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IASME | structure standard standard managed iasme consortium ltd operate network certification bodies licensed certify candidate organisations.question set free anyone download without registration licensed creative commons byncnd license.the standard available two levels assurance iasme governance selfassessmentcandidates complete online questionnaire around simple questions organisation.marked certification body awards certification answers given compliant standard.the assessment includes certification cyber essentials standard.iasme governance audited iasme goldthe candidate organisation visited iasme certification body verifies compliance standard appropriate issues certification.in standard updated include additional questions enable organisations comply general data protection regulations gdpr.topics covered standard iasme governance standard covers following information security topicsmanaging securityinformation assetscloud servicesrisk managementdata protection including gdprpeoplesecurity policyphysical environmentalfirewalls internet gatewayssecure configurationpatches updatesoperations managementuser accountsadministrative accessmalware protectionvulnerability scanningmonitoringbackup restoreincident managementbusiness continuity comparison standards isoiec iasme governance riskled standard similar set controls annex isoiec standard.ncsc steps cyber security iasme governance maps closely uk governments ncsc steps cyber security. |
IASME | mapping two standards available cyber assessment framework cyber assessment framework caf developed uk government allow organisations demonstrate compliance nis directive.iasme governance standard maps closely caf.nhs digital data security protection toolkit nhs digital data security protection toolkit online selfassessment tool allows organisations measure performance national data guardian’s data security standards.iasme governance maps closely toolkit majority topics usage standard awards iasme standard become focus attention information security threat uk businesses continues increase vulnerabilities systems continue cause expensive data breaches system failures.increasing number newspaper journal articles subject reflect increased security awareness.it recognised states jersey suitable security standard government supply chain.iasme specifically mentioned keynote speech infosec europe event held london received innovation award computer weekly europe shortly afterwards. |
Hybrid warfare | april iasme awarded cyber business year prestigious uk national cyber awards see also cyber essentialsisoiec gdprnis directive references external links iasme governance selfassessed question set free download free download cyber essentials self assessment questionsthe iasme governance standard free download iasme standardresearch need iasme research iasme development iasme information security management evolution smeswebinar ever vulnerability customers home innovateukcombining kinetic operations subversive efforts aggressor intends avoid attribution retribution.hybrid warfare used describe flexible complex dynamics battlespace requiring highly adaptable resilient response.definition universallyaccepted definition hybrid warfare debate whether term useful all.argue term abstract latest term refer irregular methods counter conventionally superior force.abstractness term means often used catch term nonlinear threats.hybrid warfare warfare following aspectsa nonstandard complex fluid adversary. |
Hybrid warfare | hybrid adversary state nonstate.example israel–hezbollah war syrian civil war main adversaries nonstate entities within state system.nonstate actors act proxies countries independent agendas well.example iran sponsor hezbollah hezbollahs irans agenda resulted kidnapping israeli troops led israel–hezbollah war.hand russian involvement ukraine described traditional state actor waging hybrid war addition using local hybrid proxy although russia denies involvement ukraine conflict.a hybrid adversary uses combination conventional irregular methods. |
Hybrid warfare | methods tactics may include conventional capabilities irregular tactics irregular formations diplomacy politics terrorist acts indiscriminate violence criminal activity.hybrid adversary may also use clandestine actions avoid attribution retribution.methods used simultaneously across spectrum conflict unified strategy.current example islamic states transnational aspirations blended tactics structured formations cruel use terrorism part arsenal.a hybrid adversary flexible adapts quickly.example islamic states response us aerial bombing campaign quick reduction use checkpoints large convoys cellphones. |
Hybrid warfare | militants also dispersed among civilian population.civilian collateral damage airstrikes used effective recruiting tool.a hybrid adversary uses advanced weapons systems disruptive technologies.weapons bought bargain prices.moreover novel technologies adapted battlefield cellular networks.hezbollah armed hightech weaponry precision guided missiles nationstates typically use. |
Hybrid warfare | hezbollah forces shot israeli helicopters severely damaged patrol boat cruise missile destroyed heavilyarmored tanks firing guided missiles hidden bunkers.also used aerial drones gather intelligence communicated encrypted cellphones watched israeli troop movements thermal nightvision equipment.use mass communication propaganda.growth mass communication networks offers powerful propaganda recruiting tools.use fakenews websites spread false stories possible element hybrid warfare.a hybrid war takes place three distinct battlefields.conventional battlefield indigenous population conflict zone international community. |
Hybrid warfare | definitions chief staff us army defined hybrid threat adversary incorporates diverse dynamic combinations conventional irregular terrorist criminal capabilities.us joint forces command defines hybrid threat adversary simultaneously adaptively employs tailored mix conventional irregular terrorism criminal means activities operational battle space.rather single entity hybrid threat challenger may combination state nonstate actors.us army defined hybrid threat diverse dynamic combination regular forces irregular forces criminal elements combination forces elements unified achieve mutually benefiting effects.nato uses term describe adversaries ability simultaneously employ conventional nonconventional means adaptively pursuit objectives. |
Hybrid warfare | former us army chief george w. casey jr. talked new type war would become increasingly common future hybrid irregular warfare conventional warfare.according inaugurated european centre excellence countering hybrid threats hybrid threats methods activities targeted towards vulnerabilities opponent range methods activities wide.relation greyzone international relations concept greyzone conflicts warfare distinct concept hybrid warfare although two intimately linked modern era states often apply unconventional tools hybrid techniques greyzone.however many unconventional tools used states greyzone propaganda campaigns economic pressure use nonstate entities cross threshold formalized statelevel aggression.effectiveness traditional militaries find hard respond hybrid warfare. |
Hybrid warfare | collective defense organizations nato might find hard agree source conflict makes response difficult.article published global security review hybrid warfare compares notion hybrid warfare russian concept nonlinear warfare defines deployment conventional irregular military forces conjunction psychological economic political cyber assaults.article partially attributes difficulty rigid static military taxonomy used nato define concept warfare.also counter hybrid threat hard power often insufficient.often conflict evolves radar even rapid response turns late. |
Hybrid warfare | overwhelming force insufficient deterrent.many traditional militaries lack flexibility shift tactics priorities objectives constantly.history going work philosophers dealt propaganda governance last years one find hybrid war new concept many social anthropologists believe today.combination conventional irregular methods new used throughout history.examples type combat found american revolutionary war combination george washingtons continental army militia forces napoleonic wars british regulars cooperated spanish guerrillas. |
