st. peters basilica marking centenary events described atrocities armenian civilians – first genocide th century.protest erdoğan recalled turkish ambassador vatican summoned vaticans ambassador express disappointment called discriminatory message.later stated don’t carry stain shadow like genocide.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	us president barack obama called full frank acknowledgement facts stopped short labelling genocide despite campaign promise so.human rights erdoğans time prime minister farreaching powers antiterror law reduced democratic initiative process initiated goal improve democratic standards general rights ethnic religious minorities particular.however turkeys bid join european union stalled european officials noted return authoritarian ways notably freedom speech freedom press kurdish minority rights.demands activists recognition lgbt rights publicly rejected government members members turkish lgbt community insulted cabinet members.reporters without borders observed continuous decrease freedom press erdoğans later terms rank around press freedom index first term rank total countries .freedom house saw slight recovery later years awarded turkey press freedom score low point .in erdoğans government made legal reforms return properties christian jewish minorities seized turkish government s. total value properties returned reached billion usd.under erdoğan turkish government tightened laws sale consumption alcohol banning advertising increasing tax alcoholic beverages.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	economy erdoğan inherited turkish economy beginning recover recession result reforms implemented kemal derviş.erdoğan supported finance minister ali babacan enforcing macroeconomic policies.erdoğan tried attract foreign investors turkey lifted many government regulations.cashflow turkish economy caused growth real gdp increase gdp per capita considerably higher numbers commonly advertised account inflation us dollar .average annual growth gdp per capita .. growth real gdp higher values developed countries close average developing countries also taken account.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	ranking turkish economy terms gdp moved slightly decade.major consequence policies widening current account deficit us million us billion est.since turkey signed imf loan accords.erdoğans government satisfied budgetary market requirements two administration received every loan installment time turkish government done so.erdoğan inherited debt .billion imf reduced .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	billion .decided sign new deal.turkeys debt imf thus declared completely paid announced imf could borrow turkey.fiveyear credit default swaps turkeys sovereign debt trading record low .nine eu member countries russia.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	turkish central bank .billion reserves.amount reached .billion .erdoğans leadership inflation fell .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	.since turkish inflation continued fluctuate around still one highest inflation rates world.turkish public debt percentage annual gdp declined .turkey lower ratio public debt gdp members european union lower budget deficit gdp ratio them.in erdoğans government pushed labor act comprehensive reform turkeys labor laws.law greatly expanded rights employees establishing hour workweek limiting overtime work hours year provided legal protection discrimination due sex religion political affiliation prohibited discrimination permanent temporary workers entitled employees terminated without valid cause compensation mandated written contracts employment arrangements lasting year more.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	education erdoğan increased budget ministry education .billion lira billion lira highest share national budget given one ministry.prime ministership military received highest share national budget.compulsory education increased eight years twelve.turkish government together unicef initiated campaign called come girls lets go school turkish haydi kızlar okula.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	goal campaign close gender gap primary school enrollment provision quality basic education girls especially southeast turkey.in parliament granted amnesty students expelled universities .amnesty applied students dismissed academic disciplinary grounds.textbooks became free charge since every province turkey university.erdoğans premiership number universities turkey nearly doubled october .the prime minister kept campaign promises starting fatih project state schools preschool high school level received total smart boards tablet computers distributed million students approximately one million teachers administrators.in june draft proposal ministry education approved erdoğan curriculum schools excluded teaching theory evolution charles darwin .teaching postponed start undergraduate level.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	infrastructure erdoğans government number airports turkey increased period years.founding republic turkey km dual carriageway roads created.another km expressway built.due measures number motor accidents fell percent.first time turkish history high speed railway lines constructed countrys highspeed train service began .