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Ludwig Wittgenstein	russell said returned war changed man one deeply mystical ascetic attitude.completion tractatus summer wittgenstein took military leave went stay one familys vienna summer houses neuwaldegg.august completed tractatus submitted title der satz german proposition sentence phrase set also leap publishers jahoda siegel.a series events around time left deeply upset.august uncle paul died.october learned jahoda siegel decided publish tractatus october brother kurt killed third brothers commit suicide.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	around time received letter david pinsents mother say pinsent killed plane crash may.wittgenstein distraught point suicidal.sent back italian front leave result defeat austrian army captured allied forces november trentino.subsequently spent nine months italian prisoner war camp.he returned family vienna august accounts physically mentally spent.apparently talked incessantly suicide terrifying sisters brother paul.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	decided two things enrol teacher training college elementary school teacher get rid fortune.providing income kronen year worth great deal sizable portfolio investments united states netherlands.divided among siblings except margarete insisting held trust him.family saw ill acquiesced.– teaching tractatus haus wittgenstein teacher training vienna september enrolled lehrerbildungsanstalt teacher training college kundmanngasse vienna.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	sister hermine said wittgenstein working elementary teacher like using precision instrument open crates family decided interfere.thomas bernhard critically wrote period wittgensteins life multimillionaire village schoolmaster surely piece perversity.teaching posts austria summer wittgenstein worked gardener monastery.first applied false name teaching post reichenau awarded job declined identity discovered.teacher wished longer recognized member wittgenstein family.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	response brother paul wrote question really completely question anybody bearing name whose elegant gentle upbringing seen thousand paces would identified member family ... one neither simulate dissimulate anything including refined education need hardly tell you.in wittgenstein given first job primary school teacher trattenbach real name remote village hundred people.first letters describe beautiful october wrote russell still trattenbach surrounded ever odiousness baseness.know human beings average worth much anywhere much goodfornothing irresponsible elsewhere.soon object gossip among villagers found eccentric best.get well teachers found lodgings noisy made bed school kitchen.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	enthusiastic teacher offering latenight extra tuition several students something endear parents though came adore sister hermine occasionally watched teach said students literally crawled desire chosen answers demonstrations.to less able seems became something tyrant.first two hours day devoted mathematics hours monk writes pupils recalled years later horror.reported caned boys boxed ears also pulled girls hair unusual time boys villagers went far girls girls expected understand algebra much less ears boxed it.violence apart monk writes quickly became village legend shouting krautsalat coleslaw – i.e.shredded cabbage headmaster played piano nonsense priest answering childrens questions.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	publication tractatus wittgenstein living isolation rural austria tractatus published considerable interest first german logischphilosophische abhandlung part wilhelm ostwalds journal annalen der naturphilosophie though wittgenstein happy result called pirate edition.russell agreed write introduction explain important otherwise unlikely published difficult impossible understand wittgenstein unknown philosophy.letter russell wittgenstein wrote main point theory expressed gesagt propositions – i.e.language – comes thing thought expressed propositions shown gezeigt believe cardinal problem philosophy.wittgenstein happy russells help.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	lost faith russell finding glib philosophy mechanistic felt fundamentally misunderstood tractatus.the whole modern conception world founded illusion socalled laws nature explanations natural phenomena.thus people today stop laws nature treating something inviolable god fate treated past ages.fact right wrong though view ancients clearer insofar acknowledged terminus modern system tries make look everything explained.an english translation prepared cambridge frank ramsey mathematics undergraduate kings commissioned c. k. ogden.moore suggested tractatus logicophilosophicus title allusion baruch spinozas tractatus theologicopoliticus.initially difficulties finding publisher english edition wittgenstein insisting appear without russells introduction cambridge university press turned reason.finally agreement reached wittgenstein kegan paul would print bilingual edition russells introduction ramseyogden translation.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	translation approved wittgenstein problematic number ways.wittgensteins english poor time ramsey teenager recently learned german philosophers often prefer use translation david pears brian mcguinness.an aim tractatus reveal relationship language world said shown.wittgenstein argues logical structure language provides limits meaning.limits language wittgenstein limits philosophy.much philosophy involves attempts say unsayable say said clearly argues.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	anything beyond – religion ethics aesthetics mystical – cannot discussed.nonsensical statement must be.wrote preface book therefore draw limit thinking rather – thinking expression thoughts order draw limit thinking able think sides limit therefore able think cannot thought.the book pages long – shortness book awfully sorry ... squeeze like lemon would get nothing told ogden – presents seven numbered propositions – various sublevels ..die welt ist alles der fall ist.the world everything case.was der fall ist die tatsache ist das bestehen von sachverhalten.what case fact existence atomic facts.das logische bild der tatsachen ist der gedanke.the logical picture facts thought.der gedanke ist der sinnvolle satz.the thought significant proposition.der satz ist eine wahrheitsfunktion der elementarsätze.propositions truthfunctions elementary propositions.die allgemeine form der wahrheitsfunktion ist p ¯ ξ ¯ n ξ ¯ displaystyle bar pbar xi nbar xi .dies ist die allgemeine form des satzes.the general form truthfunction p ¯ ξ ¯ n ξ ¯ displaystyle bar pbar xi nbar xi .
