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World Wide Web | many established websites still use prefix employ subdomain names www secure en special purposes.many web servers set main domain name e.g.example.com www subdomain e.g.refer site others require one form may map different web sites.use subdomain name useful load balancing incoming web traffic creating cname record poin... |
World Wide Web | since currently subdomain used cname result cannot achieved using bare domain root.when user submits incomplete domain name web browser address bar input field web browsers automatically try adding prefix www beginning possibly .com .org .net end depending might missing.example entering microsoft may transformed http o... |
World Wide Web | english writer douglas adams quipped independent sunday world wide web thing know whose shortened form takes three times longer say short for.mandarin chinese world wide web commonly translated via phonosemantic matching wàn wéi wǎng 万维网 satisfies www literally means myriaddimensional net translation reflects design co... |
World Wide Web | indeed .com domain.scheme specifiers scheme specifiers http https start web uri refer hypertext transfer protocol http secure respectively.specify communication protocol use request response.http protocol fundamental operation world wide web added encryption layer https essential browsers send retrieve confidential dat... |
World Wide Web | pages web page also written webpage document suitable world wide web web browsers.web browser displays web page monitor mobile device.the term web page usually refers visible may also refer contents computer file usually text file containing hypertext written html comparable markup language.typical web pages provide hy... |
World Wide Web | web browser uses hypertext transfer protocol http make requests web server.a static web page delivered exactly stored web content web servers file system.contrast dynamic web page generated web application usually driven serverside software.dynamic web pages used user may require completely different information exampl... |
World Wide Web | serverside scripting parameters determine assembly every new web page proceeds including setting clientside processing.a clientside dynamic web page processes web page using javascript running browser.javascript programs interact document via document object model dom query page state alter it.clientside techniques dyn... |
World Wide Web | using ajax technologies end user gets one dynamic page managed single page web browser actual web content rendered page vary.ajax engine sits browser requesting parts dom dom client application server.dynamic html dhtml umbrella term technologies methods used create web pages static web pages though fallen common use s... |
World Wide Web | clientside script delivered page make additional http requests server either response user actions mouse movements clicks based elapsed time.servers responses used modify current page rather creating new page response server needs provide limited incremental information.multiple ajax requests handled time users interac... |
World Wide Web | notable examples wikipedia.org google.com amazon.com.a website may accessible via public internet protocol ip network internet private local area network lan referencing uniform resource locator url identifies site.websites many functions used various fashions website personal website corporate website company governme... |
World Wide Web | users application often web browser renders page content according html markup instructions onto display terminal.hyperlinking web pages conveys reader site structure guides navigation site often starts home page containing directory site web content.websites require user registration subscription access content.exampl... |
World Wide Web | connect websites server display pages user needs web browser program.program user runs download format display web page users computer.in addition allowing users find display move web pages web browser usually features like keeping bookmarks recording history managing cookies see home pages may facilities recording pas... |
World Wide Web | communication client server takes place using hypertext transfer protocol http.pages delivered frequently html documents may include images style sheets scripts addition text content.a user agent commonly web browser web crawler initiates communication making request specific resource using http server responds content... |
World Wide Web | usually function used generate html documents dynamically onthefly opposed returning static documents.former primarily used retrieving modifying information databases.latter typically much faster easily cached cannot deliver dynamic content.web servers also frequently found embedded devices printers routers webcams ser... |
World Wide Web | cookie http cookie also called web cookie internet cookie browser cookie simply cookie small piece data sent website stored users computer users web browser user browsing.cookies designed reliable mechanism websites remember stateful information items added shopping cart online store record users browsing activity incl... |
World Wide Web | security authentication cookie generally depends security issuing website users web browser whether cookie data encrypted.security vulnerabilities may allow cookies data read hacker used gain access user data used gain access users credentials website cookie belongs see crosssite scripting crosssite request forgery exa... |
World Wide Web | search results generally presented line results often referred search engine results pages serps.information may mix web pages images videos infographics articles research papers types files.search engines also mine data available databases open directories.unlike web directories maintained human editors search engines... |
