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Information security	similar privacy two words interchangeable.rather confidentiality component privacy implements protect data unauthorized viewers.examples confidentiality electronic data compromised include laptop theft password theft sensitive emails sent incorrect individuals.integrity security data integrity means maintaining assuring accuracy completeness data entire lifecycle.means data cannot modified unauthorized undetected manner.
Information security	thing referential integrity databases although viewed special case consistency understood classic acid model transaction processing.information security systems typically incorporate controls ensure integrity particular protecting kernel core functions deliberate accidental threats.multipurpose multiuser computer systems aim compartmentalize data processing user process adversely impact another controls may succeed however see incidents malware infections hacks data theft fraud privacy breaches.more broadly integrity information security principle involves humansocial process commercial integrity well data integrity.touches aspects credibility consistency truthfulness completeness accuracy timeliness assurance.availability information system serve purpose information must available needed.
Information security	means computing systems used store process information security controls used protect communication channels used access must functioning correctly.high availability systems aim remain available times preventing service disruptions due power outages hardware failures system upgrades.ensuring availability also involves preventing denialofservice attacks flood incoming messages target system essentially forcing shut down.in realm information security availability often viewed one important parts successful information security program.ultimately endusers need able perform job functions ensuring availability organization able perform standards organizations stakeholders expect.involve topics proxy configurations outside web access ability access shared drives ability send emails.
Information security	executives oftentimes understand technical side information security look availability easy fix often requires collaboration many different organizational teams network operations development operations incident response policychange management.successful information security team involves many different key roles mesh align cia triad provided effectively.nonrepudiation law nonrepudiation implies ones intention fulfill obligations contract.also implies one party transaction cannot deny received transaction party deny sent transaction.it important note technology cryptographic systems assist nonrepudiation efforts concept core legal concept transcending realm technology.instance sufficient show message matches digital signature signed senders private key thus sender could sent message nobody else could altered transit data integrity.
Information security	alleged sender could return demonstrate digital signature algorithm vulnerable flawed allege prove signing key compromised.fault violations may may lie sender assertions may may relieve sender liability assertion would invalidate claim signature necessarily proves authenticity integrity.sender may repudiate message authenticity integrity prerequisites nonrepudiation.risk management broadly speaking risk likelihood something bad happen causes harm informational asset loss asset.vulnerability weakness could used endanger cause harm informational asset.
Information security	threat anything manmade act nature potential cause harm.likelihood threat use vulnerability cause harm creates risk.threat use vulnerability inflict harm impact.context information security impact loss availability integrity confidentiality possibly losses lost income loss life loss real property.the certified information systems auditor cisa review manual defines risk management process identifying vulnerabilities threats information resources used organization achieving business objectives deciding countermeasures take reducing risk acceptable level based value information resource organization.there two things definition may need clarification.first process risk management ongoing iterative process.
Information security	must repeated indefinitely.business environment constantly changing new threats vulnerabilities emerge every day.second choice countermeasures controls used manage risks must strike balance productivity cost effectiveness countermeasure value informational asset protected.furthermore processes limitations security breaches generally rare emerge specific context may easily duplicated.thus process countermeasure evaluated vulnerabilities.
Information security	possible identify risks possible eliminate risk.remaining risk called residual risk.a risk assessment carried team people knowledge specific areas business.membership team may vary time different parts business assessed.assessment may use subjective qualitative analysis based informed opinion reliable dollar figures historical information available analysis may use quantitative analysis.research shown vulnerable point information systems human user operator designer human.isoiec code practice information security management recommends following examined risk assessmentsecurity policyorganization information securityasset managementhuman resources securityphysical environmental securitycommunications operations managementaccess controlinformation systems acquisition development maintenanceinformation security incident managementbusiness continuity managementregulatory compliance.in broad terms risk management process consists ofidentification assets estimating value.
Information security	include people buildings hardware software data electronic print supplies.conduct threat assessment.include acts nature acts war accidents malicious acts originating inside outside organization.conduct vulnerability assessment vulnerability calculate probability exploited.evaluate policies procedures standards training physical security quality control technical security.calculate impact threat would asset.use qualitative analysis quantitative analysis.identify select implement appropriate controls.provide proportional response.
Information security	consider productivity cost effectiveness value asset.evaluate effectiveness control measures.ensure controls provide required cost effective protection without discernible loss productivity.for given risk management choose accept risk based upon relative low value asset relative low frequency occurrence relative low impact business.leadership may choose mitigate risk selecting implementing appropriate control measures reduce risk.cases risk transferred another business buying insurance outsourcing another business.reality risks may disputed.
Information security	cases leadership may choose deny risk.security controls selecting implementing proper security controls initially help organization bring risk acceptable levels.control selection follow based risk assessment.controls vary nature fundamentally ways protecting confidentiality integrity availability information.isoiec defined controls different areas.
Information security	organizations implement additional controls according requirement organization.isoiec offers guideline organizational information security standards.administrative administrative controls also called procedural controls consist approved written policies procedures standards guidelines.administrative controls form framework running business managing people.inform people business run daytoday operations conducted.
Information security	laws regulations created government bodies also type administrative control inform business.industry sectors policies procedures standards guidelines must followed – payment card industry data security standard pci dss required visa mastercard example.examples administrative controls include corporate security policy password policy hiring policies disciplinary policies.administrative controls form basis selection implementation logical physical controls.logical physical controls manifestations administrative controls paramount importance.logical logical controls also called technical controls use software data monitor control access information computing systems.
Information security	passwords network hostbased firewalls network intrusion detection systems access control lists data encryption examples logical controls.an important logical control frequently overlooked principle least privilege requires individual program system process granted access privileges necessary perform task.blatant example failure adhere principle least privilege logging windows user administrator read email surf web.violations principle also occur individual collects additional access privileges time.happens employees job duties change employees promoted new position employees transferred another department.access privileges required new duties frequently added onto already existing access privileges may longer necessary appropriate.
