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Labour Party (UK)	achieved biggest percentagepoint increase vote share single general election since .immediately following election party membership rose .partly attributed popularity manifesto promised scrap tuition fees address public sector pay make housing affordable end austerity nationalise railways provide school students free lunches.following general election party faced internal pressure shift brexit policy away soft brexit towards second referendum position widely supported among party membership.response corbyn said labour party conference support second referendum would abide decision members conference.party conference decided support brexit deal either negotiated conservatives meeting certain conditions negotiated labour government.
Labour Party (UK)	conference agreed use means stop unacceptable brexit deal including another referendum including option remain eu last resort.week seven labour mps left party february form independent group partly protest labours brexit position labour leadership said would support another referendum final resort order stop damaging tory brexit forced country.tig later rebranded change uk defecting mps defeated general election losing seats.from labour party faced criticism failing deal antisemitism.criticism also levelled corbyn.chakrabarti inquiry exonerated party widespread antisemitism found instances toxic atmosphere.
Labour Party (UK)	campaign antisemitism criticised findings report shami chakrabarti knew set receive peerage appointed shadow attorney general delivering report.series highprofile cases involved ken livingstone peter willsman chris williamson left party suspended issue.party divided adopting ihra working definition antisemitism prompting rabbis jewish community criticise leadership claiming know what’s good community.issue cited number mps left party set change uk.later louise ellman also left issue.
Labour Party (UK)	general election chief rabbi ephraim mirvis made unprecedented intervention politics stating antisemitism new poison – sanctioned top – taken root labour party.comments supported archbishop canterbury justin welby.earlier independent equalities watchdog equalities human rights commission launched investigation whether labour party unlawfully discriminated harassed victimised people jewish following complaints jewish labour movement campaign antisemitism.ehrc found labour party responsible three breaches equality act political interference antisemitism complaints failure provide adequate training handling antisemitism complaints harassment including use antisemitic tropes suggesting complaints antisemitism fake smears.the labour party manifesto included policies increase funding health negotiate brexit deal hold referendum giving choice deal remain raise minimum wage stop age pension age increase nationalise key industries replace universal credit.due plans nationalise big six energy firms national grid water industry royal mail railways broadband arm bt manifesto widely considered radical several decades closely resembling labours politics subsequent decades.
Labour Party (UK)	september labour party committed green new deal annual conference.included target decarbonise .general election saw labour win lowest number seats uk general election since ..labours share vote around eight points general election lower achieved neil kinnock although higher .
Labour Party (UK)	aftermath opinions differed labour party defeated extent was.shadow chancellor john mcdonnell largely blamed brexit media representation party.tony blair argued partys unclear position brexit economic policy pursued corbyn leadership blame.following labours heavy defeat general election jeremy corbyn announced would stand leader labour party.keir starmer announced candidacy ensuing leadership election january winning multiple endorsements mps well trade union unison.went win leadership contest april beating rivals rebecca longbailey lisa nandy .
Labour Party (UK)	vote first round therefore also became leader opposition.acceptance speech said would refrain scoring party political points planned engage constructively government become opposition leader amid covid pandemic.appointed shadow cabinet following day included former leader ed miliband well candidates defeated leadership contest.also appointed anneliese dodds shadow chancellor exchequer making first woman serve position either ministerial shadow ministerial position.during april pandemic lockdown starmer warned government danger slow exit strategy called roadmap lift restrictions certain sectors economy.despite various criticisms said government trying right thing.
Labour Party (UK)	support them.on june starmer sacked shadow education secretary rebecca longbailey refused delete tweet called actress maxine peake absolute diamond shared interview independent peake repeated starmer described antisemitic conspiracy theory concerning israeli police murder george floyd.starmer said restoring trust jewish community number one priority.june replaced kate green.after equalities human rights commission found labour party guilty three breaches equality act corbyn condemned antisemitism claimed problem dramatically overstated political reasons opponents ... much media.corbyn suspended party reinstated subcommittee nec.starmer chose withhold labour whip corbyn three months pending investigation.in midjuly partys national executive committee voted ban four farleft factions including resist labour witchhunt labour exile network socialist appeal grounds organisations compatible labours rules aims values.
Labour Party (UK)	factions sympathetic former leader jeremy corbyn accused obstructing efforts combat antisemitism within party.committee also ruled belonging factions grounds expulsion labour future complaints handled review panel independent lawyers reporting independent appeal body prospective labour candidates trained jewish labour movement dealing antisemitism.jewish labour movement welcomed announcement bans condemned momentum unite union allegedly driving leftwing elements worsening internal tensions within party.though general election produced worst result terms total mps nearly hundred years years following election would see parliamentary labour party shrink mps one suspension one expulsion one death one byelection loss.hartlepool byelection saw loss constituency returned labour since creation .first labour plp gain came unlikely means conservative labour defection mp bury south christian wakeford crossed floor shortly start pmqs january .
Labour Party (UK)	ideology labour considered centreleft party.initially formed means trade union movement establish political representation westminster.labour party gained socialist commitment original party constitution socialist element original clause iv seen strongest advocates straightforward commitment common ownership nationalisation means production distribution exchange.although third british industry taken public ownership second world war remained right party questioning validity expanding objective late s. influenced anthony croslands book future socialism circle around party leader hugh gaitskell felt commitment longer necessary.attempt remove clause iv party constitution failed tony blair modernisers saw issue putting potential voters successful years later limited opposition senior figures party.historically influenced keynesian economics party favoured government intervention economy redistribution wealth.