World Wide Web | opposite term deep web surface web accessible anyone using internet.computer scientist michael k. bergman credited coining term deep web search indexing term.the content deep web hidden behind http forms includes many common uses web mail online banking services users must pay protected paywall video demand online maga... |
World Wide Web | web pages resources may contain expiration information control caching secure sensitive data online banking facilitate frequently updated sites news media.even sites highly dynamic content may permit basic resources refreshed occasionally.web site designers find worthwhile collate resources css data javascript sitewide... |
World Wide Web | security criminals web become venue spread malware engage range cybercrimes including limited identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.webbased vulnerabilities outnumber traditional computer security concerns measured google one ten web pages may contain malicious code.webbased attacks take place legitimat... |
World Wide Web | ajax web design favours use scripts.today one estimate websites open xss attacks users.phishing another common threat web.february rsa security division emc estimated global losses phishing .billion . |
World Wide Web | two wellknown phishing methods covert redirect open redirect.proposed solutions vary.large security companies like mcafee already design governance compliance suites meet post regulations like finjan recommended active realtime inspection programming code content regardless source.argued enterprises see web security bu... |
World Wide Web | web servers usually log ip addresses log file.also unless set web browsers record requested web pages viewable history feature usually cache much content locally.unless serverbrowser communication uses https encryption web requests responses travel plain text across internet viewed recorded cached intermediate systems.... |
World Wide Web | webbased entities associate current web traffic individual.website uses http cookies username password authentication tracking techniques relate web visits identifiable information provided.way webbased organization develop build profile individual people use site sites.may able build record individual includes informa... |
World Wide Web | depending websites terms conditions local laws apply information profiles may sold shared passed organizations without user informed.many ordinary people means little unexpected emails inbox uncannily relevant advertising future web page.others mean time spent indulging unusual interest result deluge targeted marketing... |
World Wide Web | employers schools parents relatives may influenced aspects social networking profiles text posts digital photos posting individual intend audiences.online bullies may make use personal information harass stalk users.modern social networking websites allow finegrained control privacy settings posting complex easy find u... |
World Wide Web | due image caching mirroring copying difficult remove image world wide web.standards web standards include many interdependent standards specifications govern aspects internet world wide web.even webfocused standards directly indirectly affect development administration websites web services.considerations include inter... |
World Wide Web | crucial distinguish specifications development ones already reached final development status case wc specifications highest maturity level.accessibility methods accessing web alternative mediums formats facilitate use individuals disabilities.disabilities may visual auditory physical speechrelated cognitive neurologica... |
World Wide Web | world wide web consortium claims essential web accessible provide equal access equal opportunity people disabilities.tim bernerslee noted power web universality.access everyone regardless disability essential aspect.many countries regulate web accessibility requirement websites.international cooperation wc web accessib... |
World Wide Web | internationalisation wc internationalisation activity assures web technology works languages scripts cultures.beginning unicode gained ground eventually december surpassed ascii western european webs frequently used character encoding.originally rfc allowed resources identified uri subset usascii.rfc allows characters—... |
World Wide Web | architecture world wide web volume one.version .wc.cite journal cite journal requires journal helpbernerslee tim august .world wide web past present future. |
World Wide Web | cite journal cite journal requires journal helpbrügger niels ed web histories first years world wide web peter lang .fielding r. gettys j. mogul j. frystyk h. masinter l. leach p. bernerslee t. june .hypertext transfer protocol – http.. request comments .information sciences institute.cite journal cite journal requires... |
