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Web accessibility	traditional way correcting inaccessible site go back source code reprogram error test make sure bug fixed.website scheduled revised near future error others would remain site lengthy period time possibly violating accessibility guidelines.complicated process many website owners choose build accessibility new site design relaunch efficient develop site comply accessibility guidelines rather remediate errors later.with progress ai technology web accessibility become accessible.rd party addons leverage ai machine learning possible offer changes website design without altering source code.way website accessible different types users without need adjust website every accessibility equipment.
Web accessibility	accessible web applications waiaria web page accessible important semantics pages functionality must available assistive technology understand process content adapt user.however content becomes complex standard html tags attributes become inadequate providing semantics reliably.modern web applications often apply scripts elements control functionality enable act control dynamic component.custom components widgets provide way convey semantic information user agent.waiaria accessible rich internet applications specification published world wide web consortium specifies increase accessibility dynamic content user interface components developed ajax html javascript related technologies.
Web accessibility	aria enables accessibility enabling author provide semantics fully describe supported behaviour.also allows element expose current states properties relationships elements.accessibility problems focus tab index also corrected.see also accessible publishingaugmentative alternative communicationblue beanie daycomputer accessibilitydevice independencedigital divideeuropean internet accessibility observatoryknowbilitymaguire v sydney organising committee olympic games multimodal interactionprogressive enhancementuniversal designweb accessibility initiativeweb engineeringweb interoperabilityweb literacy references basic wcag requirements – need start develop wcag designing offlinefirst web apps alex feyerkedecember reading bangeman eric september .judge ada lawsuit target proceed.
Web accessibility	ars technica.retrieved september .clark joe .building accessible websites.new riders press.isbn .horton sarah whitney quesenbery .
Web accessibility	web everyone designing accessible user experiences.brooklyn new york rosenfeld.isbn .paciello michael .web accessibility people disabilities.cmp books.
Web accessibility	isbn .revilla olga .wcag .made easy.itákora press.isbn .slatin john sharron rush .
Web accessibility	maximum accessibility making web site usable everyone.addisonwesley professional.isbn .thatcher jim cynthia waddell shawn henry sarah swierenga mark urban michael burks paul bohman .constructing accessible web sites reprint ed.. apress previously glasshaus.isbn .pickering heydon steve faulkner .
Web accessibility	apps coding accessible web applications ebook ed.. smashing magazine gmbh.isbn .hassell jonathan .including missing embedding web mobile accessibility.bsi.isbn .
Fakesysdef	external links design accessibility bbcinclusive design principlesapple developer accessibility resourcesweb accessibility checkerbbc gel technical accessibility guidesgoogle developer accessibility resourcesmicrosoft developer accessibility resourceswc wcag developer accessibility resourcesa curated list awesome accessibility tools articles resources standards guidelines wc – web accessibility initiative waiwc – web content accessibility guidelines wcag .equality human rights commission pas guide good practice commissioning accessible websites bs supersedeseuropean union – unified web evaluation methodology .university illinois icita html accessibility best practicesbbc gel product accessibility guidelinesbbc gel subtitles captions guidelinesbbc editorial accessibility guide online tvscan computer show false hardware issues present remedy defrag hard drives finetune system performance.request user make payment order activate program user download new updates repair hardware issues.the fictitious scanning program detects one widespread varieties risks prevalent internet today.everyday numerous fake antivirus security applications published released unsuspecting endusers via large assortment distribution channels.many times software turn clones – developed code base packaged unique title design use skin.the branding strategy may look legitimate computer users names usually combination technical words hdd disk memory action words scanner defragmenter diagnostics repair fix.operation users may encounter kind threat visit websites attempt convince remove nonexistent malware security risks computers installing bogus software.
Fakesysdef	trojan also installed malware driveby downloads downloading installing software.users may directed sites way following methodsspam emails contain links attachmentspornography sitesblogs forums spammed links adult videosusergenerated content spam e.g.fake videosmalicious banner advertisementsunauthorized software ‘warez’search engine optimization seo poisoningfake torrents files shared networksweb pages containing exploitsthese programs intentionally misrepresent security status computer continually presenting fake scan dialog boxes alert messages prompt user buy product.the programs often icon notification area operating system desktop constantly display popup messages alerting user fake security issues virus infections.popup windows disappear user purchased product nonexistent threats supposedly removed compromised computer.if user decides purchase product presented form within application redirected website requests credit card information.initial infection winfakesysdef installer may arrive computer various file names.
Fakesysdef	run installer drops injects dll file sometimes exe file common processes example explorer.exe winlogon.exe wininet.exe.in instances main executable drops dll exe components.case exe set run every windows restart dll injected explorer.exe exe component.to ensure automatically runs every time windows starts drops copy exe component using random file name appdata folder.winfakesysdef may make widespread changes system including modifying several internet explorer settings enabling submitting nonencrypted form data changing desktop wallpaper displaying hiding shortcuts hiding desktop start menu links disabling windows task manager disabling checking signatures downloaded programs setting low risk file typesadditionally winfakesysdef variants may terminate running processes installation may block launched application computer restarts.installation process may terminate running processes force computer restart.restart fakesysdef attempts block every launched program may display fake error messages offering fix problem.repeatedly restarts computer user agrees buy fake software.it overwrites data hard drivehard drive diskhdd.
Fakesysdef	symptoms winfakesysdef displays numerous false alerts indicating system errors displaying appearance scanning hard disk defragmenting prompts user fix errors button buy activate fix discovered errors.when fix errors button selected fakesysdef pretends scan defragment hard disk.displays fake error messages tells user needs purchase advanced module fix.user chooses browser opens.open custom web browser user input card information buy software.removal detection antivirus software makers responded threat fakesysdef adding checks products.
Universal 2nd Factor	simple removal software enabled sometimes enough reverse damage configuration files fakesysdef known edit.referencessucceeded fido project includes wc web authentication webauthn standard fido alliances client authenticator protocol ctap.while initially developed google yubico contribution nxp semiconductors standard hosted fido alliance.design usb devices communicate host computer using human interface device hid protocol essentially mimicking keyboard.avoids need user install special hardware driver software host computer permits application software browser directly access security features device without user effort possessing inserting device.communication established application exercises challenge–response authentication device using publickey cryptography methods secret unique device key manufactured device.vulnerabilities device key vulnerable malicious manufacturer duplication.in independent security researchers found method extract private keys google titan key popular uf hardware security token.
