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World Wide Web | many established websites still use prefix employ subdomain names www secure en special purposes.many web servers set main domain name e.g.example.com www subdomain e.g.refer site others require one form may map different web sites.use subdomain name useful load balancing incoming web traffic creating cname record points cluster web servers. |
World Wide Web | since currently subdomain used cname result cannot achieved using bare domain root.when user submits incomplete domain name web browser address bar input field web browsers automatically try adding prefix www beginning possibly .com .org .net end depending might missing.example entering microsoft may transformed http openoffice http feature started appearing early versions firefox still working title firebird early earlier practice browsers lynx.reported microsoft granted us patent idea mobile devices.in english www usually read doubleu doubleu doubleu.users pronounce dubdubdub particularly new zealand.stephen fry podgrams series podcasts pronounces wuh wuh wuh. |
World Wide Web | english writer douglas adams quipped independent sunday world wide web thing know whose shortened form takes three times longer say short for.mandarin chinese world wide web commonly translated via phonosemantic matching wàn wéi wǎng 万维网 satisfies www literally means myriaddimensional net translation reflects design concept proliferation world wide web.tim bernerslees webspace states world wide web officially spelled three separate words capitalised intervening hyphens.use www prefix declining especially web .web applications sought brand domain names make easily pronounceable.as mobile web grew popularity services like gmail.com outlook.com myspace.com facebook.com twitter.com often mentioned without adding www. |
World Wide Web | indeed .com domain.scheme specifiers scheme specifiers http https start web uri refer hypertext transfer protocol http secure respectively.specify communication protocol use request response.http protocol fundamental operation world wide web added encryption layer https essential browsers send retrieve confidential data passwords banking information.web browsers usually automatically prepend http userentered uris omitted. |
World Wide Web | pages web page also written webpage document suitable world wide web web browsers.web browser displays web page monitor mobile device.the term web page usually refers visible may also refer contents computer file usually text file containing hypertext written html comparable markup language.typical web pages provide hypertext browsing web pages via hyperlinks often referred links.web browsers frequently access multiple web resource elements reading style sheets scripts images presenting web page.on network web browser retrieve web page remote web server.web server may restrict access private network corporate intranet. |
World Wide Web | web browser uses hypertext transfer protocol http make requests web server.a static web page delivered exactly stored web content web servers file system.contrast dynamic web page generated web application usually driven serverside software.dynamic web pages used user may require completely different information example bank websites web email etc.static page static web page sometimes called flat pagestationary page web page delivered user exactly stored contrast dynamic web pages generated web application.consequently static web page displays information users contexts subject modern capabilities web server negotiate contenttype language document versions available server configured so.dynamic pages serverside dynamic web page web page whose construction controlled application server processing serverside scripts. |
World Wide Web | serverside scripting parameters determine assembly every new web page proceeds including setting clientside processing.a clientside dynamic web page processes web page using javascript running browser.javascript programs interact document via document object model dom query page state alter it.clientside techniques dynamically update change dom way.a dynamic web page reloaded user computer program change variable content.updating information could come server changes made pages dom.may may truncate browsing history create saved version go back dynamic web page update using ajax technologies neither create page go back truncate web browsing history forward displayed page. |
World Wide Web | using ajax technologies end user gets one dynamic page managed single page web browser actual web content rendered page vary.ajax engine sits browser requesting parts dom dom client application server.dynamic html dhtml umbrella term technologies methods used create web pages static web pages though fallen common use since popularization ajax term rarely used.clientsidescripting serverside scripting combination make dynamic web experience browser.javascript scripting language initially developed brendan eich netscape use within web pages.standardised version ecmascript.make web pages interactive web applications also use javascript techniques ajax asynchronous javascript xml. |
World Wide Web | clientside script delivered page make additional http requests server either response user actions mouse movements clicks based elapsed time.servers responses used modify current page rather creating new page response server needs provide limited incremental information.multiple ajax requests handled time users interact page data retrieved.web pages may also regularly poll server check whether new information available.website website collection related web resources including web pages multimedia content typically identified common domain name published least one web server. |
World Wide Web | notable examples wikipedia.org google.com amazon.com.a website may accessible via public internet protocol ip network internet private local area network lan referencing uniform resource locator url identifies site.websites many functions used various fashions website personal website corporate website company government website organization website etc.websites typically dedicated particular topic purpose ranging entertainment social networking providing news education.publicly accessible websites collectively constitute world wide web private websites companys website employees typically part intranet.web pages building blocks websites documents typically composed plain text interspersed formatting instructions hypertext markup language html xhtml.may incorporate elements websites suitable markup anchors.web pages accessed transported hypertext transfer protocol http may optionally employ encryption http secure https provide security privacy user. |
World Wide Web | users application often web browser renders page content according html markup instructions onto display terminal.hyperlinking web pages conveys reader site structure guides navigation site often starts home page containing directory site web content.websites require user registration subscription access content.examples subscription websites include many business sites news websites academic journal websites gaming websites filesharing websites message boards webbased email social networking websites websites providing realtime stock market data well sites providing various services.end users access websites range devices including desktop laptop computers tablet computers smartphones smart tvs.browser web browser commonly referred browser software user agent accessing information world wide web. |
World Wide Web | connect websites server display pages user needs web browser program.program user runs download format display web page users computer.in addition allowing users find display move web pages web browser usually features like keeping bookmarks recording history managing cookies see home pages may facilities recording passwords logging web sites.the popular browsers chrome firefox safari internet explorer edge.server web server server software hardware dedicated running said software satisfy world wide web client requests.web server general contain one websites.web server processes incoming network requests http several related protocols.the primary function web server store process deliver web pages clients. |
World Wide Web | communication client server takes place using hypertext transfer protocol http.pages delivered frequently html documents may include images style sheets scripts addition text content.a user agent commonly web browser web crawler initiates communication making request specific resource using http server responds content resource error message unable so.resource typically real file servers secondary storage necessarily case depends webserver implemented.while primary function serve content full implementation http also includes ways receiving content clients.feature used submitting web forms including uploading files.many generic web servers also support serverside scripting using active server pages asp php hypertext preprocessor scripting languages.means behavior webserver scripted separate files actual server software remains unchanged. |