World Wide Web | world wide web technology architecture conceptual analysis.new devices.skau h.o.march .world wide web health information.new devices. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | external links first websiteearly archive first web siteinternet statistics growth usage web internetliving internet comprehensive history internet including world wide webweb design development curlieworld wide web consortium wcwc recommendations reduce world wide waitworld wide web size daily estimated size world wid... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | majority systems form year one seven tropical cyclone basins monitored variety meteorological services warning centres.the factors determine tropical cyclone activity relatively well understood warmer sea levels favourable tropical cyclones well unstable moist midtroposphere vertical wind shear suppresses them.factors ... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | various tropical cyclone scales exist classify system.historical record since satellite era began around trends considered robust enough regards connection storms sea surface temperatures.agreement exists active storm periods distant past sea surface temperature related power dissipation index high.paleotempestology sc... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | modelling tropical cyclones climate models used study expected future changes cyclonic activity.lowerresolution climate models cannot represent convection directly instead use parametrizations approximate smaller scale processes.poses difficulties tropical cyclones convection essential part tropical cyclone physics.hig... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | one study found decreasing trend tropical storms along eastern australian coast centurylong historical record.changes tropical cyclones climate change may affect tropical cyclones variety ways intensification rainfall wind speed decrease overall frequency increase frequency intense storms poleward extension cyclones re... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | rainfall expand outwards relative sst increases associated expansion storm wind field.largest tropical cyclones observed western north pacific tropics largest values relative sst midtropospheric relative humidity located.assuming ocean temperatures rise uniformly warming climate likely impact rainfall area.intensity tr... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | study published suggests ssts may valuable proxy measure potential intensity pi tropical cyclones cyclones sensitive ocean basin temperatures.global increase proportion tropical cyclones category higher saffir–simpson scale cyclones wind speeds km per hour.trend clear north atlantic southern indian ocean.north pacific ... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | rapidly intensifying cyclones hard forecast pose additional risk coastal communities.storms also begun decay slowly make landfall threatening areas inland past.atlantic hurricane season exceptionally active broke numerous records frequency intensity storms.frequency consensus climate change affect overall frequency tro... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | instance paper comparing nine highresolution climate models found robust decreases frequency southern indian ocean southern hemisphere generally finding mixed signals northern hemisphere tropical cyclones.observations shown little change overall frequency tropical cyclones worldwide.a study published concluded would tr... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | north pacific may also eastward expansion.slowdown tropical cyclone translation speeds.unclear still extent attributed climate change climate models show feature.storm surges flood hazards additional sea level rise increase storm surge levels.plausible extreme wind waves see increase consequence changes tropical cyclon... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | storm surge incidents along us atlantic coast showed positive trend.study looked compounding effects floods storm surge terrestrial flooding rivers projects increase due climate change.however scientists still uncertain whether recent increases storm surges response anthropogenic climate change.tropical cyclones differ... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | study investigated response aews high emissions scenarios found increases regional temperature gradients convergence uplift along intertropical front africa resulting strengthening african easterly waves affecting climate west africa larger atlantic basin.a study concluded highly active hurricane season could attribute... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | typhoons research based records japan hawaii indicate typhoons northwest pacific intensified – average since .observed strongest typhoons doubled tripled regions intensity particular landfalling systems pronounced.uptick storm intensity affects coastal populations china japan korea philippines attributed warming ocean ... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | mainly response weakening east asian summer monsoon consequence global warming.risk management adaptation effective strategy manage risks development early warning systems.policy would mitigate risks flooding reforestation inland areas order strengthen soil communities reduce coastal inundation.also recommended local s... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | exacerbated lowerincome communities countries suffer consequences tropical cyclones.pacific region specific national supranational decisions already made implemented.framework resilient development pacific frdp instituted strengthen better coordinate disaster response climate change adaptation among nations communities... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | actions implemented include reforestation building levees dams creation early warning systems reinforcing existing communication infrastructure finding new sources fresh water promoting subsidizing proliferation renewable energy improving irrigation techniques promote sustainable agriculture increase public education e... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | risk assessment using climate models help determine structural integrity residential buildings hurricaneprone areas.some ecosystems marshes mangroves coral reefs serve natural obstacle coastal erosion storm surges wind damage caused hurricanes.natural habitats seen costeffective serve carbon sink support biodiversity r... |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | related polling populations affected hurricanes concluded percent americans believed climate change helped fuel intensity hurricanes rising percent september .after typhoon meranti risk perception china measured increase.however clear rise support personal community action climate change.taiwan people lived typhoon exp... |