Labour Party (UK)	taxation seen means achieve major redistribution wealth income october election manifesto.party also desired increased rights workers welfare state including publicly funded healthcare.lates onwards party adopted free market policies leading many observers describe labour party social democratic third way rather democratic socialist.commentators go argue traditional social democratic parties across europe including british labour party deeply transformed recent years longer possible describe ideologically social democratic claim ideological shift put new strains labour partys traditional relationship trade unions.within party differentiation made social democratic socialist wings party latter often subscribed radical socialist even marxist ideology.while affirming commitment democratic socialism new version clause iv longer definitely commits party public ownership industry place advocates enterprise market rigour competition along high quality public services ... either owned public accountable them.
Labour Party (UK)	recent times limited number mps socialist campaign group labour representation committee seen standard bearers radical socialist tradition contrast democratic socialist tradition represented organisations compass magazine tribune.group progress founded represents centrist position party opposed corbyn leadership.momentum created jon lansman grassroots leftwing organisation following jeremy corbyns election party leader.rather organising among plp momentum rank file grouping estimated members.party also christian socialist faction within christians left society.
Labour Party (UK)	symbols labour long identified red political colour traditionally affiliated socialism labour movement.prior red flag logo party used modified version classic shovel torch quill emblem.brand conscious labour leadership devised competition inviting supporters design logo replace polo mint like motif previously appeared party literature.winning entry emblazoned word liberty design incorporating torch shovel quill symbol popularised sale badge form shilling.party conference passed motion conference adopts party colours uniform throughout country colours red gold.since partys inception red flag labours official symbol flag associated socialism revolution ever since french revolution revolutions .
Labour Party (UK)	red rose symbol socialism social democracy adopted party symbol part rebranding exercise incorporated party logo.the red flag became inspiration resulted composition red flag official party anthem since inception sung end party conferences various occasions parliament february mark centenary labour partys founding.still remains use although attempts made play role song new labour.song jerusalem based william blake poem also frequently sung.constitution structure labour party membership organisation consisting individual members constituency labour parties affiliated trade unions socialist societies cooperative party electoral agreement.members elected parliamentary positions take part parliamentary labour party plp.
Labour Party (UK)	prior brexit january members also took part european parliamentary labour party eplp.the partys decisionmaking bodies national level formally include national executive committee nec labour party conference national policy forum npf—although practice parliamentary leadership final say policy.labour party conference first affiliated trade unions constituency labour parties right submit motions contemporary issues would previously debated.labour party conferences include keynote addresses guest speakers questionandanswer sessions specific discussion policy takes place national policy forum.the labour party unincorporated association without separate legal personality labour party rule book legally regulates organisation relationship members.general secretary represents party behalf members labour party legal matters actions.membership registered supporters august prior leadership election labour party reported full members affiliated supporters mostly affiliated trade unions socialist societies registered supporters total members supporters.
Labour Party (UK)	december party full members making largest political party western europe.consequently membership fees became largest component partys income overtaking trade unions donations previously financial importance making labour financially welloff british political party .as december party full members.according media membership number since fallen members july .northern ireland many years labour held policy allowing residents northern ireland apply membership instead supporting social democratic labour party sdlp informally takes labour whip house commons.labour party conference accepted legal advice party could continue prohibit residents province joining whilst national executive established regional constituency party yet agreed contest elections there.
Labour Party (UK)	december meeting members labour party northern ireland decided unanimously contest elections northern ireland assembly held may .labour party northern ireland moved model motion july labours nec allow right stand.motion noted sdlps alliance fianna fáil memberparty liberal international republic ireland meant campaigning irish labour party saw questioning legitimacy labour’s sister party relationship.trade union link trade union labour party liaison organisation coordinating structure supports policy campaign activities affiliated union members within labour party national regional local level.as founded unions represent interests workingclass people labours link unions always defining characteristic party.recent years link come increasing strain rmt expelled party allowing branches scotland affiliate leftwing scottish socialist party.
Labour Party (UK)	unions also faced calls members reduce financial support party seek effective political representation views privatisation public spending cuts antitrade union laws.unison gmb threatened withdraw funding constituency mps dave prentis unison warned union write blank cheques dissatisfied feeding hand bites us.union funding redesigned falkirk candidateselection controversy.fire brigades union severed links labour rejoined party corbyns leadership .european international affiliation labour party founder member party european socialists pes.
Labour Party (UK)	european parliamentary labour partys meps part socialists democrats sd second largest group european parliament.labour party represented emma reynolds pes presidency.the party member labour socialist international .since party member socialist international founded thanks efforts clement attlee leadership.february labour party nec decided downgrade participation observer membership status view ethical concerns develop international cooperation new networks.labour founding member progressive alliance international founded cooperation social democratic party germany socialdemocratic parties may .
Water supply and sanitation in India	electoral performance ukwide elections uk general elections note european parliament elections elections european parliament began held first past post system form proportional representation introduced.note devolved assembly elections scottish parliament elections senedd elections london assembly mayoral elections combined authority elections leadership leaders labour party since living former labour party leaders march seven living former labour party leaders.deputy leaders labour party since living former labour party deputy leaders february five living former labour party deputy leaders.leaders house lords since labour prime ministers see also notes references bibliography reading external links official website labour history group websiteguardian unlimited politics—special report labour partylabour history archive study centre holds archives national labour partylabour campaign electoral reform websitelabour party uk discography discogscatalogue labour party east midlands region archives held modern records centre university warwickvarious government programs national state community level brought rapid improvements sanitation drinking water supply.programs ongoing.in rural sanitation coverage estimated reached .share indians access improved sources water increased significantly .at time local government institutions mandated provide drinking water sanitation services seen weak lack financial resources carry functions.addition two indian cities continuous water supply according estimate indians still lack access improved sanitation facilities.access total population access least basic water urban areas rural areas.
