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Lumen Technologies	aug. centurylink announced expansion gigabit fiber service additional markets.september centurylink announced expansion gigabit fiber service residential business customers six additional states increasing companys service coverage select areas states.lumen maintains operates dark fiber within united states department defense contracting announcements indicate.continuation centurylinks work.gigabit fiber markets data centers may centurylink inc. completed previously announced sale data centers colocation business funds advised bc partners consortium including medina capital advisors longview asset management.deal worth approximately .billion centurylink retaining approximately equity stake consortiums newly formed global secure infrastructure company cyxtera technologies.
Lumen Technologies	organizational structure centurylink second largest u.s. communications provider global enterprise customers second comcast.centurylink customers countries named one americas best customer service companies alongside frontier spectrum.naming rights sponsorships venue naming rights current lumen field – seattle washington formerly seahawks stadium qwest field centurylink field former centurylink arena boise – boise idaho idaho central arena formerly bank america centre qwest arenacenturylink center – bossier city louisiana brookshire grocery arena formerly bossier city arena centurytel centercenturylink center omaha – omaha nebraska chi health center omaha formerly qwest center omaha sponsorships denver broncosorlando magicidaho steelheadsseattle seahawkstexas rangerstampa bay buccaneersminnesota vikingsportland trail blazersulmla tech criticism controversy federal communications commission ordered centurylink pay record million failing alert authorities preventable programming error left nearly million people seven states without access emergency services six hours .in december centurylink faced criticism requiring residential customers utah via dns hijacking view acknowledge notice advertising security parental control software could connect internet again.provider claimed required recently enacted state law requires isps inform users provide ability block material harmful minors.bill sponsor utah state senate member todd weiler stated law require service disrupted notice acknowledged law requires notice delivered conspicuous manner advertisement within bill invoice require disruption service.on december “nationwide outage” caused service disrupted across country.
Lumen Technologies	federal communications commission says investigate.areas outage lasted nearly twelve hours third shutdown year following outages april november .atm point sale credit card machines also widely affected.on january centurylink required pay .million customers minnesota settlement regarding overbilling.addition payment centurylink required reform billing practices submit audits minnesota attorney generals office.
Referer spoofing	according reports centurylink disagreed charges settled avoid litigation costs.on august centurylink suffered major technical outage due misconfiguration one companys data centers.outage impacted tech giants cloudflare amazon twitter xbox live many more.reports indicate services restored et.see also list centurylink operating companieslist united states telephone companiestier network references external links official website lumen technologiesofficial website centurylinkbusiness data lumen technologiesoverview referer spoofing typically done data privacy reasons testing order request information without genuine authority web servers may supply response requests specific http referers.to improve privacy individual browser users may replace accurate referer data inaccurate data though many simply suppress browsers sending referer data.sending referrer information technically spoofing though sometimes also described such.in software systems networks testing sometimes penetration testing referer spoofing often part larger procedure transmitting accurate inaccurate well expected unexpected input httpd system tested observing results.while many websites configured gather referer information serve different content depending referer information obtained exclusively relying http referer information authentication authorization purposes genuine computer security measure.http referer information freely alterable interceptable password though poorly configured systems treat such.application websites especially many image hosting sites use referer information secure materials browsers arriving web pages served images.additionally site may want users click pages advertisements directly able access downloadable file — using referring page referring site information help site redirect unauthorized users landing page site would like use.if attackers acquire knowledge approved referers often trivial many sites follow common template use information combined exploit gain access materials.spoofing often allows access sites content sites web server configured block browsers send referer headers.
Referer spoofing	website owners may disallow hotlinking.it also used defeat referer checking controls used mitigate crosssite request forgery attacks.tools several software tools exist facilitate referer spoofing web browsers.extensions popular browsers mozilla firefox internet explorer may provide facilities customise manage referrer urls website user visits.other tools include proxy servers individual configures browser send http requests.proxy forwards different headers intended website usually removing modifying referer header.proxies may also present privacy issues users may log users activity.
Static web page	see also referrer spam – kind spamming aimed search engines notesoverview static web pages often cap html documents stored files file system made available web server http nevertheless urls ending .html always static.however loose interpretations term could include web pages stored database could even include pages formatted using template served application server long page served unchanging presented essentially stored.static web pages suitable content never rarely needs updated though modern web template systems changing this.maintaining large numbers static pages files impractical without automated tools static site generators.personalization interactivity run clientside restricting.advantages static website provide improved security dynamic websites dynamic websites risk web shell attacks vulnerability presentimproved performance end users compared dynamic websitesfewer dependencies systems databases application servers cost savings utilizing cloud storage opposed hosted environmentsecurity configurations easy setup makes secure disadvantages static website dynamic functionality must performed client side references external links definitive listing static site generators communitycurated list static site generators.
ASP.NET Web Site Administration Tool	history web site administration tool first introduced asp.net .along asp.net microsoft management console mmc snapin.interface asp.net web site administration tool accessed clicking asp.net configuration website menu project menu visual studio professional clicking asp.net configuration icon solution explorer window.programmatic access features provided asp.net web site administration tool made possible inclusion system.web.security namespace asp.net program.classes membership roles used store access modify user information aspnetdb database.user could authenticated using membership.validateuser formsauthentication.authenticate methods.
ASP.NET Web Site Administration Tool	pagebased user authorization realized usage authorizerequest event httpapplication class.features asp.net web site administration tool multitabbed utility following featuresweb site administration tool security tabweb site administration tool application tabweb site administration tool provider tabweb site administration tool internals security tab security tab used create users roles group users different roles assign access rules either rolelevel userlevel.web site administration tool opened modify existing settings new database created appdata folder application.database stores asp.net membershiprelated information.name database created aspnetdb default.the security tab simplifies optimizes user authentication authorization.
ASP.NET Web Site Administration Tool	makes comparatively easy configure user permissions codebased userdefined authentication systems require great amount time cost manpower.however major drawback tool access rules could defined folderlevel pagelevel.application tab application tab used specify application settings configure smtp settings enable disable debugging tracing apart uses.application tab interacts configuration file application web.config aspnetdb database.application settings created objects inserted namevalue pairs web.config file.
