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Mobile security	different variants virus cardtrap.a symbos devices.also infects memory card malware capable infecting windows.ghost push malicious software android os automatically roots android device installs malicious applications directly system partition unroots device prevent users removing threat master reset threat removed reflashing.cripples system resources executes quickly hard detect.ransomware mobile ransomware type malware locks users mobile devices paytounlockyourdevice ploy grown leaps bounds threat category since .specific mobile computing platforms users often less securityconscious particularly pertains scrutinizing applications web links trusting native protection capability mobile device operating system.
Mobile security	mobile ransomware poses significant threat businesses reliant instant access availability proprietary information contacts.likelihood traveling businessman paying ransom unlock device significantly higher since disadvantage given inconveniences timeliness less likely direct access staff.recent ransomware attack caused stir world attack caused many internet connected devices work companies spent large amount recover attacks.spyware flexispy application considered trojan based symbian.program sends information received sent smartphone flexispy server.
Mobile security	originally created protect children spy adulterous spouses.number malware diagram loads different behaviors smartphone malware terms effects smartphoneswe see graph least malware varieties exhibit negative behavior except ability spread.portability malware across platforms multitude malware.partly due variety operating systems smartphones.however attackers also choose make malware target multiple platforms malware found attacks os able spread different systems.to begin malware use runtime environments like java virtual machine .net framework.
Mobile security	also use libraries present many operating systems.malware carry several executable files order run multiple environments utilize propagation process.practice type malware requires connection two operating systems use attack vector.memory cards used purpose synchronization software used propagate virus.countermeasures security mechanisms place counter threats described presented section.
Mobile security	divided different categories act level range management security operating system behavioral education user.threats prevented various measures depending case.considering two cases mentioned first case one would protect system corruption application second case installation suspicious software would prevented.security operating systems first layer security smartphone operating system os.beyond needing handle usual roles operating system e.g.
Mobile security	resource management scheduling processes device must also establish protocols introducing external applications data without introducing risk.a central paradigm mobile operating systems idea sandbox.since smartphones currently designed accommodate many applications must mechanisms ensure applications safe phone applications data system user.malicious program reaches mobile device vulnerable area presented system must small possible.sandboxing extends idea compartmentalize different processes preventing interacting damaging other.based history operating systems sandboxing different implementations.
Mobile security	example ios focus limiting access public api applications app store default managed open allows restrict apps access types data.android bases sandboxing legacy linux trustedbsd.the following points highlight mechanisms implemented operating systems especially android.rootkit detectorsthe intrusion rootkit system great danger way computer.important prevent intrusions able detect often possible.indeed concern type malicious program result could partial complete bypass device security acquisition administrator rights attacker.happens nothing prevents attacker studying disabling safety features circumvented deploying applications want disseminating method intrusion rootkit wider audience.
Mobile security	cite defense mechanism chain trust ios.mechanism relies signature different applications required start operating system certificate signed apple.event signature checks inconclusive device detects stops bootup.operating system compromised due jailbreaking rootkit detection may work disabled jailbreak method software loaded jailbreak disables rootkit detection.process isolationandroid uses mechanisms user process isolation inherited linux.application user associated tuple uid gid.
Mobile security	approach serves sandbox applications malicious get sandbox reserved identifiers thus cannot interfere proper functioning system.example since impossible process end process another user application thus stop execution another.file permissionsfrom legacy linux also filesystem permissions mechanisms.help sandboxing process edit files wants.therefore possible freely corrupt files necessary operation another application system.furthermore android method locking memory permissions.
Mobile security	possible change permissions files installed sd card phone consequently impossible install applications.memory protectionin way computer memory protection prevents privilege escalation.indeed process managed reach area allocated processes could write memory process rights superior root worst case perform actions beyond permissions system.would suffice insert function calls authorized privileges malicious application.development runtime environmentssoftware often developed highlevel languages control done running program.example java virtual machines continuously monitor actions execution threads manage monitor assign resources prevent malicious actions.buffer overflows prevented controls.
Mobile security	security software operating system security layer security software.layer composed individual components strengthen various vulnerabilities prevent malware intrusions identification user human user authentication.contains software components learned experience computer security however smartphones software must deal greater constraints see limitations.antivirus firewallan antivirus software deployed device verify infected known threat usually signature detection software detects malicious executable files.firewall meanwhile watch existing traffic network ensure malicious application seek communicate it.may equally verify installed application seek establish suspicious communication may prevent intrusion attempt.a mobile antivirus product would scan files compare database known mobile malware code signatures.visual notificationsin order make user aware abnormal actions call initiate one link functions visual notification impossible circumvent.
Mobile security	example call triggered called number always displayed.thus call triggered malicious application user see take appropriate action.turing testin vein important confirm certain actions user decision.turing test used distinguish human virtual user often comes captcha.biometric identificationanother method use biometrics.biometrics technique identifying person means morphologyby recognition face eye example behavior signature way writing example.one advantage using biometric security users avoid remember password secret combination authenticate prevent malicious users accessing devices.
Mobile security	system strong biometric security primary user access smartphone.resource monitoring smartphone application passes various security barriers take actions designed.actions triggered activity malicious application sometimes detected one monitors various resources used phone.depending goals malware consequences infection always malicious applications intended harm devices deployed.following sections describe different ways detect suspicious activity.batterysome malware aimed exhausting energy resources phone.
Mobile security	monitoring energy consumption phone way detect certain malware applications.memory usagememory usage inherent application.however one finds substantial proportion memory used application may flagged suspicious.network trafficon smartphone many applications bound connect via network part normal operation.however application using lot bandwidth strongly suspected attempting communicate lot information disseminate data many devices.observation allows suspicion legitimate applications resourceintensive terms network communications best example streaming video.servicesone monitor activity various services smartphone.certain moments services active one detected application suspected.
Mobile security	example sending sms user filming video communication make sense suspicious malware may attempt send sms activity masked.the various points mentioned indications provide certainty legitimacy activity application.however criteria help target suspicious applications especially several criteria combined.network surveillance network traffic exchanged phones monitored.one place safeguards network routing points order detect abnormal behavior.mobiles use network protocols much constrained computer expected network data streams predicted e.g.