Water supply and sanitation in India	term least basic water new term since related previously used improved water source.in india .access least basic sanitation.nda government india claims built around million toilets across india due basic sanitation coverage went .october ..if numbers sound good true likely quite mark.
Water supply and sanitation in India	new study team research institute compassionate economics rice suggests rural population bihar madhya pradesh uttar pradesh rajasthan still defecate open.in access basic sanitation urban areas rural areas.still million people without access least basic water.according indian norms access improved water supply exists least litrescapitaday safe drinking water provided within distance .km meter elevation difference relaxed per field conditions.least one pump per persons.in urban areas receive water piped network often purchase expensive water dubious quality private water vendors.example delhi water trucks get water illegal wells banks yamuna river .
Water supply and sanitation in India	rupees per gallon us.m.service quality water supply continuity challenges.two cities india — thiruvananthapuram kota — get continuous water supply.none indian cities population one million distributed water hours per day despite generally sufficient infrastructure.owing inadequate pressure people struggle collect water even available.
Water supply and sanitation in India	according world bank none performance indicators compare average international standards.study asian development bank showed cities average duration supply .hours per day.none cities continuous supply.longest duration supply hours per day chandigarh lowest .
Water supply and sanitation in India	hours per day rajkot.according results service level benchmarking slb program carried ministry urban development moud cities average duration supply .hours per day range one hour every three days hours per day.delhi residents receive water hours per day inadequate management distribution system.results contaminated water forces households complement deficient public water service prohibitive coping costs poor suffer situation.
Water supply and sanitation in India	example according survey households delhi spent average ₹ us.per year time money cope poor service levels.two times much water bill us per year delhi household uses cubic meters per month.achievements.jamshedpur city jharkhand inhabitants provided residents continuous water supply .navi mumbai planned city inhabitants achieved continuous supply half population january .
Water supply and sanitation in India	badlapur another city mumbai conurbation population achieved continuous supply operating zones covering population.trivandrum capital kerala state population largest indian city million agglomeration enjoys uninterrupted hygienic water supply.malkapur town satara district maharashtra first indian town provide water supply percent coverage.program started pilot project soon covered entire city.connection percent metered telescopic tariff.project still functioning successfully.a nearby village kaapil also successful providing continuous piped water supply households.
Water supply and sanitation in India	model malkapur.sanitation years indians depended onsite sanitation facilities means mainly pit latrines rural areas.government investing heavily building sanitation units nationwide campaign called swachh bharat mission satisfying results.indian government managed make household toilets accessible population.translates total million toilets build since according statista.
Water supply and sanitation in India	preceding success success slum sanitation program mumbai provided access sanitation quarter million slum dwellers.sewage available often bad state.delhi sewage network lacked maintenance years overflow raw sewage open drains common due blockage settlements inadequate pumping capacities.capacity existing wastewater treatment plants delhi adequate cater daily production waste water less drinking water produced.million people world defecate openly million live india making country highest number people defecate open.
Water supply and sanitation in India	serious public health implications.a specific indian problem also officially prohibited manual scavenging connected officially banned caste system relates unsafe undignified emptying toilets pits well handling raw untreated human excreta.environment estimated indias wastewater treated remainder flowing rivers canals groundwater sea.example sacred ganges river infested diseases places ganges becomes black septic.corpses semicremated adults enshrouded babies drift slowly by.. newsweek described delhis sacred yamuna river putrid ribbon black sludge concentration fecal bacteria times recommended safe maximum despite year program address problem.cholera epidemics unknown.
Water supply and sanitation in India	health impact lack adequate sanitation safe water significant negative health impacts including diarrhoea referred travellers delhi belly experienced million visitors annually.dismal working conditions sewer workers another concern.survey working conditions sewage workers delhi showed suffer chronic diseases respiratory problems skin disorders allergies headaches eye infections.various cities india record unsafe drinking water.municipal water visakhapatnam contaminated much chlorine pharmaceuticals cause headache shortterm memory loss loss focus.
Water supply and sanitation in India	water supply water resources depleting ground water table deteriorating ground water quality threatening sustainability urban rural water supply many parts india.supply cities depend surface water threatened pollution increasing water scarcity conflicts among users.example bangalore depends large extent water pumped since kaveri river whose waters disputed states karnataka tamil nadu.indian cities response water scarcity transfer water large distances high costs.case bangalore ₹.
Water supply and sanitation in India	billion us.million kaveri stage iv project phase ii includes supply cubic meter water per day distance km thus increasing citys supply twothirds.in coastal areas seawater desalination becoming important source drinking water supply.example chennai metropolitan water supply sewerage board put service first large seawater desalination plant capacity per day minjur .contract second plant capacity nemmeli awarded year.rainwater harvesting tamil nadu first state make rainwater harvesting compulsory every building avoid groundwater depletion.
Water supply and sanitation in India	project launched implemented rural areas tamil nadu.posters tamil nadu including rural areas create awareness harvesting rainwater.gave excellent results within five years slowly every state took role model.since implementation chennai rise water level five years water quality significantly improved.karnataka bangalore rainwater harvesting mandatory every owner occupier building site area measuring ft .× ft .