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	years km railway built km railway renewed.construction marmaray undersea rail tunnel bosphorus strait started .inaugurated th anniversary turkish republic october .inauguration yavuz sultan selim bridge third bridge bosphorus august .justice march supreme board judges prosecutors hsyk held press conference publicly protest obstruction appointment judges high courts months.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	hsyk said erdoğan wanted fill vacant posts appointees.erdoğan accused creating rift turkeys highest court appeal yargıtay high administrative court danıştay.erdoğan stated constitution gave power assign posts elected party.in may head turkeys high court asked prosecutors consider whether erdoğan charged critical comments regarding election abdullah gül president.erdoğan said ruling disgrace justice system criticized constitutional court invalidated presidential vote boycott parties meant quorum.prosecutors investigated earlier comments including saying fired bullet democracy.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	tülay tuğcu head constitutional court condemned erdoğan threats insults hostility towards justice system.civil–military relations turkish military record intervening politics removed elected governments four times past.erdoğan government civil–military relationship moved towards normalization influence military politics significantly reduced.ruling justice development party often faced military gaining political power challenging pillar countrys laicistic establishment.the significant issue caused deep fissures army government midnight ememorandum posted militarys website objecting selection foreign minister abdullah gül ruling partys candidate presidency .military argued election gül whose wife wears islamic headscarf could undermine laicistic order country.contrary expectations government responded harshly former chief general staff gen. yaşar büyükanıts ememorandum stating military nothing selection presidential candidate.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	health care assuming power erdoğans government embarked sweeping reform program turkish healthcare system called health transformation program htp greatly increase quality healthcare protect citizens financial risks.introduction coincided period sustained economic growth allowing turkish government put greater investments healthcare system.part reforms green card program provides health benefits poor expanded .reform program aimed increasing ratio private staterun healthcare along long queues staterun hospitals resulted rise private medical care turkey forcing staterun hospitals compete increasing quality.in april erdoğan unveiled social security reform package demanded international monetary fund loan deal.move erdoğan called one radical reforms ever passed fierce opposition.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	turkeys three social security bodies united one roof bringing equal health services retirement benefits members three bodies.previous system criticized reserving best healthcare civil servants relegating others wait long queues.second bill everyone age years entitled free health services irrespective whether pay premiums social security organization.bill also envisages gradual increase retirement age starting retirement age increase women men.in january turkish parliament adopted law prohibit smoking public places.erdoğan outspokenly antismoking.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	foreign policy turkish foreign policy erdoğans tenure prime minister associated name ahmet davutoğlu.davutoğlu chief foreign policy advisor prime minister recep tayyip erdoğan appointed foreign minister .basis erdoğans foreign policy based principle dont make enemies make friends pursuit zero problems neighboring countries.erdoğan cofounder united nations alliance civilizations aoc.initiative seeks galvanize international action extremism forging international intercultural interreligious dialogue cooperation.european union erdoğan came power continued turkeys long ambition joining european union.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	october negotiations began turkeys accession european union.erdoğan named european year newspaper european voice reforms country order accomplish accession turkey european union.said comment turkeys accession shows europe continent civilisations reconcile clash.october negotiations turkeys accession eu formally started erdoğans tenure prime minister.the european commission generally supports erdoğans reforms remains critical policies.negotiations possible eu membership came standstill turkish ports closed cypriot ships.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	turkish government continues refusal recognize eu member state cyprus.greece cyprus dispute relations greece turkey normalized erdoğans tenure prime minister.may erdoğan became first turkish prime minister visit greece since first visit turkish minority thrace since .erdoğan greek prime minister kostas karamanlis inaugurated greekturkish natural gas pipeline giving caspian gas first direct western outlet.turkey greece signed agreement create combined joint operational unit within framework nato participate peace support operations.erdoğan party strongly supported eubacked referendum reunify cyprus .negotiations possible eu membership came standstill turkish ports closed cypriot ships consequence economic isolation internationally unrecognized turkish republic northern cyprus failure eu end isolation promised .