Information security	physical physical controls monitor control environment work place computing facilities.also monitor control access facilities include doors locks heating air conditioning smoke fire alarms fire suppression systems cameras barricades fencing security guards cable locks etc.separating network workplace functional areas also physical controls.an important physical control frequently overlooked separation duties ensures individual complete critical task himself.example employee submits request reimbursement also able authorize payment print check.applications programmer also server administrator database administrator roles responsibilities must separated one another.
Information security	defense depth information security must protect information throughout lifespan initial creation information final disposal information.information must protected motion rest.lifetime information may pass many different information processing systems many different parts information processing systems.many different ways information information systems threatened.fully protect information lifetime component information processing system must protection mechanisms.
Information security	building layering overlapping security measures called defense depth.contrast metal chain famously strong weakest link defense depth strategy aims structure one defensive measure fail measures continue provide protection.recall earlier discussion administrative controls logical controls physical controls.three types controls used form basis upon build defense depth strategy.approach defense depth conceptualized three distinct layers planes laid one top other.additional insight defense depth gained thinking forming layers onion data core onion people next outer layer onion network security hostbased security application security forming outermost layers onion.
Information security	perspectives equally valid provides valuable insight implementation good defense depth strategy.classification important aspect information security risk management recognizing value information defining appropriate procedures protection requirements information.information equal information requires degree protection.requires information assigned security classification.first step information classification identify member senior management owner particular information classified.
Information security	next develop classification policy.policy describe different classification labels define criteria information assigned particular label list required security controls classification.some factors influence classification information assigned include much value information organization old information whether information become obsolete.laws regulatory requirements also important considerations classifying information.information systems audit control association isaca business model information security also serves tool security professionals examine security systems perspective creating environment security managed holistically allowing actual risks addressed.the type information security classification labels selected used depend nature organization examples beingin business sector labels public sensitive private confidential.in government sector labels unclassified unofficial protected confidential secret top secret nonenglish equivalents.in crosssectoral formations traffic light protocol consists white green amber red.all employees organization well business partners must trained classification schema understand required security controls handling procedures classification.classification particular information asset assigned reviewed periodically ensure classification still appropriate information ensure security controls required classification place followed right procedures.
Information security	access control access protected information must restricted people authorized access information.computer programs many cases computers process information must also authorized.requires mechanisms place control access protected information.sophistication access control mechanisms parity value information protected sensitive valuable information stronger control mechanisms need be.foundation access control mechanisms built start identification authentication.access control generally considered three steps identification authentication authorization.
Information security	identification identification assertion someone something is.person makes statement hello name john doe making claim are.however claim may may true.john doe granted access protected information necessary verify person claiming john doe really john doe.typically claim form username.
Information security	entering username claiming person username belongs to.authentication authentication act verifying claim identity.john doe goes bank make withdrawal tells bank teller john doe claim identity.bank teller asks see photo id hands teller drivers license.bank teller checks license make sure john doe printed compares photograph license person claiming john doe.
Information security	photo name match person teller authenticated john doe claimed be.similarly entering correct password user providing evidence heshe person username belongs to.there three different types information used authenticationsomething know things pin password mothers maiden namesomething drivers license magnetic swipe cardsomething biometrics including palm prints fingerprints voice prints retina eye scansstrong authentication requires providing one type authentication information twofactor authentication.username common form identification computer systems today password common form authentication.usernames passwords served purpose increasingly inadequate.usernames passwords slowly replaced supplemented sophisticated authentication mechanisms timebased onetime password algorithms.
Information security	authorization person program computer successfully identified authenticated must determined informational resources permitted access actions allowed perform run view create delete change.called authorization.authorization access information computing services begins administrative policies procedures.policies prescribe information computing services accessed conditions.access control mechanisms configured enforce policies.
Information security	different computing systems equipped different kinds access control mechanisms.may even offer choice different access control mechanisms.access control mechanism system offers based upon one three approaches access control may derived combination three approaches.the nondiscretionary approach consolidates access control centralized administration.access information resources usually based individuals function role organization tasks individual must perform.discretionary approach gives creator owner information resource ability control access resources.
Information security	mandatory access control approach access granted denied basing upon security classification assigned information resource.examples common access control mechanisms use today include rolebased access control available many advanced database management systems simple file permissions provided unix windows operating systems group policy objects provided windows network systems kerberos radius tacacs simple access lists used many firewalls routers.to effective policies security controls must enforceable upheld.effective policies ensure people held accountable actions.u.s. treasurys guidelines systems processing sensitive proprietary information example states failed successful authentication access attempts must logged access information must leave type audit trail.also needtoknow principle needs effect talking access control.principle gives access rights person perform job functions.principle used government dealing difference clearances.
Information security	even though two employees different departments topsecret clearance must needtoknow order information exchanged.within needtoknow principle network administrators grant employee least amount privilege prevent employees accessing supposed to.needtoknow helps enforce confidentialityintegrityavailability triad.needtoknow directly impacts confidential area triad.cryptography information security uses cryptography transform usable information form renders unusable anyone authorized user process called encryption.
Information security	information encrypted rendered unusable transformed back original usable form authorized user possesses cryptographic key process decryption.cryptography used information security protect information unauthorized accidental disclosure information transit either electronically physically information storage.cryptography provides information security useful applications well including improved authentication methods message digests digital signatures nonrepudiation encrypted network communications.older less secure applications telnet file transfer protocol ftp slowly replaced secure applications secure shell ssh use encrypted network communications.wireless communications encrypted using protocols wpawpa older less secure wep.wired communications itu‑t g.hn secured using aes encryption x. authentication key exchange.
Information security	software applications gnupg pgp used encrypt data files email.cryptography introduce security problems implemented correctly.cryptographic solutions need implemented using industryaccepted solutions undergone rigorous peer review independent experts cryptography.length strength encryption key also important consideration.key weak short produce weak encryption.keys used encryption decryption must protected degree rigor confidential information.