Climate change adaptation | one ways respond climate change along mitigation.humans adaptation aims moderate avoid harm exploit opportunities natural systems humans may intervene help adjustment.adaptation actions either incremental actions central aim maintain essence integrity system transformative actions change fundamental attributes system r... |
Climate change adaptation | general higher levels development mean higher adaptive capacity development locks people certain patterns behaviors.developed areas may low adaptation capacity new hazards previously experienced relative familiar hazards.economic costs adaptation climate change likely cost billions dollars annually next several decades... |
Climate change adaptation | even emissions stopped relatively soon global warming effects last many years due inertia climate system net zero adaptation necessary.sustainable development goal also set aims strengthen countries resilience adaptive capacities climaterelated issues.adjustment includes many areas infrastructure agriculture education.... |
Climate change adaptation | economic social costs unmitigated climate change would high.purposes reduce risk factors adaptation help decrease climate risk via three risk factors hazards vulnerability exposure.impacts climate hazards may reduced help ecosystembased adaptation.instance flooding may prevented mangroves ability dampen storm energy.pr... |
Climate change adaptation | insurance livelihood diversification increase resilience decrease vulnerability.actions decrease vulnerability include strengthening social protection building infrastructure resistant hazards.exposure decreased retreating areas high climate risks floodplains improving systems early warnings evacuations.respond effects... |
Climate change adaptation | average surface temperature could increase ..°c ..°f end century. |
Climate change adaptation | causing variety secondary effects many cases extent change uncertain.important changes patterns precipitation rising sea levels altered patterns agriculture increased extreme weather events expansion range tropical diseases opening new marine trade routes.climate change also multifaceted social effects including inequi... |
Climate change adaptation | feet repercussions agriculture possible slowing thermohaline circulation reductions ozone layer increased intensity frequency extreme weather events lowering ocean ph spread tropical diseases malaria dengue fever.synergies mitigation ipcc working group ii united states national academy sciences united nations disaster ... |
Climate change adaptation | sometimes climaterelevant actions may point different directions.instance compact urban development may lead reduced transport building greenhouse gas emissions.simultaneously may increase urban heat island effect leading higher temperatures increasing exposure making adaptation challenging.synergies include benefits p... |
Climate change adaptation | reduced air pollution public transport improves health turn may lead improved economic resilience healthy workers perform better.after assessing literature sustainability climate change scientists concluded high confidence year effort cap ghg emissions ppm would benefit developing countries significantly.judged especia... |
Climate change adaptation | structural physical adaptation options protection flooding sea level rise wide variety adaptation options floodinginstalling protective resilient technologies materials properties prone floodingrainwater storage deal frequent flooding rainfall – changing waterpermeable pavements adding waterbuffering vegetation adding ... |
Climate change adaptation | type adaptation potentially disruptive displacement people may lead tensions.accommodation options make societies flexible sea level rise.examples cultivation food crops tolerate high salt content soil making new building standards require building built higher incur less damage case flood occur.finally areas protected... |
Climate change adaptation | besides storm surges flooding instantaneous devastating cities coastal areas begun investing storm water valves cope frequent severe flooding high tides.damming glacial lakes glacial lake outburst floods may become bigger concern due retreat glaciers leaving behind numerous lakes impounded often weak terminal moraine d... |
Climate change adaptation | food systems adapted enhance food security prevent future negative impacts climate change.agricultural production significant effect global climate change altering global rainfall patterns certain effects agriculture.rainfed agriculture constitutes global agriculture.many million poor people world live parts asia afric... |
Climate change adaptation | extended drought cause failure small marginal farms resultant economic political social disruption currently occurs.agriculture kind strongly influenced availability water.changes total seasonal precipitation pattern variability important.occurrence moisture stress flowering pollination grainfilling harmful crops parti... |
Climate change adaptation | niger led three fourfold increases millet yields.falling back crops wild edible fruits roots leaves.promoting growth forests provide backup food supplies also provide watershed conservation carbon sequestration aesthetic value.protection heatwaves extreme heat study projects regions inhabited third human population cou... |