ASP.NET Web Site Administration Tool	provider tab provider tab used specify database provider aspnetdb database used store asp.net membership role information.security page appear unless database provider specified providers tab.sql data provider generally used oracle data providers also used case oracle databases.provider allows user option store data related asp.net website administration tool different databases purpose.references
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	responsible collecting analysing reporting disseminating intelligence threats canadas national security conducting operations covert overt within canada abroad.also reports advises minister public safety national security issues situations threaten security nation.it headquartered ottawa ontario purposebuilt facility completed .csis responsible parliament minister public safety overseen national security intelligence review agency.agency also subject review federal court.csis led director ninth current david vigneault assumed role june .history prior security intelligence canada purview royal canadian mounted police rcmp.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	however allegations rcmp security service – predecessor csis – involved numerous illegal activities.result allegations justice david macdonald appointed investigate activities rcmp security service.resulting investigation known mcdonald commission published final report main recommendation security intelligence work separated policing civilian intelligence agency created take rcmp security service.on june csis created act parliament.time also decided activities new agency canadian security intelligence service subject judicial approval warrants general review new body security intelligence review committee well office inspector general disbanded .de facto existence began july direction thomas darcy finn.at first main emphasis csis combating activities various foreign intelligence agencies operating canada.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	example engaged investigating economic espionage involving chinese operations throughout canada.threat posed foreign intelligence agencies still remain csis years since focused threat canadian security citizens posed terrorist activity led memorable cases maher arar omar khadr.the institutional focus csis returned state actors russia china february speech director david vigneault warned chinese strategy geopolitical advantage fronts — economic technological political military uses elements state power carry activities direct threat national security sovereignty.leadership leadership position mostly political appointment.coulombe yaworski promoted ranks within csis.vigneault held management posting csis.neufeld joined csis rcmp.finn previously assistant secretary federal cabinet security intelligence matters s.neufeld rcmp vigneault cbsa cse law enforcement backgrounds.ted finn reid morden ray protti ward elcock dale neufeld acting director may november jim judd richard fadden michel coulombe jeffrey yaworski interim director returned role deputy director retiring .
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	joined csis .david vigneault –present insignia csis one several federal departments primarily involved law enforcement security regulatory function granted heraldic badge.badge created july predating creation canadian heraldic authority received royal approval june .on december csis flag raised first time director national headquarters.flag displays csis badge white field.mission operations csis canadas lead agency national security matters conducting national security investigations security intelligence collection.csis collects analyzes intelligence advises government canada issues activities may threaten security canada citizens.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	threats include terrorism espionage foreign interference canadian affairs proliferation weapons mass destruction information security threats.agency also responsible security screening program.there restriction canadian security intelligence service act csis may collect security intelligence information relating threats security canada.agency may collect information threats canada canadians anywhere world.csis often viewed defensive security intelligence agency strictly domestic agency.csis officers work partly domestically often internationally efforts monitor counter threats canadian security.there distinction security intelligence foreign intelligence.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	security intelligence pertains national security threats e.g.terrorism espionage.foreign intelligence involves information collection relating political economic activities foreign states.previous law stated csis allowed collect intelligence within canada due updated law allowed collect intelligence abroad well.csis served many different countries especially .examples countries served afghanistan iraq syria lebanon mali libya sudan pakistan somalia qatar kuwait united arab emirates.csis neither police agency part military.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	intelligence agency primary role csis law enforcement.investigation criminal activity left rcmp local provincial regional municipal police agencies.csis like counterparts uks security service mi us central intelligence agency cia civilian agency.csis subject review national security intelligence review agency nsira well legislative checks balances.agency carries functions accordance canadian security intelligence service act governs defines powers activities.canadian police military agencies canadian forces intelligence branch numerous government departments may maintain intelligence components i.e.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	analyze criminal intelligence military strategic intelligence.global affairs canada maintains security intelligence bureau review analyze overtly acquired information.bureau plays coordinating policy role.intelligence agency responsible security global affairs canada personnel around world.however agencies confused encompassing work larger dedicated intelligence agencies csis mi mi cia.as canadas contributor human intelligence five eyes csis works closely intelligence agencies united states united kingdom australia new zealand.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	postworld war ii quadripartite ukusa agreement intelligence information shared intelligence agencies five countries.permission put subject surveillance granted target approval review committee.security liaison officers slos csis posted canadian embassies consulates gather securityrelated intelligence nations.information may gathered national intelligence agencies law enforcement services sources.slos also assess potential immigrants canada security issues.csis named one canadas top employers mediacorp canada inc. years – featured macleans newsmagazine.organization regional csis headquarters located ottawa ontario responsible overall operations.regionally canada broken six subordinate regions atlantic quebec ottawa toronto prairie british columbia regions.these regions responsible investigating threat canada allies defined canadian security intelligence service act.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	liaise various federal provincial municipal private sector entities found within areas responsibility.also conduct various outreach programs different community cultural groups universities private sector organizations effort provide better understanding clear misunderstandings csis role is.regions also border us therefore maintain contact us federal counterparts.atlantic region atlantic region encompasses four atlantic provinces nova scotia new brunswick newfoundland labrador prince edward island smallest six csis regions.main office located halifax two district offices fredericton st. johns.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	quebec region region responsible solely province quebec.main office montreal one district office quebec city.ottawa toronto regions two regions responsible operations ontario except nw ontario.four district offices located niagara falls windsor downtown toronto toronto pearson international airport.prairie region geographically represents largest six regions encompasses area ontario north west thunder bay manitoba saskatchewan alberta three northern territories yukon northwest territories nunavut.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	regional office located edmonton three district offices located winnipeg regina calgary.british columbia region responsible province british columbia.main office located downtown burnaby district office vancouver international airport.branches csis functionally divided three deputy directorates five assistant directorates deputy director operationsassistant director collectionassistant director requirementsdeputy director administration chief financial officerdeputy director policy strategic partnershipsassistant director legal servicesassistant director technologyassistant director human resourcescsis also houses chief audit evaluation executive senior officer disclosure wrongdoing.weapons csis officers known carried unspecified gun type foreign flashpoints afghanistan however widely known csis officers used smith wesson model csis officers also believed use rifles colt canada c ca firearms widely known used rcmp cansofcom many municipal police departments canada.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	research analysis production rap reorganized – order better coordinate intelligence assessment secretariat privy council office.four subdivisions counter intelligence foreign intelligence counterterrorism distribution.oversight part omnibus national security bill passed parliament oversight reporting regime csis overhauled.previous agency handled oversight csis security intelligence review committee sirc replaced new agency national security intelligence review agency nsira includes oversight national security intelligence activities undertaken agency government canada.the reforms also include creation new intelligence commissioner reports parliament quasijudicial oversight national security matters.controversies royal canadian mounted police collaborated csis project sidewinder study alleging china set foreign influence network canada.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	rcmp accused csis watering report.in several instances csis accused misrepresenting facts courts.csis censured federal court judge richard mosley deliberately misleading federal court make possible allow agencies spy canadians abroad allowed canadian law.mosley found csis breached duty candour court disclosing information relevant federal court stated press release.csis also involved cases evidence mishandled omitted courts.alleged service disclose information confidential informants csis relying gather information targets either deceptive failed liedetector tests.isolated case several instances agency mishandling evidence also called investigation.crown prosecutor james jardine expressed frustration csis commission inquiry investigation bombing air india flight headed justice john c. major.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	two canadian courts publicly criticized csis destroying wiretap evidence.one court impressed upon importance wiretap evidence csis establishing guilt.second focused exculpatory value.from csis mole grant bristow infiltrated canadian whitesupremacist movement.story became public knowledge press aired concerns one founders heritage front group also channelled csis funding group.on september arar commission absolved csis involvement extraordinary rendition united states canadian citizen maher arar.commission found us authorities sent arar jordan syria country birth based incorrect information provided rcmp us government.