Ludwig Wittgenstein	general form proposition.wovon man nicht sprechen kann darüber muß man schweigen.whereof one cannot speak thereof one must silent.visit frank ramsey puchberg september moved secondary school nearby village hassbach considered people bad – people human loathsome worms wrote friend – left month.november began work another primary school time puchberg schneeberg mountains.told russell villagers onequarter animal threequarters human.frank p. ramsey visited september discuss tractatus agreed write review mind.reported letter home wittgenstein living frugally one tiny whitewashed room space bed washstand small table one small hard chair.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	ramsey shared evening meal coarse bread butter cocoa.wittgensteins school hours eight twelve one afternoons free.ramsey returned cambridge long campaign began among wittgensteins friends persuade return cambridge away saw hostile environment him.accepting help even family.ramsey wrote john maynard keynes wittgensteins family rich extremely anxious give money anything way rejects advances even christmas presents presents invalids food ill sends back.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	arent good terms wont money hasnt earned ... awful pity.teaching continues otterthal haidbauer incident moved schools september time otterthal near trattenbach socialist headmaster josef putre someone wittgenstein become friends trattenbach.wrote page pronunciation spelling dictionary children wörterbuch für volksschulen published vienna hölderpichlertempsky book apart tractatus published lifetime.first edition sold £.english version entitled word book translated art historian bettina funcke illustrated artist publisher paul chan released.an incident occurred april became known der vorfall haidbauer haidbauer incident.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	josef haidbauer yearold pupil whose father died whose mother worked local maid.slow learner one day wittgenstein hit two three times head causing collapse.wittgenstein carried headmasters office quickly left school bumping parent herr piribauer way out.piribauer sent children saw haidbauer collapse wittgenstein previously pulled piribauers daughter hermine hard ears ears bled.piribauer said met wittgenstein hall day called names sun.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	told wasnt teacher animaltrainer going fetch police right awaypiribauer tried wittgenstein arrested villages police station empty tried next day told wittgenstein disappeared.april wittgenstein handed resignation wilhelm kundt local school inspector tried persuade stay however wittgenstein adamant days schoolteacher over.proceedings initiated may judge ordered psychiatric report august letter wittgenstein friend ludwig hänsel indicates hearings ongoing nothing known case that.alexander waugh writes wittgensteins family money may hand covering things up.waugh writes haidbauer died shortly afterwards haemophilia monk says died leukaemia.ten years later part series confessions engaged year wittgenstein appeared without warning village saying wanted confess personally ask pardon children hit.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	visited least four children including hermine piribauer apparently replied ja ja though former students hospitable.monk writes purpose confessions notto hurt pride form punishment dismantle – remove barrier stood way honest decent thought.of apologies wittgenstein wrote brought settled waters... greater seriousness.vienna circle tractatus subject much debate amongst philosophers wittgenstein figure increasing international fame.particular discussion group philosophers scientists mathematicians known vienna circle built purportedly result inspiration given reading tractatus.commonly assumed wittgenstein part vienna circle reality actually case.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	german philosopher oswald hanfling writes bluntly wittgenstein never member circle though vienna much time.yet influence circles thought least important members.however philosopher a. c. grayling contends certain superficial similarities wittgensteins early philosophy logical positivism led members study tractatus detail arrange discussions wittgensteins influence circle rather limited.fundamental philosophical views circle established met wittgenstein origins british empiricists ernst mach logic frege russell.whatever influence wittgenstein circle largely limited moritz schlick friedrich waismann even cases resulted little lasting effect positivism.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	grayling states ...it longer possible think tractatus inspired philosophical movement earlier commentators claimed.members vienna circle wittgenstein would take part many discussions.however discussions soon became evident wittgenstein held different attitude towards philosophy members circle.example meetings vienna circle would express disagreement groups misreading work turning back reading poetry aloud.autobiography rudolf carnap describes wittgenstein thinker gave greatest inspiration.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	however also wrote striking difference wittgensteins attitude toward philosophical problems schlick myself.attitude toward philosophical problems different scientists toward problems.wittgensteinhis point view attitude toward people problems even theoretical problems much similar creative artist scientist one might almost say similar religious prophet seer... finally sometimes prolonged arduous effort answers came forth statement stood us like newly created piece art divine revelation ... impression made us insight came divine inspiration could help feeling sober rational comment analysis would profanation.haus wittgenstein interested erecting building ... presenting foundations possible buildings.in wittgenstein working gardener number months time monastery hütteldorf also inquired becoming monk.sister margaret invited help design new townhouse viennas kundmanngasse.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	wittgenstein friend paul engelmann team architects developed spare modernist house.particular wittgenstein focused windows doors radiators demanding every detail exactly specified.house nearly finished wittgenstein entire ceiling raised mm room exact proportions wanted.monk writes marginal may first appear precisely details lend otherwise rather plain even ugly house distinctive beauty.it took year design door handles another design radiators.window covered metal screen weighed kilograms lb moved pulley wittgenstein designed.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	bernhard leitner author architecture ludwig wittgenstein said barely anything comparable history interior design ingenious expensive.metal curtain could lowered floor.the house finished december family gathered christmas celebrate completion.wittgensteins sister hermine wrote even though admired house much.... seemed indeed much dwelling gods.wittgenstein said house built gretl product decidedly sensitive ear good manners expression great understanding... primordial life wild life striving erupt open – lacking.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	monk comments might said technically excellent austere terracotta sculpture wittgenstein modelled marguerite respinger russell first noticed wild life striving open precisely substance wittgensteins philosophical work.– fellowship cambridge phd fellowship according feigl reported monk upon attending conference vienna mathematician l. e. j. brouwer wittgenstein remained quite impressed taking consideration possibility return philosophy.urging ramsey others wittgenstein returned cambridge .keynes wrote letter wife well god arrived.met .
Ludwig Wittgenstein	train.despite fame could initially work cambridge degree applied advanced undergraduate.russell noted previous residency sufficient fulfil eligibility requirements phd urged offer tractatus thesis.examined russell moore end thesis defence wittgenstein clapped two examiners shoulder said dont worry know youll never understand it.moore wrote examiners report consider work genius even completely mistaken nothing sort well standard required ph.d. degree.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	wittgenstein appointed lecturer made fellow trinity college.anschluss wittgenstein lived norway worked philosophical investigations.winter delivered series confessions close friends minor infractions like white lies effort cleanse himself.travelled ireland visit maurice oconnor drury friend became psychiatrist considered training intention abandoning philosophy it.visit ireland time response invitation irish taoiseach éamon de valera former mathematics teacher.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	de valera hoped wittgensteins presence would contribute dublin institute advanced studies soon set up.while ireland march germany annexed austria anschluss viennese wittgenstein jew nuremberg racial laws three grandparents born jews.would also july become law citizen enlarged germany.the nuremberg laws classified people jews volljuden three four jewish grandparents mixed blood mischling one two.meant inter alia wittgensteins restricted could marry sex could work.after anschluss brother paul left almost immediately england later us.nazis discovered relationship hilde schania brewers daughter two children never married though later.jewish served summons rassenschande racial defilement.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	told one leaving country except hilde agreed follow him.left suddenly quietly time people believed fourth wittgenstein brother committed suicide.wittgenstein began investigate acquiring british irish citizenship help keynes apparently confess friends england earlier misrepresented one jewish grandparent fact three.a days invasion poland hitler personally granted mischling status wittgenstein siblings.applications hitler granted .anthony gottlieb writes pretext paternal grandfather bastard son german prince allowed reichsbank claim foreign currency stocks kg gold held switzerland wittgenstein family trust.gretl american citizen marriage started negotiations racial status grandfather familys large foreign currency reserves used bargaining tool.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	paul escaped switzerland us july disagreed negotiations leading permanent split siblings.war paul performing vienna visit hermine dying contact ludwig gretl.professor philosophy g.e.moore resigned chair philosophy wittgenstein elected.naturalised british subject shortly april .