Hybrid warfare | one also find examples hybrid warfare smaller conflicts th century.instance rafael carrera conservative peasant rebel leader guatemala waged successful military campaign liberals federal government central america using strategy combined classical guerrilla tactics conventional operations.carreras hybrid approach warfare gave edge numericallysuperior betterarmed enemies.soviet union engaged early case hybrid warfare .tuvan army away europe fighting along red army third reich moscow annexed tuvan peoples republic pressing tuvan government ask joining soviet union. |
Hybrid warfare | vietnam war saw hybrid warfare tactics employed sides us using cia support civil war parties laos cambodian civil war well ethnic groups inside vietnam cause soviet union supported viet cong militia.end cold war created unipolar system preponderant american military power.though tempered traditional conflicts regional conflicts threats leverage weaknesses conventional military structure becoming frequent.at time sophistication lethality nonstate actors increased.well armed technologically advanced weapons available low prices.similarly commercial technologies cellphones digital networks adapted battlefield. |
Hybrid warfare | another new element ability nonstate actors persist within modern system.israel–hezbollah war one often quoted examples hybrid war conflict israel hezbollah.hezbollah sophisticated nonstate actor sponsored iran.group often acts proxy iran agenda.hezbollahs policy rather irans led kidnapping israeli troops impetus war. |
Hybrid warfare | war featured hezbollah fighters embedded local population attacked israeli regular troops.the group used decentralized cells composed guerrillas regular troops armed weaponry nation states use antitank missiles rockets armed unmanned aerial vehicles advanced improvised explosive devices.hezbollah cells downed israeli helicopters damaged merkava iv tanks communicated encrypted cell phones monitored israeli troops movements night vision thermal imaging devices.iranian quds force operatives acted mentors suppliers advanced systems.hezbollah leveraged mass communication immediately distributing battlefield photos videos dominating perception battle throughout conflict.israel lose war battlefield lost information battle overwhelming perception israeli defeat.isil advance iraq islamic state iraq levant isil nonstate actor uses hybrid tactics conventional iraqi military. |
Hybrid warfare | isil transitional aspirations uses irregular regular tactics terrorism.response iraq turned hybrid tactics using nonstate international actors counter isil advance.united states likewise hybrid participant used combination traditional air power advisers iraqi government troops kurdish peshmerga sectarian militias also trained opposition forces within syria.hybrid war conflict interconnected group state nonstate actors pursuing overlapping goals weak local state.russian activities russian governments wide use conflicts syrian civil war russoukrainian war private military contractors wagner group singled experts key part russias strategy hybrid warfare advance interests obfuscating involvement role. |
Hybrid warfare | specifically russia employed combination traditional combat warfare economic influence cyber strategies disinformation attacks ukraine.in respect russia jānis bērziņš director center security strategic research widely published argue using term hybrid characterize russian strategy misleading since russia definitions concepts word hybrid catchy since represent mix anything.however basic framework differs one developed russians due former military concept result american military thought.moreover concept new generation warfare includes conventional operations.words hybrid warfare might part new generation warfare cannot define it.michael kofman senior research scientist cna fellow wilson centers kennan institute noted march west′s frequent references hybrid warfare effect unintelligible western reaction decades wars choice paltry adversaries confrontation another power capable across full spectrum conflict. |
Hybrid warfare | russia us activities moscow accused washington conducting hybrid warfare russia colour revolutions.perception war permanent state conflict us allies furthered maidan uprising ukraine.russias activities former soviet states described hobbesian redolent cold war thinking.speaking valdai discussion club november russian foreign minister sergey lavrov saidit interesting term would apply united states war strategy – truly hybrid war aimed much defeating enemy militarily changing regimes states pursue policy washington like.using financial economic pressure information attacks using others perimeter corresponding state proxies course information ideological pressure externally financed nongovernmental organisations.hybrid process call war united states russian activities general philip breedlove us senate hearing february claimed russia using refugees weaken europe directing influx refugee destabilize areas regions terms economy create social unrest. |
Hybrid warfare | february finnish defence minister jussi niinistö told meeting nato defence ministers finland expects russia open second front many million migrants possibly arriving finnishrussian border.similar statement made ilkka kanerva finlands former foreign minister chairman countrys parliamentary defense committee.iranian activities iran accused conducting hybrid warfare.according bbc iran along houthi allies yemen conducting classic war weak strong hybrid conflict known strategic textbooks.borrowing many tactics russian playbook use deniability proxies cyberoperations information warfare. |
Hybrid warfare | iran united states activities united states accused conducting hybrid warfare iran countries.saudi emirati activities saudi arabia united arab emirates accused conducting hybrid warfare qatar.chinese activities china accused conducting hybrid warfare taiwan south china sea.pakistan activities since pakistan accused conducting hybrid warfare using proxies form terrorists india.belarusian activities belarus accused conducting hybrid warfare european union organizing illegal border crossings migrants latvia lithuania poland aim destabilizing nation bloc. |
Hybrid warfare | see also references reading bond margaret s. .hybrid war new paradigm stability operations failing states pdf.carlisle barracks pa usawc strategy research project.u.s. army war college.cuomo scott a. brian j. donlon .training hybrid warrior. |
Hybrid warfare | marine corps gazette.archived original .cite journal cite journal requires journal helpfleming brian p. .hybrid threat concept contemporary war military planning advent unrestricted operational art.fort leavenworth ks u.s. army school advanced military studies sams u.s. army command general staff college.glenn russell w. thoughts hybrid conflict pdf. |
Hybrid warfare | small wars journal.cite journal cite journal requires journal helpgrant greg may .hybrid wars.government executive.archived original august . |
Hybrid warfare | retrieved october .hoffman frank g. future thoughts hybrid threats pdf.small wars journal.cite journal cite journal requires journal helphoffman frank g. march .marines preparing hybrid wars.armed forces journal. |
Hybrid warfare | cite journal cite journal requires journal helphoffman frank g. .hybrid warfare challenges pdf.jfq joint force quarterly.pp.–.hoffman frank g mattis james n. november . |
Hybrid warfare | future warfare rise hybrid wars proceedings pdf.pp.–.retrieved july .killebrew robert june .good advice hybrid warfare demands indirect approach. |
Hybrid warfare | armed forces journal.cite journal cite journal requires journal helppindjak peter .deterring hybrid warfare chance nato eu work together.nato review.issn .stowell joshua april . |
Hybrid warfare | hybrid warfare.global security review.retrieved august .visionalonzo g. .carrera revolt hybrid warfare nineteenth century central america.london palgrave macmillan. |