Canadian Security Intelligence Service	arar held syrians one year tortured.sole criticism csis leveled commission agency critically examine information provided regimes practice torture.on march csis lawyer advisor geoffrey obrian told committee public safety national security csis would use information obtained torture could prevent another attack air india bombing.testifying committee two days later director csis jim judd said obrian may confused venturing hypothetical would send committee clarifying letter.two weeks later csis announced judd would retiring june five months end fiveyear term.prominent canadian national security lawyer barbara jackman also critical categorizing research csis sloppy officers susceptible tunnel vision.in several csis members accused organization racist homophobic workplace culture.see also canada border services agencycanadian cyber incident response centrecommunications security establishmentfinancial transactions reports analysis centre canadaintelligence branch canadian forcesnational security intelligence review agency references external links official websitecsis news archive canadian intelligence resource centre circth parliament st session contains review csiss rcmps role antiterrorism act
Security Council of Russia	composed russia′s top state officials heads defence security agencies chaired president russia scrf acts forum coordinating integrating national security policy.history status role security council rsfsr legally set congress peoples deputies russia april along post president rsfsr rsfsr time operated one constituent republics ussr.constitution russia refers scrf article stipulates one presidents prerogatives scrf formed headed president russia also saying status scrf defined federal law.the law security defines legal status scrf constitutional consultative body concerned elaboration decisions president fields russias defence national security.scrf comprises chairman president russia secretary scrf full members members appointed president.law secretary scrf appointed president reports directly him.decisions scrf adopted full members approved president may issue decrees orders purpose implementing them.the presidential decree may enacted statute scrf well host statutes pertaining structure composition scrf.it argued coordinating role defined security council national security strategy published may represents strengthening councils influence importance within russian governance new secretary nikolai patrushev.on january president vladimir putin signed decree amended relevant laws established new state office deputy chairman security council.
Neil Daswani	day president putin appointed dmitry medvedev deputy chairman security council.composition october chairman security council — vladimir putin president russia ex officiopermanent membersnonpermanent members deputy chairmen security council dmitry medvedev since january secretaries security council yury skokov april – may yevgeny shaposhnikov june – september oleg lobov september – june aleksandr lebed june – october ivan rybkin october – march andrei kokoshin march – september nikolai bordyuzha september – march vladimir putin march – august sergei ivanov november – march vladimir rushailo march – march igor ivanov march – june valentin sobolev acting june – may nikolai patrushev since may first deputy secretaries security council mikhail mityukov december – april vyacheslav mikhailov june – may vladislav sherstyuk may – march mikhail fradkov may – march nikolai solovyov june – march vladimir bulavin may – march yury averyanov since march deputy secretaries security council vladislav nasinovsky december – august yury nazarkin january – august vladimir rubanov august – june aleksandr troshin october – june valery manilov october – september vladimir denisov june – october sergei kharlamov june – october nikolai mikhailov june – september boris berezovsky october – november leonid mayorov october – may yury deryabin december – march boris agapov june – june aleksandr ageyenkov october – august vladimir potapov august – grigory rapota august – november aleksei molyakov may – aleksei moskovsky june – march viktor melnikov august – september oleg chernov january – aleksei ogaryov february – august vladimir vasilyev may – march valentin sobolev may – march vyacheslav soltaganov march – nikolai solovyov may – june valentin stepankov august – june yevgeny nazdratenko august – yury zubakov may – june nikolai spassky may – june vladimir nazarov august – october yury baluyevsky june – january nikolai klimashin june – december yury averyanov january – march yevgeny lukyanov march – december sergei buravlyov december – rashid nurgaliyev since may mikhail popov since march sergei vakhrukov since october aleksandr grebenkin since december oleg khramov since january yury kokov since september aleksandr venediktov since february assistants secretary security council anatoly krivolapov august – december vladislav sherstyuk september – december vladimir nazarov january – august yury averyanov may – january vladimir zavershinsky june – october nikolai klimashin october – june yevgeny lukyanov december – march mikhail popov january – march aleksandr grebenkin may – december ilya shinkaryov november – february sergei vakhrukov december – october aleksandr venediktov december – february aleksei pavlov march – may since may nail mukhitov since april aleksandr abelin since december assistants deputy chairman security council oleg osipov since february sergei sobolev since february mikhail trinoga since february dmitry tsvetkov since july aleksei zaklyazminsky since january managers secretariat deputy chairman security council sergei chebotaryov since march see also council ministers russiagovernment russiasecurity council soviet union references external links official site russianagentura.ru russianinformation englishlead author book foundations security every programmer needs know.in cofounded dasient web security company along another exgoogler berkeley alum shariq rizvi former mckinsey strategy consultant ameet ranadive.daswani previously product manager google.career prior roles google stanford daswani served variety research development teaching managerial roles yodlee lucent bellcore telcordia technologies.additional areas expertise include wireless data technology peertopeer systems.published extensively areas frequently gives talks industry academic conferences granted several u.s. patents.at google led authoring anatomy clickbot.aa detailed analysis machine botnet constructed conduct click fraud book chapter online advertising fraud.while stanford phd student hector garciamolina cofounded stanford center professional development scpd security certification program.
Neil Daswani	received ph.d. computer science.also holds m.s.computer science stanford university b.s.computer science honors distinction columbia university.references external links neil daswanis home pageneil daswanis blog
List of U.S. security clearance terms	levels often appear employment postings defense related jobs jobs involving substantial amounts responsibility air traffic control nuclear energy positions.different organizations united states federal government use different terminology lettering discussed below.security clearances issued many united states america government agencies.use security clearance levels often appear employment postings defense related jobs jobs involving substantial amounts responsibility air traffic control nuclear energy positions.employers generally prefer hire people already cleared access classified information level needed given job contract security clearances take year obtain.
List of U.S. security clearance terms	general employers look candidates hold active department defense dod collateral clearance blanket tsscicleared top secret sensitive compartmented information counterintelligence ci fullscope polygraph fsp also known expanded scope screening ess.security levels security clearances issued many united states america government agencies including department defense dod department state dos department homeland security dhs department energy doe department justice doj national security agency nsa central intelligence agency cia.dod issues clearances.three levels dod security clearancestop secret – applied information unauthorized disclosure could reasonably expected cause exceptionally grave damage national security.secret – applied information unauthorized disclosure could reasonably expected cause serious damage national security.confidential – applied information unauthorized disclosure could reasonably expected cause damage national security.usap unacknowledged sap waived usap made known authorized persons including members appropriate committees us congress.waived usap subset usap.accm alternative compensatory control measures security measures used safeguard classified intelligence operations support information normal measures insufficient achieve strict needtoknow controls sap controls required.additionally united states department energy issues two levels security clearancesq clearance – allows access classified information including top secret data special designation restricted data tsrd special qcleared security areas.l clearance – allows access classified information including secret data special designation formerly restricted data sfrd special lcleared limited areas.despite common misconception public trust position security clearance confidential designation.
List of U.S. security clearance terms	certain positions require access sensitive information information classified must obtain designation background check.public trust positions either moderaterisk highrisk.information top secret phrase used media means either sensitive compartmented information sci special access program sap.truly top secret since clearance higher top secret.sci information may either secret top secret either case additional controls dissemination beyond associated classification level alone.order gain sci access one would need single scope background investigation ssbi.