Mobile security	protocol sending sms permits detection anomalies mobile networks.spam filtersas case email exchanges detect spam campaign means mobile communications sms mms.therefore possible detect minimize kind attempt filters deployed network infrastructure relaying messages.encryption stored transmitted informationbecause always possible data exchanged intercepted communications even information storage rely encryption prevent malicious entity using data obtained communications.however poses problem key exchange encryption algorithms requires secure channel.telecom network monitoringthe networks sms mms exhibit predictable behavior much liberty compared one protocols tcp udp.implies one cannot predict use made common protocols web one might generate little traffic consulting simple pages rarely generate heavy traffic using video streaming.hand messages exchanged via mobile phone framework specific model user normal case freedom intervene details communications.
Mobile security	therefore abnormality found flux network data mobile networks potential threat quickly detected.manufacturer surveillance production distribution chain mobile devices responsibility manufacturers ensure devices delivered basic configuration without vulnerabilities.users experts many aware existence security vulnerabilities device configuration provided manufacturers retained many users.listed several points manufacturers consider.smartphone manufacturers insert titan powers mobile security.remove debug modephones sometimes set debug mode manufacturing mode must disabled phone sold.
Mobile security	mode allows access different features intended routine use user.due speed development production distractions occur devices sold debug mode.kind deployment exposes mobile devices exploits utilize oversight.default settingswhen smartphone sold default settings must correct leave security gaps.default configuration always changed good initial setup essential users.example default configurations vulnerable denial service attacks.security audit appsalong smart phones appstores emerged.
Mobile security	user finds facing huge range applications.especially true providers manage appstores tasked examining apps provided different points view e.g.security content.security audit particularly cautious fault detected application spread quickly within days infect significant number devices.detect suspicious applications demanding rightswhen installing applications good warn user sets permissions grouped together seem potentially dangerous least suspicious.frameworks like kirin android attempt detect prohibit certain sets permissions.revocation proceduresalong appstores appeared new feature mobile apps remote revocation.
Mobile security	first developed android procedure remotely globally uninstall application device it.means spread malicious application managed evade security checks immediately stopped threat discovered.avoid heavily customized systemsmanufacturers tempted overlay custom layers existing operating systems dual purpose offering customized options disabling charging certain features.dual effect risking introduction new bugs system coupled incentive users modify systems circumvent manufacturers restrictions.systems rarely stable reliable original may suffer phishing attempts exploits.improve software patch processesnew versions various software components smartphone including operating systems regularly published.correct many flaws time.
Mobile security	nevertheless manufacturers often deploy updates devices timely fashion sometimes all.thus vulnerabilities persist could corrected since known easily exploitable.user awareness much malicious behavior allowed carelessness user.smartphone users found ignore security messages application installation especially application selection checking application reputation reviews security agreement messages.simply leaving device without password precise control permissions granted applications added smartphone user large responsibility cycle security vector intrusion.
Mobile security	precaution especially important user employee company stores business data device.detailed precautions user take manage security smartphone.a recent survey internet security experts bullguard showed lack insight rising number malicious threats affecting mobile phones users claiming unaware security software smartphones.argued protection unnecessary admitted hadnt crossed mind using apa .statistics show consumers concerned security risks believe serious problem.key always remember smartphones effectively handheld computers vulnerable.being skepticala user believe everything may presented information may phishing attempting distribute malicious application.
Mobile security	therefore advisable check reputation application want buy actually installing it.permissions given applicationsthe mass distribution applications accompanied establishment different permissions mechanisms operating system.necessary clarify permissions mechanisms users differ one system another always easy understand.addition rarely possible modify set permissions requested application number permissions great.last point source risk user grant rights application far beyond rights needs.example note taking application require access geolocation service.
Mobile security	user must ensure privileges required application installation accept installation requested rights inconsistent.be carefulprotection users phone simple gestures precautions locking smartphone use leaving device unattended trusting applications storing sensitive data encrypting sensitive data cannot separated device.disconnect peripheral devices usenist guidelines managing security mobile devices recommends restrict user application access hardware digital camera gps bluetooth interface usb interface removable storage.enable android device encryption latest android smartphones come inbuilt encryption setting securing information saved device.makes difficult hacker extract decipher information case device compromised.itsettings – security – encrypt phone encrypt sd cardensure datasmartphones significant memory carry several gigabytes data.user must careful data carries whether protected.
Mobile security	usually dramatic song copied file containing bank information business data risky.user must prudence avoid transmission sensitive data smartphone easily stolen.furthermore user gets rid device must sure remove personal data first.these precautions measures leave easy solution intrusion people malicious applications smartphone.users careful many attacks defeated especially phishing applications seeking obtain rights device.centralized storage text messages one form mobile protection allows companies control delivery storage text messages hosting messages company server rather sender receivers phone.
Mobile security	certain conditions met expiration date messages deleted.limitations certain security measures security mechanisms mentioned article large extent inherited knowledge experience computer security.elements composing two device types similar common measures used antivirus software firewalls.however implementation solutions necessarily possible least highly constrained within mobile device.reason difference technical resources offered computers mobile devices even though computing power smartphones becoming faster limitations computing power.singletask system operating systems including still commonly used singletasking.
Mobile security	foreground task executed.difficult introduce applications antivirus firewall systems could perform monitoring user operating device would need monitoring.energy autonomy critical one use smartphone energy autonomy.important security mechanisms consume battery resources without autonomy devices affected dramatically undermining effective use smartphone.network directly related battery life network utilization high.indeed one expensive resources point view energy consumption.nonetheless calculations may need relocated remote servers order preserve battery.
Mobile security	balance make implementation certain intensive computation mechanisms delicate proposition.furthermore common find updates exist developed deployed always done.one example find user know newer version operating system compatible smartphone user may discover known vulnerabilities corrected end long development cycle allows time exploit loopholes.next generation mobile security expected four mobile environments make security frameworkrich operating systemin category fall traditional mobile os like android ios symbian os windows phone.provide traditional functionality security os applications.secure operating system secure osa secure kernel run parallel fully featured rich os processor core.include drivers rich os normal world communicate secure kernel secure world.
Mobile security	trusted infrastructure could include interfaces like display keypad regions pcie address space memories.trusted execution environment teemade hardware software.helps control access rights houses sensitive applications need isolated rich os.effectively acts firewall normal world secure world.secure element sethe se consists tamper resistant hardware associated software separate isolated hardware.provide high levels security work tandem tee.se mandatory hosting proximity payment applications official electronic signatures.