World Wide Web | usually function used generate html documents dynamically onthefly opposed returning static documents.former primarily used retrieving modifying information databases.latter typically much faster easily cached cannot deliver dynamic content.web servers also frequently found embedded devices printers routers webcams serving local network.web server may used part system monitoring administering device question.usually means additional software installed client computer since web browser required included operating systems. |
World Wide Web | cookie http cookie also called web cookie internet cookie browser cookie simply cookie small piece data sent website stored users computer users web browser user browsing.cookies designed reliable mechanism websites remember stateful information items added shopping cart online store record users browsing activity including clicking particular buttons logging recording pages visited past.also used remember arbitrary pieces information user previously entered form fields names addresses passwords credit card numbers.cookies perform essential functions modern web.perhaps importantly authentication cookies common method used web servers know whether user logged account logged with.without mechanism site would know whether send page containing sensitive information require user authenticate logging in. |
World Wide Web | security authentication cookie generally depends security issuing website users web browser whether cookie data encrypted.security vulnerabilities may allow cookies data read hacker used gain access user data used gain access users credentials website cookie belongs see crosssite scripting crosssite request forgery examples.tracking cookies especially thirdparty tracking cookies commonly used ways compile longterm records individuals browsing histories – potential privacy concern prompted european u.s. lawmakers take action .european law requires websites targeting european union member states gain informed consent users storing nonessential cookies device.google project zero researcher jann horn describes ways cookies read intermediaries like wifi hotspot providers.recommends using browser incognito mode circumstances.search engine web search engine internet search engine software system designed carry web search internet search means search world wide web systematic way particular information specified web search query. |
World Wide Web | search results generally presented line results often referred search engine results pages serps.information may mix web pages images videos infographics articles research papers types files.search engines also mine data available databases open directories.unlike web directories maintained human editors search engines also maintain realtime information running algorithm web crawler.internet content capable searched web search engine generally described deep web.deep web deep web invisible web hidden web parts world wide web whose contents indexed standard web search engines. |
World Wide Web | opposite term deep web surface web accessible anyone using internet.computer scientist michael k. bergman credited coining term deep web search indexing term.the content deep web hidden behind http forms includes many common uses web mail online banking services users must pay protected paywall video demand online magazines newspapers among others.the content deep web located accessed direct url ip address may require password security access past public website page.caching web cache server computer located either public internet within enterprise stores recently accessed web pages improve response time users content requested within certain time original request.web browsers also implement browser cache writing recently obtained data local data storage device.http requests browser may ask data changed since last access. |
World Wide Web | web pages resources may contain expiration information control caching secure sensitive data online banking facilitate frequently updated sites news media.even sites highly dynamic content may permit basic resources refreshed occasionally.web site designers find worthwhile collate resources css data javascript sitewide files cached efficiently.enterprise firewalls often cache web resources requested one user benefit many users.search engines store cached content frequently accessed websites. |
World Wide Web | security criminals web become venue spread malware engage range cybercrimes including limited identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.webbased vulnerabilities outnumber traditional computer security concerns measured google one ten web pages may contain malicious code.webbased attacks take place legitimate websites measured sophos hosted united states china russia.common malware threats sql injection attacks websites.html uris web vulnerable attacks like crosssite scripting xss came introduction javascript exacerbated degree web . |
World Wide Web | ajax web design favours use scripts.today one estimate websites open xss attacks users.phishing another common threat web.february rsa security division emc estimated global losses phishing .billion . |
World Wide Web | two wellknown phishing methods covert redirect open redirect.proposed solutions vary.large security companies like mcafee already design governance compliance suites meet post regulations like finjan recommended active realtime inspection programming code content regardless source.argued enterprises see web security business opportunity rather cost centre others call ubiquitous alwayson digital rights management enforced infrastructure replace hundreds companies secure data networks.jonathan zittrain said users sharing responsibility computing safety far preferable locking internet.privacy every time client requests web page server identify requests ip address. |
World Wide Web | web servers usually log ip addresses log file.also unless set web browsers record requested web pages viewable history feature usually cache much content locally.unless serverbrowser communication uses https encryption web requests responses travel plain text across internet viewed recorded cached intermediate systems.another way hide personally identifiable information using virtual private network.vpn encrypts online traffic masks original ip address lowering chance user identification.when web page asks user supplies personally identifiable information—such real name address email address etc. |
World Wide Web | webbased entities associate current web traffic individual.website uses http cookies username password authentication tracking techniques relate web visits identifiable information provided.way webbased organization develop build profile individual people use site sites.may able build record individual includes information leisure activities shopping interests profession aspects demographic profile.profiles potential interest marketers advertisers others. |
World Wide Web | depending websites terms conditions local laws apply information profiles may sold shared passed organizations without user informed.many ordinary people means little unexpected emails inbox uncannily relevant advertising future web page.others mean time spent indulging unusual interest result deluge targeted marketing may unwelcome.law enforcement counterterrorism espionage agencies also identify target track individuals based interests proclivities web.social networking sites usually try get users use real names interests locations rather pseudonyms executives believe makes social networking experience engaging users.hand uploaded photographs unguarded statements identified individual may regret exposure. |
World Wide Web | employers schools parents relatives may influenced aspects social networking profiles text posts digital photos posting individual intend audiences.online bullies may make use personal information harass stalk users.modern social networking websites allow finegrained control privacy settings posting complex easy find use especially beginners.photographs videos posted onto websites caused particular problems add persons face online profile.modern potential facial recognition technology may possible relate face previously anonymous images events scenarios imaged elsewhere. |
World Wide Web | due image caching mirroring copying difficult remove image world wide web.standards web standards include many interdependent standards specifications govern aspects internet world wide web.even webfocused standards directly indirectly affect development administration websites web services.considerations include interoperability accessibility usability web pages web sites.web standards broader sense consist followingrecommendations published world wide web consortium wcliving standard made web hypertext application technology working group whatwgrequest comments rfc documents published internet engineering task force ietfstandards published international organization standardization isostandards published ecma international formerly ecmathe unicode standard various unicode technical reports utrs published unicode consortiumname number registries maintained internet assigned numbers authority ianaweb standards fixed sets rules constantly evolving sets finalized technical specifications web technologies.web standards developed standards organizations—groups interested often competing parties chartered task standardization—not technologies developed declared standard single individual company. |