List of U.S. security clearance terms	compartments information identified code words.one means need know principle formally automatically enforced.in order access material particular sci compartment person must first clearance level material.sci designation addon special clearance level.someone cleared secret level compartment x cannot see material compartment x classified top secret.reverse true person cleared top secret access x material also access secret material compartment x. code word flags secret top secret material every compartment different code word classified level protects secret code word compartment classified secret etc.as long holder clearance sponsored clearance remains active.
List of U.S. security clearance terms	holder loses sponsorship holder eligible reemployment clearance months without reinvestigation update investigation required.a periodic reinvestigation typically required every five years top secret ten years secretconfidential depending upon agency.access compartment information lasts long persons need access given category information.unclassified u valid security description especially indicating unclassified information within document classified higher level.example title secret report often unclassified must marked such.material classified unclassified official use ufouo considered unclassified confidential may deal employee data.for access information given classification level individuals must granted access sponsoring government organization higher classification level need know information.government also supports access sci saps access determined needtoknow.
List of U.S. security clearance terms	accesses require increased investigative requirements access granted.investigations following investigations used clearance determinationsanaci advance national agency check inquiries – initial confidential secret l lx used civilian employeesnaclc national agency check law credit – initial confidential secret l lx reinvestigationsmbi – moderate risk background investigation – naclc plus personal subject interview prsi written inquiries employers schools references past years.ssbi single scope background investigation – initial top secret sci q qxssbipr – ssbi periodic reinvestigationppr – phased periodic reinvestigationprs – periodic reinvestigationsecrett tr tier tier reinvestigation replace naclc.t tr tier tier reinvestigation replace ssbi sbpr respectively.yankee white – investigation required personnel working president vice president united states.obtaining clearance requires part ssbi.many investigative products used grant clearances past.still used determine suitability employment enlistment used grant clearances.additional investigation adjudication certain accesses require persons undertake one polygraph testscounterintelligence scope ci ci polyfull scope lifestyle fsp fs ls lifestyle poly sci eligibility sensitive compartmented information sci type classified information controlled formal systems established director national intelligence.
List of U.S. security clearance terms	access sci one must first favorable ssbi granted sci eligibility.ssbi also used grant collateral top secret eligibility two often granted together written tssci.access individual sci control systems compartments subcompartments may granted owner information.note additional investigation adjudication may required.in general military personnel civilian employees government contractor publish individual compartments cleared.information classified specific compartment listings may reveal sensitive information correlated individuals résumé.
Web accessibility	therefore sufficient declare candidate possesses tssci clearance polygraph.references external links doe .personnel security security clearance frequently asked questions – clearance process state local law enforcement – industrial personnel security clearance process frequently asked questions – security clearance – sensitive unclassified information – u.s. intelligence community – jeffrey richelson via google booksexamples top secret jobs – clearance jobs –sites correctly designed developed edited users equal access information functionality.for example site coded semantically meaningful html textual equivalents provided images links named meaningfully helps blind users using texttospeech software andor texttobraille hardware.text images large andor enlargeable easier users poor sight read understand content.links underlined otherwise differentiated well colored ensures color blind users able notice them.clickable links areas large helps users cannot control mouse precision.pages coded way hinders navigation means keyboard alone single switch access device alone helps users cannot use mouse even standard keyboard.
Web accessibility	videos closed captioned sign language version available deaf hardofhearing users understand video.flashing effects avoided made optional users prone seizures caused effects put risk.content written plain language illustrated instructional diagrams animations users dyslexia learning difficulties better able understand content.sites correctly built maintained users accommodated without decreasing usability site nondisabled users.the needs web accessibility aims address includevisual visual impairments including blindness various common types low vision poor eyesight various types color blindnessmotormobility e.g.difficulty inability use hands including tremors muscle slowness loss fine muscle control etc.
Web accessibility	due conditions parkinsons disease muscular dystrophy cerebral palsy strokeauditory deafness hearing impairments including individuals hard hearingseizures photo epileptic seizures caused visual strobe flashing effects.cognitive intellectual developmental disabilities learning difficulties dyslexia dyscalculia etc.cognitive disabilities ptsd alzheimers various origins affecting memory attention developmental maturity problemsolving logic skills etc.accessibility confined list rather extends anyone experiencing permanent temporary situational disability.situational disability refers someone may experiencing boundary based current experience.example person may situationally onehanded carrying baby.web accessibility mindful users experiencing wide variety barriers.
Web accessibility	unfortunately according webaim global survey web accessibility practitioners close survey respondents received formal schooling web accessibility.assistive technologies used web browsing individuals living disability use assistive technologies following enable assist web browsingscreen reader software read using synthesized speech either selected elements displayed monitor helpful users reading learning difficulties read everything happening computer used blind vision impaired users.braille terminals consisting refreshable braille display renders text braille characters usually means raising pegs holes flat surface either mainstream keyboard braille keyboard.screen magnification software enlarges displayed computer monitor making easier read vision impaired users.speech recognition software accept spoken commands computer turn dictation grammatically correct text – useful difficulty using mouse keyboard.keyboard overlays make typing easier accurate motor control difficulties.access subtitled sign language videos deaf people.guidelines accessible web design web content accessibility guidelines web accessibility initiative project world wide web consortium wc published web content accessibility guidelines wcag ..on december wai released wcag .recommendation.wcag .
Web accessibility	aims date technology neutral.though web designers choose either standard follow wcag .widely accepted definitive guidelines create accessible websites.governments steadily adopting wcag .accessibility standard websites.
Web accessibility	web content accessibility guidelines also published isoiec standard isoiec information technology – wc web content accessibility guidelines wcag .. criticism wai guidelines criticism wc process claiming sufficiently put user heart process.formal objection wcags original claim wcag .address requirements people learning disabilities cognitive limitations headed lisa seeman signed organizations people.articles wcag .new wc guidelines evaluated hell wcag .
Web accessibility	testability costs much wai criticised allowing wcag .get increasingly step todays technologies techniques creating consuming web content slow pace development wcag .making new guidelines difficult navigate understand argued failings.essential components web accessibility accessibility websites relies cooperation several componentscontent – information web page web application including natural information text images sounds code markup defines structure presentation etc.web browsers media players user agentsassistive technology cases – screen readers alternative keyboards switches scanning software etc.users knowledge experiences cases adaptive strategies using webdevelopers – designers coders authors etc.including developers disabilities users contribute contentauthoring tools – software creates websitesevaluation tools – web accessibility evaluation tools html validators css validators etc.web developers usually use authoring tools evaluation tools create web content.
Web accessibility	people users use web browsers media players assistive technologies user agents get interact content.guidelines different components authoring tool accessibility guidelines atag atag contains checkpoints provide guidance onproducing accessible output meets standards guidelinespromoting content author accessibilityrelated informationproviding ways checking correcting inaccessible contentintegrating accessibility overall look feelmaking authoring tool accessible people disabilities web content accessibility guidelines wcag wcag .guidelines general principles accessible designwcag .principles form foundation web accessibility guidelines untestable goals authors aim testable success criteria.wcs techniques wcag .