Ludwig Wittgenstein	july travelled vienna assist gretl sisters visiting berlin one day meet official reichsbank.travelled new york persuade paul whose agreement required back scheme.required befreiung granted august .unknown amount signed nazis wittgenstein family week outbreak war included amongst many assets kg gold.report wittgenstein visited moscow second time travelling berlin met philosopher sophia janowskaya.norman malcolm time postgraduate research fellow cambridge describes first impressions wittgenstein meeting moral science club paper evening read discussion started someone began stammer remark.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	extreme difficulty expressing words unintelligible me.whispered neighbour whos replied wittgenstein.astonished expected famous author tractatus elderly man whereas man looked young – perhaps .actual age .face lean brown profile aquiline strikingly beautiful head covered curly mass brown hair.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	observed respectful attention everyone room paid him.unsuccessful beginning speak time obviously struggling thoughts.look concentrated made striking gestures hands discoursing ... whether lecturing conversing privately wittgenstein always spoke emphatically distinctive intonation.spoke excellent english accent educated englishman although occasional germanisms would appear constructions.voice resonant ... words came fluently great force.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	anyone heard say anything knew singular person.face remarkably mobile expressive talked.eyes deep often fierce expression.whole personality commanding even imperial.describing wittgensteins lecture programme malcolm continues hardly correct speak meetings lectures although wittgenstein called them.one thing carrying original research meetings ... often meetings consisted mainly dialogue.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	sometimes however trying draw thought would prohibit peremptory motion hand questions remarks.frequent prolonged periods silence occasional mutter wittgenstein stillest attention others.silences wittgenstein extremely tense active.gaze concentrated face alive hands made arresting movements expression stern.one knew one presence extreme seriousness absorption force intellect ... wittgenstein frightening person classes.after work philosopher would often relax watching westerns preferred sit front cinema reading detective stories especially ones written norbert davis.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	norman malcolm wrote wittgenstein would rush cinema class ended.by time wittgensteins view foundations mathematics changed considerably.early wittgenstein thought logic could provide solid foundation even considered updating russell whiteheads principia mathematica.denied mathematical facts discovered.gave series lectures mathematics discussing topics documented book lectures wittgenstein discussions several students including young alan turing described wittgenstein peculiar man.two many discussions relationship computational logic everyday notions truth.wittgensteins lectures period also discussed another students greek philosopher educator helle lambridis.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	wittgensteins teachings years used mids lambridis write long text form imagined dialogue begins develop ideas resemblance relation language elementary concepts basiclevel mental images.initially part published german education theory review club voltaire entire imagined dialogue wittgenstein published lambridiss death archive holder academy athens .– guys hospital royal victoria infirmary monk writes wittgenstein found intolerable war world war ii going teaching philosophy.grew angry students wanted become professional philosophers.in september asked john ryle brother philosopher gilbert ryle could get manual job guys hospital london.john ryle professor medicine cambridge involved helping guys prepare blitz.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	wittgenstein told ryle would die slowly left cambridge would rather die quickly.started working guys shortly afterwards dispensary porter delivering drugs pharmacy wards apparently advised patients take them.new year ryle took wittgenstein home sussex meet wife determined meet him.son recorded weekend diarywink awful strange sic – good english speaker keeps saying mean tolerable meaning intolerable.hospital staff told one worlds famous philosophers though medical staff recognize – least one attended moral sciences club meetings – discreet.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	good god dont tell anybody wittgenstein begged one them.nevertheless called professor wittgenstein allowed dine doctors.wrote april longer feel hope future life.though nothing long stretch living death.cannot imagine future ghastly one.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	friendless joyless.time wittgenstein operation guys remove gallstone troubled years.he developed friendship keith kirk workingclass teenage friend francis skinner mathematics undergraduate relationship skinners death polio.skinner given academia thanks least part wittgensteins influence working mechanic kirk apprentice.kirk wittgenstein struck friendship wittgenstein giving lessons physics help pass city guilds exam.period loneliness guys wrote diary ten days ive heard nothing k even though pressed week ago news.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	think perhaps broken me.tragic thought kirk fact got married never saw one another again.while wittgenstein guys met basil reeve young doctor interest philosophy r. t. grant studying effect wound shock state associative hypovolaemia airraid casualties.blitz ended fewer casualties study.november grant reeve moved royal victoria infirmary newcastle upon tyne study road traffic industrial casualties.grant offered wittgenstein position laboratory assistant wage £ per week lived newcastle brandling park jesmond april february .