Water supply and sanitation in India	newly constructed building measuring ft .× ft .dimensions.regard bangalore water supply sewerage board initiated constructed “rain water harvesting theme park” name sir m. visvesvaraya .acres land situated jayanagar bangalore.
Water supply and sanitation in India	park different types rainwater harvesting models demonstrated along water conservation tips.auditorium first floor set green air conditioning system used arrange meeting showing video clip rainwater harvesting students general public.attempt made department chemical engineering iisc bangalore harvest rainwater using upper surface solar still used water distillationin rajasthan rainwater harvesting traditionally practiced people thar desert.many ancient water harvesting systems rajasthan revived.water harvesting systems widely used areas rajasthan well example chauka system jaipur district.in pune maharashtra rainwater harvesting compulsory new housing society registered.
Water supply and sanitation in India	mumbai maharashtra rainwater harvesting mandatory.municipal corporation greater mumbai planning make rainwater harvesting mandatory large societies.responsibility water supply sanitation according indian constitution legislating regarding matters related provision drinking water supply sanitation responsibility state governments falls state list included seventh schedule.rd th amendment constitution required state governments devolve provision drinking water sanitation services panchayati raj institutions pri rural areas municipalities urban areas called urban local bodies ulb.present arrangements provision services vary.
Water supply and sanitation in India	states parastatal agencies involved provision either two services both.within states different arrangements also observed rural urban areas.example urban rural areas kerala drinking water supplied kerala water authority parastatal agency.maharashtra hand ulbs provide drinking water supply urban areas maharashtra jeevan pradhikaran provides drinking water rural areas urban areas well.highly centralised decisionmaking approvals state level characteristic indian civil service affect management water supply sanitation services.example according world bank state punjab process approving designs centralised even minor technical approvals reaching office chief engineers.
Water supply and sanitation in India	majority decisions made centralised manner headquarters.indian constitution relevant state legislations amended order decentralise certain responsibilities including water supply sanitation municipalities.since assignment responsibilities municipalities state responsibility different states followed different approaches.according planning commission report trend decentralise capital investment engineering departments district level operation maintenance district gram panchayat levels.policy regulation responsibility water supply sanitation central state level shared various ministries.
Water supply and sanitation in India	central level three ministries responsibilities sector ministry drinking water sanitation department drinking water supply ministry rural development responsible rural water supply sanitation ministry housing urban poverty alleviation ministry urban development share responsibility urban water supply sanitation.except national capital territory delhi union territories central ministries advisory capacity limited role funding.sector policy thus prerogative state governments.national urban sanitation policy.november government india launched national urban sanitation policy goal creating calls totally sanitized cities opendefecation free safely collect treat wastewater eliminate manual scavenging collect dispose solid waste safely.states process elaborating completed state sanitation strategies basis policy.
Water supply and sanitation in India	cities process preparing city sanitation plans.furthermore cities rated terms achievements processes concerning sanitation effort supported ministry urban development assistance several donors.cities red category need immediate remedial action black category needing considerable improvement handful cities blue category recovering.single city included green category healthy clean city.rating serves baseline measure improvements future prioritize actions.
Water supply and sanitation in India	government intends award prize called nirmal shahar puraskar best sanitation performers.wastewater treatment india wastewater treatment regulations come three central institutions ministry environment forest climate change moefcc ministry housing urban affairs mohua recently formed ministry jal shakti.various water sanitation policies national environment policy national sanitation policy also lay wastewater treatment regulations.state governments local municipalities hold responsibility disposal sewage construction maintenance sewerage infrastructure.efforts supported schemes offered government india national river conservation plan jawaharlal nehru national urban renewal mission national lake conservation plan.
Water supply and sanitation in India	ministry environment forest indias government also setup incentives encourage industries establish common facilities undertake treatment wastewater.recent initiatives include national water policy promotes efficient use water management recycling reuse wastewater water supply sanitation efficient water pricing.service provision urban areas.institutional arrangements water supply sanitation indian cities vary greatly.typically statelevel agency charge planning investment local government urban local bodies charge operation maintenance.largest cities created municipal water sanitation utilities legally financially separated local government.
Water supply and sanitation in India	however utilities remain weak terms financial capacity.spite decentralisation ulbs remain dependent capital subsidies state governments.tariffs also set state governments often even subsidise operating costs.furthermore separate utility exists separation accounts different activities within municipality.states cities nontypical institutional arrangements.
Water supply and sanitation in India	example rajasthan sector centralised state government also charge operation maintenance mumbai sector decentralised local government also charge planning investment.delhi jal board contracted operations management three zones city private companies performancebased contracts reduce nonrevenue water.vasant viharmehrauli zone operated smpl infrastructure india malviya nagar suez environnement nangloi zone veolia environnement.private sector participation.private sector plays limited albeit recently increasing role operating maintaining urban water systems behalf ulbs.example jamshedpur utilities services company jusco subsidiary tata steel lease contract jamshedpur jharkhand management contract haldia west bengal another contract mysore karnataka since contract reduction nonrevenue water parts bhopal madhya pradhesh.
Water supply and sanitation in India	french water company veolia management contract three cities karnataka .consortium including thames water pilot contract covering households reduce nonrevenue water parts bangalore funded japan bank international cooperation.contract scaled .cypriot company hydrocomp two indian companies year concession contract city latur city maharashtra operatorconsultant contract madurai tamil nadu.furthermore private indian infrastructure development company spml engaged buildoperatetransfer bot projects bulk water supply project bhiwandi maharashtra.rural areas.