Climate change adaptation | sunlight could usedchanging heat tolerant tree varietiesadding green roofs deal rainwater heatthe use development air conditioning cooling systemsadding air conditioning public schools provides cooler work place result higher energy demand greenhouse gas emissions unless solar energy used.solarenergy passive cooling sy... |
Climate change adaptation | giving rivers space allows storage water natural system making floods inhabited areas less likely.provision green spaces tree planting creates shade livestock.tradeoff agricultural production restoration ecosystems areas.furthermore humans help ecosystems adapt become resilient climate change impacts.instance scientifi... |
Climate change adaptation | one important projects great green wall stop expansion sahara desert south.accomplished already many positive effects include million acres million hectares degraded land restored nigeria roughly million acres droughtresistant trees planted across senegal whopping million acres land restored ethiopia – name states invo... |
Climate change adaptation | strategies needed make efficient use water resources.example international water management institute suggested five strategies could help asia feed growing population light climate change.modernising existing irrigation schemes suit modern methods farming supporting farmers efforts find water supplies tapping groundwa... |
Climate change adaptation | china implemented cloud seeding machine controlled remote sensing technologies.world meteorological organization wmo commission atmospheric sciences cas opined purposeful augmentation precipitation reduction hail damage dispersion fog types cloud storm modifications cloud seeding developing technologies still striving ... |
Climate change adaptation | social adaptation options enhancing adaptive capacity adaptive capacity ability system human natural managed adjust climate change including climate variability extremes moderate potential damages take advantage opportunities cope consequences.property adaptive capacity distinct adaptation itself.societies respond chan... |
Climate change adaptation | adaptive capacity may include capacity produce widely deploy develop efficient sustainable cooling technologies protect populations elevated temperatures.unmitigated climate change i.e.future climate change without efforts limit greenhouse gas emissions would long term likely exceed capacity natural managed human syste... |
Climate change adaptation | asset holdings ability convert resources institutional market processes central agency.migration humans migration seen adaptation people may able generate income diversify livelihoods spread climate risk.contrasts two frames around migration environmental change migration human rights issue migration security issue.hum... |
Climate change adaptation | furthermore may also economic aspects migration – high levels migration emigration skilled workers – decisionmakers – distant nearby – host country country origin may consider.vice versa climate change could also exacerbate economic insecurity political instability causes migration beyond temperatures extreme weather e... |
Climate change adaptation | slowimpact events droughts slowly rising temperatures mixed effects.people may lose means migrate leading net decrease migration.migration take place seen voluntary economically motivated.focusing climate change issue may frame debate around migration terms projections causing research speculative.migration tool climat... |
Climate change adaptation | tools put place limit forced displacement disaster promote employment programs even temporary internally displaced people establish funding plans ensure security minimize vulnerability populations risk areas.limit displacement caused environmental shocks better channel positive spillovers money transfers experiences et... |
Climate change adaptation | ecosystems assisted colonization act moving plants animals different habitat.destination habitat may may previously held species requirement destination habitat must provide bioclimatic requirements support species.goal assisted colonization remove species threatening environment give chance survive reproduce environme... |
Climate change adaptation | late early canadian provinces alberta british columbia modified tree reseeding guidelines account northward movement forests optimal ranges.british columbia even gave green light relocation single species western larch km northward.insurance insurance spreads financial impact flooding extreme weather events.although pr... |
Climate change adaptation | failures private insurance market public sector subsidize premiums.study identified key equity issues policy considerationstransferring risk public purse reduce overall riskgovernments spread cost losses across time rather spacegovernments force homeowners low risk areas crosssubsidize insurance premiums high risk area... |
Climate change adaptation | national levels adaptation strategies may found national action plans naps national adaptation programme action napa developing countries andor national policies strategies climate change.different levels development different countries.cities states provinces often considerable responsibility land use planning public ... |
Climate change adaptation | scheraga grambsch make clear climate change policy impeded high level variance surrounding climate change impacts well diverse nature problems face.james titus project manager sea level rise u.s. environmental protection agency identifies following criteria policy makers use assessing responses global warming economic ... |
Climate change adaptation | since impacts climate change generally seen short term policymakers less incentive act.furthermore climate change occurring global scale leading global policy research efforts paris agreement research ipcc creating global framework adapting combating climate change.vast majority climate change adaptation mitigation pol... |
