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Anthrax | diagnosis various techniques may used direct identification b. anthracis clinical material.firstly specimens may gram stained.bacillus spp.quite large size μm long may grow long chains stain grampositive.confirm organism b. anthracis rapid diagnostic techniques polymerase chain reactionbased assays immunofluorescence microscopy may used.all bacillus species grow well sheep blood agar routine culture media. |
Anthrax | polymyxinlysozymeedtathallous acetate used isolate b. anthracis contaminated specimens bicarbonate agar used identification method induce capsule formation.bacillus spp.usually grow within hours incubation °c ambient air room temperature co. bicarbonate agar used identification medium must incubated co. b. anthracis colonies mediumlarge gray flat irregular swirling projections often referred medusa head appearance hemolytic sheep blood agar.bacteria motile susceptible penicillin produce wide zone lecithinase egg yolk agar.confirmatory testing identify b. anthracis includes gamma bacteriophage testing indirect hemagglutination enzymelinked immunosorbent assay detect antibodies. |
Anthrax | best confirmatory precipitation test anthrax ascoli test.prevention precautions taken avoid contact skin fluids exuded natural body openings deceased body suspected harboring anthrax.body put strict quarantine.blood sample collected sealed container analyzed approved laboratory ascertain anthrax cause death.body sealed airtight body bag incinerated prevent transmission anthrax spores. |
Anthrax | microscopic visualization encapsulated bacilli usually large numbers blood smear stained polychrome methylene blue mcfadyean stain fully diagnostic though culture organism still gold standard diagnosis.full isolation body important prevent possible contamination others.protective impermeable clothing equipment rubber gloves rubber apron rubber boots perforations used handling body.skin especially wounds scratches exposed.disposable personal protective equipment preferable available decontamination achieved autoclaving.used disposable equipment burned andor buried use. |
Anthrax | contaminated bedding clothing isolated double plastic bags treated biohazard waste.respiratory equipment capable filtering small particles us national institute occupational safety health mine safety health administrationapproved highefficiency respirator worn.vaccines vaccines anthrax use livestock humans prominent place history medicine.french scientist louis pasteur developed first effective vaccine .human anthrax vaccines developed soviet union late us uk s. current fdaapproved us vaccine formulated s.currently administered human anthrax vaccines include acellular united states live vaccine russia varieties. |
Anthrax | currently used anthrax vaccines show considerable local general reactogenicity erythema induration soreness fever serious adverse reactions occur recipients.american product biothrax licensed fda formerly administered sixdose primary series weeks months annual boosters maintain immunity.fda approved omitting week dose resulting currently recommended fivedose series.new secondgeneration vaccines currently researched include recombinant live vaccines recombinant subunit vaccines.th century use modern product biothrax protect american troops use anthrax biological warfare controversial. |
Anthrax | antibiotics preventive antibiotics recommended exposed.early detection sources anthrax infection allow preventive measures taken.response anthrax attacks october united states postal service usps installed biodetection systems bdss largescale mail processing facilities.bds response plans formulated usps conjunction local responders including fire police hospitals public health.employees facilities educated anthrax response actions prophylactic medication. |
Anthrax | time delay inherent getting final verification anthrax used prophylactic antibiotic treatment possibly exposed personnel must started soon possible.treatment anthrax cannot spread person person except rare case skin exudates cutaneous anthrax.however persons clothing body may contaminated anthrax spores.effective decontamination people accomplished thorough washdown antimicrobial soap water.wastewater treated bleach another antimicrobial agent. |
Anthrax | effective decontamination articles accomplished boiling water minutes longer.chlorine bleach ineffective destroying spores vegetative cells surfaces though formaldehyde effective.burning clothing effective destroying spores.decontamination need immunize treat isolate contacts persons ill anthrax unless also exposed source infection.antibiotics early antibiotic treatment anthrax essential delay significantly lessens chances survival. |
Anthrax | treatment anthrax infection bacterial infections includes large doses intravenous oral antibiotics fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin doxycycline erythromycin vancomycin penicillin.fdaapproved agents include ciprofloxacin doxycycline penicillin.possible cases pulmonary anthrax early antibiotic prophylaxis treatment crucial prevent possible death.many attempts made develop new drugs anthrax existing drugs effective treatment started soon enough.monoclonal antibodies may human genome sciences submitted biologic license application bla permission market new drug raxibacumab brand name abthrax intended emergency treatment inhaled anthrax. |
Anthrax | december us food drug administration approved raxibacumab injection treat inhalational anthrax.raxibacumab monoclonal antibody neutralizes toxins produced b. anthracis.march fda approved second anthrax treatment using monoclonal antibody neutralizes toxins produced b. anthracis.obiltoxaximab approved treat inhalational anthrax conjunction appropriate antibacterial drugs prevention alternative therapies available appropriate.prognosis cutaneous anthrax rarely fatal treated infection area limited skin preventing lethal factor edema factor protective antigen entering destroying vital organ. |
Anthrax | without treatment cutaneous skin infection cases progress toxemia death.before fatality rates inhalation anthrax since fallen .people progress fulminant phase inhalational anthrax nearly always die one case study showing death rate .anthrax meningoencephalitis also nearly always fatal.gi infections treated usually result fatality rates depending upon soon treatment commences.form anthrax rarest.epidemiology globally least cases occur year. |
Anthrax | united states last fatal case natural inhalational anthrax united states occurred california home weaver died working infected wool imported pakistan.minimize chance spreading disease body transported ucla sealed plastic body bag within sealed metal container autopsy.gastrointestinal anthrax exceedingly rare united states two cases record.first case reported according centers disease control prevention.december new hampshire department health human services confirmed case gastrointestinal anthrax adult female.in two cases cutaneous anthrax reported danbury connecticut.case involved maker traditional africanstyle drums working goat hide purchased dealer new york city previously cleared customs. |
Anthrax | hide scraped spider bite led spores entering bloodstream.son also became infected.the cdc investigated source december infection possibility contracted african drum recently used woman taking part drum circle.woman apparently inhaled anthrax spore form hide drum.became critically ill gastrointestinal anthrax rather inhaled anthrax made unique american medical history.building infection took place cleaned reopened public woman recovered. |
Anthrax | new hampshire state epidemiologist jodie dionneodom stated mystery.really dont know happened.united kingdom november drum maker united kingdom worked untreated animal skins died anthrax.december outbreak anthrax occurred among heroin addicts glasgow stirling areas scotland resulting deaths.source anthrax believed dilution heroin bone meal afghanistan. |