Universal 2nd Factor	method required physical access key several hours several thousand eurosworth equipment destructive plastic case key.attackers concluded difficulty attack meant people still safer use keys not.attack possible due vulnerability ax microchip made nxp semiconductors also used security tokens made feitian yubico meaning tokens also vulnerable.vulnerability responsibly disclosed affected manufacturers might fixed future products.support use uf security keys supported google chrome since version opera since version .
Universal 2nd Factor	uf security keys used additional method twostep verification online services support uf protocol including google azure dropbox github gitlab bitbucket nextcloud facebook others.chrome firefox opera browsers supporting uf natively.microsoft enabled fido .support windows windows hello login platform.microsoft edge browser gained support uf october windows update.microsoft accounts including office onedrive microsoft services yet uf support.
Universal 2nd Factor	mozilla integrated firefox enabled default firefox thunderbird .microsoft edge starting build support fido.ios ipados .apple supports uf safari browser platforms.specifications uf standard undergone two major revisionsuf .
Universal 2nd Factor	proposed standard october uf .proposed standard april additional specification documents may obtained fido web site.the uf .proposed standard october starting point shortlived specification known fido .proposed standard september .latter formally submitted world wide web consortium wc november .
Universal 2nd Factor	subsequently first working draft wc web authentication webauthn standard published may .webauthn standard revised numerous times since becoming wc recommendation march .meanwhile uf .proposed standard april became starting point client authenticator protocol ctap proposed standard published september .fido ctap complements wc webauthn scope fido project.webauthn ctap provide complete replacement uf renamed ctap latest version fido standard.webauthn protocol backwardcompatible via appid extension ufonly security keys uf protocol compatible webauthnonly authenticator.
List of Tor onion services	authenticators support uf webauthn webauthn clients support keys created via legacy uf api.referencesdefunct services marked.commerce agora defunctalphabayatlantis defunctblack market reloaded defunctdream market defunctevolution defuncthansa defunctsheep marketplace defunctsilk road defunctthe farmers market defuncttherealdeal defunctutopia defunct communications messaging briar software – uses onion services address message transport internetcryptocatdefunctkeybasericochet softwaretorchat defunct email providers bitmessage.ch defunctprotonmailriseupsigaint defuncttor mail defunct file storage free – distributed anonymous file storage system places focus persistent availability data.mit students work project led collaboration darpa develop tor.freedom hosting defunct – formerly largest torspecific web host arrest owner august .kickasstorrents bittorrent index defunctthe pirate bay bittorrent index financial blockchain.info popular bitcoin blockchain explorer service.helix defunct.government central intelligence agencynational police public prosecution service netherlands — official hidden service darknet market takedown operations.hidden services directories portals information ...the hidden wiki news document archives archive.todaybbc newsbuggedplanetdeepdotweb defunctdeutsche welledoxbin defunctpropublicaradio free asiathe new york timeswikipedia accessible via telnet defunct operating systems debian static web content package repositoriesqubes os – securityfocused desktop operating systemtails os live portable amnesiac operating system run usbwhonix – debianbased security distribution whistleblowing drop sites globaleaksindependent media centerfiltrala spanish whistleblowing initiative operated associated whistleblowing pressljost icelandic whistleblowing initiative operated associated whistleblowing pressnawaatleaks arabic whistleblowing initiative operated nawaatpropublicathe guardianthe interceptnew york timesthe new yorkerwildleaks wildlifecrime whistleblowing initiative operated elephant action leaguewikileaks nonprofit organizations courage foundationfreedom press foundationfront line defendersla quadrature du netpropublicatelecomix pornography boystown defunctchilds play defunctlolita city defunctplaypen defunctpornhub search engines ahmia hidden service searchbrave searchbtdiggcliqzduckduckgograms defunctmetagerscihub search engine bypasses paywalls provide free access scientific academic research papers articlessearxthe pirate bay social media forums chan – imageboarddarkde defunctdreadfacebook onion address – facebookhackbb defunctrussian anonymous marketplace defunctthe daily stormer neonazi websitethe hubtor carding forum defunct software guardian project fdroid compatible package repositoriesmailpile see also darknetsecuredrop secure communications platform use journalists sources.
NoScript	first implementation new yorkers strongbox website.torweb clearnet hidden service software references external links guide tor hidden services elements tor network wikibooks media related tor hidden services wikimedia commonsrealworld onion sites githubfeatures active content blocking default noscript blocks active executable web content wholly partially unblocked allowlisting site domain extensions toolbar menu clicking placeholder icon.in default configuration active content globally denied although user may turn around use noscript block specific unwanted content.allowlist may permanent temporary browser closes user revokes permissions.active content may consist javascript web fonts media codecs webgl flash.addon also offers specific countermeasures security exploits.because many web browser attacks require active content browser normally runs without question disabling content default using degree necessary reduces chances vulnerability exploitation.addition loading content saves significant bandwidth defeats forms web tracking.noscript useful developers see well site works javascript turned off.
NoScript	also remove many irritating web elements inpage popup messages certain paywalls require javascript order function.noscript takes form toolbar icon status bar icon firefox.displays every website denote whether noscript either blocked allowed partially allowed scripts run web page viewed.clicking hovering since version ..rc mouse cursor noscript icon gives user option allow forbid scripts processing.noscripts interface whether accessed rightclicking web page distinctive noscript box bottom page default shows url scripts blocked provide sort reference look whether given script safe run.complex webpages users may faced well dozen different cryptic urls nonfunctioning webpage choice allow script block script allow temporarily.on november giorgio maone announced noscript different .x versions use webextension technology making compatible firefox quantum.november maone released version .. firefox above.
NoScript	noscript available firefox android.antixss protection april noscript ... publicly released introducing first clientside protection type type crosssite scripting xss ever delivered web browser.whenever website tries inject html javascript code inside different site violation sameorigin policy noscript filters malicious request neutralizes dangerous payload.similar features adopted years later microsoft internet explorer google chrome.application boundaries enforcer abe application boundaries enforcer abe builtin noscript module meant harden web applicationoriented protections already provided noscript delivering firewalllike component running inside browser.this firewall specialized defining guarding boundaries sensitive web application relevant user e.g.plugins webmail online banking according policies defined directly user web developeradministrator trusted third party.default configuration noscripts abe provides protection csrf dns rebinding attacks aimed intranet resources routers sensitive web applications.