Urban resilience | isbn .external links u.s. gao – hybrid warfaremunichsecurityreport sectiontherefore resilient city one assesses plans acts prepare respond hazards natural humanmade sudden slowonset expected unexpected.resilient cities better positioned protect enhance peoples lives secure development gains foster investible environment drive positive change.academic discussion urban resilience focused primarily three distinct threats climate change natural disasters terrorism.resilience threats discussed context nonphysical well physical aspects urban planning design.accordingly resilience strategies tended conceived terms counterterrorism disasters earthquakes wildfires tsunamis coastal flooding solar flares etc. |
Urban resilience | infrastructure adoption sustainable energy.more recently increasing attention genealogies urban resilience capability urban systems adapt changing conditions.branch resilience theory builds notion cities highly complex adaptive systems.implication insight move urban planning away conventional approaches based geometric plans approach informed network science involves less interference functioning cities.network science provides way linking city size forms networks likely enable cities function different ways.provide insights potential effectiveness various urban policies. |
Urban resilience | requires better understanding types practices tools contribute building urban resilience.genealogical approaches explore evolution practices time including values power relations underpinning them.building resilience cities relies investment decisions prioritize spending activities offer alternatives perform well different scenarios.decisions need take account future risks uncertainties.risk never fully eliminated emergency disaster planning crucial.disaster risk management frameworks example offer practical opportunities enhancing resilience.more half worlds human population lived cities since urbanization calculated rise . |
Urban resilience | means major resilience challenges era poverty reduction natural hazards climate change environmental sustainability social inclusion lost cities.mass density people makes especially vulnerable impacts acute disasters slow creeping effects changing climate making resilience planning critically important.time growing urbanization past century associated considerable increase urban sprawl.resilience efforts address individuals communities business cope face multiple shocks stresses also exploit opportunities transformational development.as one way addressing disaster risk urban areas national local governments often supported international funding agencies engage resettlement.preventative occur disaster. |
Urban resilience | reduces people’s exposure hazards also lead problems leave people vulnerable worse before.resettlement needs understood part longterm sustainable development means disaster risk reduction.sustainable development goal september world leaders adopted sustainable development goals sdgs part agenda sustainable development.goals build replace millennium development goals officially came force january expected achieved within next years.sdgs legally binding governments expected take ownership establish national frameworks achievement. |
Urban resilience | countries also primary responsibility followup review progress based quality accessible timely data collection.national reviews feed regional reviews turn inform review global level.unhabitats city resilience profiling tool crpt un agency human settlements unhabitat working support local governments stakeholders build urban resilience city resilience profiling tool crpt.applied unhabitats holistic approach increasing resiliency results local governments better able ensure wellbeing citizens protect development gains maintain functionality face hazards.tool developed unhabitat support local governments achieve resilience city resilience profiling tool. |
Urban resilience | tool follows various stages unhabitat supports cities maximize impact crpt implementation.getting startedlocal governments unhabitat connect evaluate needs opportunities context city evaluate possibility implementing tool city.local government partners consider stakeholders need involved implementation including civil society organizations national governments private sectors among others.engagementby signing agreement un agency local government better able work necessary stakeholders planout risk builtin resilience across city.diagnosisthe crpt provides framework cities collect right data city enables evaluate resilience identify potential vulnerability urban system.diagnosis data covers elements urban system considers potential hazards stakeholders.resilience actionsunderstanding entire urban system fuels effective action.main output crpt unique resilience action plan rap engaged city.rap sets short medium longterm strategies based diagnosis actions prioritised assigned interdepartmentally integrated existing government policies plans. |
Urban resilience | process iterative resilience actions implemented local governments monitor impact tool recalibrates identify next steps.taking furtherresilience actions require buyin stakeholders many cases additional funding.detailed diagnostic local governments leverage support national governments donors international organizations work towards sustainable urban development.to date approach currently adapted barcelona spain asuncion paraguay maputo mozambique port vila vanuatu bristol united kingdom lisbon portugal yakutsk russia dakar senegal.biennial publication trends urban resilience also produced unhabitat tracking recent efforts build urban resilience well actors behind actions number case studies.medellin collaboration urban resilience medellin collaboration urban resilience mcur launched th session world urban forum medellín colombia .pioneering partnerships platforms gathers prominent actors committed building resilience globally including unisdr world bank group global facility disaster reduction recovery interamerican development bank rockefeller foundation resilient cities c iclei cities alliance chaired unhabitat.mcur aims jointly collaborate strengthening resilience cities human settlements around world supporting local regional national governments. |
Urban resilience | addresses activity providing knowledge research facilitating access locallevel finance raising global awareness urban resilience policy advocacy adaptation diplomacy efforts.work devoted achieving main international development agendas works achieve mandates set sustainable development goals new urban agenda paris agreement climate change sendai framework disaster risk reduction.the medellin collaboration conceived platform help local governments municipal professionals understand primary utility vast array tools diagnostics designed assess measure monitor improve citylevel resilience.example tools intended rapid assessments establish general understanding baseline citys resilience selfdeployed others intended means identify prioritise areas investment.collaboration produced guidebook illustrate cities responding current future challenges thinking strategically design planning management building resilience.currently working collaborative model six pilot cities accra bogotá jakarta maputo mexico city new york city. |
Urban resilience | resilient cities city resilience index cri urban resilience capacity individuals communities institutions businesses systems within city survive adapt grow matter kinds chronic stresses acute shocks experience.rockefeller foundation resilient cities.a central program contributing achievement sdg rockefeller foundations resilient cities.december rockefeller foundation launched resilient cities initiative dedicated promoting urban resilience defined capacity individuals communities institutions businesses systems within city survive adapt grow matter kinds chronic stresses acute shocks experience.related resilience framework multidimensional nature incorporating four core dimensions leadership strategy health wellbeing economy society infrastructure environment.dimension defined three individual drivers reflect actions cities take improve resilience.while vagueness term resilience enabled innovative multidisciplinary collaboration also made difficult operationalize develop generalizable metrics. |