Information security	must protected unauthorized disclosure destruction must available needed.public key infrastructure pki solutions address many problems surround key management.process terms reasonable prudent person due care due diligence used fields finance securities law many years.recent years terms found way fields computing information security.u.s. federal sentencing guidelines make possible hold corporate officers liable failing exercise due care due diligence management information systems.in business world stockholders customers business partners governments expectation corporate officers run business accordance accepted business practices compliance laws regulatory requirements.
Information security	often described reasonable prudent person rule.prudent person takes due care ensure everything necessary done operate business sound business principles legal ethical manner.prudent person also diligent mindful attentive ongoing due care business.in field information security harrisoffers following definitions due care due diligencedue care steps taken show company taken responsibility activities take place within corporation taken necessary steps help protect company resources employees.due diligence continual activities make sure protection mechanisms continually maintained operational.attention made two important points definitions.first due care steps taken show means steps verified measured even produce tangible artifacts.
Information security	second due diligence continual activities means people actually things monitor maintain protection mechanisms activities ongoing.organizations responsibility practicing duty care applying information security.duty care risk analysis standard docra provides principles practices evaluating risk.considers parties could affected risks.docra helps evaluate safeguards appropriate protecting others harm presenting reasonable burden.increased data breach litigation companies must balance security controls compliance mission.
Information security	security governance software engineering institute carnegie mellon university publication titled governing enterprise security ges implementation guide defines characteristics effective security governance.includean enterprisewide issueleaders accountableviewed business requirementriskbasedroles responsibilities segregation duties definedaddressed enforced policyadequate resources committedstaff aware traineda development life cycle requirementplanned managed measurable measuredreviewed audited incident response plans incident response plan irp group policies dictate organizations reaction cyber attack.security breach identified plan initiated.important note legal implications data breach.knowing local federal laws critical.
Information security	every plan unique needs organization involve skill sets part team.example lawyer may included response plan help navigate legal implications data breach.as mentioned every plan unique plans include following preparation good preparation includes development incident response team irt.skills need used team would penetration testing computer forensics network security etc.team also keep track trends cybersecurity modern attack strategies.training program end users important well modern attack strategies target users network.
Information security	identification part incident response plan identifies security event.end user reports information admin notices irregularities investigation launched.incident log crucial part step.members team updating log ensure information flows fast possible.identified security breach occurred next step activated.
Information security	containment phase irt works isolate areas breach took place limit scope security event.phase important preserve information forensically analyzed later process.containment could simple physically containing server room complex segmenting network allow spread virus.eradication threat identified removed affected systems.could include using deleting malicious files terminating compromised accounts deleting components.
Information security	events require step however important fully understand event moving step.help ensure threat completely removed.recovery stage systems restored back original operation.stage could include recovery data changing user access information updating firewall rules policies prevent breach future.without executing step system could still vulnerable future security threats.
Information security	lessons learned step information gathered process used make future decisions security.step crucial ensure future events prevented.using information train admins critical process.step also used process information distributed entities experienced security event.change management change management formal process directing controlling alterations information processing environment.
Information security	includes alterations desktop computers network servers software.objectives change management reduce risks posed changes information processing environment improve stability reliability processing environment changes made.objective change management prevent hinder necessary changes implemented.any change information processing environment introduces element risk.even apparently simple changes unexpected effects.one managements many responsibilities management risk.
Information security	change management tool managing risks introduced changes information processing environment.part change management process ensures changes implemented inopportune times may disrupt critical business processes interfere changes implemented.not every change needs managed.kinds changes part everyday routine information processing adhere predefined procedure reduces overall level risk processing environment.creating new user account deploying new desktop computer examples changes generally require change management.however relocating user file shares upgrading email server pose much higher level risk processing environment normal everyday activity.
Information security	critical first steps change management defining change communicating definition b defining scope change system.change management usually overseen change review board composed representatives key business areas security networking systems administrators database administration application developers desktop support help desk.tasks change review board facilitated use automated work flow application.responsibility change review board ensure organizations documented change management procedures followed.change management process followsrequest anyone request change.person making change request may may person performs analysis implements change.
Information security	request change received may undergo preliminary review determine requested change compatible organizations business model practices determine amount resources needed implement change.approve management runs business controls allocation resources therefore management must approve requests changes assign priority every change.management might choose reject change request change compatible business model industry standards best practices.management might also choose reject change request change requires resources allocated change.plan planning change involves discovering scope impact proposed change analyzing complexity change allocation resources developing testing documenting implementation backout plans.need define criteria decision back made.test every change must tested safe test environment closely reflects actual production environment change applied production environment.backout plan must also tested.schedule part change review boards responsibility assist scheduling changes reviewing proposed implementation date potential conflicts scheduled changes critical business activities.communicate change scheduled must communicated.
Information security	communication give others opportunity remind change review board changes critical business activities might overlooked scheduling change.communication also serves make help desk users aware change occur.another responsibility change review board ensure scheduled changes properly communicated affected change otherwise interest change.implement appointed date time changes must implemented.part planning process develop implementation plan testing plan back plan.implementation change fail post implementation testing fails drop dead criteria met back plan implemented.document changes must documented.
Information security	documentation includes initial request change approval priority assigned implementation testing back plans results change review board critique datetime change implemented implemented whether change implemented successfully failed postponed.postchange review change review board hold postimplementation review changes.particularly important review failed backed changes.review board try understand problems encountered look areas improvement.change management procedures simple follow easy use greatly reduce overall risks created changes made information processing environment.good change management procedures improve overall quality success changes implemented.accomplished planning peer review documentation communication.isoiec visible ops handbook implementing itil practical auditable steps full book summary itil provide valuable guidance implementing efficient effective change management program information security.