Yandex Browser	se may connect disconnect block peripheral devices operate separate set hardware.security applications sanumerous security applications available app stores providing services protection viruses performing vulnerability assessment.see also browser securitycomputer securityinformation securitymobile malwaremobile secure gatewayphone hackingtelephone tappingwireless public key infrastructure wpkiwireless securitydefense strategy computingexploits mobile security notes references books articles readingbrowser checks webpage security yandex security system checks downloaded files kaspersky antivirus.browser also uses opera softwares turbo technology speed web browsing slow connections.the browser available windows macos linux android ios.yandex facing web search competition russia google search.google chrome russias popular web browser uses google search default search engine.june mozilla firefox worlds third popular web browser signed deal replace default search engine yandex search google search.yandex browsers smartbox uses yandex search default search engine browser help yandex compete russian search market share.
Yandex Browser	distinguishing features distinguishing features yandex browser include followingdifferent new tab screen windows style interface specialized widgets popular services e.g.gmail widget shows number unread messages.integrated keyboard layout switcher omnibox e.g.user often uses gmail.com starts typing пьф gma russian keyboard layout presses enter user taken gmail.com search page пьф case chrome example.on android provides ability install chrome extensions mobile browser.supports browser extensions opera addons website.security dns spoofing protection protect active security technology scans files website viruses blocks fraudulent webpages protects passwords bank card details keeps online payments safe theft.dnscrypt worlds first browser support dnscrypt technology.
Yandex Browser	encrypts domain name system dns traffic.example protects trojan dnschanger tracking internet provider hackers.option must enabled browser settings.protecting wifi connecting open wifi networks points use weak wepdefense yandex browser automatically encrypts traffic http sites.privacy concerns according douglas j. leith computer science professor trinity college yandex browser sends hashed hardware identifier yandex.
Yandex Browser	also browser sends yandex servers every letter typed address bar every url visited user.history yandex created ilya segalovich arkady volozh working arcadia .named yandex abbreviation yet another indexer.named яndex using я shortened version ya.yandex unveiled september .
Yandex Browser	point indexed entirety russian internet.following year yandex began showing advertisements.first advertisement said ваша киска купила бы cisco meaning kitty would buy cisco.year yandex registered company.volozh became ceo.
Yandex Browser	yandex started place advertisements directly pages themselves.advertisers joined.year later company became profitable.year yandex.images yandex.market started.later year yandex.money payment system started jointly paycash group.
Yandex Browser	yandex started issuing dividends.year issued dividends.yandex also changed advertisement system payperclick model.yandex.maps started.detailed maps moscow saint petersburg kyiv.
Yandex Browser	could used search addresses establishments.year yandex created separate search engine blogs longer exists.market share according liveinternet analytics yandex browser reached .market share russia two months release.february yandex browser held .
Directory traversal attack	market share russia.references external links official websiteaffected application exploited gain unauthorized access file system.directory traversal also known .. dot dot slash attack directory climbing backtracking.forms attack also canonicalization attacks.example typical example vulnerable application php code isan attack system could send following http requestthe server would generate response asthe repeated .. characters homeusersphpgurutemplates caused include traverse root directory include unix password file etcpasswd.unix etcpasswd common file used demonstrate directory traversal often used crackers try cracking passwords.however recent unix systems etcpasswd file contain hashed passwords instead located etcshadow file cannot read unprivileged users machine.even case though reading etcpasswd still show list user accounts.
Directory traversal attack	variations directory traversal simplest form uses .. pattern.common variations listed microsoft windows microsoft windows dos directory traversal uses .. .. patterns.each partition separate root directory labeled c c could partition common root directory that.means directory vulnerabilities windows attacks limited single partition.directory traversal cause numerous microsoft vulnerabilities.percent encoding uris web applications attempt prevent directory traversal scanning path request uri patterns ... check sometimes mistakenly performed percentdecoding causing uris containing patterns like ee accepted despite decoded .. actual use.double encoding percent decoding may accidentally performed multiple times validation afterwards making application vulnerable recursively percentencoded input ee single percentdecoding pass turns literal sign.
Directory traversal attack	kind vulnerability notably affected versions .earlier microsofts iis web server software.utf badly implemented utf decoder may accept characters encoded using bytes necessary leading alternative character representations e cae representing .. specifically forbidden utf standard still led directory traversal vulnerabilities software iis web server.archives archive formats like zip allow directory traversal attacks files archive written overwrite files filesystem backtracking.code extracts archive files written check paths files archive engage path traversal.
Directory traversal attack	prevention possible algorithm preventing directory traversal would toprocess uri requests result file request e.g.executing hook user code continuing below.when uri request filedirectory made build full path filedirectory exists normalize characters e.g.converted spaces.it assumed document root fully qualified normalized path known string length n. assume files outside directory served.ensure first n characters fully qualified path requested file exactly document root.if allow file returned.if return error since request clearly bounds webserver allowed serve.using hardcoded predefined file extension suffix path necessarily limit scope attack files file extension.the user use null character indicating end string order bypass everything get.phpspecific.see also chroot jails may subject directory traversal incorrectly created.
Insecure direct object reference	possible directory traversal attack vectors open file descriptors directories outside jail.working directory another possible attack vector.insecure direct object reference references resources open web application security projectthe wasc threat classification – path traversalpath traversal vulnerability exploitation remediationcwe common weakness enumeration path traversal external links dotdotpwn – directory traversal fuzzer – conviction using directory traversal.bugtraq iis cc remote command executioncryptogram newsletter july .example request url sent web site directly uses easily enumerated unique identifier httpfoo.comdoc provide exploit unintended access records.a directory traversal attack considered special case idor.the vulnerability significant concern many years listed one open web application security project’s owasp top vulnerabilities.examples november firm silent breach identified idor vulnerability united states department defense web site privately reported via dods vulnerability disclosure program.bug fixed adding user session mechanism account system would require authenticating site first.it reported parler social networking service used sequential post ids enabled scraping terabytes data service january .researcher responsible project said inaccurate.references
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	mandate includes issues arms control promotion human rights freedom press fair elections.employs around people mostly field operations also secretariat vienna austria institutions.origins mid conference security cooperation europe csce held helsinki finland.osce concerned early warning conflict prevention crisis management postconflict rehabilitation.participating countries europe members present asia north america.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	participating states cover much land area northern hemisphere.created cold war era east–west forum.history organization roots conference security cooperation europe csce.talks mooted european security grouping since cold war prevented substantial progress talks dipoli espoo began november .talks held suggestion soviet union wished use talks maintain control communist countries eastern europe president finland urho kekkonen hosted order bolster policy neutrality.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	western europe however saw talks way reduce tension region furthering economic cooperation obtaining humanitarian improvements populations communist bloc.the recommendations talks form blue book gave practical foundations threestage conference called helsinki process.csce opened helsinki july states sending representatives.stage took five days agree follow blue book.stage ii main working phase conducted geneva september july .result stage ii helsinki final act signed participating states stage iii took place finlandia hall july – august .