Ludwig Wittgenstein	worked associated socially dr erasmus barlow relative charles darwin.in summer wittgenstein thought often leaving cambridge resigning position chair.wittgenstein grew dismayed state philosophy particularly articles published journal mind.around time wittgenstein fell love ben richards writing diary thing love b. done driven small worries associated position work background.september wittgenstein wrote cambridge return swansea everything place repels me.stiffness artificiality selfsatisfaction people.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	university atmosphere nauseates me.wittgenstein maintained contact fouracre guys hospital joined army marriage returning .wittgenstein maintained frequent correspondence fouracre time away displaying desire fouracre return home urgently war.in may wittgenstein addressed group oxford philosophers first time jowett society.discussion validity descartes cogito ergo sum wittgenstein ignored question applied philosophical method.harold arthur prichard attended event pleased wittgensteins methodswittgenstein man says looking sky think rain therefore exist understand him.prichard thats fine want know cogito valid – final years death event life live experience death.take eternity mean infinite temporal duration timelessness eternal life belongs live present.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	life end way visual field limits.wittgenstein resigned professorship cambridge concentrate writing travelled ireland staying rosss hotel dublin farmhouse redcross county wicklow began manuscript ms volume r. seeking solitude moved holiday cottage rosroe connemara owned drurys brother.he also accepted invitation norman malcolm professor cornell university stay wife several months ithaca new york.made trip april although told malcolm unwell philosophical work havent done work since beginning march havent strength even trying any.doctor dublin diagnosed anaemia prescribed iron liver pills.details wittgensteins stay america recounted norman malcolms ludwig wittgenstein memoir.summer america wittgenstein began epistemological discussions particular engagement philosophical scepticism would eventually become final fragments certainty.he returned london diagnosed inoperable prostate cancer spread bone marrow.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	spent next two months vienna sister hermine died february went see every day hardly able speak recognize him.great loss us wrote.greater would thought.moved around lot hermines death staying various friends cambridge april stayed g.h.von wright london stay rush rhees oxford see elizabeth anscombe writing norman malcolm hardly philosophy.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	went norway august ben richards returned cambridge november moved storeys end storeys way home doctor edward bevan wife joan told want die hospital said could spend last days home instead.joan first afraid wittgenstein soon became good friends.by beginning clear little time left.wrote new oxford january naming rhees executor anscombe von wright literary administrators wrote norman malcolm month say minds completely dead.isnt complaint dont really suffer it.know life must end mental life cease rest does.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	february returned bevans home work ms ms .manuscripts later published remarks colour certainty.wrote malcolm april days deathan extraordinary thing happened me.month ago suddenly found right frame mind philosophy.absolutely certain id never able it.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	first time years curtain brain gone up.– course far ive worked weeks may tomorrow bucks lot now.death wittgenstein began work final manuscript ms april .nd birthday april.went walk next afternoon wrote last entry day april.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	evening became ill doctor told might live days reportedly replied good joan stayed throughout night losing consciousness last time april told tell ive wonderful life.norman malcolm describes strangely moving utterance.four wittgensteins former students arrived bedside – ben richards elizabeth anscombe yorick smythies maurice oconnor drury.anscombe smythies catholics latters request dominican friar father conrad pepler also attended.wittgenstein asked priest philosopher met pepler several times death.first unsure wittgenstein would wanted remembered said hoped catholic friends would pray pronounced dead shortly afterwards.wittgenstein given catholic burial ascension parish burial ground cambridge.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	drury later said troubled ever since whether right thing do.ledger gravestone refurbished british wittgenstein society.on religious views wittgenstein said greatly interested catholicism sympathetic it.however consider catholic.according norman malcolm wittgenstein saw catholicism way life set beliefs personally held considering accept religious faith.wittgenstein goal either support reject religion interest keep discussions whether religious clear.— t. labron wittgenstein said commentators agnostic qualified sense.i wont say see tomorrow would like predicting future im pretty sure cant that.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	publication philosophical investigations blue book set notes dictated class cambridge – contains seeds wittgensteins later thoughts language widely read turningpoint philosophy language.philosophical investigations published two parts .part ready printing wittgenstein withdrew manuscript publisher.shorter part ii added editors elizabeth anscombe rush rhees.wittgenstein asks reader think language multiplicity languagegames within parts language develop function.argues bewitchments philosophical problems arise philosophers misguided attempts consider meaning words independently context usage grammar called language gone holiday.according wittgenstein philosophical problems arise language forced proper home metaphysical environment familiar necessary landmarks contextual clues removed.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	describes metaphysical environment like frictionless ice conditions apparently perfect philosophically logically perfect language philosophical problems solved without muddying effects everyday contexts precisely lack friction language fact work all.wittgenstein argues philosophers must leave frictionless ice return rough ground ordinary language use.much investigations consists examples first false steps avoided philosophical problems dissolved rather solved clarity aiming indeed complete clarity.simply means philosophical problems completely disappear.posthumous publications wittgenstein left voluminous archive unpublished papers including manuscripts typescripts dictations amounting estimated pages.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	choosing among repeated drafts revisions corrections loose notes editorial work found nearly one third total suitable print.internet facility hosted university bergen allows access images almost material search available transcriptions.two new boxes wittgenstein papers thought lost second world war found.what became philosophical investigations already close completion .wittgensteins three literary executors prioritized intrinsic importance explicitly intended publication.book published .at least three works less finished.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	two already bulky typescripts philosophical remarks philosophical grammar.literary coexecutor g. h. von wright revealed virtually completed works.wittgenstein publish them.third remarks colour.wrote i.a.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	fair amount colour concepts material excerpt polish reducing small compass.legacy assessment bertrand russell described wittgenstein perhaps perfect example ever known genius traditionally conceived passionate profound intense dominating.as mentioned survey among american university college teachers ranked investigations important book thcentury philosophy standing one crossover masterpiece twentiethcentury philosophy appealing across diverse specializations philosophical orientations.investigations also ranked th list influential twentiethcentury works cognitive science prepared university minnesotas center cognitive sciences.wittgenstein generally regarded one important influential philosophers th century.peter hacker argues wittgensteins influence thcentury analytical philosophy attributed early influence vienna circle later influence oxford ordinary language school cambridge philosophers.he considered one greatest philosophers modern era.but despite deep influence analytical philosophy wittgensteins work always gain positive reception.scholarly interpretation diverging interpretations wittgensteins thought.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	words friend colleague georg henrik von wright opinion ... ideas generally misunderstood distorted even professed disciples.doubted would better understood future.said felt though writing people would think different way breathe different air life presentday men.since wittgensteins death scholarly interpretations philosophy differed.scholars differed continuity socalled early wittgenstein socalled later wittgenstein difference views expressed tractatus philosophical investigations seeing two starkly disparate others stressing gradual transition two works analysis wittgensteins unpublished papers nachlass.one significant debate wittgenstein scholarship concerns work interpreters referred banner new wittgenstein school cora diamond alice crary james f. conant.tractatus particularly conclusion seems paradoxical selfundermining new wittgenstein scholars advance therapeutic understanding wittgensteins work – understanding wittgenstein aspiring advance metaphysical theories rather help us work confusions become entangled philosophizing.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	support goal new wittgenstein scholars propose reading tractatus plain nonsense – arguing attempt convey substantive philosophical project instead simply tries push reader abandon philosophical speculation.therapeutic approach traces roots philosophical work john wisdom review blue book written oets kolk bouwsma.the therapeutic approach without critics hansjohann glock argues plain nonsense reading tractatus odds external evidence writings conversations wittgenstein states tractatus committed idea ineffable insight.bertrand russell october wittgenstein returned cambridge around time russell living america several years.russell returned cambridge backlash america writings morals religion.wittgenstein said russells works druryrussells books bound two colours…those dealing mathematical logic red – students philosophy read dealing ethics politics blue – one allowed read them.russell made similar disparaging comments wittgensteins later worki found wittgensteins philosophical investigations anything seemed interesting understand whole school finds important wisdom pages.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	psychologically surprising.earlier wittgenstein knew intimately man addicted passionately intense thinking profoundly aware difficult problems like felt importance possessed least thought true philosophical genius.later wittgenstein contrary seems grown tired serious thinking invented doctrine would make activity unnecessary.one moment believe doctrine lazy consequences true.realize however overpoweringly strong bias true philosophy best slight help lexicographers worst idle teatable amusement.
