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COVID-19 | may george gao director cdc said animal samples collected seafood market tested negative virus indicating market site early superspreading event site initial outbreak.traces virus found wastewater samples collected milan turin italy december .by december spread infection almost entirely driven humantohuman transmission.number covid cases hubei gradually increased reaching sixty december least december.december wuhan central hospital sent bronchoalveolar lavage fluid bal sample unresolved clinical case sequencing company vision medicals.december vision medicals informed wuhan central hospital chinese cdc results test showing new coronavirus. |
COVID-19 | pneumonia cluster unknown cause observed december treated doctor zhang jixian hubei provincial hospital informed wuhan jianghan cdc december.december test report addressed wuhan central hospital company capitalbio medlab stated erroneous positive result sars causing group doctors wuhan central hospital alert colleagues relevant hospital authorities result.wuhan municipal health commission issued notice various medical institutions treatment pneumonia unknown cause evening.eight doctors including li wenliang punished january later admonished police spreading false rumours another ai fen reprimanded superiors raising alarm.the wuhan municipal health commission made first public announcement pneumonia outbreak unknown cause december confirming cases – enough trigger investigation.during early stages outbreak number cases doubled approximately every seven half days.early midjanuary virus spread chinese provinces helped chinese new year migration wuhan transport hub major rail interchange. |
COVID-19 | january china reported nearly new cases one day including two people beijing one shenzhen.later official data shows people already developed symptoms may infected.report lancet january indicated human transmission strongly recommended personal protective equipment health workers said testing virus essential due pandemic potential.january declared covid public health emergency international concern.time outbreak spread factor times.italy first confirmed cases january two tourists china. |
COVID-19 | italy overtook china country deaths march .march united states overtaken china italy highest number confirmed cases world.research coronavirus genomes indicates majority covid cases new york came european travellers rather directly china asian country.retesting prior samples found person france virus december person united states died disease february .rtpcr testing untreated wastewater samples brazil italy suggested detection sarscov early november december respectively methods sewage studies optimised many peerreviewed details often missing risk false positives due contamination one gene target detected.september review journal article said possibility covid‑ infection already spread europe end last year indicated abundant even partially circumstantial evidence including pneumonia case numbers radiology france italy november december.as october reuters reported estimated worldwide total number deaths due covid‑ exceeded five million. |
COVID-19 | misinformation initial outbreak covid‑ misinformation disinformation regarding origin scale prevention treatment aspects disease rapidly spread online.in september us centers disease control prevention cdc published preliminary estimates risk death age groups united states estimates widely misreported misunderstood.species humans appear capable spreading virus animals type disease transmission referred zooanthroponosis.some pets especially cats ferrets catch virus infected humans.symptoms cats include respiratory cough digestive symptoms.cats spread virus cats may able spread virus humans cattohuman transmission sarscov proven.compared cats dogs less susceptible infection. |
COVID-19 | behaviors increase risk transmission include kissing licking petting animal.the virus appear able infect pigs ducks chickens all.mice rats rabbits infected unlikely involved spreading virus.tigers lions zoos become infected result contact infected humans.expected monkeys great ape species orangutans also infected covid‑ virus.minks family ferrets infected.minks may asymptomatic also spread virus humans.multiple countries identified infected animals mink farms. |
COVID-19 | denmark major producer mink pelts ordered slaughter minks fears viral mutations following outbreak referred cluster .vaccine mink animals researched.research international research vaccines medicines covid‑ underway government organisations academic groups industry researchers.cdc classified require bsl grade laboratory.great deal covid‑ research involving accelerated research processes publishing shortcuts meet global demand.as december hundreds clinical trials undertaken research happening every continent except antarctica. |
COVID-19 | november possible treatments studied humans far.transmission prevention research modelling research conducted several objectives including predictions dynamics transmission diagnosis prognosis infection estimation impact interventions allocation resources.modelling studies mostly based compartmental models epidemiology estimating number infected people time given conditions.several types models developed used covid‑ including computational fluid dynamics models study flow physics covid‑ retrofits crowd movement models study occupant exposure mobilitydata based models investigate transmission use macroeconomic models assess economic impact pandemic.conceptual frameworks crisis management research applied better understand effects covid‑ organizations worldwide. |
COVID-19 | treatmentrelated research repurposed antiviral drugs make research covid‑ treatments.candidates trials include vasodilators corticosteroids immune therapies lipoic acid bevacizumab recombinant angiotensinconverting enzyme .in march world health organization initiated solidarity trial assess treatment effects promising drugs experimental drug called remdesivir antimalarial drugs chloroquine hydroxychloroquine two antihiv drugs lopinavirritonavir interferonbeta.active clinical trials underway april .research antimalarial drugs hydroxychloroquine chloroquine showed ineffective best may reduce antiviral activity remdesivir.may france italy belgium banned use hydroxychloroquine covid‑ treatment.in june initial results randomised recovery trial united kingdom showed dexamethasone reduced mortality one third people critically ill ventilators one fifth receiving supplemental oxygen.welltested widely available treatment welcomed process updating treatment guidelines include dexamethasone steroids. |
COVID-19 | based preliminary results dexamethasone treatment recommended nih patients covid‑ mechanically ventilated require supplemental oxygen patients covid‑ require supplemental oxygen.in september released updated guidance using corticosteroids covid‑.recommends systemic corticosteroids rather systemic corticosteroids treatment people severe critical covid‑ strong recommendation based moderate certainty evidence.suggests use corticosteroids treatment people nonsevere covid‑ conditional recommendation based low certainty evidence.updated guidance based metaanalysis clinical trials critically ill covid‑ patients.in september european medicines agency ema endorsed use dexamethasone adults adolescents twelve years age weighing least kilograms lb require supplemental oxygen therapy.dexamethasone taken mouth given injection infusion drip vein.in november us food drug administration fda issued emergency use authorization investigational monoclonal antibody therapy bamlanivimab treatment mildtomoderate covid‑. |