NoScript	clearclick anticlickjacking noscripts clearclick feature released october prevents users clicking invisible redressed page elements embedded documents applets defeating types clickjacking i.e.frames plugins.this makes noscript freely available product offers reasonable degree protection clickjacking attacks.https enhancements noscript force browser always use https establishing connections sensitive sites order prevent maninthemiddle attacks.behavior triggered either websites sending strict transport security header configured users websites dont support strict transport security yet.noscripts https enhancement features used electronic frontier foundation basis https everywhere addon.awards pc world chose noscript one best products .in noscript about.coms best security addon editorial award.in noscript readers choice awards winner best privacysecurity addon category about.com.in second year row noscript readers choice awards winner best privacysecurity addon category about.com.noscript first edition winner dragon research groups security innovation grant.
NoScript	award given innovative project area information security judged independent committee.conflicts conflict adblock plus may reported extension war broken noscripts developer giorgio maone developers firefox adblocking extension adblock plus maone released version noscript circumvented block enabled adblock plus filter.code implementing workaround camouflaged avoid detection.maone stated implemented response filter blocked website.mounting criticism declaration administrators mozilla addons site site would change guidelines regarding addon modifications maone removed code issued full apology.
NoScript	conflict ghostery immediate aftermath adblock plus incident spat arose maone developers ghostery addon maone implemented change website disabled notification ghostery used report web tracking software.interpreted attempt prevent ghostery reporting trackers ad networks noscripts websites.response maone stated change made ghosterys notification obscured donation button noscript site.conflict resolved maone changed sites css move—rather disable—the ghostery notification.see also references external links official websitenoscript addons.mozilla.orgnoscript anywhere .a firefox androidnoscript presentation bypass internet censorship floss manual march pp.
Incapsula	uses global content delivery network provide web application security ddos mitigation content caching application delivery load balancing failover services.history incapsula founded gur shatz marc gaffan.company origins imperva nyseimpv americanbased cyber security firm owned incapsula.spun imperva .reported growing rate per quarter august company lost .
Incapsula	million second quarter year.february imperva bought remaining part incapsula became product line within parent company.in october incapsula credited protected one internets largest attacks website.september attack said lasted nine hours gbits traffic peak.attack btc china bitcoin yuan trading platform.in december incapsula reported defended largest ddos attack recorded peaked gbits mpps.service features incapsula multiple features used security performance websitesapplication delivery control adccontent delivery network cdnddos mitigationglobal server loadbalancing gslbweb application firewall wafincapsula waf protects websites changing domain name system dns records route traffic incapsula.
Incapsula	incapsula filters malicious attacks bots website scrapers.as effective cross site scripting illegal resource access owasp top threats sql injections web .threats including academic web archiving comment spam fake registrations malicious bots referrer spam site scraping.incapsula also content delivery network caches websites server network speed website load time.cached information returned server closest end user provide fast page loads.also allegedly militates slow responses due heavy server traffic.incapsula launched tool named backdoor protect .
Incapsula	tool reported detect block malicious backdoors webshells.tool works comparing websites traffic database known backdoors.later year company announced two factor authentication feature called loginprotect integrated feature products.incapsula also announced would implementing layer load balancing capabilities.awards recognition incapsula chosen one top companies participate rsa conference innovation sandbox.
Hardware security module	year finalist red herring top north america award.in incapsula named best cloud based security cdn werockyourweb.the forrester wave ddos service providers named imperva leader top scores current offering strategy evaluated ddos service providers.references external links official website company blogmodules traditionally come form plugin card external device attaches directly computer network server.hardware security module contains one secure cryptoprocessor chips.design hsms may features provide tamper evidence visible signs tampering logging alerting tamper resistance makes tampering difficult without making hsm inoperable tamper responsiveness deleting keys upon tamper detection.module contains one secure cryptoprocessor chips prevent tampering bus probing combination chips module protected tamper evident tamper resistant tamper responsive packaging.a vast majority existing hsms designed mainly manage secret keys.many hsm systems means securely back keys handle outside hsm.
Hardware security module	keys may backed wrapped form stored computer disk media externally using secure portable device like smartcard security token.hsms used real time authorisation authentication critical infrastructure thus typically engineered support standard high availability models including clustering automated failover redundant fieldreplaceable components.a hsms available market capability execute specially developed modules within hsms secure enclosure.ability useful example cases special algorithms business logic executed secured controlled environment.modules developed native c language .net java programming languages.upcoming nextgeneration hsms handle complex tasks loading running full operating systems cots software without requiring customization reprogramming.unconventional designs overcome existing design performance limitations traditional hsms.
Hardware security module	providing benefit securing applicationspecific code execution engines protect status hsms fips common criteria validation.security due critical role play securing applications infrastructure hsms andor cryptographic modules typically certified internationally recognized standards common criteria fips provide users independent assurance design implementation product cryptographic algorithms sound.highest level fips security certification attainable security level overall.used financial payments applications security hsm often validated hsm requirements defined payment card industry security standards council.uses hardware security module employed application uses digital keys.
Hardware security module	typically keys would high value meaning would significant negative impact owner key compromised.the functions hsm areonboard secure cryptographic key generationonboard secure cryptographic key storage least top level sensitive keys often called master keyskey managementuse cryptographic sensitive data material example performing encryption digital signature functionsoffloading application servers complete asymmetric symmetric cryptography.hsms also deployed manage transparent data encryption keys databases keys storage devices disk tape.hsms provide logical physical protection materials including cryptographic keys disclosure nonauthorized use potential adversaries.hsms support symmetric asymmetric publickey cryptography.applications certificate authorities digital signing cryptographic material asymmetric key pairs certificates used publickey cryptography.applications data encryption financial payment systems cryptographic material consists mainly symmetric keys.some hsm systems also hardware cryptographic accelerators.usually cannot beat performance hardwareonly solutions symmetric key operations.however performance ranges bit rsa signs per second hsms provide significant cpu offload asymmetric key operations.
Hardware security module	since national institute standards technology nist recommending use bit rsa keys year performance longer key sizes becoming increasingly important.address issue hsms support elliptic curve cryptography ecc delivers stronger encryption shorter key lengths.pki environment ca hsms pki environments hsms may used certification authorities cas registration authorities ras generate store handle asymmetric key pairs.cases fundamental features device must namelylogical physical highlevel protectionmultipart user authorization schema see blakleyshamir secret sharingfull audit log tracessecure key backupon hand device performance pki environment generally less important online offline operations registration authority procedures represent performance bottleneck infrastructure.card payment system hsms bank hsms specialized hsms used payment card industry.