Water supply and sanitation in India	rural water supply systems india.least states responsibility service provision process partially transferred state water boards district governments panchayati raj institutions pri block village level districts villages india according subdivisions india.blocks intermediate level districts villages.transfer initiated seems advanced singlevillage water schemes complex multivillage water schemes.despite professed role panchayati raj institutions play limited role provision rural water supply sanitation .
Water supply and sanitation in India	limited success implementing decentralisation partly due low priority state governments.rural sanitation typically provided households form latrines.innovative approaches number innovative approaches improve water supply sanitation tested india particular early s. include communityled total sanitation demanddriven approaches rural water supply publicprivate partnerships improve continuity urban water supply karnataka use microcredits water supply sanitation women order improve access water.total sanitation campaign demanddriven peoplecentered sanitation program initiated name total sanitation campaign tsc similarities communityled total sanitation clts same.evolved limited achievements first structured programme rural sanitation india central rural sanitation programme minimal community participation.
Water supply and sanitation in India	main goal total sanitation campaign eradicate practice open defecation .communityled total sanitation focused building infrastructure preventing open defecation selfawareness shame.maharashtra program started gram panchayats achieved open defecation free status.villages achieve status receive monetary rewards high publicity program called nirmal gram puraskar.a new sanitation campaign launched swachh bharat abhiyan clean india mission october .as december total sanitation coverage throughout india risen october day swachh bharat abhiyan launched.demanddriven approaches rural water supply rural water supply schemes india use centralised supplydriven approach i.e.
Water supply and sanitation in India	government institution designs project built little community consultation capacity building community often requiring water fees paid subsequent operation.since government india rolled national level program change way water sanitation services supported rural areas.program called swajaldhara decentralises service delivery responsibility rural local governments user groups.new approach communities consulted trained users agree upfront pay tariff set level sufficiently high cover operation maintenance costs.also includes measures promote sanitation improve hygiene behaviour.
Water supply and sanitation in India	national program follows pilot program launched .according world bank study indian states swajaldhara results lower capital costs lower administrative costs better service quality compared supplydriven approach.particular study found average full cost supplydriven schemes ₹ .¢ us per cubic meter ₹ .¢ us per cubic meter demanddriven schemes.costs include capital operation maintenance costs administrative costs coping costs incurred users malfunctioning systems.coping costs include travelling long distances obtain water standing long queues storing water repairing failed systems.among surveyed systems built using supplydriven approach system breakdowns common quantity quality water supply less foreseen designs households get daily supply summer.
Water supply and sanitation in India	poor functioning one system sometimes leads construction another system households surveyed served several systems.rural water schemes built india used demanddriven approach.since water users pay lower tariffs supplydriven approach discourages opt demanddriven approach even likelihood systems operating sustainable basis higher demanddriven approach.achieving continuous water supply karnataka cities hubli belgaum gulbarga state karnataka private operator veolia increased water supply every – days – hours hours per day people population cities within years –.achieved carefully selecting ringfencing demonstration zones one city renovating distribution network installing meters introducing wellfunctioning commercial system effective grassroots social intermediation ngo without increasing amount bulk water supplied.
Water supply and sanitation in India	project known acronym kuwasip karnataka urban water sector improvement project supported us.million loan world bank.constitutes milestone india large city far achieved continuous water supply.project expected scaledup cover entire area three cities.karnataka urban infrastructure development finance corporation kuidfc taken north karnataka urban sector investment program nkusip covering towns.ilkal one project town x water supply project implemented.
Water supply and sanitation in India	construction activities commenced february x water supply commissioned september .system running successfully since then.urlhttpsthinkasia.orghandle tamaki keiichi..normalized water supply innovative publicprivate partnership case study ilkal town karnataka india.
Water supply and sanitation in India	asian development bank.httphdl.handle.net.license cc .igo microcredit water connections tamil nadu tiruchirapalli tamil nadu ngo gramalaya established women selfhelp groups promote access water supply sanitation poor microcredit.among benefits women spend time children earn additional income sell surplus water neighbours.
Water supply and sanitation in India	money contributes repayment watercredit loan.initiative supported usbased nonprofit water partners international.jamshedpur utilities services company jamshedpur utilities services company jusco provides water sanitation services jamshedpur major industrial center east india home tata steel.division tata steel provided water citys residents.however service quality poor intermittent supply high water losses metering.
Water supply and sanitation in India	improve situation establish good practices could replicated indian cities jusco set wholly owned subsidiary tata steel .efficiency service quality improved substantially following years.level nonrevenue water decreased estimated one quarter residents received continuous water supply although average supply remained hours per day share metered connections increased number customers increased company recovered operating costs plus portion capital costs.identifying legalising illegal connections important element reduction nonrevenue water.utility prides today good drinking water quality provided encourages customers drink tap.utility also operates wastewater treatment plant meets discharge standards.
Water supply and sanitation in India	private utility pays salaries higher civil service salaries conducts extensive training programs staff.also installed modern system track resolve customer complaints.furthermore conducts independent annual customer satisfaction surveys.juscos vision preferred provider water supply urban services throughout india.together ranhill malaysia year concession contract providing water supply haldia city west bengal.
Water supply and sanitation in India	fecal sludge management many small medium towns india started deploying fecal sludge management fsm dealing human excreta instead waiting sewerage systems.deals excreta contained onsite sanitation systems like pits septic tanks called fecal sludge.involves removal fecal sludge onsite sanitation system conveyance facility treated.sewerage systems sizeable share capital expenditure towards laying network.deploying fsm waste conveyed vacuum emptier trucks vehicles using existing road network thereby drastically reducing capital expenditure.