Anthrax | history discovery robert koch german physician scientist first identified bacterium caused anthrax disease wollstein wolsztyn town poland.pioneering work late th century one first demonstrations diseases could caused microbes.groundbreaking series experiments uncovered lifecycle means transmission anthrax.experiments helped create understanding anthrax also helped elucidate role microbes causing illness time debates still took place spontaneous generation versus cell theory.koch went study mechanisms diseases nobel prize physiology medicine discovery bacterium causing tuberculosis.although koch arguably made greatest theoretical contribution understanding anthrax researchers concerned practical questions prevent disease. |
Anthrax | britain anthrax affected workers wool worsted hides tanning industries viewed fear.john henry bell doctor born based bradford first made link mysterious deadly woolsorters disease anthrax showing one same.early th century friederich wilhelm eurich german bacteriologist settled bradford family child carried important research local anthrax investigation board.eurich also made valuable contributions home office departmental committee inquiry established address continuing problem industrial anthrax.work capacity much collaboration factory inspector g. elmhirst duckering led directly anthrax prevention act . |
Anthrax | first vaccination anthrax posed major economic challenge france elsewhere th century.horses cattle sheep particularly vulnerable national funds set aside investigate production vaccine.french scientist louis pasteur charged production vaccine following successful work developing methods helped protect important wine silk industries.in may pasteur – collaboration assistants jeanjoseph henri toussaint émile roux others – performed public experiment pouillylefort demonstrate concept vaccination.prepared two groups sheep one goat several cattle.animals one group injected anthrax vaccine prepared pasteur twice interval days control group left unvaccinated. |
Anthrax | thirty days first injection groups injected culture live anthrax bacteria.animals unvaccinated group died animals vaccinated group survived.after apparent triumph widely reported local national international press pasteur made strenuous efforts export vaccine beyond france.used celebrity status establish pasteur institutes across europe asia nephew adrien loir travelled australia try introduce vaccine combat anthrax new south wales.ultimately vaccine unsuccessful challenging climate rural australia soon superseded robust version developed local researchers john gunn john mcgarvie smith.the human vaccine anthrax became available .cellfree vaccine instead livecell pasteurstyle vaccine used veterinary purposes. |
Anthrax | improved cellfree vaccine became available .engineered strains sterne strain anthrax named triesteborn immunologist max sterne attenuated strain used vaccine contains anthrax toxin virulence plasmid polyglutamic acid capsule expressing plasmid.strain created soviet bioweapons program later called los angeles times virulent vicious strain anthrax known man.the virulent ames strain used anthrax attacks united states received news coverage anthrax outbreak.ames strain contains two virulence plasmids separately encode threeprotein toxin called anthrax toxin polyglutamic acid capsule.nonetheless vollum strain developed never used biological weapon second world war much dangerous.vollum also incorrectly referred vellum strain isolated cow oxfordshire.strain used gruinard bioweapons trials. |
Anthrax | variation vollum known vollum b used us uk bioweapon programs.vollum b widely believed isolated william a. boyles yearold scientist us army biological warfare laboratories camp later fort detrick maryland died accidentally infected vollum strain.us air force researchers developed vaccine strain produce improved anthrax vaccine requires minimal number injections achieve maintain longterm immunity.designated allsgifford curlicue strain.society culture site cleanup anthrax spores survive long periods time environment release.chemical methods cleaning anthraxcontaminated sites materials may use oxidizing agents peroxides ethylene oxide sandia foam chlorine dioxide used hart senate office building peracetic acid ozone gas hypochlorous acid sodium persulfate liquid bleach products containing sodium hypochlorite. |
Anthrax | nonoxidizing agents shown effective anthrax decontamination include methyl bromide formaldehyde metam sodium.agents destroy bacterial spores.aforementioned anthrax decontamination technologies demonstrated effective laboratory tests conducted us epa others.decontamination techniques bacillus anthracis spores affected material spores associated environmental factors temperature humidity microbiological factors spore species anthracis strain test methods used.a bleach solution treating hard surfaces approved epa.chlorine dioxide emerged preferred biocide anthraxcontaminated sites employed treatment numerous government buildings past decade.chief drawback need situ processes reactant demand.to speed process trace amounts nontoxic catalyst composed iron tetroamido macrocyclic ligands combined sodium carbonate bicarbonate converted spray. |
Anthrax | spray formula applied infested area followed another spray containing tertbutyl hydroperoxide.using catalyst method complete destruction anthrax spores achieved minutes.standard catalystfree spray destroys fewer half spores amount time.cleanups senate office building several contaminated postal facilities us government private office buildings collaborative effort headed environmental protection agency showed decontamination possible timeconsuming costly.clearing senate office building anthrax spores cost million according government accountability office.cleaning brentwood postal facility washington cost million took months.since newer less costly methods developed.cleanup anthraxcontaminated areas ranches wild much problematic. |
Anthrax | carcasses may burned though often days needed burn large carcass feasible areas little wood.carcasses may also buried though burying large animals deeply enough prevent resurfacing spores requires much manpower expensive tools.carcasses soaked formaldehyde kill spores though environmental contamination issues.block burning vegetation large areas enclosing anthrax outbreak tried environmentally destructive causes healthy animals move away area carcasses search fresh grass.wildlife workers experimented covering fresh anthrax carcasses shadecloth heavy objects. |
Anthrax | prevents scavengers opening carcasses thus allowing putrefactive bacteria within carcass kill vegetative b. anthracis cells preventing sporulation.method also drawbacks scavengers hyenas capable infiltrating almost exclosure.the experimental site gruinard island said decontaminated mixture formaldehyde seawater ministry defence.clear whether similar treatments applied us test sites.biological warfare anthrax spores used biological warfare weapon.first modern incidence occurred nordic rebels supplied german general staff used anthrax unknown results imperial russian army finland . |
Anthrax | anthrax first tested biological warfare agent unit japanese kwantung army manchuria testing involved intentional infection prisoners war thousands died.anthrax designated time agent n also investigated allies s.a long history practical bioweapons research exists area.example british bioweapons trials severely contaminated gruinard island scotland anthrax spores vollum strain making nogo area decontaminated .gruinard trials involved testing effectiveness submunition nbomb – biological weapon containing dried anthrax spores.additionally five million cattle cakes animal feed pellets impregnated anthrax spores prepared stored porton operation vegetarian – anti livestock attacks germany made royal air force. |