Web accessibility	list techniques support authors meet guidelines success criteria.techniques periodically updated whereas principles guidelines success criteria stable change.user agent accessibility guidelines uaag uaag contains comprehensive set checkpoints coveraccess contentuser control content rendereduser control user interfacestandard programming interfaces web accessibility legislation growth internet usage growing importance everyday life countries around world addressing digital access issues legislation.one approach protect access websites people disabilities using existing human civil rights legislation.countries like u.s. protect access people disabilities technology procurement process.
Web accessibility	common nations support adopt web content accessibility guidelines wcag .referring guidelines legislation.compliance web accessibility guidelines legal requirement primarily north america europe parts south america parts asia.australia australian blind man court case sydney organising committee olympic games socog.first successful case disability discrimination act socog failed make official website sydney olympic games adequately accessible blind users.
Web accessibility	human rights equal opportunity commission hreoc also published world wide web access disability discrimination act advisory notes.governments australia also policies guidelines require accessible public websites.brazil brazil federal government published paper guidelines accessibility january public reviewing.december year second version published including suggestions made first version paper.may accessibility guidelines paper became compulsory federal websites.
Web accessibility	current version paper follows wcag .guidelines named emag modelo de acessibilidade de governo eletrônico electronic government accessibility model maintained brazilian ministry planning budget management.the paper viewed downloaded official website.canada government canada began phasing implementation new set web standards aimed ensuring government websites accessible usable interoperable optimized mobile devices.standards replace common look feel .clf .
Web accessibility	standards internet.the first four standards standard web accessibility came full effect july .standard web accessibility follows web content accessibility guidelines wcag .aa contains list exclusions updated annually.accompanied explicit assessment methodology helps government departments comply.government also developed web experience toolkit wet set reusable web components building innovative websites.
Web accessibility	wet helps government departments build innovative websites accessible usable interoperable therefore comply governments standards.wet toolkit open source available anyone use.the three related web standards standard optimizing websites applications mobile devices standard web usability standard web interoperability.in government canada passed accessible canada act.builds provincial legislation like accessibility ontarians disabilities act accessibility manitobans act nova scotia accessibility act.european union february draft law endorsed european parliament stating websites managed public sector bodies made accessible everyone.a european commission communication eaccessibility published september .commissions aim harmonise facilitate public procurement accessible ict products services embedded mandate issued cen cenelec etsi december reference .
Web accessibility	mandate request drafting adoption european standard european standardisation deliverables issued one european standardisation organisations.mandates usually accepted standardisation organisation based preliminary consultation although technically organisation independent right decline mandate.mandate also called development electronic toolkit public procurers enabling access resulting harmonised requirements.commission also noted harmonised outcome intended public procurement purposes might also useful procurement private sector.section .
Web accessibility	october european parliament approved web accessibility directive requires websites mobile apps public sector bodies accessible.relevant accessibility requirements described european standard en v.. published etsi.eu member states expected bring force september laws regulations enforce relevant accessibility requirements.websites public sector bodies comply september mobile apps june .some categories websites apps excepted directive example websites mobile applications public service broadcasters subsidiaries.the european commissions rolling plan ict standardisation notes etsi standard en v.. need updated add accessibility requirements mobile applications evaluation methodologies test compliance standard.in european union introduced european accessibility act seen one leading pieces legislation digital accessibility.ireland ireland disability act requires public body communicates electronic form one persons contents communication must far practicable accessible persons visual impairment adaptive technology available section .national disability authority produced code practice giving guidance public bodies meet obligations act.
Web accessibility	approved code practice provisions force legally binding statutory obligations.states public body achieve compliance section reviewing existing practices electronic communications terms accessibility relevant guidelines standards giving example double conformance web accessibility initiatives wai web content accessibility guidelines wcag.israel israeli ministry justice recently published regulations requiring internet websites comply israeli standard based wc web content accessibility guidelines .. main differences israeli standard wc standard concern requirements provide captions texts audio video media.israeli standards somewhat lenient reflecting current technical difficulties providing captions texts hebrew.userway israeli pioneer innovative website accessibility technologies.italy italy web accessibility ruled socalled legge stanca stanca act formally act n. january officially published gazzetta ufficiale january .
Web accessibility	original stanca act based wcag .. march standards required stanca act updated wcag .. japan web content accessibility guidelines japan established jis japanese industrial standards x .jis x revised adopt wcag .. new version published web accessibility infrastructure commission waic four principles guidelines success criteria wcag .has.malta malta web content accessibility assessments carried foundation information technology accessibility fita since .till done conformance requirements equal opportunities act cap applied wacg guidelines.
Web accessibility	advent eu web accessibility directive malta communications authority charged ensuring accessibility online resources owned maltese public entities.fita continues provide ict accessibility assessments public commercial entities applying standard en wcag .applicable.therefore equal opportunities act antidiscrimination legislation transposed eu web accessibility directive applicable maltese scenario.norway norway web accessibility legal obligation act june relating prohibition discrimination basis disability also known antidiscrimination accessibility act.
Web accessibility	act went force ministry government administration reform church affairs fornyings administrasjons og kirkedepartementet published regulations universal design information communication technology ict solutions forskrift om universell utforming av informasjons og kommunikasjonsteknologiske iktløsninger .regulations require compliance web content accessibility guidelines .wcag .ns iso iec level aa exceptions.norwegian agency public management egovernment difi responsible overseeing ict solutions aimed general public compliance legislative regulatory requirements.
Web accessibility	philippines part web accessibility initiatives philippines government national council welfare disabled persons ncwdp board approved recommendation forming adhoc core group webmasters help implementation biwako millennium framework set unescap.the philippines also place interregional seminar regional demonstration workshop accessible information communications technologies ict persons disabilities held eleven countries asia – pacific represented.manila accessible information communications technologies design recommendations drafted adopted .spain spain une norm entrusted regulate web accessibility.standard based web content accessibility guidelines .. sweden sweden verva swedish administrative development agency responsible set guidelines swedish public sector web sites.guidelines web accessibility presented integral part overall development process separate issue.
Web accessibility	swedish guidelines contain criteria cover entire lifecycle website conception publication live web content.criteria address several areas considered includingaccessibilityusabilityweb standardsprivacy issuesinformation architecturedeveloping content webcontent management systems cms authoring tools selection.development web content mobile devices.an english translation released april swedish national guidelines public sector websites.translation based latest version guidelines released .united kingdom uk equality act refer explicitly website accessibility makes illegal discriminate people disabilities.act applies anyone providing service public private voluntary sectors.
Web accessibility	code practice rights access – goods facilities services premises document published governments equality human rights commission accompany act refer explicitly websites one services public considered covered act.in december uk released standard bs web accessibility.code practice.standard effectively supersedes pas pub..pas produced disability rights commission usable disabled people.