COVID-19 | bamlanivimab authorized people positive results direct sarscov viral testing twelve years age older weighing least kilograms lb high risk progressing severe covid‑ hospitalization.includes years age older chronic medical conditions.in february fda issued emergency use authorization eua bamlanivimab etesevimab administered together treatment mild moderate covid‑ people twelve years age older weighing least kilograms lb test positive sars‑cov‑ high risk progressing severe covid‑.authorized use includes treatment years age older certain chronic medical conditions.in april fda revoked emergency use authorization eua allowed investigational monoclonal antibody therapy bamlanivimab administered alone used treatment mildtomoderate covid‑ adults certain pediatric patients.cytokine storm cytokine storm complication later stages severe covid‑.cytokine storm potentially deadly immune reaction large amount proinflammatory cytokines chemokines released quickly. |
COVID-19 | cytokine storm lead ards multiple organ failure.data collected jin yintan hospital wuhan china indicates patients severe responses covid‑ greater amounts proinflammatory cytokines chemokines system patients milder responses.high levels proinflammatory cytokines chemokines indicate presence cytokine storm.tocilizumab included treatment guidelines chinas national health commission small study completed.undergoing phase ii nonrandomised trial national level italy showing positive results people severe disease.combined serum ferritin blood test identify cytokine storm also called cytokine storm syndrome confused cytokine release syndrome meant counter developments thought cause death affected people. |
COVID-19 | interleukin receptor ilr antagonist approved fda undergo phase iii clinical trial assessing effectiveness covid‑ based retrospective case studies treatment steroidrefractory cytokine release syndrome induced different cause car cell therapy .randomised controlled evidence tocilizumab efficacious treatment crs.prophylactic tocilizumab shown increase serum il levels saturating ilr driving il across bloodbrain barrier exacerbating neurotoxicity effect incidence crs.lenzilumab antigmcsf monoclonal antibody protective murine models car cellinduced crs neurotoxicity viable therapeutic option due observed increase pathogenic gmcsf secreting cells hospitalised patients covid‑.passive antibodies transferring purified concentrated antibodies produced immune systems recovered covid‑ people need investigated nonvaccine method passive immunisation.viral neutralization anticipated mechanism action passive antibody therapy mediate defence sarscov. |
COVID-19 | spike protein sarscov primary target neutralizing antibodies.august eight neutralizing antibodies targeting spike protein sarscov entered clinical studies.proposed selection broadneutralizing antibodies sarscov sarscov might useful treating covid‑ also future sarsrelated cov infections.mechanisms however antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity phagocytosis may possible.forms passive antibody therapy example using manufactured monoclonal antibodies development.the use passive antibodies treat people active covid‑ also studied. |
COVID-19 | involves production convalescent serum consists liquid portion blood people recovered infection contains antibodies specific virus administered active patients.strategy tried sars inconclusive results.updated cochrane review may found high certainty evidence treatment people moderate severe covid‑ convalescent plasma reduce mortality bring symptom improvement.continues uncertainty safety convalescent plasma administration people covid‑ differing outcomes measured different studies limits use determining efficacy.bioethics since outbreak covid‑ pandemic scholars explored bioethics normative economics political theories healthcare policies related public health crisis. |
COVID-19 | academics pointed moral distress healthcare workers ethics distributing scarce healthcare resources ventilators global justice vaccine diplomacies.socioeconomic inequalities genders races groups disabilities communities regions countries continents also drawn attention academia general public.effect diseases pharmacy trade report march social distancing common wearing surgical masks similar common precaution covid‑ caused drop spread rate common cold flu.see also coronavirus diseases group closely related syndromesdisease x termlaw declining virulence – disproved claim host pathogen develop mutually benign relationship timetheory virulence – deadlier germ less likely spread references reading external links health agencies coronavirus disease covid‑ facts world health organization whocoronavirus covid us centers disease control prevention cdccoronavirus covid‑ uk national health service nhs directories coronavirus resource center center inquirycovid curliecovid‑ resource directory openmdcovid‑ information firemountain.net medical journals coronavirus disease covid‑ jamabmjs coronavirus covid‑ hub bmjnovel coronavirus information center elseviercovid‑ resource centre lancetcoronavirus covid‑ research highlights springer naturecoronavirus covid‑ new england journal medicinecovid‑ novel coronavirus wiley publishing treatment guidelines jhmi clinical recommendations available pharmacologic therapies covid pdf.johns hopkins medicine.bouncing back covid guide restoring movement pdf. |
COVID-19 | johns hopkins medicine.guidelines treatment management patients covid.infectious diseases society america.coronavirus disease covid treatment guidelines pdf.national institutes health.world health organization .therapeutics covid living guideline january report.hdl. |
Nankeen night heron | whoncovtherapeutics..nhs england nhs improvement.national guidance postcovid syndrome assessment clinics report.due distinctive reddishbrown colour also commonly referred rufous night heron.primarily nocturnal observed broad range habitats including forests meadows shores reefs marshes grasslands swamps.species cm length rich cinnamon upperparts white underparts.nankeen night heron stable population size classified species least concern international union conservation nature iucn.etymology term nankeen common name species defined ‘a type paleyellow cotton cloth originally china’ cambridge dictionary. |
Nankeen night heron | term originates city nanjing material first made.alternative name species rufous night heron word rufous refers reddishbrown colour accurately describes colour birds plumage.name widely used regions new guinea wallacea.the name species’ genus nycticorax means ‘night raven’ derived ancient greek words nuktos meaning night korax meaning raven.term comes primarily nocturnal feeding behaviour birds genus well crowlike croaking call nankeen night heron.description nankeen night heron mediumsized heron. |
Nankeen night heron | adult male cm length female slightly smaller measuring cm.weight varies g g wingspan ranges cm.females smaller measurements sexes nankeen night heron alike appearance.the nankeen night heron heavy black bill similar length head.face white cinnamon tint nape crown breeding adults greyblack.breeding season also usually two three thin white plumes crown downward direction neck. |
Nankeen night heron | tipped black newly grown.heron rich chestnut colour across upperparts colours intense breeding season.underparts nankeen night heron white gradual blend chestnut colour white neck upper breast.back tail upper wing bird rich rufous colour.iris straw yellow tinged orange breeding season legs feet creamy yellow. |