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	opened holy sees diplomat cardinal agostino casaroli chairman conference.the concepts improving relations implementing act developed series followup meetings major gatherings belgrade october – march madrid november – september vienna november – january .the fall soviet union required change role csce.charter paris new europe signed november marked beginning change.process capped renaming csce osce january accordance results conference held budapest .osce formal secretariat senior council parliamentary assembly conflict prevention centre office free elections later became office democratic institutions human rights.in december lisbon declaration common comprehensive security model europe twentyfirst century affirmed universal indivisible nature security european continent.in istanbul november osce ended twoday summit calling political settlement chechnya adopting charter european security.through office democratic institutions human rights odihr osce observes assesses elections member states order support fair transparent democratic processes keeping mutual standards organization committed osce sent teams observers monitor elections typically focusing elections emerging democracies.invitation united states government odihr deployed assessment mission made participants six osce member states observed years us presidential election produced report.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	first time us presidential election subject osce monitoring although organization previously monitored statelevel american elections florida california .assessment took place backdrop controversial recount effort us presidential election came largely initiative democratic members united states house representatives.group included barbara lee california eddie bernice johnson texas initially addressed request election observers united nations letter kofi annan un secretarygeneral request declined.subsequently administration president george w. bush state department headed secretary state colin powell responded lawmakers concerns inviting osce electionmonitoring mission.languages six official languages osce english french german italian spanish russian.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	participating states bilateral priorities participating states partners cooperation legal status unique aspect osce nonbinding status constitutive charter.rather formal treaty ratified national legislatures helsinki final act represents political commitment heads government signatories build security cooperation europe basis provisions.allows osce remain flexible process evolution improved cooperation avoids disputes andor sanctions implementation.agreeing commitments signatories first time accepted treatment citizens within borders also matter legitimate international concern.open process osce often given credit helping build democracy soviet union eastern europe thus leading end cold war.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	unlike international intergovernmental organizations however osce international legal personality account lack legal effect charter.result headquarters host austria confer legal personality organization order able sign legal agreement regarding presence vienna.structure institutions political direction organization given heads state government summits.summits regular scheduled held needed.last summit took place astana kazakhstan december .
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	highlevel decisionmaking body organization ministerial council meets end every year.ambassadorial level permanent council convenes weekly vienna serves regular negotiating decisionmaking body.chairperson permanent council ambassador organization participating state holds chairmanship.addition ministerial council permanent council forum security cooperation also osce decisionmaking body.deals predominantly matters military cooperation modalities inspections according vienna document .the osces secretariat located vienna austria.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	organization also offices copenhagen geneva hague prague warsaw.as march osce employed staff including secretariat institutions field operations.the parliamentary assembly organization security cooperation europe made parliamentarians member states.parliamentary assembly performs functions mainly via standing committee bureau general committees committee political affairs security committee economic affairs science technology environment committee democracy human rights humanitarian questions.parliamentary assembly passes resolutions matters political security affairs economic environmental issues democracy human rights.representing collective voice osce parliamentarians resolutions recommendations meant ensure participating states live osce commitments.parliamentary assembly also engages parliamentary diplomacy extensive election observation program.the oldest osce institution office democratic institutions human rights odihr established following decision made summit paris.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	based warsaw poland active throughout osce area fields election observation democratic development human rights tolerance nondiscrimination rule law roma sinti issues.odihr observed elections referendums since sending observers.operated outside area twice sending team offered technical support october presidential elections afghanistan osce partner cooperation election support team assist parliamentary provincial council elections september .odihr headed matteo mecacci italy.the office osce representative freedom media established december acts watchdog provide early warning violations freedom expression osce participating states.representative also assists participating states advocating promoting full compliance osce norms principles commitments regarding freedom expression free media.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	current representative teresa ribeiro portugal.high commissioner national minorities created july helsinki summit meeting conference security cooperation europe.charged identifying seeking early resolution ethnic tension might endanger peace stability friendly relations participating states.current representative kairat abdrakhmanov kazakhstan.year osce holds osce asian conference partner nations currently australia thailand south korea japan afghanistan.the osce government kyrgyz republic established osce academy .
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	aim osce academy promote regional cooperation conflict prevention good governance central asia offering postgraduate education professional training intellectual exchange.list court conciliation arbitrationhigh commissioner national minoritiesminsk groupoffice democratic institutions human rightsparliamentary assemblyrepresentative freedom mediasecretariat field operations almost field operations osce conducted countries former yugoslavia former soviet union.discontinued missions long duration september – july closedmission georgia november – december closedmission estonia february – december closedmission latvia november – december closedmission ukraine november – april closedrepresentative estonian expert commission military pensioners – mandate terminatedliaison office central asia march – june closedrepresentative joint committee skrunda radar station april – october disbandedassistance group chechnya april – december closedpersonal representative osce chairpersoninoffice dayton article iv – discontinuedmission croatia july – december closedadvisory monitoring group belarus january – december closedkosovo verification mission october – june closedoffice yerevan february – august closedoffice baku – december closedoffice minsk january – march closed active presence albania since mission bosnia herzegovina since dayton agreementmission kosovo since mission montenegromission serbia since mission skopje since ohrid agreement agreement republic macedonia today north macedoniamission moldova since transnistria conflictproject coordinator ukraine since – crimean crisisspecial monitoring mission ukraine since russian aggression ukraineobserver mission russian checkpoints gukovo donetsk since russian aggression ukrainepersonal representative chairpersoninoffice conflict dealt osce minsk conference since nagornokarabakh conflictcentre ashgabat turkmenistanprogramme office nursultan kazakhstanprogramme office bishkek kyrgyzstanprogramme office dushanbe tajikistanproject coordinator uzbekistan chairmanship osce chairmanship assumed yearly intervals one participating state plays central role managing organizations work external representation.foreign minister country holding chair holds osces senior position chairpersoninoffice cio.the responsibilities chairpersoninoffice cio includecoordination work osce institutionsrepresenting organizationsupervising activities related conflict prevention crisis management postconflict rehabilitation.cio nominates personal representatives experts fields priority cio.osce chair poland represented zbigniew rau chairpersoninoffice.the cio assisted previous incoming chairpersonsinoffice three together constitute osce troika.origin institution lies charter paris new europe helsinki document formally institutionalized function.