Hardware security module	hsms support generalpurpose functions specialized functions required process transactions comply industry standards.normally feature standard api.typical applications transaction authorization payment card personalization requiring functions asverify userentered pin matches reference pin known card issuerverify creditdebit card transactions checking card security codes performing host processing components emv based transaction conjunction atm controller pos terminalsupport cryptoapi smart card emvreencrypt pin block send another authorization hostperform secure key managementsupport protocol pos atm network managementsupport de facto standards hosthost key data exchange apigenerate print pin mailergenerate data magnetic stripe card pvv cvvgenerate card keyset support personalization process smart cardsthe major organizations produce maintain standards hsms banking market payment card industry security standards council ans x iso.ssl connection establishment performancecritical applications use https ssltls benefit use ssl acceleration hsm moving rsa operations typically requires several large integer multiplications host cpu hsm device.typical hsm devices perform bit rsa operationssecond.
Hardware security module	performance longer key sizes becoming increasingly important.address issue hsms support ecc.specialized hsm devices reach numbers high operations per second.dnssec increasing number registries use hsms store key material used sign large zonefiles.opendnssec opensource tool manages signing dns zone files.on january icann verisign support u.s. department commerce started deploying dnssec dns root zones.
Web beacon	root signature details found root dnssecs website.cryptocurrency wallet cryptocurrency stored cryptocurrency wallet hsm.see also electronic funds transferfips public key infrastructurepkcs secure cryptoprocessorsecurity tokentransparent data encryptionsecurity switchtrusted platform module notes references external links current nist fips certificatesa review hardware security modulesnetwork different security domain kept separate networks.example niprnet siprnet jwics nsanet kept separate.a security domain considered application collection applications trust common security token authentication authorization session management.generally speaking security token issued user user actively authenticated user id password security domain.examples security domain includeall web applications trust session cookie issued web access management productall windows applications services trust kerberos ticket issued active directoryin identity federation spans two different organizations share business partner customer business process outsourcing relation – partner domain would another security domain users applications local security domain interact.web beacons typically used third parties monitor activity users website purpose web analytics page tagging.also used email tracking.implemented using javascript may called javascript tags.using beacons companies organizations track online behaviour web users.first companies tracking mainly advertisers web analytics companies later social media sites also started use tracking techniques instance use buttons act tracking beacons.there work progress standardize interface web developers use create web beacons.overview web beacon several techniques used track visiting web page.
Web beacon	also used see email read forwarded web page copied another website.the first web beacons small digital image files embedded web page email.image could small single pixel tracking pixel could colour background completely transparent.user opens page email image embedded might see image web browser email reader automatically downloads image requiring users computer send request host companys server source image stored.request provides identifying information computer allowing host keep track user.this basic technique developed many types elements used beacons.currently include visible elements graphics banners buttons also nonpictorial html elements frame style script input link embed object etc.
Web beacon	email web page.the identifying information provided users computer typically includes ip address time request made type web browser email reader made request existence cookies previously sent host server.host server store information associate session identifier tracking token uniquely marks interaction.framing use framing added new level versatility web beacons.framing allows web pages refer content images buttons html elements located servers rather hosting content directly server.user sees email web page users email reader web browser prepares referred content display.
Web beacon	send request thirdparty server ask send referred content.part request users computer supply identifying information thirdparty server.this protocol allows companies embed beacons content directly operate use beacons tracking purposes.beacons embedded email web page images buttons html elements hosted different server website embedded thirdparty server requests identifying information sent.in scenario advertisement fictitious company xyz widgets displayed image web page would image file residing pages host server rather server belonging xyz widgets.user opens page users computer send request download advertisement pages host server referred xyz widgets server request download image.request require users computer supply identifying information xyz widgets host server.this means thirdparty site gather information visitors main sites news site social media site even users clicking third partys ads content.
Web beacon	since beacons embedded visible content embedded completely invisible elements third party gather information even user completely unaware third partys existence.use companies company identify particular user company track users behavior across multiple interactions different websites web servers.example consider company owns network websites.company could store images one particular server store contents web pages variety servers.instance server could specific given website could even located different city.
Web beacon	company could use web beacons requesting data one image server count recognize individual users visit different websites.rather gathering statistics managing cookies server independently company analyze data together track behavior individual users across different websites assembling profile user navigate different environments.emailtracking web beacons embedded emails greater privacy implications beacons embedded web pages.use embedded beacon sender email even third party record sort information advertiser website namely time email read ip address computer used read email ip address proxy server reader went type software used read email existence cookies previously sent.way sender third party gather detailed information particular recipient reads email.
Web beacon	every subsequent time email message displayed information also sent sender third party.returnreceiptto rrt email headers also trigger sending information may seen another form web beacon.web beacons used email marketers spammers phishers verify email read.using system send similar emails large number addresses check ones valid.valid case means address actually use email made past spam filters content email actually viewed.to extent kind email tracking prevented configuring email reader software avoid accessing remote images.examples email software able include gmail yahoo hushmail spamcophorde webmail clients mozilla thunderbird claws mail opera pegasus mail incredimail apple mail later versions microsoft outlook kmail mail readers.however since beacons embedded email nonpictorial elements email need contain image advertisement anything else related identity monitoring party.makes detection emails difficult.one way neutralize email tracking disconnect internet downloading email reading downloaded messages.
Web beacon	note assumes one using email reader resides ones computer downloads emails email server ones computer.case messages containing beacons able trigger requests beacons host servers tracking prevented.one would delete messages suspected containing beacons risk beacons activate computer reconnected internet.the way completely avoid email tracking beacons use textbased email reader pine mutt graphical email reader purely textbased html capabilities mulberry.email readers interpret html display images users subject tracking email web beacons.plaintext email messages cannot contain web beacons contents interpreted display characters instead embedded html code opening messages initiate communication.some email readers offer option disable html every message thus rendering messages plain text prevent tracking beacons working.more recently many email readers webbased email services moved towards loading images opening hypertext email comes unknown sender suspected spam email.
Web beacon	user must explicitly choose load images.course beacons embedded nonpictorial elements hypertext email.web beacons also filtered server level never reach enduser.mailscanner example gateway software neutralize email tracking beacons users particular server.beacon api beacon api application programming interface candidate recommendation world wide web consortium standards organization web.standardized set protocols designed allow web developers track activity users without slowing website response times.