Anthrax | plan anthraxbased biological weapons dropped germany .however edible cattle cakes bomb used cattle cakes incinerated late .weaponized anthrax part us stockpile prior united states signed biological weapons convention.president nixon ordered dismantling us biowarfare programs destruction existing stockpiles bioweapons.– rhodesian government used anthrax cattle humans campaign rebels.soviet union created stored tons anthrax spores kantubek vozrozhdeniya island abandoned destroyed .american military british army personnel longer routinely vaccinated anthrax prior active service places biological attacks considered threat. |
Anthrax | sverdlovsk incident april despite signing agreement end bioweapon production government soviet union active bioweapons program included production hundreds tons anthrax period.april one million people living sverdlovsk called ekaterinburg russia kilometres mi east moscow exposed accidental release anthrax biological weapons complex located near there.least people infected least died.one victim died four days release eightday period peak deaths last six weeks later.extensive cleanup vaccinations medical interventions managed save victims. |
Anthrax | extensive coverups destruction records kgb continued russian president boris yeltsin admitted anthrax accident .jeanne guillemin reported combined russian united states team investigated accident .nearly nightshift workers ceramics plant directly across street biological facility compound became infected died.since men nato governments suspected soviet union developed sexspecific weapon.government blamed outbreak consumption anthraxtainted meat ordered confiscation uninspected meat entered city.also ordered stray dogs shot people contact sick animals. |
Anthrax | also voluntary evacuation anthrax vaccination program established people .to support coverup story soviet medical legal journals published articles outbreak livestock caused gi anthrax people consumed infected meat cutaneous anthrax people come contact animals.medical public health records confiscated kgb.addition medical problems outbreak caused also prompted western countries suspicious covert soviet bioweapons program increase surveillance suspected sites.us government allowed investigate incident concluded exposure aerosol anthrax military weapons facility.president yeltsin admitted absolutely certain rumors soviet union violating bioweapons treaty true. |
Anthrax | soviet union like us uk agreed submit information un bioweapons programs omitted known facilities never acknowledged weapons program.anthrax bioterrorism theory anthrax spores cultivated minimal special equipment firstyear collegiate microbiological education.to make large amounts aerosol form anthrax suitable biological warfare requires extensive practical knowledge training highly advanced equipment.concentrated anthrax spores used bioterrorism anthrax attacks united states delivered mailing postal letters containing spores.letters sent several news media offices two democratic senators tom daschle south dakota patrick leahy vermont.result infected five died.grams material used attacks august us department justice announced believed bruce ivins senior biodefense researcher employed united states government responsible. |
Anthrax | events also spawned many anthrax hoaxes.due events us postal service installed biohazard detection systems major distribution centers actively scan anthrax transported mail.positive alerts systems occurred.decontaminating mail response postal anthrax attacks hoaxes united states postal service sterilized mail using gamma irradiation treatment proprietary enzyme formula supplied sipco industries.a scientific experiment performed high school student later published journal medical toxicology suggested domestic electric iron hottest setting least °f °c used least minutes destroy anthrax spores common postal envelope.popular culture aldous huxleys dystopian novel brave new world anthrax bombs mentioned primary weapon means original modern society terrorized large part eradicated replaced dystopian society.the climax british film loves joanna godden involves death key character anthrax.composer ralph vaughan williams provided affecting mood music scene.the episode diagnosis danger series alfred hitchcock presents concerns health department officials working contain anthrax outbreak.anthrax attacks featured storylines various television episodes films. |
Anthrax | criminal minds episode follows attempt identify attacker released anthrax spores public park.the american thrash metal band anthrax gets name disease.bbc drama silent witness follows criminal cases perspective forensic pathologists forensic scientists.series episodes expose case genetically modified anthrax.the book russian roulette anthony horowitz contains young protagonist described escaped anthrax outbreak.in film power dog directed jane campion based novel thomas savage key character dies septicemia caused anthrax.animals anthrax especially rare dogs cats evidenced single reported case united states .anthrax outbreaks occur wild animal populations regularity.russian researchers estimate arctic permafrost contains around .million anthraxinfected reindeer carcasses spores may survive permafrost years. |
TR-CERT | risk exists global warming arctic thaw permafrost releasing anthrax spores carcasses.anthrax outbreak reindeer linked yearold carcass defrosted heat wave.references external links anthrax curlieanthrax humans animals – textbook whoscientific american earthworms anthrax july pp.responsible analysis risk mitigation largescale cyber threats vulnerabilities communicating information regarding malicious cyber activity possible vulnerabilities computer security incident response teams csirt public.background trcert established th may within icta accordance .clause national cybersecurity strategy action plan turkish ulusal siber güvenlik stratejisi eylem planı issued cabinet turkey published official gazette republic turkey.mission mission trcert protect turkish governments citizens cyberspace taking measures protection critical infrastructures public private energy production distribution water management telecommunication institutions facilities turkey.trcert also takes proactive reactive actions toward cyber incidents would affect country whole botnets malware distributed denialofservice ddos attacks.there csirts cyber security professionals nearly every sector turkey coordinate trcert regarding cyber incidents. |
TR-CERT | csirts mostly institutional csirts csirt bank also industryspecific csirts coordinate trcert csirt finance industry.activities cyber star turkish siber yıldız hour online capturetheflag cybersecurity competition organized trcert contestants working either teams individually latest competition held february .previous cyber star event held january trcert nearly contestants successful contestants hired trcert later on.in december trcert organized cyber shield international cybersecurity exercise simulated cyber attacks malware phishing industrial control systems ics.held icta headquarters ankara contestants countries competed identify cybersecurity emergencies take necessary measures within scenarios technical infrastructure prepared trcert.exercise supported international telecommunication union itu agency united nations cybersecurity alliance mutual progress camp. |
TR-CERT | international cyber shield organized increase preparedness combat cybersecurity incidents foster international cooperation dealing them.on th february trcerts security operations center soc officially opened attendance president turkey recep tayyip erdoğan.speaking opening ceremony recep tayyip erdoğan saidwe aim turkey consumer technology also country designs develops produces markets technologies world.security dimension digital transformation least important physical defense countries.cooperating icta academy turkish btk akademi trcert given various cybersecurity trainings ranging web application security computer forensics.similarly trcert gives oneonone handson training cybersecurity enthusiasts fetih cyber drill fieldsome events organized andor attended trcert includetrcert csirt advisory meetingsenergy sector csirts meetingnato cmx cmx crisis management exercisesdue trcerts contribution cybersecurity ecosystem turkey years ranking turkey global cybersecurity index gti published itu went ranks going within year.trcert accredited trusted introducer also member forum incident response security teams first organisation islamic cooperations oic computer emergency response team oiccert.references external links official websiteofficial twittertrcert firsttrcert trusted introducer |