Water supply and sanitation in India	already towns fsm services operational various stages planning towns across country.rapidly adopted states maharashtra rajasthan uttar pradesh odisha andhra pradesh telangana tamil nadu support members nfssm alliance.efficiency utilities limited data operating efficiency utilities india even fewer data efficiency investments.two indicators operating efficiency nonrevenue water labour productivity.nonrevenue water.according results service level benchmarking slb program carried ministry urban development moud cities average level nonrevenue water nrw percent.
Water supply and sanitation in India	another study cities jawaharlal nehru national urban renewal mission support asian development bank showed average level nonrevenue water nrw .however cities provide data.provided data probably large margin error since connections metered makes difficult estimate nonrevenue water.also three utilities sample show nrw levels less two practically metering indicates numbers reliable actual values likely higher.delhi included adb study nonrevenue water stood employees per connections.
Water supply and sanitation in India	furthermore revenue billed actually collected.labour productivity.concerning labour productivity utilities sample average .employees per connections much higher estimated level efficient utility.survey larger sample indian utilities showed average ratio .employees per connections.
Water supply and sanitation in India	tariffs cost recovery subsidies water sewer tariffs india low urban rural areas.urban areas set equivalent us.per cubic meter recovered operating maintenance costs large differences cities.cities kolkata bill residential users all.rural areas level cost recovery often even lower urban areas estimated rural punjab.
Water supply and sanitation in India	subsidies estimated us.billion per year mids accounting government subsidies india.benefiting subsidies poor.urban areas metering.water metering precondition billing water users basis volume consumed.
Water supply and sanitation in India	estimates share customers metered vary depending study quoted.according results service level benchmarking slb program carried ministry urban development cities share metering percent.according survey cities urban water customers metropolitan areas smaller cities metered average .however meters often work many metered customers charged flat rates.bangalore pune among indian cities meter customers.
Water supply and sanitation in India	many cities metering meter commercial customers.users standposts receive water free charge.study cities jawaharlal nehru national urban renewal mission support asian development bank adb showed customers utilities metered.customers paid flat tariff independent consumption.utilities one serving kolkata actually bill residential users all.tariff levels.
Water supply and sanitation in India	according adb study average tariff customers – including industrial commercial public customers – ₹..¢ us per cubic meter.according global water tariff survey oecd residential water tariff consumption equivalent us.per bangalore us.per calcutta us.
Water supply and sanitation in India	per new delhi us.per mumbai.bangalore sewer tariff us.per m. three cities charge sewerage although betteroff tend ones access sewers.tariff structure.tariff customers effectively metered typically uniform linear tariff although cities apply increasingblock tariffs.affordability.
Water supply and sanitation in India	urban water tariffs highly affordable according data year .family five living poverty line uses cubic meter water per month would spend less .budget water bill water meter.water meter charged flat rate would pay .budget.
Water supply and sanitation in India	percentage lies often used affordability threshold .however time average metered tariff estimated us.per less three times estimated .apparently uptodate estimates share average water bill budget poor available.cost recovery.according study cities average rate cost recovery operating maintenance costs utilities cities .
Water supply and sanitation in India	seven utilities generated cash surplus partially finance investments.chennai generated highest relative surplus.lowest cost recovery ratio found indore madhya pradesh recovered less operating maintenance costs.according results service level benchmarking slb program carried ministry urban development cities cost recovery average.delhi example.delhi jal board djb increased revenues percent reduced operating subsidies national capital territory delhi.
Water supply and sanitation in India	owes ₹ billion us.billion debt hopes debt converted grant.utility focuses improving customer database meter reading handheld devices billing bill collection new manager debashree mukherjee took helm utility .delhi revenues sufficient cover operating costs djb maintenance result minimal.past delhi utility relied heavily government financial support recurrent capital expenditures magnitude ₹ billion us.
Water supply and sanitation in India	million per year ₹ billion us.million respectively.accounts receivable represent months billing part nonrecoverable.average tariff estimated us.m compared production costs us.m latter probably conservative estimate take account capital costs.challenges faced attempting increase tariffs.even users willing pay better services political interests often prevent tariffs increased even small extent.
Water supply and sanitation in India	example city jabalpur central government state government financed ₹ million us.million water supply project – operated jabalpur municipal corporation entity collected less half operational costs revenues even major investment.even municipal corporation initially refused increase tariffs.following pressure state government reluctantly agreed increase commercial tariffs residential tariffs.rural areas cost recovery rural areas low majority rural water systems defunct lack maintenance.
Water supply and sanitation in India	state governments subsidise rural water systems funds scarce insufficient.rural areas punjab operation maintenance cost recovery .one hand expenditures high due high salary levels high power tariff high number operating staff.hand revenue paid households private connections.drawing water public stand posts pay water charges although official tariff public stand post users ₹ .¢ us per month per household.
Water supply and sanitation in India	subsidies targeting subsidies accurate recent estimates level subsidies water sanitation india.estimated transfers water sector india amounted ₹ million us.million per year mids accounting government subsidies india.subsidy said come state rather central budgets.figure may cover recurrent cost subsidies investment subsidies even higher see below.
Water supply and sanitation in India	little targeting subsidies.according world bank benefiting subsidies public water supply poor poor excluded access public water services.investment financing investment urban water supply sanitation increased first decade st century least thanks increased central government grants made available jawaharlal nehru national urban renewal mission congress government swachh bharat abhiyan clean india mission bjp government since alongside loans housing urban development corporation.investment eleventh fiveyear plan – foresaw investments ₹.billion us.