Urban resilience | overcome challenge professional services firm arup helped rockefeller foundation develop city resilience index based extensive stakeholder consultation across range cities globally.index intended serve planning decisionmaking tool help guide urban investments toward results facilitate sustainable urban growth wellbeing citizens.hope city officials utilize tool identify areas improvement systemic weaknesses opportunities mitigating risk.generalizable format also allows cities learn other.the index holistic articulation urban resilience premised finding universal factors drivers contribute city resilience.varies relative importance. |
Urban resilience | factors organized four core dimensions urban resilience frameworkleadership strategyeffective leadership managementempowered stakeholdersintegrated development planninghealth wellbeingminimal human vulnerabilitydiverse livelihoods employmenteffective safeguards human health lifeeconomy societysustainable economycomprehensive security rule lawcollective identity community supportinfrastructure environmentreduced exposure fragilityeffective provision critical servicesreliable mobility communicationsa total cities across six continents signed rockefeller centers urban resilience challenge.cities developed individual city resilience strategies technical support chief resilience officer cro.cro ideally reports directly city’s chief executive helps coordinate resilience efforts single city.medellin colombia qualified urban resilience challenge .lee kuan yew world city prize.digital technology open data governance urban resilience core factor enabling progress dimensions urban resilience urban governance. |
Urban resilience | sustainable resilient inclusive cities often outcome good governance encompasses effective leadership inclusive citizen participation efficient financing among things.end public officials increasingly access public data enabling evidencebased decision making.open data also increasingly transforming way local governments share information citizens deliver services monitor performance.enables simultaneously increased public access information direct citizen involvement decisionmaking.as part resilience strategies city governments increasingly relying digital technology part city’s infrastructure service delivery systems.one hand reliance technologies electronic service delivery made cities vulnerable hacking cyberattacks. |
Urban resilience | time information technologies often positive transformative impact supporting innovation promoting efficiencies urban infrastructure thus leading lowercost city services.deployment new technologies initial construction infrastructure cases even allowed urban economies leapfrog stages development.unintended outcome growing digitalization cities emergence digital divide exacerbate inequality wellconnected affluent neighborhoods business districts one hand underserviced underconnected lowincome neighborhoods other.response number cities introduced digital inclusion programs ensure citizens necessary tools thrive increasingly digitalized world.climate change urban resilience urban impacts climate change vary widely across geographical developmental scales. |
Urban resilience | recent study cities home .billion people combined gdp usd trillion half worlds total economic output found floods endanger city residents natural peril followed earthquakes storms.attempt define discuss challenges heat waves droughts flooding.resilienceboosting strategies introduced outlined.heat waves droughts heat waves becoming increasingly prevalent global climate changes. |
Urban resilience | united states heat wave drought killed people.similar heat wave drought killed american citizens.august uk saw record breaking summer temperatures average temperatures persistently rising °c.nearly deaths contributed heat wave uk period increase london alone.heat wave claimed lives across europe. |
Urban resilience | research indicates summers warmer summer temperatures considered cool.northern hemisphere summer heat wave also disastrous nearly deaths occurring moscow.addition deaths heat waves also cause significant problems.extended periods heat droughts also cause widespread crop losses spikes electricity demand forest fires air pollution reduced biodiversity vital land marine ecosystems.agricultural losses heat drought might occur directly within urban area certainly affects lives urban dwellers. |
Urban resilience | crop supply shortages lead spikes food prices food scarcity civic unrest even starvation extreme cases.terms direct fatalities heat waves droughts statistically concentrated urban areas line increased population densities due social factors urban heat island effect.urban heat islands urban heat island uhi refers presence innercity microclimate temperatures comparatively higher rural surroundings.recent studies shown summer daytime temperatures reach °c hotter city centre rural areas – °c warmer night.causes uhi mystery mostly based simple energy balances geometrics. |
Urban resilience | materials commonly found urban areas concrete asphalt absorb store heat energy much effectively surrounding natural environment.black colouring asphalt surfaces roads parking lots highways able absorb significantly electromagnetic radiation encouraging rapid effective capture storage heat throughout day.geometrics come play well tall buildings provide large surfaces absorb reflect sunlight heat energy onto absorbent surfaces.tall buildings also block wind limits convective cooling.sheer size buildings also blocks surface heat naturally radiating back cool sky night. |
Urban resilience | factors combined heat generated vehicles air conditioners industry ensure cities create absorb hold heat effectively.social factors heat vulnerability physical causes heat waves droughts exacerbation uhi effect part equation terms fatalities social factors play role well.statistically senior citizens represent majority heat cold related deaths within urban areas often due social isolation.rural areas seniors likely live family care homes whereas cities often concentrated subsidised apartment buildings many cases little contact outside world.like urban dwellers little income urban seniors unlikely air conditioner. |
Urban resilience | combination factors leads thousands tragic deaths every season incidences increasing year.adapting heat drought resilience greening reflecting whitening urban spaces greening urban spaces among frequently mentioned strategies address heat effects.idea increase amount natural cover within city.cover made grasses bushes trees vines water rock gardens natural material.covering much surface possible green space reduce total quantity thermally absorbent artificial material shading effect reduce amount light heat reaches concrete asphalt cannot replaced greenery. |
Urban resilience | trees among effective greening tool within urban environments coveragefootprint ratio.trees require small physical area planting mature provide much larger coverage area.absorbs solar energy photosynthesis improving air quality mitigating global warming reducing amount energy trapped held within artificial surfaces also casts muchneeded shade city inhabitants.shade lower ambient air temperature greatly reduces perceived temperature comfort seeking refuge.popular method reducing uhi simply increasing albedo light reflectiveness urban surfaces cannot ‘greened’. |
Urban resilience | done using reflective paints materials appropriate white lightcoloured options reflections would distracting dangerous.glazing also added windows reduce amount heat entering buildings.green roofs also resilienceboosting option synergies flood resilience strategies well.however depaving excess pavement found effective costefficient approach greening flood control.social strategies various strategies increase resilience vulnerable urban heat waves. |
Urban resilience | established vulnerable citizens primarily socially isolated seniors.vulnerable groups include young children especially facing abject poverty living informal housing people underlying health problems infirm disabled homeless.accurate early prediction heat waves fundamental importance gives time government issue extreme heat alerts.urban areas must prepare ready implement heatwave emergency response initiatives.seasonal campaigns aimed educate public risks associated heat waves help prepare broad community response impending heat events direct action required. |