Avast Antivirus	sending tracking information back beacons host server user navigated away webpage.use beacon api allows tracking without interfering delaying navigation away site invisible enduser.support beacon api introduced mozillas firefox browser february googles chrome browser november .see also trackemail fraudfacebook beaconinternet privacylocal shared objectquantcastspy pixelsurveillance capitalismweb analyticsweb storageweb visitor tracking notes references external links web bug faq effdid read linux weekly newstrojan marketingslashdot web bugs—slashdot.org forum thread blocking web bugsavast antivirus products include freeware paid versions provide computer security browser security antivirus software firewall antiphishing antispyware antispam among services.avast launched freeware business product avast business february .crossplatform solution includes antivirus protection web threat scanning browser protection cloud management console.as avast popular antivirus vendor market largest share market antivirus applications.in february test various antimalware products avtest avast free antivirus earned points protection category detecting malware samples used test earning avtest certified seal.avasts mobile security antivirus app detected malware samples january test android malware avcomparatives.in january multiple news sources reported avast antivirus subsidiary selling browsing history avast free product users.though company claimed data deidentified reported sold data could linked back peoples real identities exposing every click search made could verified.response avast announced would close subsidiary data privacy backlash.
Cloudbric Labs	see also avast secure browseravast secureline vpncomparison antivirus software referencesit’s designed use developers webmasters end users interested achieving maintaining basic website security.components cloudbric labs composed ofblackipedia comprehensive set malicious “black” ip addresses updated every hours real data generated attacks detected cloudbric’s waf web application firewallthreat index analyzed reports recent webrelated vulnerabilitieswafer evaluator tests detection capabilities performance widelyused wafsan api offered allow users integrate information cloudbric labs security platforms.awards gold award cybersecurity project year asiapacific cybersecurity excellence awards.references external links httpsweb.archive.orgwebhttpslabs.cloudbric.com cloudbric labs homepage.retrieved .
Cryptographic hash function	oneway function function practically infeasible invert reverse computation.ideally way find message produces given hash attempt bruteforce search possible inputs see produce match use rainbow table matched hashes.cryptographic hash functions basic tool modern cryptography.a cryptographic hash function must deterministic meaning message always results hash.ideally also following propertiesit quick compute hash value given messageit infeasible generate message yields given hash value i.e.reverse process generated given hash valueit infeasible find two different messages hash valuea small change message change hash value extensively new hash value appears uncorrelated old hash value avalanche effectcryptographic hash functions many informationsecurity applications notably digital signatures message authentication codes macs forms authentication.
Cryptographic hash function	also used ordinary hash functions index data hash tables fingerprinting detect duplicate data uniquely identify files checksums detect accidental data corruption.indeed informationsecurity contexts cryptographic hash values sometimes called digital fingerprints checksums hash values even though terms stand general functions rather different properties purposes.properties cryptographic hash functions designed take string length input produce fixedlength hash value.a cryptographic hash function must able withstand known types cryptanalytic attack.theoretical cryptography security level cryptographic hash function defined using following propertiespreimage resistancegiven hash value h difficult find message h hashm.concept related oneway function.
Cryptographic hash function	functions lack property vulnerable preimage attacks.second preimage resistancegiven input difficult find different input hashm hashm.property sometimes referred weak collision resistance.functions lack property vulnerable secondpreimage attacks.collision resistanceit difficult find two different messages hashm hashm.pair called cryptographic hash collision.property sometimes referred strong collision resistance.
Cryptographic hash function	requires hash value least twice long required preimage resistance otherwise collisions may found birthday attack.collision resistance implies second preimage resistance imply preimage resistance.weaker assumption always preferred theoretical cryptography practice hashfunction second preimage resistant considered insecure therefore recommended real applications.informally properties mean malicious adversary cannot replace modify input data without changing digest.thus two strings digest one confident identical.second preimage resistance prevents attacker crafting document hash document attacker cannot control.collision resistance prevents attacker creating two distinct documents hash.a function meeting criteria may still undesirable properties.
Cryptographic hash function	currently popular cryptographic hash functions vulnerable lengthextension attacks given hashm lenm choosing suitable m′ attacker calculate hashm ∥ m′ ∥ denotes concatenation.property used break naive authentication schemes based hash functions.hmac construction works around problems.in practice collision resistance insufficient many practical uses.addition collision resistance impossible adversary find two messages substantially similar digests infer useful information data given digest.particular hash function behave much possible like random function often called random oracle proofs security still deterministic efficiently computable.
Cryptographic hash function	rules functions like swifft function rigorously proven collisionresistant assuming certain problems ideal lattices computationally difficult linear function satisfy additional properties.checksum algorithms crc cyclic redundancy checks designed meet much weaker requirements generally unsuitable cryptographic hash functions.example crc used message integrity wep encryption standard attack readily discovered exploited linearity checksum.degree difficulty cryptographic practice difficult generally means almost certainly beyond reach adversary must prevented breaking system long security system deemed important.meaning term therefore somewhat dependent application since effort malicious agent may put task usually proportional expected gain.however since needed effort usually multiplies digest length even thousandfold advantage processing power neutralized adding dozen bits latter.for messages selected limited set messages example passwords short messages feasible invert hash trying possible messages set.
Cryptographic hash function	cryptographic hash functions typically designed computed quickly special key derivation functions require greater computing resources developed make bruteforce attacks difficult.in theoretical analyses difficult specific mathematical meaning solvable asymptotic polynomial time.interpretations difficulty important study provably secure cryptographic hash functions usually strong connection practical security.example exponentialtime algorithm sometimes still fast enough make feasible attack.conversely polynomialtime algorithm e.g.one requires n steps ndigit keys may slow practical use.
Cryptographic hash function	illustration illustration potential use cryptographic hash follows alice poses tough math problem bob claims solved it.bob would like try would yet like sure alice bluffing.therefore alice writes solution computes hash tells bob hash value whilst keeping solution secret.bob comes solution days later alice prove solution earlier revealing bob hash check matches hash value given before.example simple commitment scheme actual practice alice bob often computer programs secret would something less easily spoofed claimed puzzle solution.
Cryptographic hash function	applications verifying integrity messages files important application secure hashes verification message integrity.comparing message digests hash digests message calculated transmission determine whether changes made message file.md sha sha hash digests sometimes published websites forums allow verification integrity downloaded files including files retrieved using file sharing mirroring.practice establishes chain trust long hashes posted trusted site – usually originating site – authenticated https.using cryptographic hash chain trust detects malicious changes file.noncryptographic errordetecting codes cyclic redundancy checks prevent nonmalicious alterations file since intentional spoof readily crafted colliding code value.
Cryptographic hash function	signature generation verification almost digital signature schemes require cryptographic hash calculated message.allows signature calculation performed relatively small statically sized hash digest.message considered authentic signature verification succeeds given signature recalculated hash digest message.message integrity property cryptographic hash used create secure efficient digital signature schemes.password verification password verification commonly relies cryptographic hashes.