COVID-19 | first known case identified wuhan china december .disease since spread worldwide leading ongoing pandemic.symptoms covid‑ variable often include fever cough headache fatigue breathing difficulties loss smell loss taste.symptoms may begin one fourteen days exposure virus.least third people infected develop noticeable symptoms.people develop symptoms noticeable enough classed patients develop mild moderate symptoms mild pneumonia develop severe symptoms dyspnea hypoxia lung involvement imaging suffer critical symptoms respiratory failure shock multiorgan dysfunction. |
COVID-19 | older people higher risk developing severe symptoms.people continue experience range effects long covid months recovery damage organs observed.multiyear studies underway investigate longterm effects disease.covid‑ transmits people breathe air contaminated droplets small airborne particles containing virus.risk breathing highest people close proximity inhaled longer distances particularly indoors.transmission also occur splashed sprayed contaminated fluids eyes nose mouth rarely via contaminated surfaces. |
COVID-19 | people remain contagious days spread virus even develop symptoms.several testing methods developed diagnose disease.standard diagnostic method detection viruss nucleic acid realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rrtpcr transcriptionmediated amplification tma reverse transcription loopmediated isothermal amplification rtlamp nasopharyngeal swab.several covid vaccines approved distributed various countries initiated mass vaccination campaigns.preventive measures include physical social distancing quarantining ventilation indoor spaces covering coughs sneezes hand washing keeping unwashed hands away face.use face masks coverings recommended public settings minimize risk transmissions.work underway develop drugs inhibit virus primary treatment symptomatic. |
COVID-19 | management involves treatment symptoms supportive care isolation experimental measures.nomenclature initial outbreak wuhan virus disease commonly referred coronavirus wuhan coronavirus disease sometimes called wuhan pneumonia.past many diseases named geographical locations spanish flu middle east respiratory syndrome zika virus.january world health organization recommended ncov ncov acute respiratory disease interim names virus disease per guidance international guidelines using geographical locations groups people disease virus names prevent social stigma.official names covid‑ sarscov issued february . |
COVID-19 | directorgeneral tedros adhanom explained co stands corona vi virus disease year outbreak first identified.additionally uses covid‑ virus virus responsible covid‑ public communications.signs symptoms cause covid‑ caused infection strain coronavirus known severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sarscov.transmission virology severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sarscov novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.first isolated three people pneumonia connected cluster acute respiratory illness cases wuhan. |
COVID-19 | structural features novel sarscov virus particle occur related coronaviruses nature.outside human body virus destroyed household soap bursts protective bubble.sarscov closely related original sarscov.thought animal zoonotic origin.genetic analysis revealed coronavirus genetically clusters genus betacoronavirus subgenus sarbecovirus lineage b together two batderived strains.identical whole genome level bat coronavirus samples batcov ratg.structural proteins sarscov include membrane glycoprotein envelope protein e nucleocapsid protein n spike protein s. protein sarscov similar protein bat sarscov maintains around homology pangolin sarscov homology protein sarscov whereas similarity around protein merscov. |
COVID-19 | sarscov variants many thousands sarscov variants grouped either clades lineages.collaboration partners expert networks national authorities institutions researchers established nomenclature systems naming tracking sarscov genetic lineages gisaid nextstrain pango.present time expert group convened recommended labeling variants using letters greek alphabet example alpha beta delta gamma giving justification easier practical discussed nonscientific audiences.nextstrain divides variants five clades b b c gisaid divides seven l v g gh gr.pango tool groups variants lineages many circulating lineages classed b. lineage.several notable variants sarscov emerged throughout . |
COVID-19 | cluster emerged among minks mink farmers denmark.strict quarantines mink euthanasia campaign cluster assessed longer circulating among humans denmark february .as december five dominant variants sarscov spreading among global populations alpha variant b... formerly called uk variant first found london kent beta variant b.. formerly called south africa variant gamma variant p. formerly called brazil variant delta variant b... formerly called india variant omicron variant b... spread countries december.pathophysiology sarscov virus infect wide range cells systems body.covid‑ known affecting upper respiratory tract sinuses nose throat lower respiratory tract windpipe lungs.lungs organs affected covid‑ virus accesses host cells via receptor enzyme angiotensinconverting enzyme ace abundant surface type ii alveolar cells lungs. |
COVID-19 | virus uses special surface glycoprotein called spike connect ace receptor enter host cell.respiratory tract following viral entry covid‑ infects ciliated epithelium nasopharynx upper airways.nervous system one common symptom loss smell results infection support cells olfactory epithelium subsequent damage olfactory neurons.involvement central peripheral nervous system covid‑ reported many medical publications.clear many people covid exhibit neurological mental health issues. |
COVID-19 | virus detected cns majority covid patients neurological issues.however sarscov detected low levels brains died covid‑ results need confirmed.virus detected cerebrospinal fluid autopsies exact mechanism invades cns remains unclear may first involve invasion peripheral nerves given low levels ace brain.virus may also enter bloodstream lungs cross bloodbrain barrier gain access cns possibly within infected white blood cell.gastrointestinal tract virus also affects gastrointestinal organs ace abundantly expressed glandular cells gastric duodenal rectal epithelium well endothelial cells enterocytes small intestine. |
COVID-19 | cardiovascular system virus cause acute myocardial injury chronic damage cardiovascular system.acute cardiac injury found infected people admitted hospital wuhan china frequent severe disease.rates cardiovascular symptoms high owing systemic inflammatory response immune system disorders disease progression acute myocardial injuries may also related ace receptors heart.ace receptors highly expressed heart involved heart function.high incidence thrombosis venous thromboembolism found people transferred intensive care units icu covid‑ infections may related poor prognosis. |
COVID-19 | blood vessel dysfunction clot formation suggested high ddimer levels caused blood clots thought play significant role mortality incidences clots leading pulmonary embolisms ischaemic events within brain noted complications leading death people infected sarscov.infection appears set chain vasoconstrictive responses within body constriction blood vessels within pulmonary circulation also posited mechanism oxygenation decreases alongside presentation viral pneumonia.furthermore microvascular arterioles capillaries blood vessel damage reported small number tissue samples brains – without detected sarscov – olfactory bulbs died covid‑.covid‑ also found cause substantial – including morphological mechanical – changes blood cells – increased sizes – sometimes persisting months hospital discharge.organs another common cause death complications related kidneys. |