Ludwig Wittgenstein	saul kripke saul kripkes book wittgenstein rules private language contends central argument wittgensteins philosophical investigations devastating rulefollowing paradox undermines possibility ever following rules use language.kripke writes paradox radical original sceptical problem philosophy seen date.kripkes book generated large secondary literature divided find sceptical problem interesting perceptive others gordon baker peter hacker colin mcginn peter winch argue scepticism meaning pseudoproblem stems confused selective reading wittgenstein.kripkes position however recently defended attacks cambridge philosopher martin kusch .works see also definitions philosophyinternational wittgenstein symposium footnotes references sources reading external links works ludwig wittgenstein ebook form standard ebooksworks ludwig wittgenstein project gutenbergc.k.ogdens english translation tractatus logicophilosophicus gutenbergworks ludwig wittgenstein internet archiveworks ludwig wittgenstein librivox public domain audiobooks ludwig wittgenstein curlieludwig wittgenstein.
Hitachi Data Systems	internet encyclopedia philosophy.ludwig wittgenstein later philosophy mathematics.internet encyclopedia philosophy.trinity college chapeljohn searle ludwig wittgenstein youtubechronology wittgensteins life work constructed daybyday one hundred years onbbc radio programme wittgenstein broadcast december a. j. ayers critique wittgensteins private language argumentwittgenstein bbc radio discussion ray monk barry smith marie mcginn time december ludwig wittgenstein mathematics genealogy projectin time ludwig wittgenstein broadcast december bbc radiooperations part hitachi vantara.it wholly owned subsidiary hitachi ltd. part hitachi information systems telecommunications division.operations merged pentaho hitachi insight group form hitachi vantara.in hitachi data systems sold direct indirect channels countries regions.customers included half fortune companies time.history origins itel itel equipment leasing company founded peter redfield gary friedman initially focusing leasing ibm mainframes.creative financial arrangements investments itel able lease ibm mainframes customers costs customers would paid ibm making second ibm revenues.a joint venture national semiconductor hitachi formed contracted itel manufacture ibmcompatible mainframes branded advanced systems.
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Hitachi Data Systems	prior origins company history stretched back itel early player mainframe market.itels computer products group sold national semiconductors ibmcompatible mainframes national semiconductor took formed national advanced systems nas.nas shifted manufacturing mainframes began marketing systems hitachi.hitachi bought edss share hds became wholly owned subsidiary hitachi.many years hds sold hitachi ibmcompatible mainframes storage systems exited mainframe business shifted focus enterprise storage.
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Hitachi Data Systems	eds stake january hitachi announced would take eds stake hds appointing jun naruse ceo new subsidiary.naruse engineer raid systems division involved storage systems development.total control company hitachi able infuse hitachi data systems corporate culture ethics practices.storage april hitachi data systems announced reorganization focus storage systems rather mainframes.shortly thereafter june first hds storage product unveiled freedom storage lightning featuring histar crossbar switched architecture interconnect memory disks servers external devices instead traditional bus architecture.
Hitachi Data Systems	addition hds sales hp oem’d sun resold lightning succeeding generations featured additional advanced capabilities virtualization external hitachi thirdparty storage systems form storage pools.january hds announced thunder midrange modular storage system aimed small medium business market sold mainly resellers.hitachi data systems highend midrange modular storage systems complemented software storage management content management business continuity replication data protection operations.hitachi acquired comstock systems corp analysts estimated market share.cloud hds moved marketing using term cloud computing culminating announcement october .in august partnership avnet hds announced cloud partners.
Hitachi Data Systems	acquisitions february hitachi data systems acquired archivas provider digital archiving content management products.on august hitachi data systems acquired intellectual property core engineering team parascale developer storage software uses clustered file system multiple linux servers present single filestorage appliance.on september hitachi data systems acquired bluearc developed clustered network attached storage product.estimated hds responsible half bluearcs sales .on february hitachi data systems acquired shoden data systems provider data center technology south africa across subsaharan african continent.on september hitachi data systems acquired cofio software provider unified data protection orchestration workflow software san diego ca engineering broadstone england.on august hitachi data systems acquired sepaton provider computer appliances using data deduplication.on may hitachi data systems acquired oxya provider services sap hana sap se.on june hitachi data systems completed acquisition pentaho marketing big data data analytics.pentaho part company wide movement hds towards responsible social innovation utilizing emerging technologies including internet things.on september announced hitachi integrate hitachi vantara hitachi consulting accelerate global expansion hitachis social innovation business digital growth.january integrated companies began operating brand hitachi vantara led toshiaki tokunaga.though technically acquisition hitachi vantara absorbed hitachi consulting.
Hitachi Data Systems	corporate affairs company corporate headquarters santa clara california business offices united states australianew zealand canada latin america europe middle east africa.corporate culture social responsibility work environment culture hitachi data systems influenced founding values parent company hitachi ltd. wa harmony trust respect makoto integrity sincerity honesty kaitakushaseishin pioneering spirit challenge.hitachi data systems recognized ethisphere magazine one worlds ethical companies.company active corporate social responsibility csr programs including means employees recommend request grant nonprofit organization.hitachi data systems works hitachi foundation hitachi entities support philanthropic enterprises around world.hitachi data systems participates best places work lists globally achieving position fortune magazines “ best companies work for” list consecutive years running ranked no.
Hitachi Data Systems	fortunes list toppaying companies.chief executive magazine gave hds ranking no.“ best companies leaders” list .hitachi data systems recognized among best companies work france poland .hitachi data systems accredited best companies organization united kingdom.
Hitachi Data Systems	products services hardware virtual storage platform.highend storage platform focused consolidation enterprise storage ibm mainframe needs including virtualization internal external heterogeneous storage one pool managing data types.hitachi unified storage vm.unified system enterprise storage virtualization small medium companies centrally consolidate manage file block object data.hitachi unified storage family.modular storage enables central consolidation file block object data pb capacity.hitachi nas platform powered bluearc.hitachi nas platform provides integrated network attached storage nas file sharing file server consolidation models large enterprises medium companies.hitachi content platform hcp.
Hitachi Data Systems	distributed object storage system available preconfigured hardware appliance virtual software appliance enables organizations cloud service providers store protect preserve retrieve unstructured content.content platform foundational component hds cloud architecture.software storage management.storage management software allows configuration daytoday operation performance tuning monitoring hitachi storage environments.many management processes automated based policies set storage administrator.cloud storage.