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	turkish government continues refusal recognize republic cyprus.armenia armenia turkeys neighbor erdoğan visited premiership.turkisharmenian border closed since nagornokarabakh conflict turkeys close ally azerbaijan.diplomatic efforts resulted signing protocols turkish armenian foreign ministers switzerland improve relations two countries.one points agreement creation joint commission issue.armenian constitutional court decided commission contradicts armenian constitution.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	turkey responded saying armenian courts ruling protocols acceptable resulting suspension rectification process turkish side.erdoğan said armenian president serzh sargsyan apologize calling school children reoccupy eastern turkey.asked student literature contest ceremony armenians able get back western territories along mt.ararat sarksyan said task generation.russia december president putin visited turkey making first presidential visit history turkishrussian relations besides chairman supreme soviet ussr nikolai podgorny .november putin attended inauguration jointly constructed blue stream natural gas pipeline turkey.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	sequence toplevel visits brought several important bilateral issues forefront.two countries consider strategic goal achieve multidimensional cooperation especially fields energy transport military.specifically russia aims invest turkeys fuel energy industries also expects participate tenders modernisation turkeys military.relations time described president medvedev turkey one important partners respect regional international issues.confidently say russianturkish relations advanced level multidimensional strategic partnership.in may turkey russia signed agreements enhance cooperation energy fields including pacts build turkeys first nuclear power plant plans oil pipeline black sea mediterranean sea.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	leaders countries also signed agreement visafree travel enabling tourists get country free stay days.united states barack obama became president united states made first overseas bilateral meeting turkey april .at joint news conference turkey obama said im trying make statement importance turkey united states world.think theres promise building stronger u.s.turkish relations recognition turkey united states build model partnership predominantly christian nation predominantly muslim nation – western nation nation straddles two continents continued create modern international community respectful secure prosperous tensions – inevitable tensions cultures – think extraordinarily important.iraq turkey erdoğan named bush administration part coalition willing central invasion iraq.march motion allowing turkish military participate u.sled coalitions invasion iraq along permission foreign troops stationed turkey purpose overruled turkish parliament.after fall saddam hussein iraq turkey signed trade agreements issues including security energy water.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	turkish government attempted mend relations iraqi kurdistan opening turkish university erbil turkish consulate mosul.erdoğans government fostered economic political relations irbil turkey began consider kurdistan regional government northern iraq ally malikis government.israel erdoğan visited israel may gesture unusual leader muslim majority country.trip erdoğan visited yad vashem israels official memorial victims holocaust.president israel shimon peres addressed turkish parliament visit first time israeli leader addressed legislature predominantly muslim nation.their relationship worsened world economic forum conference israels actions gaza war.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	erdoğan interrupted moderator responding peres.erdoğan stated mister peres older am.maybe feeling guilty raising voice.comes killing know well.remember killed children beaches... upon moderators reminder needed adjourn dinner erdoğan left panel accusing moderator giving peres time panelists combined.tensions increased following gaza flotilla raid may .
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	erdoğan strongly condemned raid describing state terrorism demanded israeli apology.february erdoğan called zionism crime humanity comparing islamophobia antisemitism fascism.later retracted statement saying misinterpreted.said everyone know comments directed israeli policies especially regards gaza settlements.erdoğans statements criticized un secretarygeneral ban kimoon among others.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	august hürriyet reported erdoğan claimed evidence israels responsibility removal morsi office egypt.israeli egyptian governments dismissed suggestion.in response israel–gaza conflict erdoğan accused israel conducting state terrorism genocide attempt palestinians.also stated israel continues attitude definitely tried international courts.syria erdoğans term office diplomatic relations turkey syria significantly deteriorated.president bashar alassad arrived turkey first official visit syrian president years.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	late erdoğan signed free trade agreement syria.visa restrictions two countries lifted caused economic boom regions near syrian border.however relationship two countries strained following outbreak conflict syria.recep tayyip erdoğan said trying cultivate favorable relationship whatever government would take place assad.however began support opposition syria demonstrations turned violent creating serious syrian refugee problem turkey.

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