COVID-19 | early reports show hospitalized patients china new york experienced injury kidneys including persons previous kidney problems.autopsies people died covid‑ found diffuse alveolar damage lymphocytecontaining inflammatory infiltrates within lung.immunopathology although sarscov tropism aceexpressing epithelial cells respiratory tract people severe covid‑ symptoms systemic hyperinflammation.clinical laboratory findings elevated il‑ il‑ il‑ granulocytemacrophage colonystimulating factor gm‑csf interferon gammainduced protein ip‑ monocyte chemoattractant protein mcp macrophage inflammatory protein ‑alpha mip‑‑alpha tumour necrosis factor tnf‑α indicative cytokine release syndrome crs suggest underlying immunopathology.additionally people covid‑ acute respiratory distress syndrome ards classical serum biomarkers crs including elevated creactive protein crp lactate dehydrogenase ldh ddimer ferritin.systemic inflammation results vasodilation allowing inflammatory lymphocytic monocytic infiltration lung heart.particular pathogenic gmcsfsecreting cells shown correlate recruitment inflammatory ilsecreting monocytes severe lung pathology people covid‑.lymphocytic infiltrates also reported autopsy. |
COVID-19 | viral host factors virus proteins multiple viral host factors affect pathogenesis virus.sprotein otherwise known spike protein viral component attaches host receptor via ace receptors.includes two subunits s. determines virushost range cellular tropism via receptorbinding domain.mediates membrane fusion virus potential cell host via h hr heptad repeat regions.studies shown domain induced igg iga antibody levels much higher capacity. |
COVID-19 | focus spike proteins expression involved many effective covid‑ vaccines.the protein viral protein responsible transmembrane transport nutrients.cause bud release formation viral envelope.n e protein accessory proteins interfere hosts immune response.host factors human angiotensin converting enzyme hace host factor sarscov virus targets causing covid‑.theoretically usage angiotensin receptor blockers arb ace inhibitors upregulating ace expression might increase morbidity covid‑ though animal data suggest potential protective effect arb however clinical studies proven susceptibility outcomes. |
COVID-19 | data available guidelines recommendations hypertensive patients remain.the effect virus ace cell surfaces leads leukocytic infiltration increased blood vessel permeability alveolar wall permeability well decreased secretion lung surfactants.effects cause majority respiratory symptoms.however aggravation local inflammation causes cytokine storm eventually leading systemic inflammatory response syndrome.among healthy adults exposed sarscov cd cells recognize sarscov protein particularly subunit react proteins virus suggesting crossreactivity previous common colds caused coronaviruses.it unknown whether different persons use similar antibody genes response covid‑.host cytokine response severity inflammation attributed severity known cytokine storm.levels interleukin b interferongamma interferoninducible protein monocyte chemoattractant protein associated covid‑ disease severity. |
COVID-19 | treatment proposed combat cytokine storm remains one leading causes morbidity mortality covid‑ disease.a cytokine storm due acute hyperinflammatory response responsible clinical illness array diseases covid‑ related worse prognosis increased fatality.storm causes acute respiratory distress syndrome blood clotting events strokes myocardial infarction encephalitis acute kidney injury vasculitis.production il il il tnfalpha interferongamma crucial components normal immune responses inadvertently become causes cytokine storm.cells central nervous system microglia neurons astrocytes also involved release proinflammatory cytokines affecting nervous system effects cytokine storms toward cns uncommon.pregnancy response many unknowns pregnant women covid‑ pandemic. |
COVID-19 | given prone suffering complications severe disease infection types coronaviruses identified vulnerable group advised take supplementary preventive measures.physiological responses pregnancy includeimmunological immunological response covid like viruses depends working immune system.adapts pregnancy allow development fetus whose genetic load partially shared mother leading different immunological reaction infections course pregnancy.respiratory many factors make pregnant women vulnerable hard respiratory infections.one total reduction lungs capacity inability clear secretions.coagulation pregnancy higher levels circulating coagulation factors pathogenesis sarscov infection implicated.thromboembolic events associated mortality risk pregnant women.however evidence base difficult conclude whether pregnant women increased risk grave consequences virus.in addition clinical studies proved sarscov affect period pregnancy different ways.one hand little evidence impact weeks gestation. |
COVID-19 | hand covid infection may cause increased rates unfavorable outcomes course pregnancy.examples could fetal growth restriction preterm birth perinatal mortality refers fetal death past completed weeks pregnancy well death among liveborn children seven completed days life.unvaccinated women later stages pregnancy covid likely patients need intensive care.babies born mothers covid likely breathing problems.pregnant women strongly encouraged get vaccinated.diagnosis covid‑ provisionally diagnosed basis symptoms confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rtpcr nucleic acid testing infected secretions. |
COVID-19 | along laboratory testing chest ct scans may helpful diagnose covid‑ individuals high clinical suspicion infection.detection past infection possible serological tests detect antibodies produced body response infection.viral testing standard methods testing presence sarscov nucleic acid tests detects presence viral rna fragments.tests detect rna infectious virus ability determine duration infectivity patients limited.test typically done respiratory samples obtained nasopharyngeal swab however nasal swab sputum sample may also used. |
COVID-19 | results generally available within hours.published several testing protocols disease.several laboratories companies developed serological tests detect antibodies produced body response infection.several evaluated public health england approved use uk.the university oxfords cebm pointed mounting evidence good proportion new mild cases people retesting positives quarantine discharge hospital infectious simply clearing harmless virus particles immune system efficiently dealt called international effort standardize periodically calibrate testing september uk government issued guidance procedures implemented laboratories provide assurance positive sarscov rna results periods low prevalence reduction predictive value positive test results.imaging chest ct scans may helpful diagnose covid‑ individuals high clinical suspicion infection recommended routine screening.bilateral multilobar groundglass opacities peripheral asymmetric posterior distribution common early infection. |
COVID-19 | subpleural dominance crazy paving lobular septal thickening variable alveolar filling consolidation may appear disease progresses.characteristic imaging features chest radiographs computed tomography ct people symptomatic include asymmetric peripheral groundglass opacities without pleural effusions.many groups created covid‑ datasets include imagery italian radiological society compiled international online database imaging findings confirmed cases.due overlap infections adenovirus imaging without confirmation rrtpcr limited specificity identifying covid‑.large study china compared chest ct results pcr demonstrated though imaging less specific infection faster sensitive.coding late assigned emergency icd disease codes u. deaths labconfirmed sarscov infection u. deaths clinically epidemiologically diagnosed covid‑ without labconfirmed sarscov infection. |