Hitachi Data Systems	hitachi content platform foundation hitachi data systems cloud architecture.deployed public private hybrid cloud storage models.replication.hitachi software supports insystem well remote data replication data migration meet companies’ business continuity disaster recovery objectives.data protection.hitachi data protection software used manage backups snapshots.it operations.hitachi operations software monitors infrastructure simplifies administration including security asset management software distribution.
Hitachi Data Systems	hitachi truecopy hitachi truecopy formerly known hitachi open remote copy horc hitachi remote copy hrc hitachi asynchronous remote copy harc remote mirroring feature hitachi data systems storage arrays available open systems ibm zos.truecopy implementation ibms pprc protocol.synchronous truecopy causes write primary volume performed secondary well io considered complete updates primary secondary completed.asynchronous truecopy stores timestamped io packets primary disk array transfers secondary array subject link bandwidth.primary arrays buffer exhausted starts flagging tracks primary duplicated secondary bandwidth permits.related products includehitachi raid manager software control truecopy operationshitachi command control interface cciveritas cluster server vcs agent hitachi truecopy services assess consult.services evaluate assess customers’ environments adoption new technologies also prepare economic justification investments new storage infrastructures.plan design.
Hitachi Data Systems	based customers requirements current environment services design generate plan meet service level objectives.install implement.services use proven methodologies best practices customize transition operationalize customers purchased storage systems software rapid accurate deployment.integrate transition.services leverage multiple techniques transparently migrate data new hitachi technologies applications keep running.manage optimize.services use itil principles hitachi data systems best practices manage customers storage infrastructure.education.hitachi data systems academy provides product technology training courses variety formats lead hds certification several tracks.
Poste italiane	partners hitachi data systems four types partners technology global systems integrators hitachi truenorth partners hitachi truenorth advisor partners.references external links hitachi vantara web sitebesides providing postal services gruppo poste italiane offers integrated communication postal savings products logistics financial insurance services throughout italy.history – law no.may socalled postal reform created national centralised organisation postal service introducing unique general fee pay services postal stamps throughout entire territory newly formed kingdom italy.subsequently royal decree march directorate general posts telegraphs separated ministry public works thus turned ministry posts telegraphs.commissioned create network offices italy forward receive mail telegrams make receive telephone calls carry financial transactions manage assets.
Poste italiane	also worked branch offices nascent electric services time.the giro service commonly known bancoposta since founded .fascist period ministry posts telegraphs renamed ministry communications becoming important centre power.services network expanded acquisition implementation new logistics facilities.new buildings functionalist style built major cities.with development telephony radio communications ministry incorporated state company telephone services asst nascent eiar would later become rai run public radio television.– early italian public administration postal service deemed irrecoverable terms efficiency profitability.
Poste italiane	budget deficit increased personnel costs absorbed including pensions current revenue.employees’ productivity reduced expense quality services provided generating ever critical deficit situation.in germany regular average delivered daily mail dispatch almost italy comparable statistic less .average time mail delivery .days.an attempt made contain obvious gap quality italian postal service compared rest europe decreelaw no.december converted law no.
Poste italiane	january .led transformation italian post office independent company public business additional step spa taken implemented february .transformation process required management italian post office adopt production efficiency principle recover quality services bring economic financial recovery.this led gradual reduction billion lira deficit specific policies reduce production costs due staff costs increasing revenues sale services pa reordering tariff system thus achieving net profit .in february ministry treasury prodi cabinet appointed corrado passera ceo newly formed poste italiane spa.business plan implemented corrado passera cut staff units.on hand according trade union leaders casualization contracts new recruits cases widespread harassment resignation workload due excess staff cuts.the solidarity fund used saving labour costs well lowering average age staff.last two years missing contributions employees taking early retirement paid deduction payroll new employees years.
Poste italiane	company offsets losses replacing recruiting many young workers age giving threeyear apprenticeship contracts.– italian post office subsidiary sda express courier acquired share capital bartolini company officially formed consortium logistics parcels three major companies sorting parcels country.agreement also subject challenge rival companies court ended favour consortium.poste italiane also adopted control system monitoring real time post offices logistics network security digital communications transactions working italian government international agencies universities research centres.the importance financial products services postepay prepaid card increasing last years.postepay first introduced achieved great success especially among young people gaining maintaining first position european level prepaid cards sector.– poste italiane acquired unicredit mediocredito centrale € million.on may italian government approved stakes sale percent poste italiane.the company forced close offices due low profit according poste italiane spa ceo francesco caio’s decision.
Poste italiane	today underlined ceo matteo del fante november company’s intention preserve post offices take specific measures smaller italian cities.the ministry economy finance italy owns .poste italiane spa sold shares borsa italiana.may stake transferred ministry cassa depositi e prestiti cdp making minority shareholder national investment bank.given equity stakes poste italiane also diluted voting rights cdp.– present date listing stock exchange october december poste italianes share price increased ftsemib index decreased guaranteeing overall return shareholders tsr .
Poste italiane	main italian stock exchange index recorded loss ..poste italiane largest logistics operator italy leading player financial insurance payment services sector.with turnover € billion market revenue €.billion ebit €.billion net profit €.billion capex € million data source annual report group’s activities generate significant impacts country terms gross domestic product tax revenues employment household income.impacts effect involvement many local companies many small mediumsized supply chain investment activities italian companies government bonds.
Poste italiane	supporting public private actors poste italiane contributes development entire national economy.financial services poste italiane provide financial services separate operations bancoposta one biggest players today italian financial services market.in particular services includecurrent accountspromotion distribution public loans provided banks financial intermediariescollection postal savings.poste italiane expanding collective asset management operations.one main business company bancoposta division within poste italiane spa acts distribution platform providing postal savings services.the bank division known bancoposta ringfenced capital reserve bancoposta frc balance sheet total assets € december .bancoposta separate company would see bank ranked th largest bank total assets.cariparma ranked th survey ricerche e studi subsidiary mediobanca total assets € december despite fact list also omitted banks cariparma.bancoposta mainly engaged management banking book promotion management postal savings instruments issued cassa depositi e prestiti bonds savings books transaction banking services payments collections promotion distribution distribution platform financial products issued third parties group companies.as concerns asset management bancoposta fondi sgr manages openended mutual investment funds eurozone sovereign bonds corporate bonds.mail parcel distribution poste italiane numberone mail service provider italy awarded exclusively task providing universal postal service throughout country.it provides mail parcel delivery services proprietary multichannel distribution platform.