Web accessibility	standard designed introduce nontechnical professionals improved accessibility usability user experience disabled older people.especially beneficial anyone new subject gives guidance process rather technical design issues.bs consistent equality act referenced uk governments eaccessibility action plan basis updated advice developing accessible online services.includes recommendations forinvolving disabled people development process using automated tools assist accessibility testingthe management guidance process upholding existing accessibility guidelines specifications.bs intended anyone responsible policies covering web product creation within organization governance policies.additionally assists people responsible promoting supporting equality inclusion initiatives within organizations people involved procurement creation training web products content.
Web accessibility	summary bs available help organisations better understand standard help embed accessibility inclusive design businessasusual processes.on may bs superseded iso international standard built bs expanded international use.summary iso relates bs available help organisations understand new standard.on april national rail replaced blue white aesthetic black white theme criticized conforming web content accessibility guidelines.company restored blue white theme said investing modernising website accords latest accessibility guidelines.in new accessibility regulations came force setting legal duty public sector bodies publish accessibility statements make websites accessible september accessibility statements include information website tested organisations plan fix accessibility problems.statements published linked every page website.united states united states section amendment rehabilitation act requires federal agencies electronic information technology accessible disabilities.
Web accessibility	members public federal employees right access technology computer hardware software websites phone systems copiers.also section rehabilitation act prohibits discrimination basis disability entities receiving federal funds cited multiple lawsuits organizations hospitals receive federal funds medicaremedicaid.in addition title iii americans disabilities act ada prohibits discrimination basis disability.debate matter multiple courts u.s. department justice taken position ada requires website app operators owners take affirmative steps make websites apps accessible disabled persons compatible common assistive technologies jaws screen reader courts taken position ada apply online.u.s. department justice endorsed wcag.aa standard appropriate standard accessibility multiple settlement agreements.numerous lawsuits challenging websites mobile apps basis ada filed since .cases appears spurred case gil v. winn dixie stores federal court florida ruled winn dixies website must accessible.
Web accessibility	around cases related web accessibility filed filed .additionally though justice department stated would publish guidelines web accessibility reversed plan also spurring legal action inaccessible sites.a notable lawsuit related ada filed dominos pizza blind user could use dominos mobile app.federal district level court ruled favor dominos justice department established guidelines accessibility appealed ninth circuit.ninth circuit overruled district court ruling dominos brickandmortar store must meet ada mobile app extension services app must also compliant ada.dominos petitioned supreme court backed many restaurants retail chains arguing decision impacts due process since handicapped customers accessible means order.
Web accessibility	october supreme court declined hear case effectively upheld decision th circuit court requires case heard stands.the number cost federal accessibility lawsuits risen dramatically last years.website accessibility audits growing number organizations companies consultants offer website accessibility audits.audits type system testing identify accessibility problems exist within website provide advice guidance steps need taken correct problems.a range methods used audit websites accessibilityautomated tools available identify problems present.depending tool result may vary widely making difficult compare test results.expert technical reviewers knowledgeable web design technologies accessibility review representative selection pages provide detailed feedback advice based findings.user testing usually overseen technical experts involves setting tasks ordinary users carry website reviewing problems users encounter try carry tasks.each methods strengths weaknessesautomated tools process many pages relatively short length time identify limited portion accessibility problems might present website.technical expert review identify many problems exist process time consuming many websites large make possible person review every page.user testing combines elements usability accessibility testing valuable identifying problems might otherwise overlooked needs used knowledgeably avoid risk basing design decisions one users preferences.ideally combination methods used assess accessibility website.remediating inaccessible websites accessibility audit conducted accessibility errors identified errors need remediated order ensure site compliant accessibility errors.
Web accessibility	traditional way correcting inaccessible site go back source code reprogram error test make sure bug fixed.website scheduled revised near future error others would remain site lengthy period time possibly violating accessibility guidelines.complicated process many website owners choose build accessibility new site design relaunch efficient develop site comply accessibility guidelines rather remediate errors later.with progress ai technology web accessibility become accessible.rd party addons leverage ai machine learning possible offer changes website design without altering source code.way website accessible different types users without need adjust website every accessibility equipment.
Web accessibility	accessible web applications waiaria web page accessible important semantics pages functionality must available assistive technology understand process content adapt user.however content becomes complex standard html tags attributes become inadequate providing semantics reliably.modern web applications often apply scripts elements control functionality enable act control dynamic component.custom components widgets provide way convey semantic information user agent.waiaria accessible rich internet applications specification published world wide web consortium specifies increase accessibility dynamic content user interface components developed ajax html javascript related technologies.
Web accessibility	aria enables accessibility enabling author provide semantics fully describe supported behaviour.also allows element expose current states properties relationships elements.accessibility problems focus tab index also corrected.see also accessible publishingaugmentative alternative communicationblue beanie daycomputer accessibilitydevice independencedigital divideeuropean internet accessibility observatoryknowbilitymaguire v sydney organising committee olympic games multimodal interactionprogressive enhancementuniversal designweb accessibility initiativeweb engineeringweb interoperabilityweb literacy references basic wcag requirements – need start develop wcag designing offlinefirst web apps alex feyerkedecember reading bangeman eric september .judge ada lawsuit target proceed.
Web accessibility	ars technica.retrieved september .clark joe .building accessible websites.new riders press.isbn .horton sarah whitney quesenbery .
Web accessibility	web everyone designing accessible user experiences.brooklyn new york rosenfeld.isbn .paciello michael .web accessibility people disabilities.cmp books.
Web accessibility	isbn .revilla olga .wcag .made easy.itákora press.isbn .slatin john sharron rush .
Web accessibility	maximum accessibility making web site usable everyone.addisonwesley professional.isbn .thatcher jim cynthia waddell shawn henry sarah swierenga mark urban michael burks paul bohman .constructing accessible web sites reprint ed.. apress previously glasshaus.isbn .pickering heydon steve faulkner .
Web accessibility	apps coding accessible web applications ebook ed.. smashing magazine gmbh.isbn .hassell jonathan .including missing embedding web mobile accessibility.bsi.isbn .
Web accessibility	external links design accessibility bbcinclusive design principlesapple developer accessibility resourcesweb accessibility checkerbbc gel technical accessibility guidesgoogle developer accessibility resourcesmicrosoft developer accessibility resourceswc wcag developer accessibility resourcesa curated list awesome accessibility tools articles resources standards guidelines wc – web accessibility initiative waiwc – web content accessibility guidelines wcag .equality human rights commission pas guide good practice commissioning accessible websites bs supersedeseuropean union – unified web evaluation methodology .university illinois icita html accessibility best practicesbbc gel product accessibility guidelinesbbc gel subtitles captions guidelinesbbc editorial accessibility guide online tvsites correctly designed developed edited users equal access information functionality.for example site coded semantically meaningful html textual equivalents provided images links named meaningfully helps blind users using texttospeech software andor texttobraille hardware.text images large andor enlargeable easier users poor sight read understand content.links underlined otherwise differentiated well colored ensures color blind users able notice them.clickable links areas large helps users cannot control mouse precision.pages coded way hinders navigation means keyboard alone single switch access device alone helps users cannot use mouse even standard keyboard.
