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Security guard	course may taught licensed level iv instructor working state licensed level iv security training school.background check fbi background check electronic fingerprint imagingpsychological testing addition training background check ppo must also submit mmpi psychological test administered texas licensed psychologist.renewal submission renewal fee current level iii commissioned officer license pending renewal level iiicommissioned officer license.virginia — since security officers virginia required certified dcjs department criminal justice services agency certifies law enforcement officers.certified unarmed security officer one must go hours classroom training certified instructor order obtain card must done end days hire security company.every two years card must renewed completing inservice certified instructor.certified armed security officer one must complete additional hours firearms training hours training conducting lawful arrest qualification type caliber weapon intend carry.firearms endorsements must renewed annually completing inservice passing firearms qualification.
Security guard	certified armed security officers authorized state code arrest offense committed presence duty location hired protect.unarmed officers arrest powers.also granted authority state law issue summons appear court felonies misdemeanors.virginia also allows security officers attend additional hours training become certified conservators peace special police company employing them.appointment performed circuit court judge wherein officer actually sworn powers police officer property working well lawful duty act upon witnessing felony ability pursue fleeing felons.
Security guard	sworn officers also permitted use sirens red lights.handle ks work dispatchers alarm responders private investigators instructors bounty hunters armored car couriers executive protection specialists categories training regulated dcjs additional training requirements.positions require state police fbi background checks.police security personnel police officers unless security police.security personnel derive powers state provincial laws allow contractual arrangement clients give agent owner powers.
Security guard	includes nearly unlimited power question absence probable cause requirements frequently dog public law enforcement officers.essence security officers keep private property persons safe hazards whereas police officers protect entire communities enforcing laws arresting suspected offenders.jurisdictions commission deputize security officers give limited additional powers particularly employed protecting public property mass transit stations.special case often unique particular jurisdiction locale.additionally security officers may also called upon act agent law enforcement police officer sheriffs deputy etc.
Security guard	immediate need help available backup.some security officers reserve police powers typically employed directly governmental agencies.typically sworn law enforcement personnel whose duties primarily involve security government installation also special case.local state governments occasionally enter special contracts security agencies provide patrol services public areas.personnel sometimes referred private police officers.sometimes police officers work security personnel duty.
Security guard	usually done extra income work particularly done hazardous jobs bodyguard work bouncers outside nightclubs.police called situation warrants higher degree authority act upon reported observations security authority act upon.however states allow licensed security officers full arrest powers equal sheriffs deputy.in law enforcement assistance administrations national advisory commission criminal justice standards goals reportedone massive resource filled significant numbers personnel armed wide array technology directed professionals spent entire adult lifetimes learning prevent reduce crime tapped governments fight criminality.private security industry one million workers sophisticated alarm systems perimeter safeguards armored trucks sophisticated minicomputers thousands highly skilled crime prevention experts offers potential coping crime equalled remedy approach.... underutilized police ignored prosecutors judiciary unknown corrections officials private security professional may person society knowledge effectively prevent crime.in new york city area policeprivate security liaison program organized nypd commissioner four former police chiefs working private security industry promote mutual respect crosstraining sharing crimerelated information public police private security.trends australia private security personnel initially outnumbered police.
Security guard	australian bureau statistics report fulltime security officers security industry compared police officers.since security industry regulation act dropped less half that.united kingdom trend uk time writing march one polarisation.market manned guarding security industry term security guards people familiar diverging toward two opposite extremes one typified highly trained well paid security officer security officers minimum wage minimum training required law.within inhouse sector security personnel subject licensing private security industry act divergence seen companies opting inhouse security maintain control standards others use route cheaper nonregulated security.
Security guard	cases northern ireland security guard service security guards may attested special constables.united states economist robert b. reich book work nations stated united states number private security guards officers comparable number publicly paid police officers.used phenomenon example general withdrawal affluent existing communities governments provide public services.instead wealthy pay provide premium services voluntary exclusive associations.taxpayer resistance limited government budgets demand secure homes gated communities grown trends continued s. aftermath september attacks trend us one quiet transformation role security guards first responders case terrorist attack major disaster.