Water supply and sanitation in India	billion urban water supply sanitation including urban stormwater drainage solid waste management.financing funding government programmes water supply sanitation shared central government states contributors share contributed various stakeholders varying programmes time.example states pay central government pays investments financed clean india mission national rural drinking water programme.central government funded clean india mission.under th plan – investments financed central government state governments institutional financing hudco external agencies .private sector.
Water supply and sanitation in India	local governments expected contribute investments.volume investments expected double reach .gdp.also implied shift financing state governments central government.th plan investments financed central government state governments.
Water supply and sanitation in India	central government financing heavily focused water supply rural areas.institutions current system financing water supply sanitation fragmented number different national state programs.results simultaneous implementation different conflicting rules neighbouring areas.example rural areas different programs undermine adversely affecting demand driven approaches requiring cost sharing users.state budgets major source financing water supply sanitation.state financing corporations sfc play important role making recommendations regarding allocation state tax revenues states municipalities criteria grants measures improve financial position municipalities.
Water supply and sanitation in India	according planning commission sfcs cases sufficiently transparent andor competent high transactions costs recommendations sometimes implemented.important source financing loans housing urban development corporation ltd hudco central government financial undertaking.hudco loans municipal corporations need guaranteed state governments.hudco also onlends loans foreign aid including japanese aid states.jawaharlal nehru national urban renewal mission played important role financing urban water supply sanitation central government grants.
Water supply and sanitation in India	however grants limited largest cities country selected cities cities less million inhabitants eligible receive grants mission.replaced atal mission rejuvenation urban transformation amrut new governments flagship programme urban development.addition new government announced highprofile swachh bharat abhiyan clean india mission aims eradicating open defecation covering cities towns.programme received funding technical support world bank corporations state governments sarva shiksha abhiyan rashtriya madhyamik shiksha abhiyan schemes.swachh bharat abhiyan expected cost ₹ billion us.
Water supply and sanitation in India	billion.amount ₹ billion us.billion allocated mission union budget india.government introduced .service tax air travel telephony eating banking finance clean india campaign.
Water supply and sanitation in India	budget tracking study revealed shift policy focus water sanitation part clean india campaign resulted cut government spending rural water supply.parliamentary standing committee report found government would unable achieve target providing rural households piped water.during independence day india prime minister narendra modi confirmed target half countrys households provided piped water wasnt reached.also announced government decided promote jal jeevan mission starting endowment fund rs .trillion goal provide households rural india safe adequate water individual household tap connections .the jal jeevan mission subsumed older national rural drinking water programme nrdwp preserving goal provide functional household tap connection fhtc every rural household .th indian science congress held january bengaluru modi declared technology strength jal jeevan mission young indian scientists responsibility develop cheap effective technology recycling water represents new frontier them.in tamil nadu introduced publicprivate partnership tamil nadu urban development fund tnudf channel grants loans cities state.
Water supply and sanitation in India	tnudf received funding world bank japanese jica kfw germany.also mobilizes funding capital market water sanitation pooled fund several municipalities joined together issue bond local market.tnudf far functioning statelevel fund channels loans ulbs india.state orissa created urban development fund modelled example tamil nadu.external cooperation absolute terms india receives almost twice much development assistance water sanitation water resources management country according data organisation economic cooperation development.
Water supply and sanitation in India	india accounts per cent commitments global water aid – receiving annual average us million € million double amount provided china.indias biggest water sanitation donor japan provided us million followed world bank us million.annual average – however half much us million japan provided us million world bank us million.asian development bank germany important external partners water supply sanitation.in indian government decided would accept bilateral aid five countries united kingdom united states russia germany japan.bilateral donors asked channel aid nongovernmental organisations united nations agencies multilateral institutions european union asian development bank world bank.
Water supply and sanitation in India	asian development bank india increased loans asian development bank adb since introduction new financing modalities multitranche financing facility mff features framework agreement national government financing provided flexible tranches subprojects meet established selection criteria.four mffs urban development investment programs way north karnataka us million jammu kashmir us million rajasthan us million uttarakhand us million.included mffs major investments development urban water supply sanitation services.germany germany supports access water sanitation india financial cooperation kfw development bank technical cooperation giz.since early institutions supported watershed management rural maharashtra using participatory approach first piloted social center ahmednagar constituted fundamental break previous topdown technical approach watershed management yielded little results.
Water supply and sanitation in India	involvement women decisionmaking essential part project.benefits mostly terms increased agricultural production project also increases availability water resources rural water supply.addition giz actively supports introduction ecological sanitation concepts india including community toilets decentralised wastewater systems schools well small medium enterprises.many systems produce biogas wastewater provide fertiliser irrigation water.israel israel providing advanced water management technology expertise india.
Water supply and sanitation in India	japan indias largest donor sector japan international cooperation agency jica finances multitude projects focus capitalintensive urban water supply sanitation projects often involving followup projects locations.current projects.projects approved include guwahati water supply project phases ii assam kerala water supply project phased ii iii hogenakkal water supply fluorosis mitigation project phases ii tamil nadu goa water supply sewerage project agra water supply project amritsar sewerage project punjab orissa integrated sanitation improvement project bangalore water supply sewerage project phase ii.evaluation past projects.expost evaluation one large program urban water supply sanitation improvement program showed – goals achieved results moderate.program implemented housing urban development corporation ltd. hudco cities.evaluation says state government plans based sufficient demand research including research residents willingness pay services demand connections overestimated.