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	secretary general chairpersoninoffice osces senior official daytoday basis secretary general osces chief administrative officer requested chairmanship serve representative chairpersoninoffice.since establishment office secretary generals wilhelm höynck – giancarlo aragona – ján kubiš – marc perrin de brichambaut – lamberto zannier – thomas greminger – helga schmid – summits heads state government ministerial council meetings ordinary chairmanship history chairmanship osce held member state calendaryear basis minister foreign affairs state performing function chairpersoninoffice.table shows holders since .fiscal history since osces budget year millions euro relations united nations osce considers regional organization sense chapter viii united nations charter observer united nations general assembly.chairpersoninoffice gives routine briefings united nations security council.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	three dimensions politicomilitary dimension first dimension osce takes comprehensive approach politicomilitary dimension security includes number commitments participating states mechanisms conflict prevention resolution.organization also seeks enhance military security promoting greater openness transparency cooperation.arms controlthe end cold war resulted huge amount surplus weapons becoming available known international grey market weapons.osce helps stop the—often illegal—spread weapons offers assistance destruction.osce hosts annual exchange information conventional forces europe treaty.osce also implemented two additional exchanges information vienna document global exchange military information.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	open skies consultative commission implementing body treaty open skies meets monthly vienna headquarters.border managementthe actions taken osce border monitoring range conflict prevention postconflict management capacity building institutional support.combating terrorismwith expertise conflict prevention crisis management early warning osce contributes worldwide efforts combating terrorism.conflict preventionthe osce works prevent conflicts arising facilitate lasting comprehensive political settlements existing conflicts.also helps process rehabilitation postconflict areas.military reformthe osces forum security cooperation provides framework political dialogue military reform practical activities conducted field operations well conflict prevention centre.policingosce police operations integral part organizations efforts conflict prevention postconflict rehabilitation.implementationthe osce rather small organization selection international community provide electoral organization post war bosnia herzegovina early .ambassador frowick first osce representative initiate national election september human rights issues rule law specifically designed provide foundation judicial organization within bosnia herzegovina.the osce regional offices field offices include office brcko northeastern bosnia herzegovina remained limbo brcko arbitration agreement could decided finalized implemented.brcko become special district remains today.the osce essentially took place united nations bosnia herzegovina part bosnian leadership felt deep contempt un efforts stop war began ended .time united nations attempting political solution thousands un troops posted around bosnia herzegovina special emphasis sarajevo.bosnians killed one million displaced another million refugees.the osce continues presence number initiatives bring sustained peace region.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	economic environmental dimension second dimension activities economic environmental dimension include monitoring developments related economic environmental security osce participating states aim alerting threat conflict assisting states creation economic environmental policies legislation institutions promote security osce region.economic activitiesamong economic activities osce feature activities related migration management transport energy security.activities implemented cooperation partner organizations.environmental activitiesthe osce developed range activities environmental sphere aimed addressing ecologic threats security participating states.among activities feature projects area hazardous waste water management access information aarhus convention.human dimension third dimension commitments made osce participating states human dimension aim ensure full respect human rights fundamental freedoms abide rule law promote principles democracy building strengthening protecting democratic institutions promote tolerance throughout osce region.combating trafficking human beingssince osce established mechanism combating trafficking human beings defined article palermo protocol aimed raising public awareness problem building political within participating states tackle effectively.the osce actions trafficking human beings coordinated office special representative coordinator combating trafficking human beings.maria grazia giammarinaro judge criminal court rome took office special representative march .
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	office held eva biaudet former finnish minister health social services.biaudet currently serves finnish ombudsman minorities.predecessor former austrian minister helga konrad served first osce special representative combating trafficking human beings.the activities around combating trafficking human beings osce region office special representative includecooperation governments helping accept act responsibilities curbing trafficking human beingsproviding governments decision policymaking aids offering guidance antitrafficking management aim arriving solutions tailored needs individual countries line international standardsassisting governments develop national antitrafficking structures required efficient internal transnational cooperationraising awareness draw attention complexity problem need comprehensive solutionsconsidering dimensions human trafficking namely trafficking sexual exploitation trafficking forced bonded labour including domestic servitude trafficking forced marriagestrafficking organs trafficking childrenensuring effective interaction agents stake holders involved fight human trafficking ranging governmental authorities law enforcement officials ngos and—last least—international organizations agencies providing support thorough expertise knowhowguaranteeing highest possible visibility osces fight human trafficking focus attention issue.democratizationthe osce claims promote democracy assist participating states building democratic institutions.educationeducation programmes integral part organizations efforts conflict prevention postconflict rehabilitation.electionsas part democratization activities osce carries election assistance projects runup following elections.however effectiveness assistance arguable—kazakhstan example despite former chair osce considered many one least democratic countries world.moreover recent democratic advances made central asian republics notably kyrgyzstan led rumours sovietstyle disruption kyrgyz democratic process particular kazakhstan russia.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	may large part due fears longterm stability countries quasidictatorships.gender equalitythe equality men women integral part sustainable democracy.osce aims provide equal opportunities men women integrate gender equality policies practices.human rightsthe osces human rights activities focus priorities freedom movement religion preventing torture trafficking persons.national international ngososce could grant consultive status ngos ingos form researcherinresidence programme run prague office osce secretariat accredited representatives national international ngos granted access records numerous topical compilations related osce field activities.media freedomthe osce observes relevant media developments participating states view addressing providing early warning violations freedom expression.minority rightsethnic conflict one main sources largescale violence europe today.osces approach identify seek early resolution ethnic tensions set standards rights persons belonging minority groups high commissioner national minorities established.osce democracy defender award democracy defender award honors person group contributions promotion democracy defense human rights spirit helsinki final act osce principles commitments.award established initiative ambassadors countries supported delegations countries osce countries .