Information security	business continuity business continuity management bcm concerns arrangements aiming protect organizations critical business functions interruption due incidents least minimize effects.bcm essential organization keep technology business line current threats continuation business usual.bcm included organizations risk analysis plan ensure necessary business functions need keep going event type threat business function.it encompassesanalysis requirements e.g.identifying critical business functions dependencies potential failure points potential threats hence incidents risks concern organizationspecification e.g.maximum tolerable outage periods recovery point objectives maximum acceptable periods data lossarchitecture design e.g.
Information security	appropriate combination approaches including resilience e.g.engineering systems processes high availability avoiding preventing situations might interrupt business incident emergency management e.g.evacuating premises calling emergency services triagesituation assessment invoking recovery plans recovery e.g.rebuilding contingency management generic capabilities deal positively whatever occurs using whatever resources availableimplementation e.g.configuring scheduling backups data transfers etc.
Information security	duplicating strengthening critical elements contracting service equipment supplierstesting e.g.business continuity exercises various types costs assurance levelsmanagement e.g.defining strategies setting objectives goals planning directing work allocating funds people resources prioritization relative activities team building leadership control motivation coordination business functions activities e.g.facilities human resources risk management information risk security operations monitoring situation checking updating arrangements things change maturing approach continuous improvement learning appropriate investmentassurance e.g.testing specified requirements measuring analyzing reporting key parameters conducting additional tests reviews audits greater confidence arrangements go plan invoked.whereas bcm takes broad approach minimizing disasterrelated risks reducing probability severity incidents disaster recovery plan drp focuses specifically resuming business operations quickly possible disaster.
Information security	disaster recovery plan invoked soon disaster occurs lays steps necessary recover critical information communications technology ict infrastructure.disaster recovery planning includes establishing planning group performing risk assessment establishing priorities developing recovery strategies preparing inventories documentation plan developing verification criteria procedure lastly implementing plan.laws regulations partial listing governmental laws regulations various parts world significant effect data processing information security.important industry sector regulations also included significant impact information security.the uk data protection act makes new provisions regulation processing information relating individuals including obtaining holding use disclosure information.european union data protection directive eudpd requires e.u.
Information security	members adopt national regulations standardize protection data privacy citizens throughout e.u.the computer misuse act act u.k. parliament making computer crime e.g.hacking criminal offense.act become model upon several countries including canada republic ireland drawn inspiration subsequently drafting information security laws.the e.u.s data retention directive annulled required internet service providers phone companies keep data every electronic message sent phone call made six months two years.the family educational rights privacy act ferpa u.s.c.§ g cfr part u.s. federal law protects privacy student education records.law applies schools receive funds applicable program u.s. department education.
Information security	generally schools must written permission parent eligible student order release information students education record.the federal financial institutions examination councils ffiec security guidelines auditors specifies requirements online banking security.the health insurance portability accountability act hipaa requires adoption national standards electronic health care transactions national identifiers providers health insurance plans employers.additionally requires health care providers insurance providers employers safeguard security privacy health data.the gramm–leach–bliley act glba also known financial services modernization act protects privacy security private financial information financial institutions collect hold process.section sarbanes–oxley act sox requires publicly traded companies assess effectiveness internal controls financial reporting annual reports submit end fiscal year.chief information officers responsible security accuracy reliability systems manage report financial data.act also requires publicly traded companies engage independent auditors must attest report validity assessments.the payment card industry data security standard pci dss establishes comprehensive requirements enhancing payment account data security.developed founding payment brands pci security standards council — including american express discover financial services jcb mastercard worldwide visa international — help facilitate broad adoption consistent data security measures global basis.
Information security	pci dss multifaceted security standard includes requirements security management policies procedures network architecture software design critical protective measures.state security breach notification laws california many others require businesses nonprofits state institutions notify consumers unencrypted personal information may compromised lost stolen.the personal information protection electronics document act pipeda canada supports promotes electronic commerce protecting personal information collected used disclosed certain circumstances providing use electronic means communicate record information transactions amending canada evidence act statutory instruments act statute revision act.greeces hellenic authority communication security privacy adae law establishes describes minimum information security controls deployed every company provides electronic communication networks andor services greece order protect customers confidentiality.include managerial technical controls e.g.log records stored two years.greeces hellenic authority communication security privacy adae law concentrates around protection integrity availability services data offered greek telecommunication companies.law forces related companies build deploy test appropriate business continuity plans redundant infrastructures.culture describing simply security aware employees information security culture ideas customs social behaviors organization impact information security positive negative ways.
Information security	cultural concepts help different segments organization work effectively work effectiveness towards information security within organization.way employees think feel security actions take big impact information security organizations.roer petric identify seven core dimensions information security culture organizationsattitudes employees’ feelings emotions various activities pertain organizational security information.behaviors actual intended activities risktaking actions employees direct indirect impact information security.cognition employees awareness verifiable knowledge beliefs regarding practices activities selfefficacy relation related information security.communication ways employees communicate sense belonging support security issues incident reporting.compliance adherence organizational security policies awareness existence policies ability recall substance policies.norms perceptions securityrelated organizational conduct practices informally deemed either normal deviant employees peers e.g.hidden expectations regarding security behaviors unwritten rules regarding uses informationcommunication technologies.responsibilities employees understanding roles responsibilities critical factor sustaining endangering security information thereby organization.andersson reimers found employees often see part organization information security effort often take actions ignore organizational information security best interests.research shows information security culture needs improved continuously.
Information security	information security culture analysis change authors commented never ending process cycle evaluation change maintenance.manage information security culture five steps taken preevaluation strategic planning operative planning implementation postevaluation.preevaluation identify awareness information security within employees analyze current security policystrategic planning come better awarenessprogram need set clear targets.clustering people helpful achieve itoperative planning create good security culture based internal communication management buyin security awareness training programsimplementation feature commitment management communication organizational members courses organizational members commitment employeespostevaluation better gauge effectiveness prior steps build continuous improvement sources standards international organization standardization iso consortium national standards institutes countries coordinated secretariat geneva switzerland.iso worlds largest developer standards.iso information technology – security techniques – framework security assurance isoiec information technology – security techniques – code practice information security management iso information technology – service management isoiec information technology – security techniques – information security management systems – requirements particular interest information security professionals.the us national institute standards technology nist nonregulatory federal agency within u.s. department commerce.