COVID-19 | pathology main pathological findings autopsy aremacroscopy pericarditis lung consolidation pulmonary oedemalung findingsminor serous exudation minor fibrin exudationpulmonary oedema pneumocyte hyperplasia large atypical pneumocytes interstitial inflammation lymphocytic infiltration multinucleated giant cell formationdiffuse alveolar damage dad diffuse alveolar exudates.dad cause acute respiratory distress syndrome ards severe hypoxemia.organisation exudates alveolar cavities pulmonary interstitial fibrosisplasmocytosis balblood vessels disseminated intravascular coagulation dic leukoerythroblastic reaction endotheliitis hemophagocytosisheart cardiac muscle cell necrosisliver microvesicular steatosisnose shedding olfactory epitheliumbrain infarctionkidneys acute tubular damage.spleen white pulp depletion.prevention preventive measures reduce chances infection include getting vaccinated staying home wearing mask public avoiding crowded places keeping distance others ventilating indoor spaces managing potential exposure durations washing hands soap water often least twenty seconds practising good respiratory hygiene avoiding touching eyes nose mouth unwashed hands.those diagnosed covid‑ believe may infected advised cdc stay home except get medical care call ahead visiting healthcare provider wear face mask entering healthcare providers office room vehicle another person cover coughs sneezes tissue regularly wash hands soap water avoid sharing personal household items.the first covid‑ vaccine granted regulatory approval december uk medicines regulator mhra.evaluated emergency use authorization eua status us fda several countries.initially us national institutes health guidelines recommend medication prevention covid‑ exposure sarscov virus outside setting clinical trial. |
COVID-19 | without vaccine prophylactic measures effective treatments key part managing covid‑ trying decrease delay epidemic peak known flattening curve.done slowing infection rate decrease risk health services overwhelmed allowing better treatment active cases delaying additional cases effective treatments vaccine become available.vaccine face masks respiratory hygiene us cdc recommend individuals wear nonmedical face coverings public settings increased risk transmission social distancing measures difficult maintain.recommendation meant reduce spread disease asymptomatic presymptomatic individuals complementary established preventive measures social distancing.face coverings limit volume travel distance expiratory droplets dispersed talking breathing coughing. |
COVID-19 | face covering without vents holes also filter particles containing virus inhaled exhaled air reducing chances infection.mask include exhalation valve wearer infected maybe without noticed asymptomatic would transmit virus outwards despite certification have.masks exhalation valve infected wearers reliable stop pandemic large scale.many countries local jurisdictions encourage mandate use face masks cloth face coverings members public limit spread virus.masks also strongly recommended may infected taking care someone may disease.wearing mask cdc recommends covering mouth nose tissue coughing sneezing recommends using inside elbow tissue available. |
COVID-19 | proper hand hygiene cough sneeze encouraged.healthcare professionals interacting directly people covid‑ advised use respirators least protective nioshcertified n equivalent addition personal protective equipment.indoor ventilation avoiding crowded indoor spaces cdc recommends crowded indoor spaces avoided.indoors increasing rate air change decreasing recirculation air increasing use outdoor air reduce transmission.recommends ventilation air filtration public spaces help clear infectious aerosols.exhaled respiratory particles buildup within enclosed spaces inadequate ventilation. |
COVID-19 | risk covid‑ infection increases especially spaces people engage physical exertion raise voice e.g.exercising shouting singing increases exhalation respiratory droplets.prolonged exposure conditions typically minutes leads higher risk infection.displacement ventilation large natural inlets move stale air directly exhaust laminar flow significantly reducing concentration droplets particles.passive ventilation reduces energy consumption maintenance costs may lack controllability heat recovery.displacement ventilation also achieved mechanically higher energy maintenance costs. |
COVID-19 | use large ducts openings helps prevent mixing closed environments.recirculation mixing avoided recirculation prevents dilution harmful particles redistributes possibly contaminated air mixing increases concentration range infectious particles keeps larger particles air.handwashing hygiene thorough hand hygiene cough sneeze required.also recommends individuals wash hands often soap water least twenty seconds especially going toilet hands visibly dirty eating blowing ones nose.soap water available cdc recommends using alcoholbased hand sanitiser least alcohol. |
COVID-19 | areas commercial hand sanitisers readily available provides two formulations local production.formulations antimicrobial activity arises ethanol isopropanol.hydrogen peroxide used help eliminate bacterial spores alcohol active substance hand antisepsis.glycerol added humectant.social distancing social distancing also known physical distancing includes infection control actions intended slow spread disease minimising close contact individuals. |
COVID-19 | methods include quarantines travel restrictions closing schools workplaces stadiums theatres shopping centres.individuals may apply social distancing methods staying home limiting travel avoiding crowded areas using nocontact greetings physically distancing others.many governments mandating recommending social distancing regions affected outbreak.outbreaks occurred prisons due crowding inability enforce adequate social distancing.united states prisoner population aging many high risk poor outcomes covid‑ due high rates coexisting heart lung disease poor access highquality healthcare.surface cleaning expelled body coronaviruses survive surfaces hours days. |
COVID-19 | person touches dirty surface may deposit virus eyes nose mouth enter body cause infection.evidence indicates contact infected surfaces main driver covid‑ leading recommendations optimised disinfection procedures avoid issues increase antimicrobial resistance use inappropriate cleaning products processes.deep cleaning surface sanitation criticized hygiene theater giving false sense security something primarily spread air.the amount time virus survive depends significantly type surface temperature humidity.coronaviruses die quickly exposed uv light sunlight.like enveloped viruses sarscov survives longest temperature room temperature lower relative humidity low .on many surfaces including glass types plastic stainless steel skin virus remain infective several days indoors room temperature even week ideal conditions. |
COVID-19 | surfaces including cotton fabric copper virus usually dies hours.virus dies faster porous surfaces nonporous surfaces due capillary action within pores faster aerosol droplet evaporation.however many surfaces tested two longest survival times n respirator masks surgical masks considered porous surfaces.the cdc says situations cleaning surfaces soap detergent disinfecting enough reduce risk transmission.cdc recommends covid‑ case suspected confirmed facility office day care areas offices bathrooms common areas shared electronic equipment like tablets touch screens keyboards remote controls atm machines used ill persons disinfected.surfaces may decontaminated – percent ethanol – percent isopropanol . |
COVID-19 | percent sodium hypochlorite .percent hydrogen peroxide .–.percent povidoneiodine.solutions benzalkonium chloride chlorhexidine gluconate less effective.ultraviolet germicidal irradiation may also used. |