Nankeen night heron | legs relatively shorter herons become bright pink courtship early breeding.juvenile nankeen night herons quite different appearance compared adults top head nape blackbrown colour streaked beige.upper throat chin white rest neck heavily streaked brown.tail juveniles rufousbrown legs feet limegreen olivegrey bill dull oliveyellow colour black tip.nankeen night heron chicks covered dark brown feather back white undersides.cream coloured beaks dark grey edge legs olive.voiceadult male nankeen night herons give quarck sound departing roost night females juvenile nankeen night herons give higher pitched quook sound. |
Nankeen night heron | disturbed roosting heron gives short deep quock.nankeen night heron gives hoarse croaking quok flight harsh croak sound feeding group.threat call bird rok sound used aggregations.nankeen night heron chicks described beg kakkakkak call first two weeks order obtain attention parents feeding.also squawk dispute among themselves. |
Nankeen night heron | leaving nest period still flightless young nankeen night herons utter noisy highpitched screech alarmed.distribution habitat nankeen night herons broad distribution found australia new zealand philippines papua new guinea solomon islands java new caledonia palau caroline islands federated states micronesia.native australia widespread states country except west rare absent.nankeen night herons six subspecies includes bonin nankeen night heron nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris.subspecies endemic bonin islands japan extinct since late s.the nankeen night heron resident wide range habitats includes grasslands meadows forests lagoons beaches reefs marshes shores wetlands swamps. |
Nankeen night heron | commonly found near rivers streams.species prefer habitats emergent vegetation near permanent water.nankeen night heron mainly nocturnal thus roosts daytime dense cover trees bushes reeds.exposed situations also known roost dead trees.urban areas nankeen night heron favours nesting roosting trees cypresses pines. |
Nankeen night heron | also reside urban wetlands dry fields gardens ponds airports parks.behaviour nankeen night heron almost fully nocturnal.tend leave roosts shortly sunset active dusk dawn.attentive general including roosting vulnerable predators feeding.however species remain stable widespread current conservation measures.adult nankeen night herons australia observed partially migratory moving winter major events flood rainfall. |
Nankeen night heron | populations regularly migrate accordance seasonal shifts usually move north go far papua new guinea also arrive new zealand well pacific islands christmas island lord howe island cocoskeeling island.populations nankeen night heron classified sedentary hardly migrate all.when facing threats male nankeen night herons stand fully erect make rasping sounds snap bill signalling aggressive intentions.opponents get close agonistic behaviours male nankeen night heron includes pointing snapping bill waving wing crouching glaring opponent.records agonistic behaviour female nankeen night herons.breeding breeding occur yearround nankeen night heron primary breeding season october may australia february june java february may philippines. |
Nankeen night heron | timing species’ breeding also largely dependent feeding conditions food availability.nankeen night herons typically nest dense trees also nest marshes swamps.areas without vegetation species also build nests caves rock overhangs.often breed within large mixedspecies colonies include ibises cormorants heron species spoonbills.nests nankeen night herons loosely constructed sticks.typically cm diameter cm height large enough hold clutch. |
Nankeen night heron | nests constructed ground merely ring sticks prevents eggs rolling away.sticks collected male birds females arrange nest.building nests may take place daytime night.the colour species’ eggs pale greenblue clutch ranges two five.mean dimensions eggs .mm length . |
Nankeen night heron | mm width.incubation typically lasts days parents help incubate care young.nankeen night heron hatchlings altricial fledge around six seven weeks birth.chicks aggressive adults including parents approach nest.may leave nest around two weeks return fed. |
Nankeen night heron | fed away nest third week hatching.diet feeding main diet nankeen night heron consists mostly aquatic creatures including freshwater invertebrates crayfish sea turtle hatchlings crabs fish species like mosquito fish carp.among crayfish appears dominant prey.prey include frogs lizards mice well insects crickets water beetles ants wasps caterpillars dragonfly larvae.chicks nankeen night herons begin begging within hours hatching.initially given liquid food provided semisolid food days. |
Nankeen night heron | young fed first mouth mouth later adults regurgitating nest.nankeen night herons mainly forage night morning.typical foraging behaviour includes walking slowly looking shallow water prey.however also forage deep water plunging perches.primarily nocturnal species also feeds daytime breeding season ensure food availability young.conservation status nankeen night heron evaluated vulnerable iucn red list meet criteria. |
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense | species assessed stable fluctuating declining population trend large population size extremely large range estimated extent occurrence km.iucn red list states reasons nankeen night heron evaluated species least concern.various views plumages referencesproject initiated early response extreme data losses experienced organizations us defense industrial base.publication initially developed sans institute.ownership transferred council cyber security ccs transferred center internet security cis .originally known consensus audit guidelines also known cis csc cis ccs csc sans top cag .goals guidelines consist originally key actions called critical security controls csc organizations implement block mitigate known attacks. |
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense | controls designed primarily automated means used implement enforce monitor them.security controls give nononsense actionable recommendations cyber security written language that’s easily understood personnel.goals consensus audit guidelines includeleveraging cyber offense inform cyber defense focusing high payoff areasensuring security investments focused counter highest threatsmaximizing use automation enforce security controls thereby negating human errorsusing consensus process collect best ideas controls version released may https groups igs recommended guidance prioritize implementation cis controls.cis controls v defines implementation group ig basic cyber hygiene represents emerging minimum standard information security enterprises.ig onramp cis controls consists foundational set cyber defense safeguards.safeguards included ig every enterprise apply defend common attacks. |
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense | https comprises additional safeguards builds upon safeguards identified ig.the safeguards selected ig help security teams cope increased operational complexity.safeguards depend enterprisegrade technology specialized expertise properly install configure.an ig enterprise employs individuals responsible managing protecting infrastructure.enterprises typically support multiple departments differing risk profiles based job function mission.small enterprise units may regulatory compliance burdens.ig enterprises often store process sensitive client enterprise information withstand short interruptions service. |
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense | major concern loss public confidence breach occurs.implementation groups igs recommended guidance prioritize implementation cis controls.ig comprises additional safeguards.builds upon safeguards identified ig ig totaling safeguards cis controls v.an ig enterprise commonly employs security experts specialize different facets cybersecurity e.g.risk management penetration testing application security.ig assets data contain sensitive information functions subject regulatory compliance oversight.ig enterprise must address availability services confidentiality integrity sensitive data. |