Information security	nist computer security divisiondevelops standards metrics tests validation programs well publishes standards guidelines increase secure planning implementation management operation.nist also custodian u.s. federal information processing standard publications fips.the internet society professional membership society organizations individual members countries.provides leadership addressing issues confront future internet organizational home groups responsible internet infrastructure standards including internet engineering task force ietf internet architecture board iab.isoc hosts requests comments rfcs includes official internet protocol standards rfc site security handbook.the information security forum isf global nonprofit organization several hundred leading organizations financial services manufacturing telecommunications consumer goods government areas.undertakes research information security practices offers advice biannual standard good practice detailed advisories members.the institute information security professionals iisp independent nonprofit body governed members principal objective advancing professionalism information security practitioners thereby professionalism industry whole.
Information security	institute developed iisp skills framework.framework describes range competencies expected information security information assurance professionals effective performance roles.developed collaboration private public sector organizations worldrenowned academics security leaders.the german federal office information security german bundesamt für sicherheit der informationstechnik bsi bsistandards – set recommendations including methods processes procedures approaches measures relating information security.bsistandard itgrundschutz methodology describes information security management implemented operated.standard includes specific guide baseline protection catalogs also known itgrundschutz catalogs.
Information security	catalogs formerly known baseline protection manual.catalogs collection documents useful detecting combating securityrelevant weak points environment cluster.collection encompasses september pages introduction catalogs.itgrundschutz approach aligned isoiec x family.the european telecommunications standards institute standardized catalog information security indicators headed industrial specification group isg isi.see also references reading external links dod ia policy chart archived wayback machine dod information assurance technology analysis center web site.patterns practices security engineering explainedopen security architecture controls patterns secure systemsiws – information security chapter archived wayback machineross andersons book security engineering
Akamai Technologies	akamais intelligent edge platform one worlds largest distributed computing platforms.company operates network servers around world rents capacity servers customers want websites work faster distributing content locations near user.user navigates url akamai customer browser directed akamais domain name system proximal edge server serve requested content.akamais mapping system assigns user proximal edge server using sophisticated algorithms stable matching consistent hashing enabling reliable faster web downloads.akamai implements ddos mitigation security services edge server platform.
Akamai Technologies	history akamai technologies entered mit k competition business proposition based research consistent hashing selected one finalists.august developed working prototype help jonathan seelig randall kaplan began taking steps incorporate company.in late early group business professionals scientists joined founding team.notably paul sagan former president new media time inc. george conrades former chairman chief executive officer bbn corp. senior vice president us operations ibm.conrades became chief executive officer akamai april .company launched commercial service april listed nasdaq stock market october .on july akamai added russell index russell index.on september cofounder daniel m. lewin died september attacks age stabbed flight aboard american airlines flight first plane crash world trade center.in paul sagan named chief executive officer akamai taking comrades.
Akamai Technologies	sagan worked differentiate akamai competitors expanding companys breadth services.leadership company grew .billion revenues.in july akamai added sp index.in cofounder tom leighton elected position chief executive officer replacing sagan.on february akamai announced would reorganizing two internal groups security technology edge technology.company also reestablished role chief technology officer robert blumofe would serving role.longtime chief security officer cso andy ellis also announced would leaving march .akamais headquarters kendall square.
Akamai Technologies	akamai started technology square later expanded multiple buildings cambridge center.consolidated offices purposebuilt building broadway december .technologies akamai intelligent edge platform akamai intelligent platform distributed cloud computing platform operates worldwide.network approximately servers deployed countries.servers reside roughly worlds networks gathering realtime information traffic congestion trouble spots.
Akamai Technologies	akamai server equipped proprietary software uses complex algorithms process requests nearby users serve requested content.content delivery process content delivery process begins user submitting request browser.user enters url dns request triggered akamais authoritative dns system ip address retrieved.ip address browser directly contact akamai edge server subsequent requests.content delivery network structure domain name url translated mapping system ip address edge server serve content user.akamai delivers web content intelligent platform transparently mirroring elements html css software downloads media objects customers servers.
Akamai Technologies	akamai server automatically chosen depending type content users network location.receiving content akamai server near user allows faster downloads less vulnerability network congestion.akamai claims provide better scalability delivering content last mile servers close endusers avoiding middlemile bottleneck internet.download delivery product line includes http downloads large downloadable objects customizable application consumers analytics tools metrics monitor report download process.peertopeer networking addition using akamais servers akamai delivers certain content endusers computers form peertopeer networking.
Akamai Technologies	network operations command center akamais network operations command center nocc used proactive monitoring troubleshooting servers global akamai network.nocc provides realtime statistics akamais web traffic.traffic metrics update automatically provide view internet traffic conditions akamais servers customer websites.state internet state internet report quarterly report akamai releases based data gathered intelligent platform provides global internet statistics connection speed broadband adoption attack traffic network connectivity mobile connectivity.visualizing internet akamais data visualization tools display data moving across internet realtime.
Akamai Technologies	viewers able see global web conditions malicious attack traffic internet connectivity.addition net usage indices monitor global news consumption industryspecific traffic mobile trends.akamai also offers internet visualization application allows users view realtime data mobile device.open initiative october akamai announced open initiative akamai edge conference.open allows customers partners develop customize way interact akamai intelligent platform.