Poste italiane	leading service provider hybrid mail management — service enabling digital documents printed enveloped delivered hardcopy addressee — developed hitech solutions secure digital communications.in recent years spread ecommerce driven major growth parcel delivery market.mail delivery logistics parcels express delivery always key part poste italianes identity also includes italys universal postal service.poste italiane handled approximately billion items mail million parcels deliver plan company launched new joint delivery model redesigned service introducing afternoon weekend deliveries focused modernising fleet making environmentallyfriendly introduction fully electric threewheeled scooters greater load capacity facilitate parcel delivery cities improve occupational safety.evolution ecommerce logistics led creation puntoposte new accessible network complements network post offices enabling collection return online purchases sending prefranked prepaid parcels.puntoposte points already operating network expanded include units .payments mobile area includesthe emoney electronic payments sectorour poste mobile mobile telephone operationsall new initiatives tied digital world.the new division also tasked internal competency centre driving digital transformation.following new opportunities created european payment services directive psd force january poste italiane decided bring together payment mobile digital services single unit.
Poste italiane	new division takes mobile phone operations postemobile continues provider digital services public sector identity provider posteid digital identity service accredited public digital identity system spid.company also partner pagopa electronic payments system public sector.insurance poste italiane offers full range insurance retirement investment products.it leads life insurance market italy poste vita established .since company also provided casualty insurance poste assicura growing player welfare segment thanks investments health insurance market.poste italiane operates insurance business postevita poste assicura offering life casualty insurance products.poste vita additionally offers investment savings products bancoposta distribution platform.
Poste italiane	ethical code april poste italiane defined new ethical code view updating extending principles rules conduct followed relations stakeholders particular regard suppliers partners market shareholders.concerning fairness states operates impartially allow direct indirect discrimination based age gender sexual orientation gender identity disability state health race ethnic origin nationality political opinions religious beliefs stakeholders.addition safeguards value staff acting prevent forms intimidation harassment stalking workplace well abusive defamatory interpersonal behaviour.purpose purpose poste italiane grow responsibly thanks decisive contribution people sustainable success innovation digitisation social cohesion country.the first half defining moment history country company.benefits business diversification operational resilience confirmed emergency environment created covid pandemic.poste italiane able guarantee operational continuity ensuring uninterrupted service stakeholders even critical unfavourable scenario covid pandemic one.
Poste italiane	context extensive collaboration national institutions continued making company’s operational knowhow available support logistical activities civil protection.sustainability poste italiane defined new sustainability strategy adopting esg environmental social governance strategic plan consisting objectives concern integrity transparency staff development support region country customer experience decarbonisation buildings logistics sustainable finance.poste italiane adhered principles responsible investments pri principles sustainable insurance psi promoted united nations dissemination sustainable culture investment insurance policies.the company also obtained iso certification anticorruption.small municipalities since poste italiane introduced programme collaboration mayors italy support small italian municipalities strengthening presence throughout country urban redevelopment security measures areas adjacent post offices.initiative part broader environmental social governance strategic plan aims support development country.commercial network post office network course new commercial model developed.
Poste italiane	saw overcoming organisation channelproduct favour model strengthens presence territory simplifies dialogue territorial structures.new structure geographical responsibilities commercial functions macro territorial areas redefined .the new organisational model post office network based hub spoke logic ¹ guarantees especially smaller post offices efficiency operational continuity event lack resources thanks creation post office areas.the post office network function manages commercial front end retail segment charge macro area offices branches post offices covering entire country.¹ network management development system connections made using analogy expression referring bicycle wheel spoke hub vice versa.specific case hub office manager responsible coordinating resources terms planning personnel attendance managing replacements event sudden absences well providing commercial support especially products sold counter.competitors comparisons listed european postal operators bpost postnl austrian post la poste ctt correios deutsche postdhl royal mail operating data business express courier parcel services mail services.see also list postal codes italy references external links official website
Libor	bank estimates would charged borrow banks.resulting average rate usually abbreviated libor libor officially ice libor intercontinental exchange libor.formerly known bba libor british bankers association libor trademark bba libor responsibility administration transferred intercontinental exchange.primary benchmark along euribor shortterm interest rates around world.libor phased end market participants encouraged transition riskfree interest rates.libor rates calculated five currencies seven borrowing periods ranging overnight one year published business day thomson reuters.
Libor	many financial institutions mortgage lenders credit card agencies set rates relative it.least trillion derivatives financial products tied libor.in june multiple criminal settlements barclays bank revealed significant fraud collusion member banks connected rate submissions leading libor scandal.british bankers association said september would transfer oversight libor uk regulators proposed financial services authority managing director martin wheatleys independent review recommendations.wheatleys review recommended banks submitting rates libor must base actual interbank deposit market transactions keep records transactions individual banks libor submissions published three months recommended criminal sanctions specifically manipulation benchmark interest rates.financial institution customers may experience higher volatile borrowing hedging costs implementation recommended reforms.
Libor	uk government agreed accept wheatley reviews recommendations press legislation implementing them.significant reforms line wheatley review came effect new administrator took early .british government regulates libor criminal regulatory laws passed parliament.particular financial services act brings libor uk regulatory oversight creates criminal offence knowingly deliberately making false misleading statements relating benchmarksetting.introduction london interbank offered rate libor came widespread use reference interest rate transactions offshore eurodollar markets.in became apparent increasing number banks trading actively variety relatively new market instruments notably interest rate swaps foreign currency options forward rate agreements.recognizing instruments brought business greater depth london interbank market bankers worried future growth could inhibited unless measure uniformity introduced.
Libor	october british bankers association bba—working parties bank england—established various working parties eventually culminated production bba standard interest rate swaps bbairs terms.part standard included fixing bba interestsettlement rates predecessor bba libor.september bbairs terms became standard market practice.bba libor fixings commence officially january .date however rates fixed trial period commencing december .member banks international scope sixty nations represented among members associated professional firms .