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	criticism following unprecedented period activity first decade st century osce faced accusations cis states primarily russia tool western states advance interests.instance events ukraine orange revolution led allegations russia osce involvement behalf prowestern viktor yushchenko president ukraine .munich conference security policy vladimir putin statedthey unnamed western states trying transform osce vulgar instrument designed promote foreign policy interests one group countries.task also accomplished osces bureaucratic apparatus absolutely connected state founders way.decisionmaking procedures involvement socalled nongovernmental organizations tailored task.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	organizations formally independent purposefully financed therefore control.russia allies advancing concept comprehensive osce reform would make secretariat institutions field presences centralized accountable collective consensusbased bodies focus work organization topical security issues human trafficking terrorism nonproliferation arms control etc.expense human dimension human rights issues.move reduce autonomy theoretically independent osce institutions odihr would effectively grant russian veto osce activity.western participating states opposing process see attempt prevent osce carrying democratization agenda postsoviet countries.following u.s. presidential election russian parliamentarian slutsky accused osces odihr double standards.point made numerous violations voting process registered criticism came within united states media human rights organizations mccains election staff osce known bashing criticism elections postsoviet space remained silent.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	osce parliamentary assembly osce parliamentary assembly sent election observers u.s. presidential elections.osce parliamentary assemblys president time democratic congressman alcee hastings.hastings previously impeached corruption u.s. congress.osce faced criticism partisanship double standards due hastingss past fact osces mandate promote democracy values civil society.in parliamentary assembly organization security cooperation europe criticized within latvian delegation lacking transparency democracy.spencer oliver b. secretary general osce parliamentary assembly held post organizations inception faced challenge latvian artis pabriks.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	according rules osce parliamentary assembly incumbent general secretary replaced full consensus minus one.pabriks called rules quite shocking perspective organization thats monitoring elections.texas controversy u.s. presidential elections november osce announced intention send electoral observers texas u.s. states.prompted attorney general texas greg abbott send letters u.s. secretary state hillary clinton osce threatening arrest osce officials enter electoral premises texas break texas law.reply u.s. department state stated osce observers enjoyed immunities.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	event incidents osce texas authorities recorded elections.war donbas march osce deployed special monitoring mission ukraine request ukraines government.mission received mixed reviews.observers applauded function eyes ears international community others accused mission bias towards either russia ukraine.on april girkin group taken control city slovyansk slavyansk took eight members osce special monitoring mission osce smm hostages.group appointed vyacheslav ponomarev mayor city.during war donbas osce observer allowed russian separatists travel vehicle organizations markings prompted allegations osce biased war interested carrying duties mediating ceasefire.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	organization issued statement regretting incident.moreover osce observer mission russian checkpoints gukovo donetsk organizationally separate special monitoring mission also received criticism alleging two checkpoints russian–ukrainian border currently monitored daniel baer us ambassador osce time described seriously inadequate.on hand ukraine faced criticism following bbc report showing alleged violation minsk agreement ukraine stationed tanks residential neighbourhood avdeevka.mission also criticized taking months deploy drones help monitor borders well withdrawing several weeks use due russian electronic attacks.drones reintroduced observe conflict .in advisor ukrainian ministry defence wrongly claimed approximately osce observers located near mariupol russian citizens many ties russian security agencies fsb gru.reality one observer mariupol russian citizen.total mission reports number russian citizens ranks .
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	organization also accused allegedly revealing locations ukrainian troops russian forces conflict.on december ukrainian media reported osce observer injured ukrainian counterartillery fire observing militants firing ukrainian forces.osce team accused located next two prorussian mortarteams.report stated osce team radio record russian mortarteam firing ukrainian positions.report criticised constituted unorthodox behaviour incident showed osce team acting impartial manner.contrast report provided osce day states mission area facilitate local ceasefire monitor repair works power station heard exchange artillery fire unspecified parties artillery rounds impacting approximately km east smms position therefore smm left due security concerns.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	furthermore report states smm team jccc constant contact smm team staromikhailivka.mention wounded observer made.on october suspended osce monitor confirmed former employee russias main intelligence directorate.suspended smm stated trouble receiving position neither osce ukraines security service thoroughly checked background.following report osce issued comment stating monitor fired due violations organizations code conduct.april photos osce monitors attending wedding russian separatist emerged.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	wedding taken place june .osce expressed regret incident issuing statement saying unprofessional behaviour displayed monitors picture individual incident abused cast shadow reputation mission members.osce reported monitors longer osce special monitoring mission.in april osce vehicle struck mine killed one smm member injured two.two armoured vehicles patrol near luhansk one struck mine.dead man american paramedic injured included woman germany man czech republic.on july german broadcaster ard reported russian intelligence services received inside information activities osce special monitoring mission ukraine staff member osce.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	insider information consisted observers preferences alcohol women financial situation contacts ukraine.osce issued statement expressing concern alleged security breach.russia accused members mission working ukrainian sbu spying prorussian separatists.furthermore russia accused mission bias reported troop movements separatist forces accusing mission ignoring similar moves ukraine.russias foreign minister also claimed mission failed pay sufficient attention human minorityrights within governmentcontrolled areas ukraine.furthermore criticised mission clearly attribute ceasefire violations either side.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	turkey april turkish president recep tayyip erdoğan criticized osce reporting opposition campaigners turkish constitutional referendum faced bans police interventions arrests.erdoğan said organization security cooperation europe says result yes means lot problems.first know place.duty.reaction protests kazakhstan russian foreign ministry spokeswoman maria zakharova criticised osce indifferent kazakh unrest.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	time also noted closely osce follows events countries..said osce helping journalists attacked kazakhstan mentioned attack office kazakh branch mir tv radio company almaty involved perpetrators.sergey lavrov interview condemned way west including osce reacted events kazakhstan terrible shameful.see also references external links official website osce u.s. mission osceosce osce mission bosnia herzegovinaosce polis policing online information systemosce curlieunited states institute peace online training course osce required u.s. citizens hired organization.