World Wide Web | crucial distinguish specifications development ones already reached final development status case wc specifications highest maturity level.accessibility methods accessing web alternative mediums formats facilitate use individuals disabilities.disabilities may visual auditory physical speechrelated cognitive neurological combination.accessibility features also help people temporary disabilities like broken arm ageing users abilities change.web receives information well providing information interacting society. |
World Wide Web | world wide web consortium claims essential web accessible provide equal access equal opportunity people disabilities.tim bernerslee noted power web universality.access everyone regardless disability essential aspect.many countries regulate web accessibility requirement websites.international cooperation wc web accessibility initiative led simple guidelines web content authors well software developers use make web accessible persons may may using assistive technology. |
World Wide Web | internationalisation wc internationalisation activity assures web technology works languages scripts cultures.beginning unicode gained ground eventually december surpassed ascii western european webs frequently used character encoding.originally rfc allowed resources identified uri subset usascii.rfc allows characters—any character universal character set—and resource identified iri language.see also references reading bernerslee tim bray tim connolly dan cotton paul fielding roy jeckle mario lilley chris mendelsohn noah orchard david walsh norman williams stuart december . |
World Wide Web | architecture world wide web volume one.version .wc.cite journal cite journal requires journal helpbernerslee tim august .world wide web past present future. |
World Wide Web | cite journal cite journal requires journal helpbrügger niels ed web histories first years world wide web peter lang .fielding r. gettys j. mogul j. frystyk h. masinter l. leach p. bernerslee t. june .hypertext transfer protocol – http.. request comments .information sciences institute.cite journal cite journal requires journal helpniels brügger ed.web history pages historical perspective world wide web including issues culture content preservation.polo luciano . |
World Wide Web | world wide web technology architecture conceptual analysis.new devices.skau h.o.march .world wide web health information.new devices. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | external links first websiteearly archive first web siteinternet statistics growth usage web internetliving internet comprehensive history internet including world wide webweb design development curlieworld wide web consortium wcwc recommendations reduce world wide waitworld wide web size daily estimated size world wide webantonio a. casilli elements sociology online interactionsthe erdős webgraph server offers weekly updated graph representation constantly increasing fraction wwwthe th anniversary world wide web animated video produced usaid techchange explores role www addressing extreme povertytropical cyclones may also intensify rapidly occur higher latitudes.changes driven rising sea temperatures increased maximum water vapour content atmosphere air heats up.u.s. national climate change assessment reported increases greenhouse gases decrease air pollution contributed increases atlantic hurricane activity since .tropical cyclones known hurricanes atlantic ocean northeastern pacific ocean typhoons northwestern pacific ocean cyclones southern pacific indian ocean.fundamentally type storm.background tropical cyclone rapidly rotating storm system characterized lowpressure center closed lowlevel atmospheric circulation strong winds spiral arrangement thunderstorms produce heavy rain squalls. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | majority systems form year one seven tropical cyclone basins monitored variety meteorological services warning centres.the factors determine tropical cyclone activity relatively well understood warmer sea levels favourable tropical cyclones well unstable moist midtroposphere vertical wind shear suppresses them.factors change climate change always clear factor dominates.data models measurement based satellite imagery dvorak technique primary technique used estimate globally tropical cyclone intensity.the potential intensity pi tropical cyclones computed observed data primarily derived vertical profiles temperature humidity sea surface temperatures ssts.convective available potential energy cape computed radiosonde stations parts tropics considered poor quality.power dissipation index pdi represents total power dissipation north atlantic western north pacific strongly correlated tropical ssts. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | various tropical cyclone scales exist classify system.historical record since satellite era began around trends considered robust enough regards connection storms sea surface temperatures.agreement exists active storm periods distant past sea surface temperature related power dissipation index high.paleotempestology science past tropical cyclone activity means geological proxies flood sediment historical documentary records shipwrecks tree ring anomalies.paleoclimate studies yet sufficiently consistent draw conclusions wider regions provide useful information specific locations. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | modelling tropical cyclones climate models used study expected future changes cyclonic activity.lowerresolution climate models cannot represent convection directly instead use parametrizations approximate smaller scale processes.poses difficulties tropical cyclones convection essential part tropical cyclone physics.higherresolution global models regional climate models may computerintensive run making difficult simulate enough tropical cyclones robust statistical analysis.however growing advancements technology climate models improved simulation abilities tropical cyclone frequency intensity.one challenge scientists face modeling determining whether recent changes tropical cyclones associated anthropogenic forcing changes still within natural variability.apparent examining tropical cyclones longer temporal resolutions. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | one study found decreasing trend tropical storms along eastern australian coast centurylong historical record.changes tropical cyclones climate change may affect tropical cyclones variety ways intensification rainfall wind speed decrease overall frequency increase frequency intense storms poleward extension cyclones reach maximum intensity among possible consequences humaninduced climate change.rainfall warmer air hold water vapor theoretical maximum water vapor content given clausius–clapeyron relation yields ≈ increase water vapor atmosphere per °c warming.models assessed review paper show future increase rainfall rates rain falls per hour.world meteorological organization stated quantity rainfall hurricane harvey likely increased climate change.a tropical cyclones rainfall area contrast rate primarily controlled environmental sea surface temperature sst – relative tropical mean sst called relative sea surface temperature. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | rainfall expand outwards relative sst increases associated expansion storm wind field.largest tropical cyclones observed western north pacific tropics largest values relative sst midtropospheric relative humidity located.assuming ocean temperatures rise uniformly warming climate likely impact rainfall area.intensity tropical cyclones use warm moist air fuel.climate change warming ocean temperatures potentially fuel available. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | study published suggests ssts may valuable proxy measure potential intensity pi tropical cyclones cyclones sensitive ocean basin temperatures.global increase proportion tropical cyclones category higher saffir–simpson scale cyclones wind speeds km per hour.trend clear north atlantic southern indian ocean.north pacific tropical cyclones moving poleward colder waters increase intensity period.°c warming greater percentage tropical cyclones expected reach category strength.climate change likely driving observed trend rapid intensification tropical cyclones atlantic basin proportion storms undergoing intensification nearly doubling years . |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | rapidly intensifying cyclones hard forecast pose additional risk coastal communities.storms also begun decay slowly make landfall threatening areas inland past.atlantic hurricane season exceptionally active broke numerous records frequency intensity storms.frequency consensus climate change affect overall frequency tropical cyclones.majority climate models show decreased frequency future projections. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | instance paper comparing nine highresolution climate models found robust decreases frequency southern indian ocean southern hemisphere generally finding mixed signals northern hemisphere tropical cyclones.observations shown little change overall frequency tropical cyclones worldwide.a study published concluded would tropical cyclones cooler climate tropical cyclone genesis possible sea surface temperatures °c.warmers sea surface temperatures especially southern hemisphere tandem increased levels carbon dioxide likely tropical cyclone frequency reduced future.research conducted murakami et al.following hurricane season eastern central pacific ocean record number tropical cyclones three simultaneous category hurricanes occurred concludes greenhouse gas forcing enhances subtropical pacific warming project increase frequency extremely active tropical cyclones area.storm tracks poleward expansion latitude maximum intensity tropical cyclones occurs may associated climate change. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | north pacific may also eastward expansion.slowdown tropical cyclone translation speeds.unclear still extent attributed climate change climate models show feature.storm surges flood hazards additional sea level rise increase storm surge levels.plausible extreme wind waves see increase consequence changes tropical cyclones exacerbating storm surge dangers coastal communities. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | storm surge incidents along us atlantic coast showed positive trend.study looked compounding effects floods storm surge terrestrial flooding rivers projects increase due climate change.however scientists still uncertain whether recent increases storm surges response anthropogenic climate change.tropical cyclones different basins hurricanes studies conducted looked duration atlantic hurricane season found may getting longer particular south °n east °w tendency toward early lateseason storms correlated warming sea surface temperatures.however uncertainty still high one study found trend another mixed results.a study linked increased activity intense hurricanes north atlantic northward shift amplification convective activities african easterly waves aews. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | study investigated response aews high emissions scenarios found increases regional temperature gradients convergence uplift along intertropical front africa resulting strengthening african easterly waves affecting climate west africa larger atlantic basin.a study concluded highly active hurricane season could attributed solely strong el niño event.instead subtropical warming important factor well feature common consequence climate change.study found increasing evaporation larger capability atmosphere hold water vapor linked climate change already increased amount rainfall hurricanes katrina irma maria percent.future increases projected.a study found significant trends landfalling hurricane frequency intensity continental united states since .furthermore growth coastal populations regional wealth served overwhelming drivers observed increases hurricanerelated damage. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | typhoons research based records japan hawaii indicate typhoons northwest pacific intensified – average since .observed strongest typhoons doubled tripled regions intensity particular landfalling systems pronounced.uptick storm intensity affects coastal populations china japan korea philippines attributed warming ocean waters.authors noted yet clear extent global warming caused increased water temperatures observations consistent ipcc projects warming sea surface temperatures.vertical wind shear seen decreasing trends around china creating favourable conditions intense tropical cyclones. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | mainly response weakening east asian summer monsoon consequence global warming.risk management adaptation effective strategy manage risks development early warning systems.policy would mitigate risks flooding reforestation inland areas order strengthen soil communities reduce coastal inundation.also recommended local schools churches community infrastructure permanently equipped become cyclone shelters.focusing applying resources towards immediate relief affected may divert attention longterm solutions. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | exacerbated lowerincome communities countries suffer consequences tropical cyclones.pacific region specific national supranational decisions already made implemented.framework resilient development pacific frdp instituted strengthen better coordinate disaster response climate change adaptation among nations communities region.specific nations tonga cook islands southern pacific regime developed joint national action plan climate change disaster risk management jnap coordinate execute responses rising risk climate change.countries identified vulnerable areas nations generated national supranational policies implemented provided specific goals timelines achieve goals. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | actions implemented include reforestation building levees dams creation early warning systems reinforcing existing communication infrastructure finding new sources fresh water promoting subsidizing proliferation renewable energy improving irrigation techniques promote sustainable agriculture increase public education efforts sustainable measures lobbying internationally increased use renewable energy sources.united states united states several initiatives taken better prepare strengthening hurricanes preparing local emergency shelters building sand dunes levees reforestation initiatives.despite better modeling capabilities hurricanes property damage increased dramatically.national flood insurance program incentivizes people rebuild houses floodprone areas thereby hampers adaptation increased risk hurricanes sea level rise.due wind shear storm surge building weak building envelope subject damages. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | risk assessment using climate models help determine structural integrity residential buildings hurricaneprone areas.some ecosystems marshes mangroves coral reefs serve natural obstacle coastal erosion storm surges wind damage caused hurricanes.natural habitats seen costeffective serve carbon sink support biodiversity region.although substantial evidence natural habitats beneficial barrier tropical cyclones built defenses often primary solution government agencies decision makers.study published assessed feasibility natural engineered hybrid riskmitigation tropical cyclones freeport texas found incorporating natural ecosystems riskmitigation plans could reduce flood heights ease cost built defenses future.media public perception destruction early st century atlantic ocean hurricanes hurricanes katrina wilma sandy caused substantial upsurge interest subject climate change hurricanes news media wider public concerns global climatic change may played significant role events. |
Tropical cyclones and climate change | related polling populations affected hurricanes concluded percent americans believed climate change helped fuel intensity hurricanes rising percent september .after typhoon meranti risk perception china measured increase.however clear rise support personal community action climate change.taiwan people lived typhoon express anxiety climate change.survey find positive correlation anxiety typhoons anxiety climate change.see also atlantic hurricane reanalysis projecteffects global warming oceanseffects tropical cycloneslist category atlantic hurricaneslist category pacific hurricaneslist intense tropical cyclones references external links climate scientist describes physics behind expected increase storm strength due climate change video september |
Climate change adaptation | one ways respond climate change along mitigation.humans adaptation aims moderate avoid harm exploit opportunities natural systems humans may intervene help adjustment.adaptation actions either incremental actions central aim maintain essence integrity system transformative actions change fundamental attributes system response climate change impacts.the need adaptation varies place place depending sensitivity vulnerability environmental impacts.adaptation especially important developing countries since countries vulnerable climate change bearing brunt effects global warming.human adaptive capacity unevenly distributed across different regions populations developing countries generally less capacity adapt.adaptive capacity closely linked social economic development. |
Climate change adaptation | general higher levels development mean higher adaptive capacity development locks people certain patterns behaviors.developed areas may low adaptation capacity new hazards previously experienced relative familiar hazards.economic costs adaptation climate change likely cost billions dollars annually next several decades.international policy context paris agreement requires countries keep global temperature rise century less °c preindustrial levels pursue efforts limit temperature increase .°c. |