Security guard	resulted longer guard instruction hours extra training terrorism tactics increased laws governing private security companies states.history vigiles soldiers assigned guard city rome often credited origin security personnel police although principal duty fire brigade.night watchmen since least middle ages europe walled cities ancient times also watchmen.special chair appeared europe sometime late middle ages called watchmans chair unupholstered wooden chair forward slanting seat prevent watchman dozing duty.notable examples june frank wills security guard watergate office complex washington d.c. noticed piece tape covering latch entrance one buildings thereby preventing locking.
Security guard	police wills subsequently notified arrested five men portion building occupied democratic national committee dnc headquarters.following investigations revelations—entirely enabled wills discoveries subsequent actions — ultimately led resignation president richard nixon known watergate scandal considered among largest american political scandals.christoph meili night guard swiss bank became whistleblower .told bank destroying records related funds holocaust victims whose money bank supposed return victims heirs.in security guard pierlucio tinazzi died attempting rescue victims mont blanc tunnel fire.in gary coleman former child actor employed armed security officer permits valid firearm baton bureau security investigative services california los angeles area.shopping bulletresistant vest job coleman assaulted female autograph collector.coleman said felt threatened insistence punched head.richard jewell security officer atlanta georgias centennial olympic park summer olympics wrongly accused centennial olympic park bombing.
Security guard	jewell later cleared charges fact one saved hundreds lives first noticed suspicious package got area evacuated.jewell later successfully sued several news agencies reported criminal prior facts.unionization canada many security guards canada unionized.primary unions represent security guards canada united food commercial workers ufcw local canadian branch united steelworkers usw.contrast legal restrictions united states canadian labour relations boards certify bargaining units security guards canadian labour congress clcaffiliated union union classifications employees.
Security guard	united states june united states congress passed tafthartley act placing many restrictions labor unions.section b act prevents national labor relations board nlrb certifying collective bargaining unit mixes security employees nonsecurity employees.restricts ability security employees join union also represents types employees.may part independent securityonly union affiliated coalition types labor unions american federation labor congress industrial organizations aflcio.union also represents nonsecurity employees may also represent bargain behalf security employees employers consent.
Security guard	two largest security unions security police fire professionals america spfpa united government security officers america ugsoa largest union security officers seiu bj security officers.security police fire professionals america tafthartley restrictions well effect detroit michigan area security guards united auto workers uaw amalgamated local forced break away start separate plant guards organizing committee.nlrb ruled affiliate cio committee indirectly affiliated production unions therefore ineligible certification new restrictions.committee forced completely withdraw cio start independent united plant guard workers america.union evolved include many types security officers changed name spfpa.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	united government security officers america ugsoa formed.specializes organizing federal state local government security officers since may open representing types security personnel well.others service employees international union seiu also sought represent security employees although efforts complicated taftharley act seiu also represents janitors trash collectors building service employees.see also references external linksdialogue initiated japanese prime minister shinzo abe support u.s. vice president dick cheney australian prime minister john howard indian prime minister manmohan singh.dialogue paralleled joint military exercises unprecedented scale titled exercise malabar.diplomatic military arrangement widely viewed response increased chinese economic military power chinese government responded quadrilateral dialogue issuing formal diplomatic protests members calling asian nato.the quad ceased following withdrawal australia kevin rudd’s tenure prime minister reflecting ambivalence australian policy growing tension united states china asiapacific.following rudds replacement julia gillard enhanced military cooperation united states australia resumed leading placement us marines near darwin australia overlooking timor sea lombok strait.meanwhile india japan united states continued hold joint naval exercises malabar.during asean summits manila four former members led abe australian prime minister malcolm turnbull indian prime minister narendra modi us president donald trump agreed revive quadrilateral alliance order counter china militarily diplomatically indopacific region particularly south china sea.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	tensions quad members china led fears dubbed commentators new cold war region.in joint statement march spirit quad quad members described shared vision free open indopacific rulesbased maritime order east south china seas quad members state needed counter chinese maritime claims.quad pledged respond covid held first quad plus meeting included representatives new zealand south korea vietnam work response it.background strategic framework uschina competition early twentyfirst century strategic preoccupation united states iraq afghanistan served distraction major power shifts asiapacific brought increased chinese economic power undermined americas traditional role region.long term united states sought policy soft containment china organizing strategic partnerships democracies periphery.us alliances japan australia india form bulwark policy development closer us military ties india complex process since collapse soviet union.