China Chopper	provides detailed outline osce additional modules major area involved in.website freely available tests given submitted applications.official osce account twittersummer academy osce archived april wayback machinethe short film conference security cooperation europe available free download internet archive.postage stamps moldova celebrating admission osceweb shell commonly used malicious chinese actors including advanced persistent threat apt groups remotely control web servers.web shell two parts client interface executable file receiver host file compromised web server.china chopper many commands control features password bruteforce attack option code obfuscation file database management graphical user interface.originally distributed website down.fireeye revealed client web shell programmed microsoft visual c .china chopper used attacks eight australian web hosting providers compromised due use unsupported operating system windows server .hackers connected web servers monero mining pool mined aud worth monero.in version web shell programmed jscript used advanced persistent threat group hafnium exploit four zeroday vulnerabilities microsoft exchange server microsoft exchange server data breach.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	web shell dropped vulnerability exploited allowing attackers upload program runs administrator privileges.address .aspx file containing script http post request made script command request causing script execute command immediately using jscript eval function allowing attackers run arbitrary code server.referencesruns windows server works inspecting network traffic passes it.features microsoft forefront tmg offers set features includerouting remote access features microsoft forefront tmg act router internet gateway virtual private network vpn server network address translation nat server proxy server.security features microsoft forefront tmg firewall inspect network traffic including web content secure web content emails filter malware attempts exploit security vulnerabilities content match predefined security policy.technical sense microsoft forefront tmg offers application layer protection stateful filtering content filtering antimalware protection.network performance features microsoft forefront tmg also improve network performance compress web traffic improve communication speed.also offers web caching cache frequentlyaccessed web content users access faster local network cache.microsoft forefront tmg also cache data received background intelligent transfer service updates software published microsoft update website.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	history microsoft proxy server microsoft forefront threat management gateway product line originated microsoft proxy server.developed codename catapult microsoft proxy server v. first launched january designed run windows nt .. microsoft proxy server v. basic product designed provide internet access clients lan environment via tcpip.support also provided ipxspx networks primarily used legacy novell netware environments winsock translationtunnelling client allowed tcpip applications web browsers operate transparently without tcpip wire.although wellintegrated windows nt microsoft proxy server v. basic functionality came one edition.extended support microsoft proxy server v. ended march .microsoft proxy server v. launched december included better nt account integration improved packet filtering support support wider range network protocols.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	microsoft proxy server v. exited extended support phase reached end life december .isa server march microsoft launched microsoft internet security acceleration server isa server .isa server introduced standard enterprise editions enterprisegrade functionality highavailability clustering included standard edition.isa server required windows edition also run windows server .accordance microsofts support lifecycle policy isa server first isa server product use year support lifecycle years mainstream support five years extended support.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	isa server reached end life april .isa server microsoft internet security acceleration server isa server released september .isa server introduced multinetworking support integrated virtual private networking configuration extensible user authentication models application layer firewall support active directory integration securenat improved reporting management features.rules based configuration also considerably simplified isa server version.isa server enterprise edition included array support integrated network load balancing nlb cache array routing protocol carp.one core capabilities isa server dubbed secure server publishing ability securely expose internal servers internet.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	example organizations use isa server publish microsoft exchange server services outlook web access owa outlook mobile access oma activesync.using formsbased authentication fba authentication type isa server used preauthenticate web clients traffic unauthenticated clients published servers allowed.isa server available two editions standard enterprise.enterprise edition contains features enabling policies configured array level rather individual isa servers loadbalancing across multiple isa servers.edition isa server licensed per processor.version included windows small business server premium includes licensing processors.isa server runs windows server standard enterprise edition.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	appliance hardware containing windows server appliance edition isa server standard edition available variety microsoft partners.isa server microsoft internet security acceleration server isa server released october .updated version isa server retains features isa server except message screener.isa server introduced new features includingsupport exchange server referred exchange microsoft isa server evaluation guide new configuration wizards various tasks setting sitetosite vpn connection publishing sharepoint services publishing websites creating firewall rules.introduction single signon groups published web sites.improvements user authentication including addition ldap authentication support resistance flood attacks protect isa server unavailable compromised unmanageable flooding attack.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	– performance features bits caching web publishing load balancing http compression.isa server appliance editionmicrosoft also offered isa server appliance edition.designed preinstalled onto oem hardware server appliances sold hardware manufacturers standalone firewall type device.along appliance edition isa server standard edition enterprise edition available preconfigured hardware.microsoft forefront tmg mbe microsoft forefront threat management gateway medium business edition forefront tmg mbe next version isa server also included windows essential business server.
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	version runs bit edition windows server support enterprise edition features array support enterprise policy.mainstream support forefront tmg mbe ended november .microsoft forefront tmg microsoft forefront threat management gateway forefront tmg released november .built foundation isa server provides enhanced web protection native bit support support windows server windows server r malware protection bits caching.service pack product released june .
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway	includes several new features support windows server r sharepoint lines products.service pack product released october .september microsoft announced development take place forefront threat management gateway product longer available purchase december .mainstream support ceased april extended support ended april .see also microsoft serversmicrosoft forefrontmicrosoft forefront unified access gateway references external links official websitetmg techcenterforefront tmg isa server product team blogrichard hicks forefront tmg blog
Splunk	splunk horizontal technology used application management security compliance well business web analytics.history founding early years michael baum rob das erik swan cofounded splunk inc .venture firms august capital sevin rosen ignition partners jkb capital backed company.by splunk raised us million became profitable .splunk initial public offering trading nasdaq symbol splk.company growth september company acquired bugsense mobiledevice dataanalytics company.
Splunk	bugsense provides mobile analytics platform used developers improve app performance improve quality.supplied software developer kit give developers access data analytics mobile devices managed scalable cloud platform.acquisition amount undisclosed.in december splunk acquired cloudmeter provider network data capture technologies.in june splunk acquired software company metafor uses machine learning technology analyze data generated infrastructure applications.in july splunk acquired caspida cybersecurity startup us million.in october splunk sealed cybersecurity alliance u.s. government security contractor booz allen hamilton inc. offer combined cyberthreat detection intelligenceanalysis technology.in splunk pledged donate million software licenses training support education volunteerism nonprofits schools year period.according glassdoor fourth highestpaying company employees united states april .in may splunk acquired drastin software company provides searchbased analytics enterprises.in september splunk acquired signalsense developed cloudbased data collection breach detection software.splunk announced using machine learning time.in october splunk acquired technology intellectual property smaller rival rocana.on april splunk acquired phantom cyber corporation approximately us million.april reached us.billion market capitalization.on june splunk announced acquisition victorops devops incident management startup us million.in july splunk acquired kryptoncloud industrial iot analytics saas company.
Splunk	splunk acquired cloud monitoring company signalfx october .b.two weeks later september splunk acquired omnition—an earlystage startup specializing distributed tracing—for undisclosed amount.splunk also announced launch corporate venture fund splunk ventures—a million innovation fund million social impact fund invest earlystage startups.recent history splunk named fortune list.as september splunks client list includes companies fortune list.splunk recognized leader gartner magic quadrant siem.gartner report evaluates siem providers provides graph magic quadrant vendors plotted based ability execute yaxis completeness vision xaxis.splunk noted analytics infrastructure monitoring ability scale index original raw data infosec functions multiple deployment options.splunk reported fiscal fourth quarter revenue .