Water supply and sanitation in India	also fees water tariffs rarely increased despite recommendations increase them.evaluation concludes hudco able make significant contributions effectiveness sustainability overall quality individual projects.one reasons much attention given problem probably little risk default loans thanks state government guarantees.world bank current projects.world bank finances number projects urban rural areas fully partly dedicated water supply sanitation.
Water supply and sanitation in India	urban areas world bank supported supports among others us.bn national ganga river basin project approved andhra pradesh municipal development project approved us million loan karnataka municipal reform project approved us million loan third tamil nadu urban development project approved us million loan karnataka urban water sector improvement project approved us.million loan.rural areas supports andhra pradesh rural water supply sanitation us million loan approved second karnataka rural water supply sanitation project approved us.million loan uttarakhand rural water supply sanitation project approved us million loan punjab rural water supply sanitation project approved us million loan.evaluation past projects.
Water supply and sanitation in India	study world banks independent evaluation department evaluated impact world banksupported interventions provision urban water supply wastewater services mumbai .concluded water supply sewerage planning construction operations bombay posed daunting challenges planned implemented investment program.outset huge backlog unmet demand underinvestment.population economic growth accelerated following decades proportion poor increased slums occupied.intended impacts program realised.
Stephanie Brown (character)	shortcomings include water safe drink water service especially poor difficult access provided inconvenient hours day industrial water needs fully met sanitary facilities number often unusable urban drains creeks coastal waters polluted sanitary industrial wastes.see also references external links world bankindias water economybracing turbulent future sustaining water changing climate world bank case study water resources andhra pradesh india.pgs.–.comprehensive portal water india india water portalsolution exchangewater community indiawater environmental sanitation network indiawesnet indiaasian development bankjawaharlal nehru national urban renewal mission benchmarking data book water utilities indiaworld bankreaching poor sustainable partnerships slum sanitation program mumbai indiajawaharlal nehru national urban renewal missionoverviewcharacter first appeared detective comics june created chuck dixon tom lyle.the daughter criminal cluemaster character originated amateur crimefighter named spoiler.later briefly became fourth robin fourth batgirl.also served love interestgirlfriend third robin tim drake.star ongoing batgirl comic book series.following companywide relaunch dc comics titles new character returned spoiler identity batman eternal completely resetting beginning crime fighting career.
Stephanie Brown (character)	character robin batgirl mainstream continuity.stephanie brown appeared second season arrowverse series batwoman portrayed morgan kohan.publication history stephanie brown introduced threeissue story arc detective comics – writer chuck dixon reinvented villain called cluemaster.dixon created cluemasters daughter stephanie simply plot device story seeking spoil fathers plans.even character well received fans.following year dixon launched first ongoing robin series featured spoiler foil love interest tim drake.
Stephanie Brown (character)	character center highprofile teen pregnancy storyline caused wizard magazine name robin best ongoing comic book year.stephanie remained integral part robin supporting cast decade death crossover storyline batman war games.her death revealed faked story became eponymous lead character batgirl series written bryan q. miller pencils lee garbett.title canceled issues replaced new batgirl series starring barbara gordon part new relaunch.controversy controversy fan community characters death torture fact even though served robin time received monument memorial batcave years apparent death unlike second robin jason todd.regarding former issue auckland writers readers festival former batgirl writer dylan horrocks said writers told start spoiler would die crossover made robin purely trick play readers would fool thinking big event war games stephanie brown would become robin.decision unpopular nightwing writer devin grayson felt pleased vindicated eventual controversy.during qa convention march dc executive editor dan didio responded questions absence stephanie tribute batcave saying official position dc comics never really robin despite onpanel claims contrary.
Stephanie Brown (character)	alfred pennyworth asks batmans acceptance stephanie robin conceived temporary measure outset constituted part effort lure tim back cape batman evades question.however dying stephanie asks ever really robin batman answers course were.however memorial present different publications since controversy arose.new september new rebooted dcs continuity.new timeline barbara gordon takes role batgirl stephanie brown longer existing mainstream continuity.
Stephanie Brown (character)	june fans character attempted letter movement sending waffles waffle mix andor letters editors expressing wish see published more.shortly thereafter dan didio claimed interview ten waffles arrived expressed doubt fandom really strong appeared.on october writer scott snyder announced new york comic con brown would appear spoiler beginning third issue dcs weekly series batman eternal.brown made first new appearance batman vol.teaser issue batman eternal.fictional character biography stephanie brown daughter cluemaster one gotham citys thirdrate criminals.
Stephanie Brown (character)	father spent childhood jail away family.claims rehabilitated upon return gotham stephanie becomes furious discovers actually returning crime time leaving trademark clues behind.decides something needs done.spoiler stephanie brown tailors costume calls spoiler due attempts spoil fathers plans.learns father hiding finds plans leaves clues police batman could stop him.
Stephanie Brown (character)	robin tim drake tracks brief confrontations helps capture cluemaster.although initially wishes kill father batman convinces allow arrested.each time cluemaster escapes starts new plan stephanie dons costume again.eventually decides likes superhero begins regular patrols spoiler.also brings regular contact robin bit crush.first robin thinks pest later comes enjoy company.
Stephanie Brown (character)	dating ariana dzerchenko time.however two sometimes work partners point robin ariana unable see stephanie grew even closer.robin soon realizes feelings stephanie grown something breaking ariana begins dating stephanie.unfortunately robin needs maintain secrecy batman allies robin unable reveal true identity spoiler.first seems happy arrangement.stephanie finds pregnant exboyfriend run gotham city earthquake depicted batman cataclysm.

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