Web accessibility	videos closed captioned sign language version available deaf hardofhearing users understand video.flashing effects avoided made optional users prone seizures caused effects put risk.content written plain language illustrated instructional diagrams animations users dyslexia learning difficulties better able understand content.sites correctly built maintained users accommodated without decreasing usability site nondisabled users.the needs web accessibility aims address includevisual visual impairments including blindness various common types low vision poor eyesight various types color blindnessmotormobility e.g.difficulty inability use hands including tremors muscle slowness loss fine muscle control etc.
Web accessibility	due conditions parkinsons disease muscular dystrophy cerebral palsy strokeauditory deafness hearing impairments including individuals hard hearingseizures photo epileptic seizures caused visual strobe flashing effects.cognitive intellectual developmental disabilities learning difficulties dyslexia dyscalculia etc.cognitive disabilities ptsd alzheimers various origins affecting memory attention developmental maturity problemsolving logic skills etc.accessibility confined list rather extends anyone experiencing permanent temporary situational disability.situational disability refers someone may experiencing boundary based current experience.example person may situationally onehanded carrying baby.web accessibility mindful users experiencing wide variety barriers.
Web accessibility	unfortunately according webaim global survey web accessibility practitioners close survey respondents received formal schooling web accessibility.assistive technologies used web browsing individuals living disability use assistive technologies following enable assist web browsingscreen reader software read using synthesized speech either selected elements displayed monitor helpful users reading learning difficulties read everything happening computer used blind vision impaired users.braille terminals consisting refreshable braille display renders text braille characters usually means raising pegs holes flat surface either mainstream keyboard braille keyboard.screen magnification software enlarges displayed computer monitor making easier read vision impaired users.speech recognition software accept spoken commands computer turn dictation grammatically correct text – useful difficulty using mouse keyboard.keyboard overlays make typing easier accurate motor control difficulties.access subtitled sign language videos deaf people.guidelines accessible web design web content accessibility guidelines web accessibility initiative project world wide web consortium wc published web content accessibility guidelines wcag ..on december wai released wcag .recommendation.wcag .
Web accessibility	aims date technology neutral.though web designers choose either standard follow wcag .widely accepted definitive guidelines create accessible websites.governments steadily adopting wcag .accessibility standard websites.
Web accessibility	web content accessibility guidelines also published isoiec standard isoiec information technology – wc web content accessibility guidelines wcag .. criticism wai guidelines criticism wc process claiming sufficiently put user heart process.formal objection wcags original claim wcag .address requirements people learning disabilities cognitive limitations headed lisa seeman signed organizations people.articles wcag .new wc guidelines evaluated hell wcag .
Web accessibility	testability costs much wai criticised allowing wcag .get increasingly step todays technologies techniques creating consuming web content slow pace development wcag .making new guidelines difficult navigate understand argued failings.essential components web accessibility accessibility websites relies cooperation several componentscontent – information web page web application including natural information text images sounds code markup defines structure presentation etc.web browsers media players user agentsassistive technology cases – screen readers alternative keyboards switches scanning software etc.users knowledge experiences cases adaptive strategies using webdevelopers – designers coders authors etc.including developers disabilities users contribute contentauthoring tools – software creates websitesevaluation tools – web accessibility evaluation tools html validators css validators etc.web developers usually use authoring tools evaluation tools create web content.
Web accessibility	people users use web browsers media players assistive technologies user agents get interact content.guidelines different components authoring tool accessibility guidelines atag atag contains checkpoints provide guidance onproducing accessible output meets standards guidelinespromoting content author accessibilityrelated informationproviding ways checking correcting inaccessible contentintegrating accessibility overall look feelmaking authoring tool accessible people disabilities web content accessibility guidelines wcag wcag .guidelines general principles accessible designwcag .principles form foundation web accessibility guidelines untestable goals authors aim testable success criteria.wcs techniques wcag .
Web accessibility	list techniques support authors meet guidelines success criteria.techniques periodically updated whereas principles guidelines success criteria stable change.user agent accessibility guidelines uaag uaag contains comprehensive set checkpoints coveraccess contentuser control content rendereduser control user interfacestandard programming interfaces web accessibility legislation growth internet usage growing importance everyday life countries around world addressing digital access issues legislation.one approach protect access websites people disabilities using existing human civil rights legislation.countries like u.s. protect access people disabilities technology procurement process.
Web accessibility	common nations support adopt web content accessibility guidelines wcag .referring guidelines legislation.compliance web accessibility guidelines legal requirement primarily north america europe parts south america parts asia.australia australian blind man court case sydney organising committee olympic games socog.first successful case disability discrimination act socog failed make official website sydney olympic games adequately accessible blind users.
Web accessibility	human rights equal opportunity commission hreoc also published world wide web access disability discrimination act advisory notes.governments australia also policies guidelines require accessible public websites.brazil brazil federal government published paper guidelines accessibility january public reviewing.december year second version published including suggestions made first version paper.may accessibility guidelines paper became compulsory federal websites.
Web accessibility	current version paper follows wcag .guidelines named emag modelo de acessibilidade de governo eletrônico electronic government accessibility model maintained brazilian ministry planning budget management.the paper viewed downloaded official website.canada government canada began phasing implementation new set web standards aimed ensuring government websites accessible usable interoperable optimized mobile devices.standards replace common look feel .clf .
Web accessibility	standards internet.the first four standards standard web accessibility came full effect july .standard web accessibility follows web content accessibility guidelines wcag .aa contains list exclusions updated annually.accompanied explicit assessment methodology helps government departments comply.government also developed web experience toolkit wet set reusable web components building innovative websites.
Web accessibility	wet helps government departments build innovative websites accessible usable interoperable therefore comply governments standards.wet toolkit open source available anyone use.the three related web standards standard optimizing websites applications mobile devices standard web usability standard web interoperability.in government canada passed accessible canada act.builds provincial legislation like accessibility ontarians disabilities act accessibility manitobans act nova scotia accessibility act.european union february draft law endorsed european parliament stating websites managed public sector bodies made accessible everyone.a european commission communication eaccessibility published september .commissions aim harmonise facilitate public procurement accessible ict products services embedded mandate issued cen cenelec etsi december reference .
Web accessibility	mandate request drafting adoption european standard european standardisation deliverables issued one european standardisation organisations.mandates usually accepted standardisation organisation based preliminary consultation although technically organisation independent right decline mandate.mandate also called development electronic toolkit public procurers enabling access resulting harmonised requirements.commission also noted harmonised outcome intended public procurement purposes might also useful procurement private sector.section .
Web accessibility	october european parliament approved web accessibility directive requires websites mobile apps public sector bodies accessible.relevant accessibility requirements described european standard en v.. published etsi.eu member states expected bring force september laws regulations enforce relevant accessibility requirements.websites public sector bodies comply september mobile apps june .some categories websites apps excepted directive example websites mobile applications public service broadcasters subsidiaries.the european commissions rolling plan ict standardisation notes etsi standard en v.. need updated add accessibility requirements mobile applications evaluation methodologies test compliance standard.in european union introduced european accessibility act seen one leading pieces legislation digital accessibility.ireland ireland disability act requires public body communicates electronic form one persons contents communication must far practicable accessible persons visual impairment adaptive technology available section .national disability authority produced code practice giving guidance public bodies meet obligations act.