Climate change adaptation | even emissions stopped relatively soon global warming effects last many years due inertia climate system net zero adaptation necessary.sustainable development goal also set aims strengthen countries resilience adaptive capacities climaterelated issues.adjustment includes many areas infrastructure agriculture education.paris agreement included several provisions adaptation.seeks promote idea global responsibility improve communication via adaptation component nationally determined contributions includes agreement developed countries provide financial support technology transfer promote adaptation vulnerable countries.scientists concerned climate adaptation programs might interfere existing development programs thus lead unintended consequences maladaptation vulnerable groups. |
Climate change adaptation | economic social costs unmitigated climate change would high.purposes reduce risk factors adaptation help decrease climate risk via three risk factors hazards vulnerability exposure.impacts climate hazards may reduced help ecosystembased adaptation.instance flooding may prevented mangroves ability dampen storm energy.protection mangrove ecosystem form adaptation. |
Climate change adaptation | insurance livelihood diversification increase resilience decrease vulnerability.actions decrease vulnerability include strengthening social protection building infrastructure resistant hazards.exposure decreased retreating areas high climate risks floodplains improving systems early warnings evacuations.respond effects climate change projected effects environment civilization numerous varied.main effect increasing global average temperature. |
Climate change adaptation | average surface temperature could increase ..°c ..°f end century. |
Climate change adaptation | causing variety secondary effects many cases extent change uncertain.important changes patterns precipitation rising sea levels altered patterns agriculture increased extreme weather events expansion range tropical diseases opening new marine trade routes.climate change also multifaceted social effects including inequity social inequality poverty increased burden women main food care providers households.however social effects increased migration conflict resources like water land generally hard attribute climate change main driver change.potential biophysical effects include sea level rise mm .. |
Climate change adaptation | feet repercussions agriculture possible slowing thermohaline circulation reductions ozone layer increased intensity frequency extreme weather events lowering ocean ph spread tropical diseases malaria dengue fever.synergies mitigation ipcc working group ii united states national academy sciences united nations disaster risk reduction officeand science policy experts agree mitigating emission greenhouse gases important adaptation effects global warming still necessary.mitigating global warming economic political challenge.given greenhouse gas levels already elevated lag decades emissions impacts significant economic political challenges success uncertain much climate change mitigated.there synergies tradeoffs adaptation mitigation.adaptation measures often offer shortterm benefits whereas mitigation longerterm benefits. |
Climate change adaptation | sometimes climaterelevant actions may point different directions.instance compact urban development may lead reduced transport building greenhouse gas emissions.simultaneously may increase urban heat island effect leading higher temperatures increasing exposure making adaptation challenging.synergies include benefits public transport mitigation adaptation.public transport lower greenhouse gas emissions per kilometer travelled cars.good public transport network also increases resilience case disasters evacuation emergency access becomes easier. |
Climate change adaptation | reduced air pollution public transport improves health turn may lead improved economic resilience healthy workers perform better.after assessing literature sustainability climate change scientists concluded high confidence year effort cap ghg emissions ppm would benefit developing countries significantly.judged especially case combined enhanced adaptation.however still judged likely would significant climate change impacts.judged case even aggressive mitigation significantly enhanced adaptive capacity.categories adaptation actions adaptation actions grouped three categories structural physical adaptation grouped engineering built environment technological ecosystembased servicessocial adaptation educational informational behavioralinstitutional adaptation economic organizations laws regulation government policies programs. |
Climate change adaptation | structural physical adaptation options protection flooding sea level rise wide variety adaptation options floodinginstalling protective resilient technologies materials properties prone floodingrainwater storage deal frequent flooding rainfall – changing waterpermeable pavements adding waterbuffering vegetation adding underground storage tanks subsidizing household rain barrelsreducing paved areas deal rainwater heatrequiring waterfront properties higher foundationsraising pumps wastewater treatment plantssurveying local vulnerabilities raising public awareness making climate changespecific planning tools like future flood mapsinstalling devices prevent seawater backflowing storm drainsinstalling better flood defenses sea walls increased pumping capacitybuying homeowners floodprone areasraising street level prevent floodingflooding could prevented using protecting mangrovesdealing frequent drenching rains may required increasing capacity stormwater systems separating stormwater blackwater overflows peak periods contaminate rivers.one example smart tunnel kuala lumpur.new york city produced comprehensive report rebuilding resiliency initiative hurricane sandy.efforts include making buildings less prone flooding taking steps reduce recurrence specific problems encountered storm weekslong fuel shortages even unaffected areas due legal transportation problems flooded health care facilities insurance premium increases damage electricity steam generation addition distribution networks flooding subway roadway tunnels.retreat accommodate protect adaptation options sea level rise broadly classified retreat accommodate protect.retreating involves moving people infrastructure less exposed areas preventing development areas risk. |
Climate change adaptation | type adaptation potentially disruptive displacement people may lead tensions.accommodation options make societies flexible sea level rise.examples cultivation food crops tolerate high salt content soil making new building standards require building built higher incur less damage case flood occur.finally areas protected construction dams dikes improving natural defenses.united states environmental protection agency supports development maintenance water supply infrastructure nationwide especially coastal cities coastal cities countries actively implementing approach. |
Climate change adaptation | besides storm surges flooding instantaneous devastating cities coastal areas begun investing storm water valves cope frequent severe flooding high tides.damming glacial lakes glacial lake outburst floods may become bigger concern due retreat glaciers leaving behind numerous lakes impounded often weak terminal moraine dams.past sudden failure dams resulted localized property damage injury deaths.glacial lakes danger bursting moraines replaced concrete dams may also provide hydroelectric power.food security water security climate change threaten food security water security. |
Climate change adaptation | food systems adapted enhance food security prevent future negative impacts climate change.agricultural production significant effect global climate change altering global rainfall patterns certain effects agriculture.rainfed agriculture constitutes global agriculture.many million poor people world live parts asia africa depend rainfall cultivate food crops.climate change modify rainfall evaporation runoff soil moisture storage. |
Climate change adaptation | extended drought cause failure small marginal farms resultant economic political social disruption currently occurs.agriculture kind strongly influenced availability water.changes total seasonal precipitation pattern variability important.occurrence moisture stress flowering pollination grainfilling harmful crops particularly corn soybeans wheat.increased evaporation soil accelerated transpiration plants cause moisture stress.adaptive ideas includetaking advantage global transportation systems delivering surplus food needed though help subsistence farmers unless aid given.developing crop varieties greater drought tolerance.rainwater storage.example according international water management institute using small planting basins harvest water zimbabwe shown boost maize yields whether rainfall abundant scarce. |