Cryptographic hash function	storing user passwords cleartext result massive security breach password file compromised.one way reduce danger store hash digest password.authenticate user password presented user hashed compared stored hash.password reset method required password hashing performed original passwords cannot recalculated stored hash value.standard cryptographic hash functions designed computed quickly result possible try guessed passwords high rates.common graphics processing units try billions possible passwords second.
Cryptographic hash function	password hash functions perform key stretching – pbkdf scrypt argon – commonly use repeated invocations cryptographic hash increase time cases computer memory required perform bruteforce attacks stored password hash digests.password hash requires use large random nonsecret salt value stored password hash.salt randomizes output password hash making impossible adversary store tables passwords precomputed hash values password hash digest compared.the output password hash function also used cryptographic key.password hashes therefore also known passwordbased key derivation functions pbkdfs.proofofwork proofofwork system protocol function economic measure deter denialofservice attacks service abuses spam network requiring work service requester usually meaning processing time computer.
Cryptographic hash function	key feature schemes asymmetry work must moderately hard feasible requester side easy check service provider.one popular system – used bitcoin mining hashcash – uses partial hash inversions prove work done unlock mining reward bitcoin goodwill token send email hashcash.sender required find message whose hash value begins number zero bits.average work sender needs perform order find valid message exponential number zero bits required hash value recipient verify validity message executing single hash function.instance hashcash sender asked generate header whose bit sha hash value first bits zeros.
Cryptographic hash function	sender average try times find valid header.file data identifier message digest also serve means reliably identifying file several source code management systems including git mercurial monotone use shasum various types content file content directory trees ancestry information etc.uniquely identify them.hashes used identify files peertopeer filesharing networks.example edk link mdvariant hash combined file size providing sufficient information locating file sources downloading file verifying contents.
Cryptographic hash function	magnet links another example.file hashes often top hash hash list hash tree allows additional benefits.one main applications hash function allow fast lookup data hash table.hash functions particular kind cryptographic hash functions lend well application too.however compared standard hash functions cryptographic hash functions tend much expensive computationally.reason tend used contexts necessary users protect possibility forgery creation data digest expected data potentially malicious participants.hash functions based block ciphers several methods use block cipher build cryptographic hash function specifically oneway compression function.the methods resemble block cipher modes operation usually used encryption.
Cryptographic hash function	many wellknown hash functions including md md sha sha built blockcipherlike components designed purpose feedback ensure resulting function invertible.sha finalists included functions blockcipherlike components e.g.skein blake though function finally selected keccak built cryptographic sponge instead.a standard block cipher aes used place custom block ciphers might useful embedded system needs implement encryption hashing minimal code size hardware area.however approach costs efficiency security.ciphers hash functions built hashing use large keys blocks efficiently change keys every block designed vetted resistance relatedkey attacks.
Cryptographic hash function	generalpurpose ciphers tend different design goals.particular aes key block sizes make nontrivial use generate long hash values aes encryption becomes less efficient key changes block relatedkey attacks make potentially less secure use hash function encryption.hash function design merkle–damgård construction hash function must able process arbitrarylength message fixedlength output.achieved breaking input series equally sized blocks operating sequence using oneway compression function.compression function either specially designed hashing built block cipher.
Cryptographic hash function	hash function built merkle–damgård construction resistant collisions compression function collision full hash function traced back collision compression function.the last block processed also unambiguously length padded crucial security construction.construction called merkle–damgård construction.common classical hash functions including sha md take form.wide pipe versus narrow pipe straightforward application merkle–damgård construction size hash output equal internal state size compression step results narrowpipe hash design.design causes many inherent flaws including lengthextension multicollisions long message attacks generateandpaste attacks also cannot parallelized.
Cryptographic hash function	result modern hash functions built widepipe constructions larger internal state size – range tweaks merkle–damgård construction new constructions sponge construction haifa construction.none entrants nist hash function competition use classical merkle–damgård construction.meanwhile truncating output longer hash used sha also defeats many attacks.use building cryptographic primitives hash functions used build cryptographic primitives.primitives cryptographically secure care must taken build correctly.message authentication codes macs also called keyed hash functions often built hash functions.hmac mac.just block ciphers used build hash functions hash functions used build block ciphers.
Cryptographic hash function	lubyrackoff constructions using hash functions provably secure underlying hash function secure.also many hash functions including sha sha built using specialpurpose block cipher davies–meyer construction.cipher also used conventional mode operation without security guarantees.see shacal bear lion.pseudorandom number generators prngs built using hash functions.done combining secret random seed counter hashing it.some hash functions skein keccak radiogatún output arbitrarily long stream used stream cipher stream ciphers also built fixedlength digest hash functions.
Cryptographic hash function	often done first building cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator using stream random bytes keystream.seal stream cipher uses sha generate internal tables used keystream generator less unrelated hash algorithm.seal guaranteed strong weak sha.similarly key expansion hc hc stream ciphers makes heavy use sha hash function.concatenation concatenating outputs multiple hash functions provide collision resistance good strongest algorithms included concatenated result.
Cryptographic hash function	example older versions transport layer security tls secure sockets layer ssl used concatenated md sha sums.ensures method find collisions one hash functions defeat data protected hash functions.for merkle–damgård construction hash functions concatenated function collisionresistant strongest component collisionresistant.antoine joux observed collisions lead ncollisions feasible attacker find two messages md hash find many additional messages md hash desire greater difficulty.among n messages md hash likely collision sha.additional work needed find sha collision beyond exponential birthday search requires polynomial time.
Cryptographic hash function	cryptographic hash algorithms many cryptographic hash algorithms section lists algorithms referenced relatively often.extensive list found page containing comparison cryptographic hash functions.md md designed ronald rivest replace earlier hash function md specified rfc .collisions md calculated within seconds makes algorithm unsuitable use cases cryptographic hash required.md produces digest bits bytes.
Cryptographic hash function	sha sha developed part u.s. governments capstone project.original specification – commonly called sha – algorithm published title secure hash standard fips pub u.s. government standards agency nist national institute standards technology.withdrawn nsa shortly publication superseded revised version published fips pub commonly designated sha.collisions full sha algorithm produced using shattered attack hash function considered broken.sha produces hash digest bits bytes.documents may refer sha sha even though may conflict secure hash algorithms sha sha sha.
Cryptographic hash function	ripemd ripemd race integrity primitives evaluation message digest family cryptographic hash functions developed leuven belgium hans dobbertin antoon bosselaers bart preneel cosic research group katholieke universiteit leuven first published .ripemd based upon design principles used md similar performance popular sha.ripemd however broken.name implies ripemd produces hash digest bits bytes.whirlpool whirlpool cryptographic hash function designed vincent rijmen paulo s. l. m. barreto first described .