Climate change adaptation | maladaptation much adaptation takes place relation shortterm climate variability however may cause maladaptation longerterm climatic trends.example expansion irrigation egypt western sinai desert period higher river flows maladaptation viewed relation longer term projections drying region.adaptations one scale also cre... |
Climate change adaptation | traditional knowledge coping strategies must maintained strengthened otherwise adaptive capacity may weakened local knowledge environment lost.strengthening local techniques building upon also makes likely adaptation strategies adopted creates community ownership involvement process.many cases enough adapt new conditio... |
Climate change adaptation | international finance united nations framework convention climate change article incorporates financial mechanism developing country parties support adaptation.three funds existed unfccc financial mechanism.special climate change fund sccf least developed countries fund ldcf administered global environmental facility.a... |
Climate change adaptation | green climate fund created one channels mobilizing climate finance.paris conference clarified billion per year involve balanced split mitigation adaptation.december promised billion per year fully delivered developing country finance still targeted towards mitigation adaptation receiving share public finance provided .... |
Climate change adaptation | adaptation challenge grows magnitude rate climate change.even effective climate change mitigation reduction greenhouse gas ghg emissions enhanced removal gases atmosphere carbon sinks would prevent climate change impacts making need adaptation unavoidable adaptation gap growing.an extensive research literature assesses... |
Climate change adaptation | weap water evaluation planning system assists water resources researchers planners assessing impacts adaptations climate change.united nations development programmes climate change adaptation portal includes studies climate change adaptation africa europe central asia asia pacific.in addition direct costs associated sp... |
Climate change adaptation | many developed countries already provide international aid assistance developing countries address challenges poverty malnutrition food insecurity availability drinking water indebtedness illiteracy unemployment local resource conflicts lower technological development.climate change threatens exacerbate stall progress ... |
Climate change adaptation | gdp .gdp additionality.instead aid subtracted foreign assistance funds.politiken wrote climate assistance taken poorest.economic adaptation one way economic systems may adapt increase adaptation climate change expanding industries activities develop implement structural physical adaptation options. |
The DAO (organization) | country united nations report found countries high level adaptation instrument – plan policy strategy – relatively progressed tangible implementation projects.least point climate risk populations exposed significantly reduced.city may report based survey global cities found reported risk climate change adaptation plan ... |
The DAO (organization) | history open source computer code behind organization written principally christoph jentzsch released publicly github contributors added modified code.simon jentzsch christoph jentzschs brother also involved venture.the dao launched april utc ethereum block website day crowdsale fund organization.token sale raised us m... |
The DAO (organization) | ethereum developer github pointed flaw relating recursive calls.june th blogged peter vessenes founder blockchain foundation.june fixes proposed awaiting approval members dao.on june th attention called recursive call vulnerabilities bloggers affiliated initiative cryptocurrencies contracts ic.on june dao subjected att... |
The DAO (organization) | members dao ethereum community debated next calling attack valid unethical maneuver others calling ether reappropriated calling dao shut down.eventually ethereum network hard forked move funds dao recovery address could exchanged back ethereum original owners.however continued use original unforked ethereum blockchain ... |
The DAO (organization) | however complexity code base rapid deployment dao meant intended behavior organization actual behavior differed serious ways werent apparent attack occurred.the dao intended operate hub disperses funds currently ether ethereum value token projects.investors received voting rights means digital share token vote proposal... |
The DAO (organization) | marketing may techcrunch described dao paradigm shift idea economic organization.... offers complete transparency total shareholder control unprecedented flexibility autonomous governance.risks may plan called dao invest ether ventures would back contractors receive return clear payment terms contractors.organizers dao... |
The DAO (organization) | also risk would corporate veil protecting investors individual legal financial liability actions taken dao contractors dao invested.unclear dao selling securities type securities might be.additionally function real world contractors would likely need convert invested ether realworld currencies.may attorney andrew hinke... |
The DAO (organization) | jentzsch brothers involved slock.it well.regulation july u.s. securities exchange commission published report initial coin offerings icos dao examining whether dao associated entities individuals violated federal securities laws unregistered offers sales dao tokens exchange ether virtual currency.sec concluded dao toke... |
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