Climate change adaptation | niger led three fourfold increases millet yields.falling back crops wild edible fruits roots leaves.promoting growth forests provide backup food supplies also provide watershed conservation carbon sequestration aesthetic value.protection heatwaves extreme heat study projects regions inhabited third human population could become hot hottest parts sahara within years without change patterns population growth without migration unless greenhouse gas emissions substantially reduced limit .°c warming.affected regions little adaptive capacity .projects adapt reduce heat includeincentivizing lightercolored roofs paint houses reduce heat island effect use radiative coolingspecific paint formulations reflect . |
Climate change adaptation | sunlight could usedchanging heat tolerant tree varietiesadding green roofs deal rainwater heatthe use development air conditioning cooling systemsadding air conditioning public schools provides cooler work place result higher energy demand greenhouse gas emissions unless solar energy used.solarenergy passive cooling systems houses andor refrigerationin cases designs relatively lowcost use electrical components offgrid chemically store solar energy ondemand use ecosystembased ecosystems adapt global warming depending resilience climatic changes.humans help adaptation ecosystems biodiversity.possible responses include increasing connectivity ecosystems allowing species migrate favorable climate conditions species relocation.protection restoration natural seminatural areas also helps build resilience making easier ecosystems adapt.many actions promote adaptation ecosystems also help humans adapt via ecosystembased adaptation naturebased solutions.instance restoration natural fire regimes makes catastrophic fires less likely reduces human exposure hazard. |
Climate change adaptation | giving rivers space allows storage water natural system making floods inhabited areas less likely.provision green spaces tree planting creates shade livestock.tradeoff agricultural production restoration ecosystems areas.furthermore humans help ecosystems adapt become resilient climate change impacts.instance scientific research development could used help coral reefs survive climate change.reforestation reforestation one ways stop desertification fueled anthropogenic climate change non sustainable land use. |
Climate change adaptation | one important projects great green wall stop expansion sahara desert south.accomplished already many positive effects include million acres million hectares degraded land restored nigeria roughly million acres droughtresistant trees planted across senegal whopping million acres land restored ethiopia – name states involved.many groundwater wells refilled drinking water rural towns additional food supplies new sources work income villagers thanks need tree maintenance.spending irrigation demand water irrigation projected rise warmer climate bringing increased competition agriculture—already largest consumer water resources semiarid regions—and urban well industrial users.falling water tables resulting increase energy needed pump water make practice irrigation expensive particularly drier conditions water required per acre. |
Climate change adaptation | strategies needed make efficient use water resources.example international water management institute suggested five strategies could help asia feed growing population light climate change.modernising existing irrigation schemes suit modern methods farming supporting farmers efforts find water supplies tapping groundwater sustainable way looking beyond conventional participatory irrigation management schemes engaging private sector expanding capacity knowledge investing outside irrigation sector.disaster response preparedness climate change projected increase frequency severity extreme weather events disasters adaptation may also include measures towards increased preparedness relevant disaster response capacities.weather control russian american scientists past tried control weather example seeding clouds chemicals try produce rain needed. |
Climate change adaptation | china implemented cloud seeding machine controlled remote sensing technologies.world meteorological organization wmo commission atmospheric sciences cas opined purposeful augmentation precipitation reduction hail damage dispersion fog types cloud storm modifications cloud seeding developing technologies still striving achieve sound scientific foundation adapted enormously varied natural conditions.climate services rather new activity domain climatology applied adaptation development implementation climate services provide climate information help individuals organizations make climate smart decisions.recognized applications climate services domains like agriculture energy disaster risk reduction health water.europe large framework called cs supplying climate services implemented european union copernicus programme. |
Climate change adaptation | social adaptation options enhancing adaptive capacity adaptive capacity ability system human natural managed adjust climate change including climate variability extremes moderate potential damages take advantage opportunities cope consequences.property adaptive capacity distinct adaptation itself.societies respond change quickly successfully high adaptive capacity.high adaptive capacity necessarily translate successful adaptation.example adaptive capacity western europe generally considered high risks warmer winters increasing range livestock diseases well documented many parts europe still badly affected outbreaks bluetongue virus livestock . |
Climate change adaptation | adaptive capacity may include capacity produce widely deploy develop efficient sustainable cooling technologies protect populations elevated temperatures.unmitigated climate change i.e.future climate change without efforts limit greenhouse gas emissions would long term likely exceed capacity natural managed human systems adapt.it found efforts enhance adaptive capacity help reduce vulnerability climate change.many instances activities promote sustainable development also act enhance peoples adaptive capacity climate change.activities include improving access resources reducing poverty lowering inequities resources wealth among groups improving education information improving infrastructure improving institutional capacity efficiency promoting local indigenous practices knowledge experiences.others suggested certain forms gender inequity addressed time example women may participation decisionmaking constrained lower levels education.researchers overseas development institute found development interventions increase adaptive capacity tended result increased agency local people.argue play prominent part future intervention planning agency central factor aspects adaptive capacity. |
Climate change adaptation | asset holdings ability convert resources institutional market processes central agency.migration humans migration seen adaptation people may able generate income diversify livelihoods spread climate risk.contrasts two frames around migration environmental change migration human rights issue migration security issue.human rights frame normative implications include developing protection frameworks migrants whereas increased border security may implication framing migration national security issue.sometimes approaches combined development solutions laws policies aim viable taking national concerns account accordance human rights. |
Climate change adaptation | furthermore may also economic aspects migration – high levels migration emigration skilled workers – decisionmakers – distant nearby – host country country origin may consider.vice versa climate change could also exacerbate economic insecurity political instability causes migration beyond temperatures extreme weather events.wouldbe migrants often need access social financial capital support networks chosen destination funds physical resources able move.migration frequently last adaptive response households take confronted environmental factors threaten livelihoods mostly resorted mechanisms cope proven unsuccessful.migration events multicausal environment factor amongst many.many discussions around migration based projections relatively use current migration data.migration related sudden events like hurricanes heavy rains floods landslides often shortdistance involuntary temporary. |
Climate change adaptation | slowimpact events droughts slowly rising temperatures mixed effects.people may lose means migrate leading net decrease migration.migration take place seen voluntary economically motivated.focusing climate change issue may frame debate around migration terms projections causing research speculative.migration tool climate change adaptation projected pressing issue decade come.africa specifically migrant social networks help build social capital increase social resilience communities origin trigger innovations across regions transfer knowledge technology remittances resources.in africa mozambique zimbabwe clear examples adaptation strategies implemented relocation policies reduced exposure populations migrants disaster. |