Akamai Technologies	key components open include system development operations integration realtime big data integration singlepoint user interface.plume partnership january akamai partnered plume.partnership combines akamai security personalization services sps mobile security suite real time threat intelligence plumes consumer experience management cem platform.primary domains akamai technologies owns domains primary domains uses include corporate akamai.com – akamais domain content delivery domains akamai.netakamaiedge.netakamaihd.netedgesuite.netedgekey.netsrip.netakamaitechnologies.comakamaitechnologies.fr dns servers akamaitech.netakadns.netakagtm.orgakam.netakamaistream.netakamaiedge.netakamaihd.netakamai.com customers july macworld expo new york apple akamai announced strategic partnership build apples new media network quicktime tv qtv based quicktime streaming server.companies later announced apple made .
Akamai Technologies	million investment company previous month.apple continues use akamai primary content delivery network wide range applications including software downloads apples website quicktime movie trailers itunes store.in september microsoft akamai formed strategic relationship incorporate windows media technology akamais freeflow service well facilitate porting freeflow product windows platform relationship exists day.microsoft azure offers akamai along verizon options standard cdn service.arabic news network aljazeera customer march april akamai decided end relationship.networks englishlanguage managing editor claimed due political pressure.in june newsmarket teamed akamai accelerate dynamic content applications global media ahead beijing olympics.the bbc iplayer uses akamai stream recorded live programs focused xml playlist.the entire china central television website including streaming video hosted akamais edge servers since late .hulu uses akamai hosting video.
Akamai Technologies	mit opencourseware utilizes akamais edgesuite content delivery network.trend micro uses akamai housecall antivirus application.valves steam service uses akamais content delivery network storing screenshots icons uploaded users.akamai provided streaming services espn star india course icc cricket world cup .rackspaces cloud files use akamais content delivery network cdn storing customers files.other customers include adobe systems airbnb amd autotrader.com cos espn great courses hewlettpackard hilton worldwide ibm j. c. penney jehovahs witnesses mtv networks nasa national academy recording arts sciences nbc sports pearson education red bull gmbh red hat sony playstation yahoo.in august nintendo launched new game console mobile gaming application simultaneously around world via akamais media delivery solutions.acquisitions february akamai acquired network communications aggregate purchase price .on april akamai acquired intervu inc. aggregate purchase price .on july akamai acquired calltheshots inc. aggregate purchase price .on june akamai acquired speedera networks inc. aggregate purchase price .on december akamai acquired nine systems inc. aggregate purchase price .on march akamai acquired netli inc. netli aggregate purchase price .on april akamai acquired red swoosh inc. aggregate purchase price .on november akamai acquired acerno inc. aggregate purchase price .on june akamai acquired velocitude llc aggregate purchase price .on february akamai acquired blaze software inc. aggregate purchase price .on march akamai acquired cotendo inc. aggregate purchase price .on september akamai acquired fastsoft inc. aggregate purchase price .on december akamai acquired verivue inc. aggregate purchase price .on november akamai acquired velocius networks aggregate purchase price .in february akamai acquired cyber security provider prolexic technologies aggregate purchase price .in february akamai acquired xerocole inc. domain name system technology company.on april akamai acquired cloud ott iptv service provider octoshape undisclosed amount.on november akamai acquired bloxx provider secure web gateway swg technology undisclosed amount.on september akamai acquired concord systems provider technology high performance processing data scale undisclosed amount.on october akamai acquired soha systems enterprise secure access delivered service provider undisclosed amount.on december akamai acquired cyberfend bot automation detection solutions provider undisclosed amount.on march akamai acquired soasta digital performance management company based mountain view ca undisclosed allcash amount.on october akamai acquired nominum carriergrade dns dhcp provider one major players creation modern dns system undisclosed allcash amount.in october akamai acquired security software provider chameleonx million.on january akamai acquired ciam provider janrain.on october akamai acquired iot mobile security provider asavie.on february akamai acquired inverse inc. montreal canadian based security company making open source network access controller nac called packetfence.september akamai technologies acquired guardicore million.on february akamai acquired linode million.litigation one akamais patents covers method delivering electronic data using content delivery network.internet web site proprietors content providers contract akamai deliver web sites content individual internet users.
Akamai Technologies	patented method permits large files video music files stored akamais servers accessed servers internet users.increases speed internet users access content web sites.unfortunately akamai patent written way called permitted actions multiple persons entities—such content provider customer company providing cdn service.akamais competitor limelight chose operate allegedly infringing service manner—it performed steps patented process customers performed socalled tagging step.interpretation patent law time akamai decided sue limelight patent infringement method patent could held infringed single actor performed steps.court therefore overturned million jury verdict akamais favor.akamai initially lost case even taking supreme court.
Akamai Technologies	supreme court returned case united states court appeals federal circuit however invitation reevaluate rule chose steps method performed single actor infringement.remand federal circuit considered matter en banc active judges circuit modified rule.held patent could also directly infringed alleged infringer conditions participation activity receipt benefit upon performance step steps patented method establishes manner timing performance.basis federal circuit reinstated million jury verdict.said akamai presented substantial evidence demonstrating limelight conditions customers use content delivery network upon customers performance steps limelight perform.
Akamai Technologies	considered substantial change patent law.case known akamai techs.inc. v. limelight networks inc.. controversies national security agency federal bureau investigation reportedly used facebooks akamai content delivery network cdn collect information facebook users.report appears show intelligence analysts intercepting communications facebook cdn provider indicate akamai complicit process.according researchers universities cambridge californiaberkeley university college london international computer science instituteberkeley akamai blocking access web sites visitors using tor.feature known network lists optional implemented customers akamai feature common many major vendors provide network security feeds emerging threats provides feed free.
Akamai Technologies	key scientific publications papers appear scientific conferences journals describe akamais technology greater detail.karger d. lehman e. leighton t. panigrahy r. levine m. lewin d. consistent hashing random trees distributed caching protocols relieving hot spots world wide web.acm symposium theory computing pp.–.j.dilley b. maggs j. parikh h. prokop r. sitaraman b. weihl.globally distributed content delivery ieee internet computing septemberoctober pp.
Akamai Technologies	.erik nygren ramesh k. sitaraman jennifer sun.akamai network platform highperformance internet applications.acm sigops operating systems review vol.no.july .bruce maggs ramesh sitaraman.