Splunk	million.fiscal splunk reported revenue .billion.on november douglas merritt stepped president ceo.graham smith splunks chairman since took interim ceo.products splunks core offering collects analyzes high volumes machinegenerated data.
Splunk	uses application programming interface api connect applications devices.developed data reporting executives outside companys department.splunk enterprise security es provides security information event management siem machine data generated security technologies network endpoint access malware vulnerability identity information.premium application licensed independently.in splunk released splunk storm cloudbased version core splunk product.splunk storm offered turnkey managed hosted service machine data.splunk announced splunk storm would become completely free service expanded cloud offering splunk cloud.
Splunk	splunk shut splunk storm.in splunk announced product called hunk splunk analytics hadoop supports accessing searching reporting external data sets located hadoop splunk interface.in splunk announced light version core splunk product aimed smaller itenvironments midsized enterprises.splunk debuted splunk service intelligence itsi september .itsi leverages splunk data provide visibility performance.software analytics detect anomalies determine causes areas affects.cloud transformation google announced cloud platform would integrate splunk expand areas like ops security compliance.
Splunk	company also announced additional machine learning capabilities several major product offerings installed top platform.splunk cloud received fedramp authorization general services administration fedramp program management office moderate level enabling splunk sell federal government.allows customers access googles ai ml services power data splunk.also integrating google anthos google cloud security command center splunk data shared among different cloudbased applications.help companies manage shift multi cloud environment splunk launched observability cloud combines infrastructure monitoring application performance monitoring digital experience monitoring log investigation incident response capabilities.
Splunk	company announced splunk cloud available google cloud platform launched initiative amazon web services help customers migrate onpremises splunk workloads splunk cloud aws cloud.in splunk introduced splunk insights ransomware analytics tool assessing investigating potential threats ingesting event logs multiple sources.software targeted toward smaller organizations like universities.company also launched splunk insights aws cloud monitoring service facilitate enterprises migration amazon web services cloud.in splunk introduced splunk industrial asset intelligence extracts information iiotindustrial internet things data various resources presents users critical alerts.in splunk announced new capabilities platform including general availability data fabric search data stream processor.data fabric search uses datasets across different data stores including splunkbased single view.required data structure created query run.data stream processor realtime processing product collects data various sources distributes results splunk destinations.
Splunk	allows rolebased access create alerts reports based data relevant individual.updated allow access process route realtime data multiple cloud services.also splunk rolled splunk connected experiences extends data processing analytics capabilities augmented reality ar mobile devices mobile applications.in splunk announced splunk enterprise .splunk cloud edition.include stream processing machine learning multicloud capabilities.
Splunk	tin october splunk announced integration security tools including security information event management siem user behavior analytics uba security orchestration automation response splunk phantom — new splunk mission control.in splunk introduced application performance monitoring apm platform signalfx microservices apm pairs “nosample’ monitoring analysis features omnitions fullfidelity tracing capabilities.splunk also announced capability called kubernetes navigator would available product signalfx infrastructure monitoring.splunkbase splunkbase community hosted splunk users go find apps addons splunk improve functionality usefulness splunk well provide quick easy interface specific usecases andor vendor products.october apps available framework.integrations splunkbase include splunk app new relic forescout extended module splunk splunk app aws.sponsorships mclaren starting splunk announced partnership mclaren formula one team sponsoring team working provide data analysis insight racing performance.splunk worked mclaren racing several years evaluating performance data pulled nearly sensors every racecar becoming mclarens official technology partner february .
Splunk	partnership resulted splunk deployed across mclaren group.included using splunk interpret data mclarens esports team.part partnership splunks logo added sidepod cockpit surrounds mcl racecar.treksegafredo november splunk signed sponsorship deal treksegafredo professional road cycling team partnership started .splunk replaced ca industries companys technology partner.
Web portal	splunk provides data analysis company including analysis riders coaches mechanics.team jerseys bikes vehicles carry splunk branding.splunk also participates treks race hospitality program.references external links official websitebusiness data splunk inc.usually information source gets dedicated area page displaying information portlet often user configure ones display.variants portals include mashups intranet dashboards executives managers.extent content displayed uniform way may depend intended user intended purpose well diversity content.often design emphasis certain metaphor configuring customizing presentation content e.g.dashboard map chosen implementation framework code libraries.
Web portal	addition role user organization may determine content added portal deleted portal configuration.a portal may use search engines application programming interface api permit users search intranet content opposed extranet content restricting domains may searched.apart common search engines feature web portals may offer services email news stock quotes information databases even entertainment content.portals provide way enterprises organizations provide consistent look feel access control procedures multiple applications databases otherwise would different web entities various urls.features available may restricted whether access authorized authenticated user employee member anonymous website visitor.history late web portal web buzzword.
Web portal	proliferation web browsers lates many companies tried build acquire portal attempt obtain share internet market.web portal gained special attention many users starting point web browsing set home page.content branding portal could change internet companies merged acquired.netscape became part america online walt disney company launched go.com.portal metaphors widely used public library sites borrowers using login users university intranets students faculty.
Web portal	vertical markets remain isvs independent software vendors offering management executive intranet dashboards corporations government agencies areas governance risk management compliance classification web portals sometimes classified horizontal vertical.horizontal portal used platform several companies economic sector type manufacturers distributors.vertical portal also known vortal specialized entry point specific market industry niche subject area interest.vertical portals known vertical information portals vips.vips provide news editorial content digital publications ecommerce capabilities.
Web portal	contrast traditional vertical portals vips also provide dynamic multimedia applications including social networking video posting blogging.types web portal web portal website provides broad array services search engines email online shopping forums.america online first web portal.american web portals include pathfinder excite netscape go nbci msn lycos voila yahoo google search.personal portal personal portal web page web site world wide web local html home page including javascript perhaps running modified web browser.
Web portal	personal portal typically provides personalized capabilities visitors local user providing pathway content.may designed use distributed applications different numbers types middleware hardware provide services number different sources may run nonstandard local web server.addition business portals designed sharing collaboration workplaces.businessdriven requirement portals content presented multiple platforms personal computers laptops tablet computers personal digital assistants pdas cell phones smartphones.information news updates examples content could delivered portal.personal portals related specific topic providing friends information social network providing links outside content may help others beyond reach services.
Web portal	portals limited simply providing links.outside business intranet user often simpler portals become replaced richer mashup designs.within enterprises early portals often replaced much powerful dashboard designs.also relied newer protocols version rss aggregation may may involve degree web harvesting.government end dotcom boom many governments already committed creating government web portal sites citizens.

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