Climate change adaptation | tools put place limit forced displacement disaster promote employment programs even temporary internally displaced people establish funding plans ensure security minimize vulnerability populations risk areas.limit displacement caused environmental shocks better channel positive spillovers money transfers experiences etc.migration origin countriescommunities.relocation effects climate change brought light years constant increasing effects climate change world.coastal homes u.s. danger climate change leading residents relocate areas less affected.flooding coastal areas drought main reasons relocation. |
Climate change adaptation | ecosystems assisted colonization act moving plants animals different habitat.destination habitat may may previously held species requirement destination habitat must provide bioclimatic requirements support species.goal assisted colonization remove species threatening environment give chance survive reproduce environment pose existential threat species.in recent years assisted colonization presented potential solution climate change crisis changed environments faster natural selection adapt to.assisted colonization potential allow species poor natural dispersal abilities avoid extinction also sparked intense debate possibility introduction invasive species diseases previously healthy ecosystems.despite debates scientists land managers already begun process assisted colonization certain species.in north american context assisted colonization often discussed context relocalization continents forests. |
Climate change adaptation | late early canadian provinces alberta british columbia modified tree reseeding guidelines account northward movement forests optimal ranges.british columbia even gave green light relocation single species western larch km northward.insurance insurance spreads financial impact flooding extreme weather events.although preferable take proactive approach eliminate cause risk reactive postharm compensation used last resort.access reinsurance may form increasing resiliency cities. |
Climate change adaptation | failures private insurance market public sector subsidize premiums.study identified key equity issues policy considerationstransferring risk public purse reduce overall riskgovernments spread cost losses across time rather spacegovernments force homeowners low risk areas crosssubsidize insurance premiums high risk areascrosssubsidization increasingly difficult private sector insurers operating competitive marketgovernments tax people pay tomorrows disaster.governmentsubsidized insurance u.s. national flood insurance program criticized providing perverse incentive develop properties hazardous areas thereby increasing overall risk.also suggested insurance undermine efforts increase adaptation instance property level protection resilience.behavioral effect may countered appropriate landuse policies limit new construction current future climate risks perceived andor encourage adoption resilient building codes mitigate potential damages.institutional adaptation options policies identified important tools integrating issues climate change adaptation. |
Climate change adaptation | national levels adaptation strategies may found national action plans naps national adaptation programme action napa developing countries andor national policies strategies climate change.different levels development different countries.cities states provinces often considerable responsibility land use planning public health disaster management.begun take steps adapt threats intensified climate change flooding bushfires heatwaves rising sea levels.principles effective policy adaptive policy occur global national local scale outcomes dependent political area.scheraga grambsch identify nine principles considered designing adaptation policy including effects climate change varying region demographics effectiveness. |
Climate change adaptation | scheraga grambsch make clear climate change policy impeded high level variance surrounding climate change impacts well diverse nature problems face.james titus project manager sea level rise u.s. environmental protection agency identifies following criteria policy makers use assessing responses global warming economic efficiency flexibility urgency low cost equity institutional feasibility unique critical resources health safety consistency private versus public sector.adaptation mitigate adverse impacts climate change incur costs prevent damage.ipcc points many adverse effects climate change changes average conditions changes variation extremes conditions.example average sea level port might important height water storm surge causes flooding average rainfall area might important frequent severe droughts extreme precipitation events become.additionally effective adaptive policy difficult implement policymakers rewarded enacting shortterm change rather longterm planning. |
Climate change adaptation | since impacts climate change generally seen short term policymakers less incentive act.furthermore climate change occurring global scale leading global policy research efforts paris agreement research ipcc creating global framework adapting combating climate change.vast majority climate change adaptation mitigation policies implemented local scale different regions must adapt differently national global policies often challenging enact.differing time scales adaptation occur anticipation change anticipatory adaptation response changes reactive adaptation.example artificial snowmaking european alps responds current climate trends whereas construction confederation bridge canada higher elevation takes account effect future sealevel rise ship clearance bridge. |
Climate change adaptation | maladaptation much adaptation takes place relation shortterm climate variability however may cause maladaptation longerterm climatic trends.example expansion irrigation egypt western sinai desert period higher river flows maladaptation viewed relation longer term projections drying region.adaptations one scale also create externalities another reducing adaptive capacity actors.often case broad assessments costs benefits adaptation examined smaller scales possible see whilst adaptation may benefit actors negative effect others.traditional coping strategies people always adapted climatic changes community coping strategies already exist example changing sowing times adopting new watersaving techniques. |
Climate change adaptation | traditional knowledge coping strategies must maintained strengthened otherwise adaptive capacity may weakened local knowledge environment lost.strengthening local techniques building upon also makes likely adaptation strategies adopted creates community ownership involvement process.many cases enough adapt new conditions outside range previously experienced new techniques needed.incremental adaptations implemented become insufficient vulnerabilities risks climate change increase causes need transformational adaptations much larger costlier.current development efforts increasingly focusing communitybased climate change adaptation seeking enhance local knowledge participation ownership adaptation strategies. |
Climate change adaptation | international finance united nations framework convention climate change article incorporates financial mechanism developing country parties support adaptation.three funds existed unfccc financial mechanism.special climate change fund sccf least developed countries fund ldcf administered global environmental facility.adaptation fund established result negotiations cop cop administered secretariat.initially kyoto protocol operation adaptation fund financed levy clean development mechanism cdm.at copenhagen summit nations committed goal sending billion per year developing countries climate change mitigation adaptation . |
Climate change adaptation | green climate fund created one channels mobilizing climate finance.paris conference clarified billion per year involve balanced split mitigation adaptation.december promised billion per year fully delivered developing country finance still targeted towards mitigation adaptation receiving share public finance provided .costs economic costs adaptation climate change likely cost billions dollars annually next several decades though exact amount money needed unknown.addition direct costs associated adaptation also indirect cost arising diversion resources productive towards adaptive capital known adaptive investment effect. |
Climate change adaptation | adaptation challenge grows magnitude rate climate change.even effective climate change mitigation reduction greenhouse gas ghg emissions enhanced removal gases atmosphere carbon sinks would prevent climate change impacts making need adaptation unavoidable adaptation gap growing.an extensive research literature assesses options responses global warming.much literature addresses potential economic costs associated different strategies.asian development bank series studies economics climate change asiapacific region.studies provide cost analysis adaptation mitigation measures. |