Akamai Technologies	algorithmic nuggets content delivery.acm sigcomm computer communication review volume issue .f.chen r. sitaraman m. torres.enduser mapping next generation request routing content delivery.acm sigcomm conference aug .kyle schomp onkar bhardwaj eymen kurdoglu mashooq muhaimen ramesh k. sitaraman.
Akamai Technologies	akamai dns providing authoritative answers worlds queries acm sigcomm conference aug .d.gillman y. lin b. maggs r. k. sitaraman.protecting websites attack secure delivery networks ieee computer vol.no.pp.
HTTP Speed+Mobility	apr..see also akamai techs.inc. v. limelight networks inc. references external links official website business data akamai technologieshttp speedmobility similar http particular goals reduce web page load latency improve web security.revision googles spdy protocol microsofts http speedmobility protocol achieved reduced latency spdys use compression multiplexing prioritization.relation http http speedmobilitybeing built spdy replace http.rather modifies way http requests responses sent wire means existing serverside applications used without modification spdycompatible translation layer put place.sent spdy http requests processed tokenized simplified compressed.
Web widget	example spdy endpoint keeps track headers sent past requests avoid resending headers changed must sent sent compressed.in developing http speedmobility microsoft built upon googles proven spdy protocol websocket web technology providing bidirectional fullduplex communications channels single tcp connection.besides support framing websockets changes spdy include following taking mobile phones lowpower devices account removal spdy’s obligatory use cpuintensive features – encryption compression serverside push.the ietf working group httpbis begun working http chose spdy starting point.see also spdyhttp pipelininghttp persistent connectionwebsocketwaka protocol references external links speed mobility approach http .make mobile apps web fasteroperated egames casino outlets.philweb founded roberto ongpin incorporated august south seas oil mineral exploration co. inc. initially involved mining resource exploration.name company changed south seas natural resources authorization stockholders march move approved security exchange commission.south seas natural resources name changed philweb.com inc. january becoming internet company.date mining claims assets company transferred subsidiary allacacia resources inc. name changed may present name philweb corporation companys stockholders.in philweb signed ₱million share purchase cooperation agreement palmary corporation jointly develop electronic bingo businesses.in philweb announced brian k. ng replace dennis o. valdes president company effective february .referencesweb widget commonly provides users host page access resources another web site content host page may prevented accessing browsers sameorigin policy content providers cors policy.content includes advertising googles adsense sponsored external links taboola user comments disqus social media buttons twitter facebook news usa today weather accuweather.web widgets though serve userselectable customizations host page google.technology widgets may considered downloadable applications look act like traditional apps implemented using web technologies including javascript flash html css.widgets use depend web apis exposed either browser widget engine akamai clearspring kickapps masspublisher newsgator many others.sites formloop allow users easily create widgets content coding knowledge necessary.
Web widget	usage social media end users primarily use widgets enhance personal web experiences web experiences visitors personal sites.the use widgets proven increasingly popular users social media able add standalone applications blogs profiles community pages.widgets add utility way iphone application does.developers widgets often offering form sponsored content pay cost development widgets utility maps users needs way parties gain.example sports news brand might gain awareness increased audience share exchange utility current game scores instantly dynamically available blog posted sports score widget might gain stickier site.video platforms youtube dailymotion support iframebased video embedding.security considerations program code widgets used malicious purposes.
Web widget	one example facebook secret crush widget reported early fortinet luring users install zango adware.one important factor clientside widgets often host control content.content functionality provides cannot modified host.content prepublished publisherauthorservice provider host either accept content use widget.host however control placement widget.host always take widget assures large degree mutual advantage satisfaction performance content.
Web widget	seo considerations web widgets affect page rank two ways.first links generated clientside widgets wont seen search engines dont run widget code analysing page.links wont contribute page rank.second pages may penalized hosting widgets automatically place links page thereby manipulating page rank.accessibility considerations web widgets complex ui controls.
Web widget	waiaria technology improve usability accessibility widgets adding semantics browsers assistive technologies recognize use facilitate users interactions.example tabpanel widget must contain specific set roles i.e.tablist tab tabpanel etc.must follow specific interactions i.e.keyboard navigation.
Web widget	widget management systems widget management systems offer method managing widgets works web page blog social networking home page.many blog systems come builtin widget management systems plugins.users obtain widgets widget management tools various widget companies.mobile web widget mobile web widget purpose function web widget made use mobile device mobile phone tablet.contrast web widget personal computer laptop computer standards wc creating set standards web widgets.
Web widget	references reading rajesh lal developing web widget html css json ajax isbn soylu a. wild f. mödritscher f. desmet p. verlinde s. de causmaecker p. .mashups widget orchestration.international conference management emergent digital ecosystems medes .san francisco california usa – november .acm.
Web content management system	provides website authoring collaboration administration tools help users little knowledge web programming languages markup languages create manage website content.wcms provides foundation collaboration providing users ability manage documents output multiple author editing participation.systems use content repository database store page content metadata information assets system needs.a presentation layer template engine displays content website visitors based set templates sometimes xslt files.most systems use server side caching improve performance.works best wcms changed often visits happen frequently.administration also typically done browserbased interfaces systems require use fat client.
Web content management system	capabilities web content management system controls dynamic collection web material including html documents images forms media.wcms facilitates document control auditing editing timeline management.wcms typically following featuresautomated templatescreate standard templates usually html xml users apply new existing content changing appearance content one central place.access controlsome wcms systems support user groups control registered users interact site.page site restricted one groups.means anonymous user someone logged logged user member group page restricted denied access.scalable expansionavailable modern wcmss ability expand single implementation one installation one server across multiple domains depending servers settings.