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense | successful attacks cause significant harm public welfare.safeguards selected ig must abate targeted attacks sophisticated adversary reduce impact zeroday attacks.below list cis controls vcis control inventory control enterprise assetscis control inventory control software assetscis control data protectioncis control secure configuration enterprise assets softwarecis control account managementcis control access control managementcis control continuous vulnerability managementcis control audit log managementcis control email web browser protectionscis control malware defensescis control data recoverycis control network infrastructure managementcis control network monitoring defensecis control security awareness skills trainingcis control service provider managementcis control application software securitycis control incident response managementcis control penetration testinghttps .released april .csc inventory control hardware assetscsc inventory control software assetscsc continuous vulnerability assessment remediationcsc controlled use administrative privilegescsc secure configurations hardware software mobile devices laptops workstations serverscsc maintenance monitoring analysis audit logscsc email web browser protectionscsc malware defensescsc limitation control network ports protocols servicescsc data recovery capabilitiescsc secure configurations network devices firewalls routers switchescsc boundary defensecsc data protectioncsc controlled access based need knowcsc wireless access controlcsc account monitoring controlcsc implement security awareness training programcsc application software securitycsc incident response managementcsc penetration tests red team exercises implementation groups version .introduced implementation groups dividing controls sectionsimplementation group applicable companies small largeimplementation group additional controls storing sensitive informationimplementation group additional controls sensitive informationwith implementation groups smaller companies need comply cis controls.previous versions version .released april . |
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense | version .released february council cyber security ccs.version .released october .version .released august priorization version .version released march .version . |
The CIS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense | released april .compared version version .reprioritized controls changed two controls secure network engineering csc version deleted version ..csc email web browser protections added version ..in version controls reshuffled.controls considered basic foundational organizational.also released cis ram information security risk assessment method help implement cis controls reasonably.contributors consensus audit guidelines cag compiled consortium contributors us government agencies commercial forensics experts pen testers. |
Electron shell | authors initial draft include members ofus national security agency red team blue teamus department homeland security uscertus dod computer network defense architecture groupus dod joint task force – global network operations jtfgnous dod defense cyber crime center dcus department energy los alamos national lab three national labs.us department state office cisous air forceus army research laboratoryus department transportation office cious department health human services office cisous government accountability office gaomitre corporationthe sans institute notable results starting us department state began supplementing risk scoring program part using consensus audit guidelines.according departments measurements first year site scoring using approach department reduced overall risk key unclassified network nearly percent overseas sites percent domestic sites.external links “twenty critical security controls effective cyber defense” website center internet securitydirect link cis csc version pdf center internet securitydirect link cis csc version .pdf center internet security“addressing consensus audit guidelines cag symantec™ risk automation suite” whitepaper whitepaper symantec corporationfast track consensus audit guidelines cag compliance article article published blog sponsored lieberman software corporationcis controls introduction sans back basics whitepaper whitepaper tripwire inc.why agencies snub critical controlsthe controls arentcis risk assessment method ram v. cis controls vlink cis ram v. download authored center internet security halock security labs referencesclosest shell nucleus called shell also called k shell followed shell l shell shell shell farther farther nucleus.shells correspond principal quantum numbers n ... labeled alphabetically letters used xray notation k l ….each shell contain fixed number electrons first shell hold two electrons second shell hold eight electrons third shell hold on.general formula nth shell principle hold n electrons.explanation electrons exist shells see electron configuration.each shell consists one subshells subshell consists one atomic orbitals.history bohr model atom attempted arrangement electrons sequential orbits however time bohr continued increase inner orbit atom eight electrons atoms got larger. |
Electron shell | bohr built model electrons elements thus“from led following possible scheme arrangement electrons light atomsperiodic table bohr showing electron configurations second paper went th element.the shell terminology comes arnold sommerfelds modification bohr model.period bohr working walther kossel whose papers called orbits “shells.” sommerfeld retained bohrs planetary model added mildly elliptical orbits characterized additional quantum numbers ℓ explain fine spectroscopic structure elements.multiple electrons principal quantum number n close orbits formed shell positive thickness instead circular orbit bohrs model orbits called “rings” described plane.the existence electron shells first observed experimentally charles barklas henry moseleys xray absorption studies.moseley’s work directly concern study electron shells trying prove periodic table arranged weight charge protons nucleus.however neutral atom number electrons equals number protons work extremely important niels bohr mentioned moseley’s work several times interview . |
Electron shell | moseley part rutherford’s group niels bohr.moseley measured frequencies xrays emitted every element calcium zinc found frequencies became greater elements got heavier leading theory electrons emitting xrays shifted lower shells.led conclusion electrons kossel’s shells definite limit per shell labeling shells letters k l n p q. origin terminology alphabetic.barkla worked independently moseley xray spectrometry experimentalist first noticed two distinct types scattering shooting xrays elements named b. barkla described two types xray diffraction first unconnected type material used experiment could polarized.second diffraction beam called fluorescent depended irradiated material. |
Electron shell | known lines meant time barkla decided might scattering lines previous began k. however later experiments indicated k absorption lines produced innermost electrons.letters later found correspond n values etc.used bohr model.used spectroscopic siegbahn notation.the work assigning electrons shells continued many chemists physicists.niels bohr one physicists followed chemists work defining periodic table arnold sommerfeld worked trying make relativistic working model atom would explain fine structure spectra classical orbital physics standpoint atombau approach. |