Urban resilience | local government must quickly communicate groups institutions work heatvulnerable populations.cooling centres opened libraries community centres government buildings.centres ensure free access air conditioning water.partnership government nongovernment social services paramedics police firefighters nurses volunteers abovementioned groups working vulnerable populations carry regular doortodoor visits extreme heat scenarios.visits provide risk assessment advice bottled water areas without potable tap water offer free transportation local cooling centres. |
Urban resilience | food water supplies heat waves droughts reap massive damage agricultural areas vital providing food staples urban populations.reservoirs aquifers quickly dry due increased demand water drinking industrial agricultural purposes.end result shortages price spikes food increasing frequency shortages drinking water observed increasing severity seasonally china throughout developing world.agricultural standpoint farmers required plant heat droughtresistant crops.agricultural practices also streamlined higher levels hydrological efficiency. |
Urban resilience | reservoirs expanded new reservoirs water towers constructed areas facing critical shortages.grander schemes damming redirecting rivers also considered possible.saltwater coastal cities desalination plants provide possible solution water shortages.infrastructure also plays role resilience many areas aging pipelines result leakage possible contamination drinking water.kenya’s major cities nairobi mombasa – drinking water lost leakage. |
Urban resilience | types cases replacements repairs clearly needed.flooding flooding either weather events rising sea levels infrastructure failures major cause death disease economic losses throughout world.climate change rapidly expanding urban settlements two factors leading increasing occurrence severity urban flood events especially developing world.storm surges affect coastal cities caused low pressure weather systems like cyclones hurricanes.flash floods river floods affect city within floodplain inadequate drainage infrastructure. |
Urban resilience | caused large quantities rain heavy rapid snow melt.forms flooding cities increasingly vulnerable large quantity paved concrete surfaces.impermeable surfaces cause massive amounts runoff quickly overwhelm limited infrastructure storm drains flood canals intentional floodplains.many cities developing world simply infrastructure redirect floodwaters whatsoever.around world floods kill thousands people every year responsible billions dollars damages economic losses. |
Urban resilience | flooding much like heat waves droughts also wreak havoc agricultural areas quickly destroying large amounts crops.cities poor absent drainage infrastructure flooding also lead contamination drinking water sources aquifers wells inland waterways salt water chemical pollution frequently viral bacterial contaminants.flood flow urban environment flood flow urbanised areas constitutes hazard population infrastructure.recent catastrophes included inundations nîmes france vaisonlaromaine france flooding new orleans usa flooding rockhampton bundaberg brisbane – summer queensland australia.flood flows urban environments studied relatively recently despite many centuries flood events. |
Urban resilience | researchers mentioned storage effect urban areas.several studies looked flow patterns redistribution streets storm events implication terms flood modelling.some research considered criteria safe evacuation individuals flooded areas.recent field measurements – queensland floods showed criterion solely based upon flow velocity water depth specific momentum cannot account hazards caused velocity water depth fluctuations.considerations ignore risks associated large debris entrained flow motion.adapting flood resilience urban greening replacing many nonporous surfaces green space possible create areas natural ground plantbased absorption excess water. |
Urban resilience | gaining popularity different types green roofs.green roofs vary intensity thin layers soil rockwool supporting variety low nomaintenance mosses sedum species large deep intensive roof gardens capable supporting large plants trees requiring regular maintenance structural support.deeper soil rainwater absorb therefore potential floodwater prevent reaching ground.one best strategies possible simply create enough space excess water.involves planning expanding areas parkland adjacent zone flooding likely occur. |
Urban resilience | excess water diverted areas necessary cardiff around new millennium stadium.floodplain clearance another greening strategy fundamentally removes structures pavement built floodplains returns natural habitat capable absorbing massive quantities water otherwise would flooded built urban area.floodwater control levees flood barriers indispensable cities floodplains along rivers coasts.areas lower financial engineering capital cheaper simpler options flood barriers.uk engineers currently conducting field tests new technology called seloc selferecting lowcost barrier. |
Urban resilience | barrier lies flat ground water rises seloc floats top edge rising water level.restraint holds barrier vertical position.simple inexpensive flood barrier great potential increasing urban resilience flood events shows significant promise developing nations low cost simple foolproof design.creation expansion flood canals andor drainage basins help direct excess water away critical areas utilisation innovative porous paving materials city streets car parks allow absorption filtration excess water.during january flood brisbane river australia unique field measurements peak flood showed substantial sediment fluxes brisbane river flood plain consistent murky appearance floodwaters.field deployment inundated street cbd showed also unusual features flood flow urban environment linked local topographic effects. |
Urban resilience | structural resilience developed nations new developments assessed flood risks.aim ensure flood risk taken account stages planning process avoid inappropriate development areas high risk.development required areas high risk structures built floodresistant standards living working areas raised well worstcase scenario flood levels.existing structures highrisk areas funding allocated i.e.raise electrical wiringsockets water enters home reach electrics. |
Urban resilience | solutions raise structures appropriate heights make floating considerations made relocate rebuild structures higher ground.house mexico beach florida survived hurricane michael example house built survive tidal surge.the preincan uru people lake titicaca peru lived floating islands made reeds hundreds years.practice began innovative form protection competition land various groups continues support uru homeland.manual technique used build homes resting handmade islands simple reeds totora plant.similarly southern wetlands iraq marsh arabs arab alahwār lived centuries floating islands arched buildings constructed exclusively local qasab reeds. |
Urban resilience | without nails wood glass buildings assembled hand quickly within day.another aspect villages called al tahla built homes also disassembled day transported reassembled .emergency response disasters flooding requires specific set disaster response plans.various levels contingency planning established basic medical selective evacuation provisions involving local emergency responders right way full military disaster relief plans involving airbased evacuations search rescue teams relocation provisions entire urban populations.clear lines responsibility chains command must laid tiered priority response levels established address immediate needs vulnerable citizens first. |
Urban resilience | postflooding repair reconstruction sufficient emergency funding set aside proactively.educational programs related urban resilience emergence urban resilience educational topic experienced unprecedented level growth due large part series natural disasters including indian ocean earthquake tsunami hurricane katrina tohoku earthquake tsunami hurricane sandy .two wellrecognized programs harvard graduate school designs masters program risk resilience tulane universitys disaster resilience leadership academy.also several workshops available related u.s. federal emergency management agency department homeland security.list current graduate undergraduate programs focusing urban resilience compiled resilience shift. |