Web content management system	wcms sites may able create micrositesweb portals within main site well.easily editable contentonce content separated visual presentation site usually becomes much easier quicker edit manipulate.wcms software includes wysiwyg editing tools allowing nontechnical users create edit content.scalable feature setsmost wcms software includes plugins modules easily installed extend existing sites functionality.web standards upgradesactive wcms software usually receives regular updates include new feature sets keep system current web standards.workflow managementworkflow management process creating cycles sequential parallel tasks must accomplished wcms.example one many content creators submit story published copy editor cleans editorinchief approves it.collaborationwcms software may act collaboration platform many users retrieve work content.changes tracked authorized publication ignored reverting old versions.advanced forms collaboration allow multiple users modify comment page time collaboration session.delegationsome wcms software allows various user groups limited privileges specific content website spreading responsibility content management.document managementwcms software may provide means collaboratively managing life cycle document initial creation time revisions publication archive document destruction.content virtualizationwcms software may provide means allowing user work within virtual copy entire web site document set andor code base.
Web content management system	enables viewing changes multiple interdependent resources context prior submission.content syndicationwcms software often helps distribute content generating rss atom data feeds systems.may also email users updates become available.multilingualmany wcmss display content multiple languages.versioninglike document management systems wcms software may implement version control users check pages wcms.authorized editors retrieve previous versions work selected point.versioning useful content changes requires updating may necessary start reference previous version.types wcms use one three approaches offline processing online processing hybrid processing.
Web content management system	terms describe deployment pattern wcms terms applies presentation templates render web pages structured content.offline processing systems sometimes referred static site generators preprocess content applying templates publication generate web pages.since preprocessing systems require server apply templates request time may also exist purely designtime tools.online processing systems apply templates ondemand.may generate html user visits page user might receive pregenerated html web cache.
Web content management system	open source wcmss support addons extended systems capabilities.include features like forums blogs wikis web stores photo galleries contact management.variously called modules nodes widgets addons extensions.hybrid processing systems combine offline online approaches.systems write executable code e.g.
Web content management system	jsp asp php coldfusion perl pages rather static html.way personnel dont deploy wcms every web server.hybrids operate either online offline mode.advantages low costsome content management systems free drupal ez publish typo joomla zesty.io wordpress.others may affordable based size subscriptions.
Web content management system	although subscriptions expensive overall cost hire fulltime developers lower total costs.plus software bought based need many wcmss.easy customizationa universal layout created making pages similar theme design without much code.many wcms tools use drag drop ajax system design modes.makes easy beginner users create custom frontends.easy usewcmss accommodate nontechnical people.simplicity design admin ui lets website content managers users update content without much training coding system maintenance.workflow managementwcmss provide facility control content published published publishes it.
Web content management system	wcmss allow administrators set rules workflow management guiding content managers series steps required tasks.good seowcms websites also accommodate search engine optimization seo.content freshness helps search engines prefer websites newer content.social media plugins help build community around content.rss feeds automatically generated blogs wcms websites increase number subscribers readers site.url rewriting implemented easily—clean urls without parameters help seo.
Web content management system	plugins specifically help website seo.disadvantages cost implementationslarger scale implementations may require training planning certifications.certain wcmss may require hardware installation.commitment software required bigger investments.commitment training developing upkeep costs incurred enterprise system.cost maintenancemaintaining wcmss may require license updates upgrades hardware maintenance.latency issueslarger wcmss experience latency hardware infrastructure date databases used incorrectly web cache files reload every time data updates grow large.
Firebug (software)	load balancing issues may also impair caching files.tool mixingbecause urls many wcmss dynamically generated internal parameters reference information often stable enough static pages web tools particularly search engines rely them.securitywcmss often forgotten hardware software operating systems patched security threats.due lack patching user hacker use unpatched wcms software exploit vulnerabilities enter otherwise secure environment.wcmss part overall holistic security patch management program maintain highest possible security standards.see also referencesinbuilt firefox.history firebug licensed bsd license initially written january joe hewitt one original firefox creators.firebug working group oversaw open source development extension firebug.two major implementations extension mozilla firefox bookmarklet implementation called firebug lite used google chrome.in addition debugging web pages firebug used web security testing web page performance analysis.firebug deprecated favor integrated developer tools added firefox whose functionality unified firebug.firefox longer supports xul addons firebug longer compatible.
Firebug (software)	version history version .firebug .introduced many new features firebug extension including javascript syntax highlighting pretty print minified javascript code dom event inspector handle event handlers web page.additionally users search page elements using css selectors search bar.debugging tool allows users inspect javascript expressions evaluated.
Firebug (software)	moreover users inspect values returned javascript functions.also adds ability create new html attributes existing html elements.version .november firebug .announced alpha made available public.
Firebug (software)	version feature new theme would focused user experience.features firebug makes changes immediately gives constant feedback user.editors firebug support autocomplete.the firebug command line accepts commands written javascript.result executing command displayed console appearing hyperlinks.firebug application contains multiple windows splitting related features common window.
Firebug (software)	firebug also allows users view download time individual files.separates different types objects javascript files images determined files loaded browsers cache.firebug also features ability examine http headers time stamps relative http request made.net panel monitor urls browser requests external css javascript image files.html css html css tools allow inspection editing html css elements web page.
Firebug (software)	later versions firebug allow users see live changes css.visualization css elements shown inspecting html elements.firebug layout tab used display manipulate css property values.furthermore users click visible html elements web page access css property values.javascript console firebugs script tab enables users set breakpoints step lines code.
Firebug (software)	additionally firebug navigate directly line javascript code watch expressions call stacks launch debugger event error occurs execution.firebug also log errors.logging uses firebug javascript api.firebugs javascript panel log errors profile function calls enable developer run arbitrary javascript.firebug allows users run javascript code command line allows user log errors occur javascript css xml.
Firebug (software)	firebug provides separate text editor modify javascript see immediate results users browser.as provided update javascript command line features autocomplete function.text editor also provides ability write full functions.firebug requires user refresh web page event crash.extensions many extensions made enhance firebug.since firebug open source users contribute extensions firebug community.

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