Electron shell | einstein rutherford follow chemistry unaware chemists developing electron shell theories periodic table chemistry point view irving langmuir charles bury j.j. thomson gilbert lewis introduced corrections bohr’s model maximum two electrons first shell eight next responsible explaining valency outer electron shells building atoms adding electrons outer shells.bohr outlined electron shell atomic theory mathematical formula theory.rutherford said hard put form idea arrive conclusions.einstein said bohrs paper electronshells atoms together significance chemistry appeared like miracle – appears miracle even today.arnold sommerfeld followed atombau structure electrons instead bohr familiar chemists views electron structure spoke bohrs lecture article shell model greatest advance atomic structure since . |
Electron shell | however electron shell development niels bohr basically theory chemist charles rugeley bury paper.as work continued electron shell structure sommerfeldbohr model sommerfeld introduced three quantum numbers n k described size orbit shape orbit direction orbit pointing.use k boltzmann constant azimuthal quantum number changed ℓ. modern quantum mechanics theory put forward based heisenbergs matrix mechanics schrödingers wave equation quantum numbers kept current quantum theory changed n principal quantum number magnetic quantum number.however final form electron shell model still use today number electrons shells discovered edmund stoner introduced principle nth shell described n. seeing wolfgang pauli added fourth quantum number spin old quantum theory period sommerfeldbohr solar system atom complete modern electron shell theory.subshells shell composed one subshells composed atomic orbitals.example first k shell one subshell called second l shell two subshells called p third shell p fourth shell p f fifth shell p f theoretically hold g subshell occupied groundstate electron configuration known element.various possible subshells shown following tablethe first column subshell label lowercaseletter label type subshell. |
Electron shell | example subshell subshell fourth n shell type described first row.the second column azimuthal quantum number ℓ subshell.precise definition involves quantum mechanics number characterizes subshell.the third column maximum number electrons put subshell type.example top row says stype subshell etc.two electrons it.case figure greater one it.the fourth column says shells subshell type. |
Electron shell | example looking top two rows every shell subshell second shell higher p subshell i.e.p subshell.the final column gives historical origin labels p f. come early studies atomic spectral lines.labels namely g h alphabetic continuation following last historically originated label f. number electrons shell subshell constrained hold ℓ electrons namelyeach subshell holds electronseach p subshell holds electronseach subshell holds electronseach f subshell holds electronseach g subshell holds electronstherefore k shell contains subshell hold electrons l shell contains p hold electrons forth general nth shell hold n electrons.although formula gives maximum principle fact maximum achieved known elements first four shells k l n. known element electrons one shell.subshells filled according aufbau principle.first elements electrons one shell would belong gblock period periodic table. |
Electron shell | elements would electrons g subshell thus electrons shell fifth principal shell.subshell energies filling order although sometimes stated electrons shell energy approximation.however electrons one subshell exactly level energy later subshells energy per electron earlier ones.effect great enough energy ranges associated shells overlap.the filling shells subshells electrons proceeds subshells lower energy subshells higher energy.follows n ℓ rule also commonly known madelung rule. |
Electron shell | subshells lower n ℓ value filled higher n ℓ values.case equal n ℓ values subshell lower n value filled first.list elements electrons per shell list gives elements arranged increasing atomic number shows number electrons per shell.glance subsets list show obvious patterns.particular every set five elements electric blue noble gas group yellow heavier helium successive numbers electrons outermost shell namely three seven.sorting table chemical group shows additional patterns especially respect last two outermost shells. |
Electron shell | elements belong lanthanides actinides.the list primarily consistent aufbau principle.however number exceptions rule example palladium atomic number electrons fifth shell unlike atoms lower atomic number.entries table uncertain experimental data unavailable.example elements past short halflives electron configurations yet measured.see also periodic table electron configurationselectron countingelectron rulecore charge references |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | variously known northern bluefin tuna mainly including pacific bluefin subspecies giant bluefin tuna individuals exceeding kg lb formerly tunny.atlantic bluefins native western eastern atlantic ocean well mediterranean sea.become extinct black sea.atlantic bluefin tuna close relative two bluefin tuna species—the pacific bluefin tuna southern bluefin tuna.atlantic bluefin tuna recorded kg lb weight rival black marlin blue marlin swordfish largest perciformes.throughout recorded history atlantic bluefin tuna highly prized food fish.besides commercial value food great size speed power display apex predators attracted admiration fishermen writers scientists.the atlantic bluefin tuna foundation one worlds lucrative commercial fisheries. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | mediumsized large individuals heavily targeted japanese rawfish market bluefin species highly prized sushi sashimi.this commercial importance led severe overfishing.international commission conservation atlantic tunas affirmed october atlantic bluefin tuna stocks declined dramatically last years eastern atlantic western atlantic.october monaco formally recommended endangered atlantic bluefin tuna appendix cites listing international trade ban.early european officials led french ecology minister increased pressure ban commercial fishing bluefin tuna internationally.member states european union collectively responsible bluefin tuna overfishing later abstained voting un proposal protect species international trade. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | formerly endangered species population since recovered.most bluefins captured commercially professional fishermen using longlines purse seines assorted hookandline gear heavy rods reels harpoons.recreationally bluefins one important biggame species sought sports fishermen since particularly united states also canada spain france italy.taxonomy atlantic bluefin tuna one many fish species originally described carl linnaeus landmark th edition systema naturae given binomial name scomber thynnus.it closely related pacific bluefin tuna t. orientalis southern bluefin tuna t. maccoyii distantly large tunas genus thunnus – bigeye tuna t. obesus yellowfin tuna t. albacares.many years pacific atlantic bluefin tuna species considered subspecies referred northern bluefin tuna.name occasionally gives rise confusion longtail tuna t. tonggol australia sometimes known name northern bluefin tuna. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | also true new zealand fiji.bluefin tuna often referred common tunny especially uk australia new zealand.name tuna derivative spanish atún widely adopted california early since become accepted tunas including bluefin throughout englishspeaking world.languages red color bluefins meat included name atún rojo spanish tonno rosso italian amongst others.description body atlantic bluefin tuna rhomboidal profile robust.head conical mouth rather large. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | head contains pineal window allows fish navigate multiple thousandsofmiles range.color dark blue gray gold coruscation covering body bright yellow caudal finlets.bluefin tuna distinguished family members relatively short length pectoral fins.livers unique characteristic covered blood vessels striated.tunas short pectoral fins vessels either present present small numbers along edges.fully mature adult specimens average –. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | .–.ft long weigh around – kg – lb.largest recorded specimen taken international game fish association rules caught nova scotia area renowned huge atlantic bluefin weighed kg lb .ft long.longest contest man tuna fish occurred near liverpool nova scotia six men taking turns fought – kilograms – lb tuna hours. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | smithsonian institution u. s. national marine fisheries service accepted species weigh kg lb though details lacking.atlantic bluefin tuna reach maturity relatively quickly.survey included specimens ..ft length kg lb weight none believed older years. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | however large specimens may years old.the bluefin possesses enormous muscular strength channels pair tendons lunateshaped caudal fin propulsion.contrast many fish body stays rigid tail flicks back forth increasing stroke efficiency.also efficient circulatory system.possesses one highest bloodhemoglobin concentrations among fish allows efficiently deliver oxygen tissues combined exceptionally thin bloodwater barrier ensure rapid oxygen uptake.to keep core muscles warm used power steady swimming atlantic bluefin uses countercurrent exchange prevent heat lost surrounding water.heat venous blood efficiently transferred cool oxygenated arterial blood entering rete mirabile. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | members tuna family warmblooded ability thermoregulate highly developed bluefin tuna fish.allows seek food rich chilly waters north atlantic.biology ecology bluefins dive depths ft. atlantic bluefin tuna typically hunts small fish sardines herring mackerel invertebrates squid crustaceans.exhibit opportunistic hunting schools fish organised size.white skeletal muscle allows large contractions aids burst swimming ensure prey capture.the species host parasites although none yet described causing harm species. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | tetraphyllidean tapeworm pelichnibothrium speciosum one parasite species.tapeworms definite host blue shark generally seem feed tuna atlantic bluefin tuna likely deadend host p. speciosum.life history female bluefins thought produce million eggs species described oviparous.atlantic bluefin tuna spawn two widely separated areas.eastern stock atlantic bluefins spawning ground exists western mediterranean particularly area balearic islands. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | spawning ground western stock gulf mexico.popup satellite tracking results appear confirm large measure belief held many scientists fishermen although bluefin spawned area may forage widely across atlantic return area spawn.atlantic bluefins group together large concentrations spawn times highly vulnerable commercial fishing.particularly mediterranean groups spawning bluefins spotted air light aircraft purse seines directed set around schools.western eastern populations thought mature different ages.bluefins born east thought reach maturity year two earlier spawned west. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | human interaction ancient fishery according longo turn first millennium ce sophisticated bluefin tuna trap fishery emerged.... trap fishery called tonnara italian madrague french almadraba spanish armação portuguese forms elaborate maze nets capture corral bluefin tuna spawning season.active thousand years traditionalartisanal bluefin tuna trap fishery experienced collapse mediterranean struggled still practiced.commercial fishery world war ii japanese fishermen needed tuna eat export european u.s. canning industries.expanded fishing range perfected industrial longline fishing practice employs thousands baited hooks mileslong lines. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | japanese manufacturers developed lightweight highstrength polymers spun drift net.though banned high seas early hundreds miles often deployed single night.atsea freezing technology allowed bring frozen sushiready tuna farthest oceans market long year.the initial target yellowfin tuna.japanese value bluefin s. late sportfishing giant bluefin tuna burgeoning nova scotia new england long island.north americans little appetite bluefins usually discarding taking picture. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | bluefin sportfishings rise however coincided japans export boom.cargo planes returning japan empty.japanese entrepreneur realized could buy new england canadian bluefins cheaply started filling japanbound holds tuna.exposure beef fatty meats u.s. occupation following world war two prepared japanese palate bluefins fatty belly otoro.atlantic bluefin biggest favorite. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | appreciation rebounded across pacific americans started eat raw fish late s.prior atlantic bluefin fisheries relatively small scale populations remained stable.although local stocks north sea damaged unrestricted commercial fishing populations risk.however purse seiners catching fish canned tuna market united states coastal waters removed huge numbers juvenile young western atlantic bluefins taking several entireyear classes.mediterranean fisheries historically poorly regulated catches underreported french spanish italian fishermen competing north african nations diminishing population.fishs migratory habits complicate task regulating fishery spend time national waters multiple countries well open ocean outside national jurisdiction. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | aquaculture tuna ranching began early s. canadian fishermen st marys bay captured young fish raised pens.captivity grow reach hundreds kilos eventually fetching premium prices japan.ranching enables ranchers exploit unpredictable supply wildcaught fish.ranches across mediterranean south australia grow bluefins offshore.according oecd statistics thousand tons produced japan accounting followed australia mexico spain turkey smaller amounts. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | large proportions juvenile young mediterranean fish taken grown tuna farms.tuna taken wild pens old enough reproduce ranching one serious threats species.bluefins slow growth late sexual maturity compound problems.atlantic population declined nearly since s.in europe australia scientists used lightmanipulation technology timerelease hormone implants bring first largescale captive spawning atlantic southern bluefins.technology involves implanting gonadotropinreleasing hormone fish stimulate fertile egg production may push fish reach sexual maturity younger ages.however since bluefins require much food per unit weight gained times salmon bluefins farmed scale stcentury salmon farming many prey species might become depleted farmed bluefin fed diet wild counterparts. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | million tons small forage fish removed oceans yearly majority feed farmed fish.market entry many north african mediterranean countries tunisia libya along increasingly widespread practice tuna farming mediterranean areas southern australia southern bluefin tuna depressed prices.one result fishermen must catch twice many fish maintain revenues.the atlantic bluefin endangered.threats global appetite fish predominant threat atlantic bluefin.overfishing continues despite repeated warnings current precipitous decline.bluefin aquaculture arose response declining wild stocks yet achieve sustainability part predominantly relies harvesting ranching juveniles rather captive breeding.despite concern assessments deepwater horizon oil spill estimated population loss would significant ranging . |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | .juveniles within range annual variations.conservation fisheries management organizations researchers international commission conservation atlantic tunas iccat — regulators atlantic bluefin fishing—recommended global quota tonnes maintain current stocks tonnes allow fisheries recovery.iccat chose quota tonnes surveys indicated tonnes actually taken third total remaining stocks limit reduced tonnes.scientists say tonnes sustainable limit. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | november iccat set quota tonnes said stocks rebuilt would consider closing areas.on march united nations rejected u.s.backed effort impose total ban atlantic bluefin tuna fishing trading.convention international trade endangered species cites vote european abstentions.leading opponent japan claimed iccat proper regulatory body.in usas national oceanic atmospheric administration noaa decided list atlantic bluefin tuna endangered species.noaa officials said stringent international fishing rules created november would enough atlantic bluefin tuna recover.noaa agreed reconsider species endangered status . |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | made national marine fisheries service species concern one species u.s. government concerns regarding status threats insufficient information available indicate need list species u.s. endangered species act.in november countries meeting morocco international commission conservation atlantic tunas voted keep strict fishing limits saying species population still fragile.quota rise slightly metric tons year .decision reviewed november resulting higher allowances listed below.the latest stock assessment atlantic bluefin tuna reflected improvement status western eastern atlanticmediterranean stocks.commission adopted new management measures within range scientific advice consistent respective rebuilding plans allow continued stock growth.western stock tac mt annually provide continued growth spawning stock biomass allow strong yearclass continue enhance productivity stock. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | tac eastern atlanticmediterranean stock set .in uk government recognised increasing incidence bluefin tuna uk waters recent years funding ongoing research understand ecology species devise approach management.organizations greenpeace international added northern bluefin tuna seafood red list.january bluefin tuna remains list.in summer sea shepherd conservation society led campaign supposedly illegal bluefin tuna fishing coast libya muammar gaddafis regime time.fishermen retaliated sea shepherds intervention throwing various small metal pieces crew.nobody injured due sides actions conflict.in november food critic eric asimov new york times criticized topranked new york city restaurant sushi yasuda offering bluefin tuna menu arguing drawing threatened fishery constituted unjustifiable risk bluefins future culinary traditions depend species.the bluefin species listed monterey bay aquarium seafood watch list pocket guides fish avoid due overfishing. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | cuisine atlantic bluefin tuna one highly prized fish used japanese raw fish dishes.caught atlantic pacific bluefin tunas consumed japan.bluefin tuna sashimi particular delicacy japan.example atlantic bluefin caught eastern united states sold us tsukiji fish market tokyo .high price considerably less highest prices paid pacific bluefin. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | prices highest late s.japanese began eating tuna sushi large catch came edo old tokyo one season.chef marinated pieces soy sauce served nigiri sushi.time fish nicknamed shibi — four days — chefs would bury four days mellow bloody taste.originally fish red flesh looked japan lowclass food white fish much preferred.... fish red flesh tended spoil quickly develop noticeable stench days refrigeration japanese aristocracy despised attitude adopted citizens edo.– michiyo murataby tuna sushi commonplace japan.see also natal homing references reading clover charles . |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | end line overfishing changing world eat.ebury press london.isbn hogan c. michael..overfishing. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | encyclopedia earth.national council science environment.eds.sidney draggan c. cleveland.washington dc.newlands nathaniel k. . |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | shoaling dynamics abundance estimation atlantic bluefin tuna thunnus thynnus.phd thesis resource management environmental studiesfisheries centre university british columbia vancouver canada.ppnewlands n. k. lutcavage m. pitcher t. october .atlantic bluefin tuna gulf maine estimation seasonal abundance accounting movement school schoolaggregation behaviour.environmental biology fishes. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | .newlands n. k. lutcavage m. pitcher t. december .atlantic bluefin tuna gulf maine ii precision sampling designs estimating seasonal abundance accounting tuna behaviour.environmental biology fishes.–.newlands nathaniel k. lutcavage molly e. pitcher tony j. april .analysis foraging movements atlantic bluefin tuna thunnus thynnus individuals switch two modes search behaviour. |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | population ecology.–.newlands nathaniel k. porcelli tracy a. .measurement size shape structure atlantic bluefin tuna schools open ocean.fisheries research.–.safina c. . |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | bluefin tuna west atlantic negligent management making endangered species.conservation biology.–.safina c. .song blue ocean.henry holt co. new york.safina c. klinger d. . |
Atlantic bluefin tuna | collapse bluefin tuna western atlantic.conservation biology.–.froese rainer pauly daniel eds..thunnus thynnus fishbase. |
Containerization (computing) | january version.external links media related thunnus thynnus wikimedia commonsbye bye bluefin managed death economist.october .retrieved .bluefin tuna seafood watchtuna greenpeacemarinebio article tuna marinebiobluefin tuna sushibrochure bluefin tuna tagging tagagiant foundationusage containers basically fully functional portable cloud noncloud computing environment surrounding application keeping independent parallelly running environments.individually container simulates different software application run isolated processes bundling related configuration files libraries dependencies.collectively multiple containers share common os kernel.in recent times containerization technology widely adopted amazon web services microsoft azure google cloud platform.types containers os containersapps containers security issues common os security threats affect whole containerized system.in containerized environments security scanners generally protect os application containers adds unwanted vulnerability.container management orchestration clustering container orchestration container management mostly used context application containers. |