Web accessibility	approved code practice provisions force legally binding statutory obligations.states public body achieve compliance section reviewing existing practices electronic communications terms accessibility relevant guidelines standards giving example double conformance web accessibility initiatives wai web content accessibility guidelines wcag.israel israeli ministry justice recently published regulations requiring internet websites comply israeli standard based wc web content accessibility guidelines .. main differences israeli standard wc standard concern requirements provide captions texts audio video media.israeli standards somewhat lenient reflecting current technical difficulties providing captions texts hebrew.userway israeli pioneer innovative website accessibility technologies.italy italy web accessibility ruled socalled legge stanca stanca act formally act n. january officially published gazzetta ufficiale january .
Web accessibility	original stanca act based wcag .. march standards required stanca act updated wcag .. japan web content accessibility guidelines japan established jis japanese industrial standards x .jis x revised adopt wcag .. new version published web accessibility infrastructure commission waic four principles guidelines success criteria wcag .has.malta malta web content accessibility assessments carried foundation information technology accessibility fita since .till done conformance requirements equal opportunities act cap applied wacg guidelines.
Web accessibility	advent eu web accessibility directive malta communications authority charged ensuring accessibility online resources owned maltese public entities.fita continues provide ict accessibility assessments public commercial entities applying standard en wcag .applicable.therefore equal opportunities act antidiscrimination legislation transposed eu web accessibility directive applicable maltese scenario.norway norway web accessibility legal obligation act june relating prohibition discrimination basis disability also known antidiscrimination accessibility act.
Web accessibility	act went force ministry government administration reform church affairs fornyings administrasjons og kirkedepartementet published regulations universal design information communication technology ict solutions forskrift om universell utforming av informasjons og kommunikasjonsteknologiske iktløsninger .regulations require compliance web content accessibility guidelines .wcag .ns iso iec level aa exceptions.norwegian agency public management egovernment difi responsible overseeing ict solutions aimed general public compliance legislative regulatory requirements.
Web accessibility	philippines part web accessibility initiatives philippines government national council welfare disabled persons ncwdp board approved recommendation forming adhoc core group webmasters help implementation biwako millennium framework set unescap.the philippines also place interregional seminar regional demonstration workshop accessible information communications technologies ict persons disabilities held eleven countries asia – pacific represented.manila accessible information communications technologies design recommendations drafted adopted .spain spain une norm entrusted regulate web accessibility.standard based web content accessibility guidelines .. sweden sweden verva swedish administrative development agency responsible set guidelines swedish public sector web sites.guidelines web accessibility presented integral part overall development process separate issue.
Web accessibility	swedish guidelines contain criteria cover entire lifecycle website conception publication live web content.criteria address several areas considered includingaccessibilityusabilityweb standardsprivacy issuesinformation architecturedeveloping content webcontent management systems cms authoring tools selection.development web content mobile devices.an english translation released april swedish national guidelines public sector websites.translation based latest version guidelines released .united kingdom uk equality act refer explicitly website accessibility makes illegal discriminate people disabilities.act applies anyone providing service public private voluntary sectors.
Web accessibility	code practice rights access – goods facilities services premises document published governments equality human rights commission accompany act refer explicitly websites one services public considered covered act.in december uk released standard bs web accessibility.code practice.standard effectively supersedes pas pub..pas produced disability rights commission usable disabled people.
Web accessibility	standard designed introduce nontechnical professionals improved accessibility usability user experience disabled older people.especially beneficial anyone new subject gives guidance process rather technical design issues.bs consistent equality act referenced uk governments eaccessibility action plan basis updated advice developing accessible online services.includes recommendations forinvolving disabled people development process using automated tools assist accessibility testingthe management guidance process upholding existing accessibility guidelines specifications.bs intended anyone responsible policies covering web product creation within organization governance policies.additionally assists people responsible promoting supporting equality inclusion initiatives within organizations people involved procurement creation training web products content.
Web accessibility	summary bs available help organisations better understand standard help embed accessibility inclusive design businessasusual processes.on may bs superseded iso international standard built bs expanded international use.summary iso relates bs available help organisations understand new standard.on april national rail replaced blue white aesthetic black white theme criticized conforming web content accessibility guidelines.company restored blue white theme said investing modernising website accords latest accessibility guidelines.in new accessibility regulations came force setting legal duty public sector bodies publish accessibility statements make websites accessible september accessibility statements include information website tested organisations plan fix accessibility problems.statements published linked every page website.united states united states section amendment rehabilitation act requires federal agencies electronic information technology accessible disabilities.
Web accessibility	members public federal employees right access technology computer hardware software websites phone systems copiers.also section rehabilitation act prohibits discrimination basis disability entities receiving federal funds cited multiple lawsuits organizations hospitals receive federal funds medicaremedicaid.in addition title iii americans disabilities act ada prohibits discrimination basis disability.debate matter multiple courts u.s. department justice taken position ada requires website app operators owners take affirmative steps make websites apps accessible disabled persons compatible common assistive technologies jaws screen reader courts taken position ada apply online.u.s. department justice endorsed wcag.aa standard appropriate standard accessibility multiple settlement agreements.numerous lawsuits challenging websites mobile apps basis ada filed since .cases appears spurred case gil v. winn dixie stores federal court florida ruled winn dixies website must accessible.
Web accessibility	around cases related web accessibility filed filed .additionally though justice department stated would publish guidelines web accessibility reversed plan also spurring legal action inaccessible sites.a notable lawsuit related ada filed dominos pizza blind user could use dominos mobile app.federal district level court ruled favor dominos justice department established guidelines accessibility appealed ninth circuit.ninth circuit overruled district court ruling dominos brickandmortar store must meet ada mobile app extension services app must also compliant ada.dominos petitioned supreme court backed many restaurants retail chains arguing decision impacts due process since handicapped customers accessible means order.
Web accessibility	october supreme court declined hear case effectively upheld decision th circuit court requires case heard stands.the number cost federal accessibility lawsuits risen dramatically last years.website accessibility audits growing number organizations companies consultants offer website accessibility audits.audits type system testing identify accessibility problems exist within website provide advice guidance steps need taken correct problems.a range methods used audit websites accessibilityautomated tools available identify problems present.depending tool result may vary widely making difficult compare test results.expert technical reviewers knowledgeable web design technologies accessibility review representative selection pages provide detailed feedback advice based findings.user testing usually overseen technical experts involves setting tasks ordinary users carry website reviewing problems users encounter try carry tasks.each methods strengths weaknessesautomated tools process many pages relatively short length time identify limited portion accessibility problems might present website.technical expert review identify many problems exist process time consuming many websites large make possible person review every page.user testing combines elements usability accessibility testing valuable identifying problems might otherwise overlooked needs used knowledgeably avoid risk basing design decisions one users preferences.ideally combination methods used assess accessibility website.remediating inaccessible websites accessibility audit conducted accessibility errors identified errors need remediated order ensure site compliant accessibility errors.

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