Windows NT | see also cobenefits climate change mitigationhumanpowered transport – transport goods andor people using human musclesnew urbanismsustainable urbanismurban vitality referencesprocessorindependent multiprocessing multiuser operating system.the first version windows nt windows nt .produced workstations server computers.commercially focused operating system intended complement consumer versions windows based msdos including windows .windows .x.gradually windows nt family expanded microsofts generalpurpose operating system product line personal computers deprecating windows x family.nt formerly expanded new technology longer carries specific meaning. |
Windows NT | starting windows nt removed product name included product version string along several lowlevel places within system.nt first purely bit version windows whereas consumeroriented counterparts windows .x windows x bitbit hybrids.multiarchitecture operating system.initially supported several instruction set architectures including ia mips dec alpha support powerpc itanium x arm added later.latest versions support x including ia x arm.major features windows nt family include windows shell windows api native api active directory group policy hardware abstraction layer ntfs bitlocker windows store windows update hyperv. |
Windows NT | naming suggested dave cutler intended initialism wnt play vms incrementing letter one.however project originally intended followon os referred nt os receiving windows brand.one original nt developers mark lucovsky states name taken original target processor—the intel codenamed n nten.questionandanswer qa session bill gates revealed letters previously expanded new technology longer carry specific meaning.letters dropped names releases windows later though microsoft described product built nt technology. |
Windows NT | major features one main purposes nt hardware software portability.various versions nt family operating systems released variety processor architectures initially ia mips dec alpha powerpc itanium x arm supported later releases.initial idea common code base custom hardware abstraction layer hal platform.however support mips alpha powerpc later dropped windows .broad software compatibility initially achieved support several api personalities including windows api posix os apis – latter two phased starting windows xp. |
Windows NT | partial msdos windows bit compatibility achieved ia via integrated dos virtual machine – although feature available architectures.nt supported perobject file function role access control lists allowing rich set security permissions applied systems services.nthas also supported windows network protocols inheriting previous os lan manager networking well tcpip networking microsoft used implement tcpip stack derived first streamsbased stack spider systems later rewritten inhouse.windows nt .first version windows use bit flat virtual memory addressing bit processors.companion product windows .used segmented addressing switches bit bit addressing pages.windows nt . |
Windows NT | featured core kernel providing system api running supervisor mode ring x referred windows nt kernel mode platforms set userspace environments apis included new win environment os .textmode environment posix environment.full preemptive multitasking kernel could interrupt running tasks schedule tasks without relying user programs voluntarily give control cpu windows .windows applications although msdos applications preemptively multitasked windows starting windows.notably windows nt .x several io driver subsystems video printing usermode subsystems.windows nt video server printer spooler subsystems moved kernel mode. |
Windows NT | windows nts first gui strongly influenced programmatically compatible windows .windows nt interface redesigned match brand new windows moving program manager windows shell design.ntfs journaled secure file system major feature nt.windows nt also allows installable file systems since versions .nt may installed fat hpfs file systems.windows nt introduced driver model windows nt driver model incompatible older driver frameworks.windows windows nt driver model enhanced become windows driver model first introduced windows based nt driver model. |
Windows NT | windows vista added native support windows driver foundation also available windows xp windows server extent windows .development microsoft decided create portable operating system compatible os posix supporting multiprocessing october .development started november windows nt known os .third version operating system developed jointly microsoft ibm.ensure portability initial development targeted intel ixr risc processor switching mips r late intel . |
Windows NT | microsoft also continued parallel development dosbased less resourcedemanding windows environment resulting release windows .may .windows .eventually successful microsoft decided change primary application programming interface still unreleased nt os known extended os api extended windows api.decision caused tension microsoft ibm collaboration ultimately fell apart.ibm continued os development alone microsoft continued work newly renamed windows nt.though neither operating system would immediately popular microsofts msdos windows products windows nt would eventually far successful os.microsoft hired group developers digital equipment corporation led dave cutler build windows nt many elements design reflect earlier dec experience cutlers vms vaxeln rsx also unreleased objectbased operating system developed dave cutler digital codenamed mica. |
Windows NT | team joined selected members disbanded os team including moshe dunie.the vms kernel primarily written vax macro windows nt designed run multiple instruction set architectures multiple hardware platforms within architecture.platform dependencies hidden rest system hal hardware abstraction layer.while creating windows nt microsoft developers rewrote vms c. although added win api ntfs file system gui backwards compatibility dos os win dec engineers almost immediately noticed two operating systems internal similarities parts vaxvms internals data structures published digital press accurately describe windows nt internals using vms terms.instead lawsuit microsoft agreed pay dec – million help market vms train digital personnel windows nt continue windows nt support dec alpha.windows nt vms memory management processes scheduling similar.windows nts process management differs implementing threading dec implement vms .likely compete microsoft.like vms windows nts kernel mode code distinguishes kernel whose primary purpose implement processor architecturedependent functions executive. |
Windows NT | designed modified microkernel windows nt kernel influenced mach microkernel developed richard rashid carnegie mellon university meet criteria pure microkernel.kernel executive linked together single loaded module ntoskrnl.exe outside module little distinction kernel executive.routines directly accessible example kernelmode device drivers.api sets windows nt family implemented subsystems atop publicly undocumented native api allowed late adoption windows api win subsystem.windows nt one earliest operating systems use unicode internally.releases windows nt . |
Windows NT | .incorporated program manager file manager windows .x series.windows nt .onwards replaced programs windows explorer including taskbar start menu originally appeared windows .the first release given version number .match contemporary bit windows magazines era claimed number also used make version seem reliable . |
Windows NT | release.also novell ipx protocol apparently licensed .versions windows software.the nt version number generally used marketing purposes still used internally said reflect degree changes core operating system.however application compatibility reasons microsoft kept major version number releases following vista changed later windows .build number internal identifier used microsofts developers beta testers.starting windows . |
Windows NT | microsoft changed version api helper functions behavior.application manifested windows .later api always return version .version number windows .manifest feature introduced windows . |