Cryptographic hash function	whirlpool based substantially modified version advanced encryption standard aes.whirlpool produces hash digest bits bytes.sha sha secure hash algorithm set cryptographic hash functions designed united states national security agency nsa first published .built using merkle–damgård structure oneway compression function built using davies–meyer structure classified specialized block cipher.sha basically consists two hash algorithms sha sha.sha variant sha different starting values truncated output.
Cryptographic hash function	sha lesserknown sha sha variants sha.sha secure sha commonly faster sha bit machines amd.the output size bits given extension sha name sha output size bits bytes sha bytes sha bytes sha bytes.sha sha secure hash algorithm released nist august .sha subset broader cryptographic primitive family keccak.keccak algorithm work guido bertoni joan daemen michael peeters gilles van assche.
Cryptographic hash function	keccak based sponge construction also used build cryptographic primitives stream cipher.sha provides output sizes sha bits.configurable output sizes also obtained using shake shake functions.extensions name imply security strength function rather output size bits.blake blake improved version blake announced december .created jeanphilippe aumasson samuel neves zooko wilcoxohearn christian winnerlein goal replacing widely used broken md sha algorithms.
Cryptographic hash function	run bit x arm architectures blakeb faster sha sha sha md.although blake blake standardized sha blake used many protocols including argon password hash high efficiency offers modern cpus.blake candidate sha blake blake offer output sizes sha – including configurable output size.blake blake improved version blake announced january .created jack oconnor jeanphilippe aumasson samuel neves zooko wilcoxohearn.
Cryptographic hash function	blake single algorithm contrast blake blake algorithm families multiple variants.blake compression function closely based blakes biggest difference number rounds reduced .internally blake merkle tree supports higher degrees parallelism blake.attacks cryptographic hash algorithms long list cryptographic hash functions many found vulnerable used.instance nist selected hash functions candidates round sha hash competition considered broken showed significant weaknesses therefore make next round information found main article nist hash function competitions.even hash function never broken successful attack weakened variant may undermine experts confidence.
Cryptographic hash function	instance august collisions found several thenpopular hash functions including md.weaknesses called question security stronger algorithms derived weak hash functions – particular sha strengthened version sha ripemd ripemd strengthened versions ripemd.on august joux carribault lemuel jalby announced collision full sha algorithm.joux et al.accomplished using generalization chabaud joux attack.found collision complexity took cpu hours supercomputer itanium processors – equivalent days fulltime use supercomputer.in february attack sha reported would find collision hashing operations rather expected bit hash function.
Cryptographic hash function	august another attack sha reported would find collisions operations.theoretical weaknesses sha known february google announced collision sha.security researchers recommend new applications avoid problems using later members sha family sha using techniques randomized hashing require collision resistance.a successful practical attack broke md used within certificates transport layer security .many cryptographic hashes based merkle–damgård construction.cryptographic hashes directly use full output merkle–damgård construction vulnerable length extension attacks.makes md sha ripemd whirlpool sha sha hash algorithms vulnerable specific attack.
Cryptographic hash function	sha blake blake truncated sha variants vulnerable type attack.attacks hashed passwords common use hashes store password authentication data.rather store plaintext user passwords controlled access system stores hash users password file database.someone requests access password submit hashed compared stored value.database stolen frequent occurrence thief hash values passwords.however people choose passwords predictable ways.
Cryptographic hash function	lists common passwords widely circulated many passwords short enough possible combinations tested fast hashes used.use cryptographic salt prevents attacks building files precomputing hash values e.g.rainbow tables.searches order billion tests per second possible highend graphics processors making direct attacks possible even salt.the united states national institute standards technology recommends storing passwords using special hashes called key derivation functions kdfs created slow brute force searches.... slow hashes include pbkdf bcrypt scrypt argon balloon recent modes unix crypt.
Cryptographic hash function	ksfs perform multiple hashes slow execution nist recommends iteration count more.... see also references citations sources external links paar christof pelzl jan .hash functions.understanding cryptography textbook students practitioners.springer.
Information security	archived original .companion web site contains online cryptography course covers hash functionsthe ecrypt hash function website.buldas a. .series minilectures cryptographic hash functions.archived original .open source python based application gui used verify downloads.nist chemistry webbook scientific database chemical properties maintained national institute standards technology.the word may also refer webbook company birmingham michigan planned deliver net computer based psc risc processor also known shboom designed charles h. moore.legal issues u.s. trademark filed robert colleen kell austin texas november .application deemed abandoned aug. .see also netbooktablet computer referencespart information risk management.typically involves preventing reducing probability unauthorizedinappropriate access data unlawful use disclosure disruption deletion corruption modification inspection recording devaluation information.also involves actions intended reduce adverse impacts incidents.protected information may take form e.g.electronic physical tangible e.g.
Information security	paperwork intangible e.g.knowledge.information securitys primary focus balanced protection confidentiality integrity availability data also known cia triad maintaining focus efficient policy implementation without hampering organization productivity.largely achieved structured risk management process involves identifying information related assets plus potential threats vulnerabilities impactsevaluating risksdeciding address treat risks i.e.avoid mitigate share accept themwhere risk mitigation required selecting designing appropriate security controls implementing themmonitoring activities making adjustments necessary address issues changes improvement opportunities.to standardize discipline academics professionals collaborate offer guidance policies industry standards password antivirus software firewall encryption software legal liability security awareness training forth.
Information security	standardization may driven wide variety laws regulations affect data accessed processed stored transferred destroyed.however implementation standards guidance within entity may limited effect culture continual improvement isnt adopted.definition various definitions information security suggested summarized different sourcespreservation confidentiality integrity availability information.note addition properties authenticity accountability nonrepudiation reliability also involved.isoiec protection information information systems unauthorized access use disclosure disruption modification destruction order provide confidentiality integrity availability.
Information security	cnss ensures authorized users confidentiality access accurate complete information integrity required availability.isaca information security process protecting intellectual property organisation.pipkin ...information security risk management discipline whose job manage cost information risk business.mcdermott geer wellinformed sense assurance information risks controls balance.anderson j. information security protection information minimizes risk exposing information unauthorized parties.
Information security	venter eloff information security multidisciplinary area study professional activity concerned development implementation security mechanisms available types technical organizational humanoriented legal order keep information locations within outside organizations perimeter consequently information systems information created processed stored transmitted destroyed free threats.threats information information systems may categorized corresponding security goal may defined category threats.set security goals identified result threat analysis revised periodically ensure adequacy conformance evolving environment.currently relevant set security goals may include confidentiality integrity availability privacy authenticity trustworthiness nonrepudiation accountability auditability.cherdantseva hilton information information resource security using telecommunication system devices means protecting information information systems books unauthorized access damage theft destruction kurose ross .