Libor	seventeen banks example currently contribute fixing us dollar libor.panel contains following member banksbank americabank tokyomitsubishi ufjbarclays bankcitibank nacredit agricole cibcredit suissedeutsche bankhsbcjp morgan chaselloyds banking grouprabobankroyal bank canadasociété généralesumitomo mitsui banking corporation europe ltdnorinchukin bankroyal bank scotlandubs ag scope libor widely used reference rate many financial instruments financial markets commercial fields.three major classifications interest rate fixings instruments including standard inter bank products commercial field products hybrid products often use libor reference rate.standard interbank productsforward rate agreementsinterest rate futures e.g.eurodollar futuresinterest rate swapsswaptionsovernight indexed swaps e.g.libor–ois spreadinterest rate options interest rate cap floorcommercial field productsfloating rate notesfloating rate certificates depositsyndicated loansvariable rate mortgagesterm loanshybrid productsrange accrual notesstep callable notestarget redemption noteshybrid perpetual notescollateralized mortgage obligationscollateralized debt obligationsin united states around sixty percent prime adjustablerate mortgages nearly subprime mortgages indexed us dollar libor.
Libor	around percent prime adjustable rate mortgages percent subprime mortgages indexed libor.american municipalities also borrowed around percent money financial products linked libor.uk threemonth british pound libor used mortgages—especially adverse credit history.swiss franc libor also used swiss national bank reference rate monetary policy.the usual reference rate euro denominated interest rate products however euribor compiled european banking federation larger bank panel.euro libor exist mainly continuity purposes swap contracts dating back preemu times.
Libor	libor estimate intended binding contracts company.however specifically mentioned reference rate market standard international swaps derivatives association documentation used parties wishing transact overthecounter interest rate derivatives.definition libor defined asthe rate individual contributor panel bank could borrow funds asking accepting interbank offers reasonable market size prior .london time.this definition amplified followsthe rate bank submits must formed banks perception cost funds interbank market.contributions must represent rates formed london elsewhere.contributions must currency concerned cost producing one currency borrowing another currency accessing required currency via foreign exchange markets.the rates must submitted members staff bank primary responsibility management banks cash rather banks derivative book.the definition funds unsecured interbank cash cash raised primary issuance interbank certificates deposit.the british bankers association publishes basic guide bba libor contains great deal detail history current calculation.technical features calculation libor calculated intercontinental exchange ice published refinitiv.
Libor	index measures cost funds large global banks operating london financial markets londonbased counterparties.day bba surveys panel banks major global banks usd libor asking question rate could borrow funds asking accepting interbank offers reasonable market size prior bba throws highest four lowest four responses averages remaining middle ten yielding trimmed mean.average reported am.libor actually set indexes.separate libor rates reported seven different maturities length time repay debt currencies.shortest maturity overnight longest one year.
Libor	united states many private contracts reference threemonth dollar libor index resulting asking panel rate would pay borrow dollars three months.currency libor initially fixed rates three currencies.us dollar british pound sterling deutsche mark.time grew sixteen currencies.number currencies merged euro remained ten currencies.
Libor	following reforms libor rates calculated currencies.activeus dollar usdeuro eurbritish pound sterling gbpjapanese yen jpyswiss franc chfinactiveaustralian dollar audcanadian dollar cadnew zealand dollar nzddanish krone dkkswedish krona seknote euro libor confused euribor.maturities shortest duration rate one month rate one week added.rates day two weeks introduced following reforms libor rates calculated maturities.active day week month months months months monthsinactive weeks months months months months months months months liborbased derivatives libor futures gbp chf libor futures traded intercontinental exchange ice curveglobal part london stock exchange group.interest rate swaps interest rate swaps based short libor rates currently trade interbank market maturities years.swap market fiveyear libor rate refers year swap rate floating leg swap references month libor expressed precisely example year rate vs month libor.
Libor	libor x basis points talking bond means bonds cash flows discounted swaps zerocoupon yield curve shifted x basis points equal bonds actual market price.day count convention libor rates interest rate swaps actual except gbp currency actual fixed.reliability scandal thursday may wall street journal wsj released controversial study suggesting banks might understated borrowing costs reported libor credit crunch.underreporting could created impression banks could borrow banks cheaply could reality.could also made banking system specific contributing bank appear healthier credit crunch.
Libor	example study found rates one major bank citigroup said could borrow dollars three months .percentage point lower rate calculated using defaultinsurance data.in september former member bank englands monetary policy committee willem buiter described libor rate banks dont lend called replacement.former governor bank england mervyn king later used description treasury select committee.to bring case light wall street journal reported march regulators focusing bank america corp. citigroup inc. ubs ag.making case would difficult determining libor rate occur open exchange.according people familiar situation subpoenas issued three banks.in response study released wsj british bankers association announced libor continues reliable even times financial crisis.
Libor	according british bankers association proxies financial health defaultcreditinsurance market necessarily sound libor times financial crisis though widely used latin america especially ecuadorian bolivian markets.additionally authorities contradicted wall street journal article.march quarterly review bank international settlements stated available data support hypothesis contributor banks manipulated quotes profit positions based fixings.further october international monetary fund published regular global financial stability review also found although integrity u.s. dollar liborfixing process questioned market participants financial press appears u.s. dollar libor remains accurate measure typical creditworthy banks marginal cost unsecured u.s. dollar term funding.on july financial times published article former trader stated libor manipulation common since least .reports since come bbc reuters.november finance committee bundestag held hearing learn issue.in late september barclays fined £m attempts manipulate libor banks investigation acted similarly.wheatley called thebritish bankers association lose power determine libor fsa able impose criminal sanctions well changes tenpoint overhaul plan.the british bankers association said september would transfer oversight libor uk regulators proposed financial services authority managing director martin wheatley ceodesignate new financial conduct authority.on september wheatleys independent review published recommending independent organisation government regulator representation called tender committee manage process setting libor new external oversight process transparency accountability.
Libor	banks make submissions libor would required base actual interbank deposit market transactions keep records transactions supporting submissions.review also recommended individual banks libor submissions published three months reduce risk would used measure submitting banks creditworthiness.review left open possibility regulators might compel additional banks participate submissions insufficient number voluntarily.review recommended criminal sanctions specifically manipulation benchmark interest rates libor saying existing criminal regulations manipulation financial instruments inadequate.libor rates may higher volatile implementation reforms financial institution customers may experience higher volatile borrowing hedging costs.
Libor	uk government agreed accept wheatley reviews recommendations press legislation implementing them.bloomberg lp ceo dan doctoroff told european parliament bloomberg lp could develop alternative index called bloomberg interbank offered rate would use data transactions marketbased quotes credit default swap transactions corporate bonds.criminal investigations february revealed us department justice conducting criminal investigation libor abuse.among abuses investigated possibility traders direct communication bankers rates set thus allowing advantage predicting days fixing.libor underpins approximately trillion derivatives.one traders messages indicated basis point .

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