Windows NT | replace getversion related functions.programming language windows nt written c c small amount written assembly language.c mostly used kernel code c mostly used usermode code.assembly language avoided possible would impede portability.supported platforms bit platforms order prevent intel xspecific code slipping operating system developers used developing x chips windows nt . |
Windows NT | initially developed using nonx development systems ported x architecture.work initially based intel ibased dazzle system later mips rbased jazz platform.systems designed internally microsoft.windows nt .released intel x pc compatible pc dec alpha arccompliant mips platforms.windows nt . |
Windows NT | added support powerpc processor specifically prepcompliant systems ibm power series desktopslaptops motorola powerstack series despite meetings michael spindler bill gates power macintosh prep compliant power macintosh project failed ship.intergraph corporation ported windows nt clipper architecture later announced intention port windows nt .sun microsystems sparc architecture conjunction companys planned introduction ultrasparc models neither version sold public retail product.only two windows nt .variants ia alpha full set service packs available.ports done third parties motorola intergraph etc.publicly available updates.windows nt . |
Windows NT | last major release support alpha mips powerpc though development windows alpha continued august compaq stopped support windows nt architecture three days later microsoft also canceled alphant program even though alpha nt windows release reached rc status.on january microsoft announced next major version windows nt family include support arm architecture.microsoft demonstrated preliminary version windows version .. running armbased computer consumer electronics show.eventually led commercial release windows derived windows rt october implementation nt ce windows phone .according microsoft common misconception xbox xbox use modified windows kernel.reality xbox operating system built scratch implements subset windows apis.xbox one xbox series xs however use modified version windows .windows first nonserver version windows nt support bit platforms. |
Windows NT | bit platforms bit versions windows nt originally intended run itanium dec alpha latter used internally microsoft early development bit windows.continued time microsoft publicly announced cancelling plans ship bit windows alpha.alpha versions windows nt bit only.while windows supports intel ia bit windows xp server server server r one edition dedicated itaniumbased systems.comparison itanium microsoft adopted x greater scale every version windows since windows xp dedicated x edition x editions.hardware requirements minimum hardware specification required run release professional workstation version windows nt fairly slowmoving . |
PLATINUM (cybercrime group) | vista release requires minimum gb free disk space fold increase free disk space alone previous version.see also architecture windows ntf diskwindows server domainreactos open source project goal providing binary device driverlevel compatibility windows ntwindows nt startup processwindows preinstallation environmentmicrosoft servers notes references external links windows official page microsoft.russinovich mark windows nt vms rest story win discussion ancestry nt archived original may .a brief history windows nt operating system fact sheet microsoft presspass archived original june .secretive much known members group.groups skill means attacks sometimes go without detection many years.the group considered advanced persistent threat active since least targeting victims via spearphishing attacks government officials private email addresses zeroday exploits hotpatching vulnerabilities.upon gaining access victims computers group steals economically sensitive information.platinum succeeded keeping low profile abuse microsoft windows hot patching system detected publicly reported april .hot patching method allows use microsofts features quickly patch alter files update application without rebooting system altogether way maintain data stolen masking identity.in june platinum became notable exploiting serial lan sol capabilities intels active management technology perform data exfiltration.platinums techniques platinum known exploit web plugins one point infiltrating computers several indian government officials using website provided email service.once control targets computer platinum actors move targets network using specially built malware modules. |
PLATINUM (cybercrime group) | either written one multiple teams working platinum group umbrella could sold number outside sources platinum dealing since .because diversity malware versions little code common microsofts investigators taxonomised families.the piece malware widely used platinum nicknamed dispind microsoft.piece malware install keylogger piece software records may also able inject keystrokes.platinum also uses malware like jpin installs appdata folder computer obtain information load keylogger download files updates perform tasks like extracting files could contain sensitive information.adbupd another malware program utilised platinum similar two previously mentioned.known ability support plugins specialised making versatile enough adapt various protection mechanisms.intel exploit microsoft reported platinum begun exploit feature intel cpus.feature question intels amt serialoverlan sol allows user remotely control another computer bypassing host operating system target including firewalls monitoring tools within host operating system. |
Koala conservation | security microsoft advises users apply security updates minimize vulnerabilities keep highly sensitive data large networks.platinum targets organizations companies government branches acquire trade secrets anyone working organizations target group.see also intel amtknown vulnerabilities exploitstitanium malware referencescreated interministerial sessions falling within responsibilities prime minister since updated three times following terror bombing campaign .until system defined four levels threats represented five colors white yellow orange red scarlet.levels called specific security measures including increased police policemilitary mixed patrols subways train stations vulnerable locations.in february levels simplified vigilance surveillance attack alert.december reorganized three levels vigilance heightened securityrisk attack attack emergency.the name vigipirate acronym vigilance et protection des installations contre les risques dattentats terroristes à lexplosif surveillance protection facilities risk terrorist bombing attacks levels alert levels alert levels alert history alert levels see also states emergency franceopération sentinelleuk threat levels used united kingdom replacing bikini state homeland security advisory system united states referencesaustralian government declared species endangered extinction .while koala previously classified least concern red list uplisted vulnerable .australian policy makers declined proposal include koala environment protection biodiversity conservation act .australian government listed koala populations queensland new south wales vulnerable population decline former decline latter.wwf report found decline per generation queensland decline new south wales.populations victoria south australia appear abundant however australian koala foundation argues exclusion victorian populations protective measures based misconception total koala population whereas believe probably less . |
Koala conservation | history koalas hunted food aboriginals.common technique used capture animals attach loop ropey bark end long thin pole form noose.would used snare animal high tree beyond reach climbing hunter animal brought way would killed stone hand axe hunting stick waddy.– according customs tribes considered taboo skin animal tribes thought animals head special status saved burial.– koala heavily hunted european settlers early th century – largely thick soft fur. |