Climate change adaptation | weap water evaluation planning system assists water resources researchers planners assessing impacts adaptations climate change.united nations development programmes climate change adaptation portal includes studies climate change adaptation africa europe central asia asia pacific.in addition direct costs associated spending adaptation mitigation also research indicating cost associated diverting resources away productive sources towards adaptation purposes.diversion termed adaptive investment effect aie evidence suggests impact investment economic growth reduced around areas invest heavily adaptive technologies.additionality key defining feature international adaptation finance premise concept additionality.reflects linkages adaptation finance levels development aid. |
Climate change adaptation | many developed countries already provide international aid assistance developing countries address challenges poverty malnutrition food insecurity availability drinking water indebtedness illiteracy unemployment local resource conflicts lower technological development.climate change threatens exacerbate stall progress fixing preexisting problems creates new problems.avoid existing aid redirected additionality refers extra costs adaptation.the four main definitions additionality areclimate finance classified aid additional .oda targetincrease previous years official development assistance oda spent climate change mitigationrising oda levels include climate change finance limited specified percentage andincrease climate finance connected oda.a criticism additionality encourages business usual account future risks climate change.advocates thus proposed integrating climate change adaptation poverty reduction programs.from denmark increased global warming adaptation aid . |
Climate change adaptation | gdp .gdp additionality.instead aid subtracted foreign assistance funds.politiken wrote climate assistance taken poorest.economic adaptation one way economic systems may adapt increase adaptation climate change expanding industries activities develop implement structural physical adaptation options. |
The DAO (organization) | country united nations report found countries high level adaptation instrument – plan policy strategy – relatively progressed tangible implementation projects.least point climate risk populations exposed significantly reduced.city may report based survey global cities found reported risk climate change adaptation plan cities carried climate risk vulnerability assessment.see also africa adaptation initiativeclimate bondclimate change denialclimate justiceclimate vulnerability monitoreffects climate change humanslarge cities climate leadership groupun decade ecosystem restoration references external links intergovernmental panel climate change ipcc working group ii assesses scientific literature adaptation https weadapt platform encourages sharing experiences adaptation projects accelerate learning climate action.the uncecar research development courses climate change adaptationthe unfccc database local adaptation measures information international climate negotiationsundp climate adaptation projectsadaptation pbs series climate researcher alizé carrère explores communities around world adapting changelaunched april crowdfunding campaign via token sale became one largest crowdfunding campaigns history.the dao objective provide new decentralized business model organizing commercial nonprofit enterprises.instantiated ethereum blockchain conventional management structure board directors.code dao opensource.in june users exploited vulnerability dao code enable siphon onethird daos funds subsidiary account.ethereum community controversially decided hardfork ethereum blockchain restore virtually funds original contract.split ethereum blockchain two branches cryptocurrency original unforked blockchain continued ethereum classic.by september value token dao known moniker dao delisted major cryptocurrency exchanges poloniex kraken effect become defunct. |
The DAO (organization) | history open source computer code behind organization written principally christoph jentzsch released publicly github contributors added modified code.simon jentzsch christoph jentzschs brother also involved venture.the dao launched april utc ethereum block website day crowdsale fund organization.token sale raised us million may us millionworth ether eth—the digital value token ethereum network—by may us million may .may largest investor dao held less dao tokens top holders held dao tokens.funds ether value may us million investors.as may dao attracted nearly ether tokens issued date.on may dao tokens became tradable various cryptocurrency exchanges.a paper published may noted number security vulnerabilities associated dao recommended investors dao hold directing dao invest projects problems resolved. |
The DAO (organization) | ethereum developer github pointed flaw relating recursive calls.june th blogged peter vessenes founder blockchain foundation.june fixes proposed awaiting approval members dao.on june th attention called recursive call vulnerabilities bloggers affiliated initiative cryptocurrencies contracts ic.on june dao subjected attack exploiting combination vulnerabilities including one concerning recursive calls resulted transfer .million ether around third .million ether committed dao valued time around m. funds moved account subject day holding period terms ethereum smart contract actually gone. |
The DAO (organization) | members dao ethereum community debated next calling attack valid unethical maneuver others calling ether reappropriated calling dao shut down.eventually ethereum network hard forked move funds dao recovery address could exchanged back ethereum original owners.however continued use original unforked ethereum blockchain called ethereum classic.in september poloniex delisted dao trading pairs followed kraken december .operation dao decentralized autonomous organization exists set contracts resides ethereum blockchainit physical address people formal management roles.original theory underlying dao removing delegated power directors placing directly hands owners dao removed ability directors fund managers misdirect waste investor funds.as blockchainenabled organization dao claimed completely transparent everything done code anyone could see audit. |
The DAO (organization) | however complexity code base rapid deployment dao meant intended behavior organization actual behavior differed serious ways werent apparent attack occurred.the dao intended operate hub disperses funds currently ether ethereum value token projects.investors received voting rights means digital share token vote proposals submitted contractors group volunteers called curators check identity people submitting proposals make sure projects legal whitelisting them.profits investments flow back stakeholders.the dao hold money investors instead investors owned dao tokens gave rights vote potential projects.anyone could pull funds time first voted.the daos reliance ether allowed people send money anywhere world without providing identifying information.in order provide interface realworld legal structures founders dao established swissbased company dao.link registered société à responsabilité limitée sarl switzerland apparently cofounded slock.it neuchatelbased digital currency exchange bity sa.according jentzsch dao.link switzerland swiss law allowed take money unknown source long know going. |
The DAO (organization) | marketing may techcrunch described dao paradigm shift idea economic organization.... offers complete transparency total shareholder control unprecedented flexibility autonomous governance.risks may plan called dao invest ether ventures would back contractors receive return clear payment terms contractors.organizers dao promoted dao providing investors dao return investment via clear payment terms warned investors significant risk ventures funded dao may fail.risks included unknown attack vectors programming errors.additional risks noted included lack precedence regulatory corporate law governments regulatory agencies would treat dao contracts made unknown. |
The DAO (organization) | also risk would corporate veil protecting investors individual legal financial liability actions taken dao contractors dao invested.unclear dao selling securities type securities might be.additionally function real world contractors would likely need convert invested ether realworld currencies.may attorney andrew hinkes said sales ether would likely depress value ether.the code behind dao several safeguards aimed prevent creators anyone else mechanically gaming voting shareholders win investments.however would prevent making fraudulent profitability projections addition paper cited number security vulnerabilities.proposals slock.it german blockchain venture mobotiq french electric vehicle startup listed seeking potential funding daohub.org website may creation period. |
The DAO (organization) | jentzsch brothers involved slock.it well.regulation july u.s. securities exchange commission published report initial coin offerings icos dao examining whether dao associated entities individuals violated federal securities laws unregistered offers sales dao tokens exchange ether virtual currency.sec concluded dao tokens sold ethereum blockchain securities therefore possible violations u.s. securities laws.references reading vessenes peter june .deconstructing dao attack brief code tour.dupont quinn . |
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