Containerization (computing) | implementations providing orchestration include kubernetes docker swarm.container cluster management container cluster need managed.includes functionality create cluster upgrade software repair balance load existing instances scale starting stopping instances adapt number users log activities monitor produced logs application querying sensors.open source implementations software include okd rancher.quite number companies provide container cluster management managed service like alibaba amazon google microsoft. |
Containerization (computing) | reading journal articles bentaleb ouafa belloum adam s. z. sebaa abderrazak elmaouhab aouaouche june .containerization technologies taxonomies applications challenges.journal supercomputing.doi.s.scid .watada junzo roy arunava kadikar ruturaj pham hoang xu bing . |
Containerization (computing) | emerging trends techniques open issues containerization review.ieee access.–.doi.access... scid .van den berg tom siegel barry cramp anthony april .containerization high level architecturebased simulations case study. |
Containerization (computing) | journal defense modeling simulation applications methodology technology.–.doi.. scid .zhang xiao tang yu li hao liu shaotao lin di .containerization design autonomous controllable cloud distributed system.communications signal processing systems. |
Containerization (computing) | lecture notes electrical engineering.vol..pp.–. |
Containerization (computing) | doi.. isbn .scid .odunayo isaac geteloma victor eweoya ibukun ahuja ravin .virtualization containerization composition orchestration cloud computing services.computational science applications – iccsa .lecture notes computer science. |
Containerization (computing) | vol..pp.–.doi.. isbn . |
Agriculture | scid .books gabriel n. schenker hideto saito huichuan chloe lee kejou carol hsu getting started containerization reduce operational burden system automating managing containers packt publishing isbn jeeva s. chelladhurai vinod singh pethuru raj learning docker packt publishing isbn see also docker softwarekubernetesvirtual machines referencesagriculture key development rise sedentary human civilization whereby farming domesticated species created food surpluses enabled people live cities.history agriculture began thousands years ago.gathering wild grains beginning least years ago nascent farmers began plant around years ago.pigs sheep cattle domesticated years ago.plants independently cultivated least regions world. |
Agriculture | industrial agriculture based largescale monoculture twentieth century came dominate agricultural output though billion people still depended subsistence agriculture.the major agricultural products broadly grouped foods fibers fuels raw materials rubber.food classes include cereals grains vegetables fruits oils meat milk eggs fungi.onethird worlds workers employed agriculture second service sector although recent decades global trend decreasing number agricultural workers continues especially developing countries smallholding overtaken industrial agriculture mechanization brings enormous crop yield increase.modern agronomy plant breeding agrochemicals pesticides fertilizers technological developments sharply increased crop yields causing ecological environmental damage.selective breeding modern practices animal husbandry similarly increased output meat raised concerns animal welfare environmental damage.environmental issues include contributions global warming depletion aquifers deforestation antibiotic resistance growth hormones industrial meat production. |
Agriculture | agriculture cause sensitive environmental degradation biodiversity loss desertification soil degradation global warming cause decreases crop yield.genetically modified organisms widely used although banned certain countries.etymology scope word agriculture late middle english adaptation latin agricultūra ager field cultūra cultivation growing.agriculture usually refers human activities certain species ant termite beetle cultivating crops million years.agriculture defined varying scopes broadest sense using natural resources produce commodities maintain life including food fiber forest products horticultural crops related services. |
Agriculture | thus defined includes arable farming horticulture animal husbandry forestry horticulture forestry practice often excluded.history origins development agriculture enabled human population grow many times larger could sustained hunting gathering.agriculture began independently different parts globe included diverse range taxa least separate centres origin.wild grains collected eaten least years ago.around years ago eight neolithic founder crops emmer einkorn wheat hulled barley peas lentils bitter vetch chick peas flax cultivated levant. |
Agriculture | rice domesticated china bc earliest known cultivation bc followed mung soy azuki beans.sheep domesticated mesopotamia years ago.cattle domesticated wild aurochs areas modern turkey pakistan years ago.pig production emerged eurasia including europe east asia southwest asia wild boar first domesticated years ago.andes south america potato domesticated years ago along beans coca llamas alpacas guinea pigs. |
Agriculture | sugarcane root vegetables domesticated new guinea around years ago.sorghum domesticated sahel region africa years ago.cotton domesticated peru years ago independently domesticated eurasia.mesoamerica wild teosinte bred maize years ago.scholars offered multiple hypotheses explain historical origins agriculture.studies transition huntergatherer agricultural societies indicate initial period intensification increasing sedentism examples natufian culture levant early chinese neolithic china. |
Agriculture | wild stands previously harvested started planted gradually came domesticated.civilizations eurasia sumerians started live villages bc relying tigris euphrates rivers canal system irrigation.ploughs appear pictographs around bc seedploughs around bc.farmers grew wheat barley vegetables lentils onions fruits including dates grapes figs.ancient egyptian agriculture relied nile river seasonal flooding. |
Agriculture | farming started predynastic period end paleolithic bc.staple food crops grains wheat barley alongside industrial crops flax papyrus.india wheat barley jujube domesticated bc soon followed sheep goats.cattle sheep goats domesticated mehrgarh culture – bc.cotton cultivated th–th millennium bc. |
Agriculture | archeological evidence indicates animaldrawn plough bc indus valley civilisation.in china th century bc nationwide granary system widespread silk farming.waterpowered grain mills use st century bc followed irrigation.late nd century heavy ploughs developed iron ploughshares mouldboards.spread westwards across eurasia.asian rice domesticated – years ago – depending molecular clock estimate used – pearl river southern china single genetic origin wild rice oryza rufipogon. |
Agriculture | greece rome major cereals wheat emmer barley alongside vegetables including peas beans olives.sheep goats kept mainly dairy products.in americas crops domesticated mesoamerica apart teosinte include squash beans cacao.cocoa domesticated mayo chinchipe upper amazon around bc.the turkey probably domesticated mexico american southwest.aztecs developed irrigation systems formed terraced hillsides fertilized soil developed chinampas artificial islands.mayas used extensive canal raised field systems farm swampland bc. |
Agriculture | coca domesticated andes peanut tomato tobacco pineapple.cotton domesticated peru bc.animals including llamas alpacas guinea pigs domesticated there.north america indigenous people east domesticated crops sunflower tobacco squash chenopodium.wild foods including wild rice maple sugar harvested. |
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