COVID-19 | datasheet comprising authorised substances disinfection food industry including suspension surface tested kind surface use dilution disinfectant inocuylum volumes seen supplementary material of.selfisolation selfisolation home recommended diagnosed covid‑ suspect infected.health agencies issued detailed instructions proper selfisolation.many governments mandated recommended selfquarantine entire populations.strongest selfquarantine instructions issued highrisk groups. |
COVID-19 | may exposed someone covid‑ recently travelled country region widespread transmission advised selfquarantine days time last possible exposure.healthy diet lifestyle harvard t.h.chan school public health recommends healthy diet physically active managing psychological stress getting enough sleep.consistently meeting scientific guidelines minutes per week exercise similar physical activity shown associated smaller risk hospitalisation death due covid‑ even considering likely risk factors elevated body mass index bmi.a metaanalysis published online october concluded vitamin supplementation sarscov positive patients potential positively impact patients mild severe symptoms.largest observational study subject using online questionnaires participants dosage regime near rdi set conclude july .one collaborators study synergy biologics ltd manufacturer vitamin supplements. |
COVID-19 | international travelrelated control measures cochrane rapid review found based upon lowcertainty evidence international travelrelated control measures restricting crossborder travel may help contain spread covid‑.additionally symptomexposurebased screening measures borders may miss many positive cases.testbased border screening measures may effective could also miss many positive cases conducted upon arrival without followup.review concluded minimum day quarantine may beneficial preventing spread covid‑ may effective combined additional control measure like border screening.treatment prognosis severity covid‑ varies. |
COVID-19 | disease may take mild course symptoms resembling common upper respiratory diseases common cold.– cases .age symptoms severe enough cause hospitalization.mild cases typically recover within two weeks severe critical diseases may take three six weeks recover.among died time symptom onset death ranged two eight weeks. |
COVID-19 | italian istituto superiore di sanità reported median time onset symptoms death twelve days seven hospitalised.however people transferred icu median time ten days hospitalisation death.prolonged prothrombin time elevated creactive protein levels admission hospital associated severe course covid‑ transfer icu.some early studies suggest people covid‑ experience symptoms lasting longer month.majority admitted hospital severe disease report longterm problems including fatigue shortness breath.october chief tedros adhanom warned significant number people covid virus poses range serious longterm effects. |
COVID-19 | described vast spectrum covid‑ symptoms fluctuate time really concerning.range fatigue cough shortness breath inflammation injury major organs – including lungs heart also neurological psychologic effects.symptoms often overlap affect system body.infected people reported cyclical bouts fatigue headaches months complete exhaustion mood swings symptoms.tedros therefore concluded strategy achieving herd immunity infection rather vaccination morally unconscionable unfeasible.in terms hospital readmissions individuals return hospital treatment within two months discharge. |
COVID-19 | average readmit eight days since first hospital visit.several risk factors identified cause multiple admissions hospital facility.among advanced age years age presence chronic condition diabetes copd heart failure chronic kidney disease.according scientific reviews smokers likely require intensive care die compared nonsmokers.acting ace pulmonary receptors affected smoking air pollution correlated disease.short term chronic exposure air pollution seems enhance morbidity mortality covid‑. |
COVID-19 | preexisting heart lung diseases also obesity especially conjunction fatty liver disease contributes increased health risk covid‑.it also assumed immunocompromised higher risk getting severely sick sarscov.one research looked covid‑ infections hospitalized kidney transplant recipients found mortality rate .genetics also plays important role ability fight disease.instance produce detectable type interferons produce autoantibodies may get much sicker covid‑.genetic screening able detect interferon effector genes.children young children experienced lower rates infection older children rate infection similar population whole. |
COVID-19 | children likely milder symptoms lower risk severe disease adults.cdc reports us roughly third hospitalized children admitted icu european multinational study hospitalized children june found children admitted hospital needed intensive care.four children .european study died actual mortality rate may substantially lower since milder cases seek medical help included study.complications complications may include pneumonia acute respiratory distress syndrome ards multiorgan failure septic shock death. |
COVID-19 | cardiovascular complications may include heart failure arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation heart inflammation thrombosis particularly venous thromboembolism.approximately – people present covid‑ elevated liver enzymes reflecting liver injury.neurologic manifestations include seizure stroke encephalitis guillain–barré syndrome includes loss motor functions.following infection children may develop paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome symptoms similar kawasaki disease fatal.rare cases acute encephalopathy occur considered diagnosed covid‑ altered mental status.in case pregnant women important note according centers disease control prevention pregnant women increased risk becoming seriously ill covid‑.pregnant women covid‑ appear likely develop respiratory obstetric complications lead miscarriage premature delivery intrauterine growth restriction.fungal infections aspergillosis candidiasis cryptococcosis mucormycosis recorded patients recovering covid‑. |
COVID-19 | longerterm effects early studies suggest – people covid‑ experience symptoms lasting longer month.majority admitted hospital severe disease report longterm problems including fatigue shortness breath.– patients admitted hospital progress severe critical disease including pneumonia acute respiratory failure.by variety mechanisms lungs organs affected covid‑.people requiring hospital admission ct scans performed show lung abnormalities days illness even clinically improved.people advanced age severe disease prolonged icu stays smoke likely longlasting effects including pulmonary fibrosis.overall approximately onethird investigated four weeks findings pulmonary fibrosis reduced lung function measured dlco even asymptomatic people suggestion continuing improvement passing time. |
COVID-19 | immunity immune response humans sarscov virus occurs combination cellmediated immunity antibody production infections.b cells interact cells begin dividing selection plasma cell partly basis affinity antigen.since sarscov human population since december remains unknown immunity longlasting people recover disease.presence neutralizing antibodies blood strongly correlates protection infection level neutralizing antibody declines time.asymptomatic mild disease undetectable levels neutralizing antibody two months infection. |
COVID-19 | another study level neutralizing antibodies fell fourfold one four months onset symptoms.however lack antibodies blood mean antibodies rapidly produced upon reexposure sarscov.memory b cells specific spike nucleocapsid proteins sarscov last least six months appearance symptoms.reinfection covid‑ possible uncommon.first case reinfection documented august .systematic review found cases confirmed reinfection medical literature may . |