Koala conservation | two million pelts estimated left australia .pelts demand use rugs coat linings muffs trimming womens garments.extensive cullings occurred queensland one million koalas killed guns poisons nooses.public outcry cullings probably first widescale environmental issue rallied australians.novelist social critic vance palmer writing letter couriermail expressed popular sentimentthe shooting harmless lovable native bear nothing less barbarous ... one ever accused spoiling farmers wheat eating squatters grass even spreading prickly pear. |
Koala conservation | social vice put account ... affords sport gunman ... almost blotted already areas.despite growing movement protect native species poverty brought drought – led killing another koalas onemonth open season august .frederick lewis chief inspector game victoria said onceabundant animal brought near extinction state suggesting – remained.first successful efforts conserving species initiated establishment brisbanes lone pine koala sanctuary sydneys koala park sanctuary s. owner latter park noel burnet became first successfully breed koalas earned reputation foremost contemporary authority marsupial.– david fleay curator australian mammals melbourne zoo established first australian faunal enclosure australian zoo featured koala. |
Koala conservation | arrangement allowed undertake detailed study diet captivity.fleay later continued conservation efforts healesville sanctuary david fleay wildlife park.– modern threats one biggest anthropogenic threats koala habitat destruction fragmentation.coastal areas main cause urbanisation rural areas habitat cleared agriculture.native forest trees also taken made wood products. |
Koala conservation | australia ranked fifth world deforestation rates cleared hectares acres.– distribution koala shrunk since european arrival largely due fragmentation habitat queensland.koalas vulnerable status queensland new south wales means developers states must consider impacts species making building applications.addition koalas live many protected areas.while urbanisation pose threat koala populations animals survive urban areas provided enough trees present.urban populations distinct vulnerabilities collisions vehicles attacks domestic dogs. |
Koala conservation | reduce road deaths government agencies exploring various wildlife crossing options use fencing channel animals toward underpass cases adding ledge walkway existing culvert.dogs kill animals every year.koala populations habitat impacted bushfires.local veterinarian estimated many may died kangaroo island fires estimated population .another predicted negative outcome climate change effect elevations atmospheric co levels koalas food supply increases co cause eucalyptus trees reduce protein increase tannin concentrations leaves reducing quality food source.june new south wales parliamentary committee released report stating koalas could extirpated state . |
Koala conservation | recommendations included establishing national parks georges river midnorth coast.droughts also affect koalas wellbeing.example severe drought caused many eucalyptus trees lose leaves.subsequently population southwestern queensland died especially young animals excluded prime feeding sites older dominant koalas recovery population slow.later population declined estimated mean population reduction attributed largely hotter drier conditions resulting droughts years .according australian environment minister sussan ley – australian bushfire season especially fires nsw resulted death koalas local population new south waless midnorth coast. |
Koala conservation | rescue rehabilitation injured koalas often taken wildlife hospitals rehabilitation centres.year retrospective study performed new south wales koala rehabilitation centre trauma usually resulting motor vehicle accident dog attack found frequent cause admission followed symptoms chlamydia infection.wildlife caretakers issued special permits must release animals back wild either well enough case joeys old enough.native animals koala cannot legally kept pet australia anywhere else.one virtually unknown risk koalas water lungs aspiration pneumonia happen drinking water bottle seen numerous viral videos wellmeaning uninformed people giving thirsty koalas water bottles drink.safer way provide koala drinking water via bowl cup helmet hat koala lap water needs. |
Koala conservation | introductions since koalas introduced several coastal offshore islands including phillip island victoria kangaroo island south australia.numbers significantly increased – since islands large enough sustain high koala numbers overbrowsing become problem.since government agencies tried control numbers culling public international outcry forced use translocation sterilisation instead.– western port islands victoria lewis initiated program largescale relocation rehabilitation programs transfer koalas whose habitat become fragmented reduced new regions intent eventually returning former range.koala population phillip island collapsed death manna gums officially attributed insect pests fire. |
Koala conservation | – survivors translocated french island quail island.the koalas quail island thrived one half island found dying starvation period population growth subsequent overbrowsing gum trees island animals released mainland areas .the koalas french island also prospered multiplied faced dying trees population moved mainland vicinity camperdown ararat.the practice translocating koalas became commonplace victorian state manager peter menkhorst estimated animals translocated release sites across victoria.– kangaroo island south australia kangaroo island commonly referred k.i.one australias largest islands situated km coast south australia historical koala population.subspecies manna gum eucalyptus viminalis favoured food koalas occur island.flinders chase national park far west island set early thcentury habitat australian mammals birds whose survival mainland threatened especially foxes rabbits island free.in six native bears koala popularly known donated national park victoria wilsons promontory taken across ki karatta november three members fauna flora board j. c. marshall professors t. g. osborn wood jones edgar r. waite director adelaide museum.another six pair young released board .population grew steadily researchers located several difficulty living eucalyptus ovata yellow gum e. leucoxylon census found nearly another team saw fullgrown adults quarter mile living manna gums pink gums e. fasciculosa water gums.by koala population grown extent consuming leaves eucalypts rate beyond trees capacity regenerate clear scientists others form human intervention necessary avoid wholesale death trees distress koalas.in liberal conservation minister david wotton appointed panel experts led hugh possingham examine problems recommend solutions. |
Koala conservation | unanimous recommendation humane culling i.e.shooting reduce numbers.government however ruled action public relations grounds — tourist industry economies south australia kangaroo island highly dependent would greatly affected hostile publicity abetted activists australian koala foundation.chose instead program trapping sterilization tubal ligation general anaesthetic selected females released mainland process may distressing animal expensive given number treated kinder said killing.sterilized adults relocated another thousand even matched natural increase population individuals. |
Pinkerton (detective agency) | cost relocated koala.a study relocated individuals found wandered far release site gained weight one third died first year relocation.referencespinkerton became famous claimed foiled plot assassinate presidentelect abraham lincoln later hired pinkerton agents personal security civil war.pinkertons agents performed services ranging security guarding private military contracting work.pinkerton national detective agency hired women minorities founding practice uncommon time useful spies.pinkerton largest private law enforcement organization world height power.during labor strikes late th th st centuries businessmen hired pinkerton agency infiltrate unions supply guards keep strikers suspected unionists factories recruit goon squads intimidate workers.one confrontation homestead strike pinkerton agents called reinforce strikebreaking measures industrialist henry clay frick acting behalf andrew carnegie. |
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