Information security	overview core information security information assurance act maintaining confidentiality integrity availability cia information ensuring information compromised way critical issues arise.issues include limited natural disasters computerserver malfunction physical theft.paperbased business operations still prevalent requiring set information security practices enterprise digital initiatives increasingly emphasized information assurance typically dealt information technology security specialists.specialists apply information security technology often form computer system.worthwhile note computer necessarily mean home desktop.
Information security	computer device processor memory.devices range nonnetworked standalone devices simple calculators networked mobile computing devices smartphones tablet computers.security specialists almost always found major enterpriseestablishment due nature value data within larger businesses.responsible keeping technology within company secure malicious cyber attacks often attempt acquire critical private information gain control internal systems.the field information security grown evolved significantly recent years.offers many areas specialization including securing networks allied infrastructure securing applications databases security testing information systems auditing business continuity planning electronic record discovery digital forensics.
Information security	information security professionals stable employment.percent professionals change employer employment period year number professionals projected continuously grow percent annually .threats information security threats come many different forms.common threats today software attacks theft intellectual property theft identity theft equipment information sabotage information extortion.people experienced software attacks sort.
Information security	viruses worms phishing attacks trojan horses common examples software attacks.theft intellectual property also extensive issue many businesses information technology field.identity theft attempt act someone else usually obtain persons personal information take advantage access vital information social engineering.theft equipment information becoming prevalent today due fact devices today mobile prone theft also become far desirable amount data capacity increases.sabotage usually consists destruction organizations website attempt cause loss confidence part customers.
Information security	information extortion consists theft companys property information attempt receive payment exchange returning information property back owner ransomware.many ways help protect attacks one functional precautions conduct periodical user awareness.number one threat organisation users internal employees also called insider threats.governments military corporations financial institutions hospitals nonprofit organisations private businesses amass great deal confidential information employees customers products research financial status.confidential information business customers finances new product line fall hands competitor black hat hacker business customers could suffer widespread irreparable financial loss well damage companys reputation.business perspective information security must balanced cost gordonloeb model provides mathematical economic approach addressing concern.for individual information security significant effect privacy viewed differently various cultures.
Information security	responses threats possible responses security threat risk arereducemitigate – implement safeguards countermeasures eliminate vulnerabilities block threatsassigntransfer – place cost threat onto another entity organization purchasing insurance outsourcingaccept – evaluate cost countermeasure outweighs possible cost loss due threat history since early days communication diplomats military commanders understood necessary provide mechanism protect confidentiality correspondence means detecting tampering.julius caesar credited invention caesar cipher c. b.c.created order prevent secret messages read message fall wrong hands.however part protection achieved application procedural handling controls.sensitive information marked indicate protected transported trusted persons guarded stored secure environment strong box.
Information security	postal services expanded governments created official organizations intercept decipher read reseal letters e.g.u.k.s secret office founded .in midnineteenth century complex classification systems developed allow governments manage information according degree sensitivity.example british government codified extent publication official secrets act .section law concerned espionage unlawful disclosures information section dealt breaches official trust.public interest defense soon added defend disclosures interest state.
Information security	similar law passed india indian official secrets act associated british colonial era used crack newspapers opposed rajs policies.newer version passed extended matters confidential secret information governance.time first world war multitier classification systems used communicate information various fronts encouraged greater use code making breaking sections diplomatic military headquarters.encoding became sophisticated wars machines employed scramble unscramble information.the establishment computer security inaugurated history information security.need appeared world war ii.
Information security	volume information shared allied countries second world war necessitated formal alignment classification systems procedural controls.arcane range markings evolved indicate could handle documents usually officers rather enlisted troops stored increasingly complex safes storage facilities developed.enigma machine employed germans encrypt data warfare successfully decrypted alan turing regarded striking example creating using secured information.procedures evolved ensure documents destroyed properly failure follow procedures led greatest intelligence coups war e.g.capture u.various mainframe computers connected online cold war complete sophisticated tasks communication process easier mailing magnetic tapes back forth computer centers.
Information security	advanced research projects agency arpa united states department defense started researching feasibility networked system communication trade information within united states armed forces.arpanet project formulated dr. larry roberts would later evolve known internet.in important elements arpanet security found internet pioneer robert metcalfe many flaws vulnerability password structure formats lack safety procedures dialup connections nonexistent user identification authorizations aside lack controls safeguards keep data safe unauthorized access.hackers effortless access arpanet phone numbers known public.due problems coupled constant violation computer security well exponential increase number hosts users system network security often alluded network insecurity.the end twentieth century early years twentyfirst century saw rapid advancements telecommunications computing hardware software data encryption.availability smaller powerful less expensive computing equipment made electronic data processing within reach small business home users.
Information security	establishment transfer control protocolinternetwork protocol tcpip early enabled different types computers communicate.computers quickly became interconnected internet.the rapid growth widespread use electronic data processing electronic business conducted internet along numerous occurrences international terrorism fueled need better methods protecting computers information store process transmit.academic disciplines computer security information assurance emerged along numerous professional organizations sharing common goals ensuring security reliability information systems.basic principles key concepts cia triad confidentiality integrity availability heart information security.members classic infosec triad—confidentiality integrity availability—are interchangeably referred literature security attributes properties security goals fundamental aspects information criteria critical information characteristics basic building blocks.
Information security	however debate continues whether cia triad sufficient address rapidly changing technology business requirements recommendations consider expanding intersections availability confidentiality well relationship security privacy.principles accountability sometimes proposed pointed issues nonrepudiation fit well within three core concepts.the triad seems first mentioned nist publication .in revised oecds guidelines security information systems networks proposed nine generally accepted principles awareness responsibility response ethics democracy risk assessment security design implementation security management reassessment.building upon nists engineering principles information technology security proposed principles.derived guidelines practices.in donn parker proposed alternative model classic cia triad called six atomic elements information.elements confidentiality possession integrity authenticity availability utility.
Information security	merits parkerian hexad subject debate amongst security professionals.in open group published information security management standard oism.standard proposed operational definition key concepts security elements called security objectives related access control availability data quality compliance technical .dod software protection initiative released three tenets cybersecurity system susceptibility access flaw capability exploit flaw.neither models widely adopted.confidentiality information security confidentiality property information made available disclosed unauthorized individuals entities processes.

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