COVID-19 | mortality several measures commonly used quantify mortality.numbers vary region time influenced volume testing healthcare system quality treatment options time since initial outbreak population characteristics age sex overall health.the mortality rate reflects number deaths within specific demographic group divided population demographic group.consequently mortality rate reflects prevalence well severity disease within given population.mortality rates highly correlated age relatively low rates young people relatively high rates among elderly.fact one relevant factor mortality rates age structure countries populations. |
COVID-19 | example case fatality rate covid‑ lower india us since indias younger population represents larger percentage us.case fatality rate case fatality rate cfr reflects number deaths divided number diagnosed cases within given time interval.based johns hopkins university statistics global deathtocase ratio .february .number varies region. |
COVID-19 | infection fatality rate key metric gauging severity covid‑ infection fatality rate ifr also referred infection fatality ratio infection fatality risk.metric calculated dividing total number deaths disease total number infected individuals hence contrast cfr ifr incorporates asymptomatic undiagnosed infections well reported cases.estimates december systematic review metaanalysis estimated population ifr first wave pandemic .many locations including france netherlands new zealand portugal locations australia england lithuania spain exceeded italy.study also found differences ifr reflected corresponding differences age composition population agespecific infection rates particular metaregression estimate ifr low children younger adults e.g. |
COVID-19 | .age .age increases progressively .age .age . |
COVID-19 | age age .results also highlighted december report issued who.an analysis ifr rates indicates covid‑ hazardous elderly also middleaged adults infection fatality rate covid two orders magnitude greater annualized risk fatal automobile accident far dangerous seasonal influenza.earlier estimates ifr early stage pandemic world health organization reported estimates ifr ..july whos chief scientist reported average ifr estimate presented twoday expert forum .. august found studies incorporating data broad serology testing europe showed ifr estimates converging approximately .–. |
COVID-19 | firm lower limits ifrs established number locations new york city bergamo italy since ifr cannot less population fatality rate.sufficient time however people get reinfected.july new york city population .million individuals confirmed probable died covid‑ .population. |
COVID-19 | antibody testing new york city suggested ifr ... bergamo province .population died.september u.s. centers disease control prevention cdc reported preliminary estimates agespecific ifrs public health planning purposes.sex differences covid‑ case fatality rates higher among men women countries. |
COVID-19 | however countries like india nepal vietnam slovenia fatality cases higher women men.globally men likely admitted icu likely die.one metaanalysis found globally men likely get covid‑ women approximately men women per infections ci .–..the chinese center disease control prevention reported death rate .men .women. |
COVID-19 | later reviews june indicated significant difference susceptibility cfr genders.one review acknowledges different mortality rates chinese men suggesting may attributable lifestyle choices smoking drinking alcohol rather genetic factors.smoking countries like china mainly male activity habit contributes increasing significantly case fatality rates among men.sexbased immunological differences lesser prevalence smoking women men developing comorbid conditions hypertension younger age women could contributed higher mortality men.europe february infected people men died covid‑ men. |
COVID-19 | april us government tracking sexrelated data covid‑ infections.research shown viral illnesses like ebola hiv influenza sars affect men women differently.ethnic differences us greater proportion deaths due covid‑ occurred among african americans minority groups.structural factors prevent practicing social distancing include concentration crowded substandard housing essential occupations retail grocery workers public transit employees healthcare workers custodial staff.greater prevalence lacking health insurance care underlying conditions diabetes hypertension heart disease also increase risk death. |
COVID-19 | similar issues affect native american latino communities.one hand dominican republic clear example gender ethnic inequality.latin american territory great inequality precariousness especially affects dominican women greater emphasis haitian descent.according us health policy nonprofit american indian alaska native people aian nonelderly adults risk serious illness compared white nonelderly adults.source attributes disproportionately high rates many health conditions may put higher risk well living conditions like lack access clean water.leaders called efforts research address disparities. |
COVID-19 | uk greater proportion deaths due covid‑ occurred black asian ethnic minority background.severe impacts upon victims including relative incidence necessity hospitalization requirements vulnerability disease associated via dna analysis expressed genetic variants chromosomal region features associated european neanderthal heritage.structure imposes greater risks affected develop severe form disease.findings professor svante pääbo researchers leads max planck institute evolutionary anthropology karolinska institutet.admixture modern human neanderthal genes estimated occurred roughly years ago southern europe. |
COVID-19 | comorbidities biological factors immune response general behaviour habits strongly determine consequences covid‑.die covid‑ preexisting underlying conditions including hypertension diabetes mellitus cardiovascular disease.according march data united states hospitalised preexisting conditions.italian istituto superiore di sanità reported .deaths medical charts available . |
COVID-19 | people least one comorbidity average person .diseases.according report common comorbidities hypertension deaths type diabetes .deaths ischemic heart disease .deaths atrial fibrillation . |
COVID-19 | deaths chronic renal failure .deaths.most critical respiratory comorbidities according centers disease control prevention cdc moderate severe asthma preexisting copd pulmonary fibrosis cystic fibrosis.evidence stemming metaanalysis several smaller research papers also suggests smoking associated worse outcomes.someone existing respiratory problems infected covid‑ might greater risk severe symptoms.covid‑ also poses greater risk people misuse opioids methamphetamines insofar drug use may caused lung damage.in august cdc issued caution tuberculosis tb infections could increase risk severe illness death. |
COVID-19 | recommended people respiratory symptoms screened diseases testing positive covid‑ could rule coinfections.projections estimated reduced tb detection due pandemic could result .million additional tb cases .million tbrelated deaths .history virus thought natural animal origin likely spillover infection. |
COVID-19 | several theories index case originated investigations origin pandemic ongoing.phylogenetics estimates sarscov arose october november .phylogenetic algorithm analysis suggested virus may circulating guangdong wuhan.evidence suggests descends coronavirus infects wild bats spread humans intermediary wildlife host.possibility virus accidentally released laboratory also increasingly active consideration. |
COVID-19 | u.s intelligence agencies found virus developed biological weapon unlikely genetically engineered.the first confirmed human infections wuhan hubei china.study first cases confirmed covid‑ published january lancet reported earliest date onset symptoms december .official publications reported earliest onset symptoms december .humantohuman transmission confirmed chinese authorities january .according official chinese sources mostly linked huanan seafood wholesale market also sold live animals. |
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