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	australian commentaries showed mixed attitudes quadrilateral security arrangement isolating china.indiaus military relations active usindian military cooperation expanded following economic liberalisation india american lt. general claude c. kicklighter commander united states army pacific proposed armytoarmy cooperation.cooperation expanded mids early indian centerright coalition india offered united states military facilities within territory offensive operations afghanistan.us defense secretary donald rumsfeld indian counterpart pranab mukherjee signed new framework indiaus defense indian united progressive alliance government increasing cooperation regarding military relations defense industry technology sharing establishment framework maritime security cooperation.india united states conducted dozens joint military exercises ensuing years development quadrilateral dialogue interpreted effort contain china.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	indian political commentator brahma chellaney referred emerging quadrilateral security dialogue united states japan australia india part new great game asia indian diplomat m. k. rasgotra maintained american efforts shape security pacts asia result asian century rather american century asia.some like us lt. general jeffrey b. kohler viewed usindia defense agreements potentially lucrative american defense industries oversaw subsequent sale american military systems india.nevertheless indian commentators opposed increased american military cooperation india citing american presence iraq hostility iran attempts encircling china fundamentally destabilizing asian peace objecting presence american warships nuclear capabilities coast southern india american calls permanent hosting american naval vessels goa kochi.trilateral security dialogue tsd trilateral strategic dialogue tsd series trilateral meetings united states japan australia.tsd originally convened senior officials level upgraded ministerial level .united states expected regional allies help facilitate evolving us global strategy fight terrorism nuclear proliferation.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	return japan australia expected benefits including continued us strategic involvement maintenance strategic guarantees region.tsunami cooperation commentators wrote adhoc tsunami core group response indian ocean earthquake tsunami may early precursor quad.south china sea ninedash line refers illdefined demarcation line used peoples republic china china republic china taiwan claims major part south china sea.contested area south china sea includes paracel islands spratly islands various areas including pratas island vereker banks macclesfield bank scarborough shoal.despite made vague claim public neither prc roc filed formal specifically defined claim area.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	early map showing ushaped elevendash line published thenrepublic china december .two dashes gulf tonkin later removed behest chinese premier zhou enlai reducing total nine.chinese scholars asserted time version map nine dashes represented maximum extent historical claims south china sea.subsequent editions added tenth dash east taiwan island extending east china sea.creation cessation quad – creation early prime minister abe proposed quadrilateral security dialogue quadrilateral initiative india would join formal multilateral dialogue japan united states australia.the initiation american japanese australian indian defense arrangement modeled concept democratic peace credited japanese prime minister shinzo abe.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	quadrilateral supposed establish asian arc democracy envisioned ultimately include countries central asia mongolia korean peninsula countries southeast asia virtually countries china’s periphery except china itself.led critics former us state department official morton abramowitz call project antichinese move others called democratic challenge projected chinese century mounted asian powers coordination united states.china traditionally favored shanghai cooperation organisation quadrilateral viewed asian nato daniel twining german marshall fund united states written arrangement could lead military conflict could instead lay enduring foundation peace china becomes democratic leader asia.chinas opposition china sent diplomatic protests four members quadrilateral formal convention members.may manila australian prime minister john howard participated members inaugural meeting quadrilateral cheneys urging one month joint naval exercises near tokyo india japan united states.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	september naval exercises held bay bengal including australia.followed october security agreement japan india ratified visit indian prime minister manmohan singh tokyo promote sea lane safety defense collaboration japan previously established agreement australia.though quadrilateral initiative bush administration improved relationships new delhi gave impression encircling china.security agreement japan india furthermore made china conspicuous absent list japans strategic partners asia.moves appeared institutionally alienate china association southeast asian nations asean promote washingtoncentric ring alliances asia.the japanese prime minister succeeding abe taro aso downplayed importance china japanindia pact signed following creation quadrilateral stating mention china – assumption third country target china.indian foreign secretary shiv shankar menon similarly argued defense agreement long overdue indian freight trade japan specifically target china.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	cusp visits china meetings prime minister wen jiabao president hu jintao january indian prime minister manmohan singh declared india part socalled contain china effort asked quadrilateral.australias departure rudd fears chinese military spending missile capacities helped drive australia towards defense agreement united states outlined canberra defense blueprint sandy gordon australian strategic policy institute recommended sale uranium india basis similar considerations appeared united states backing counter rising china.chinese anger quadrilateral however caused uneasiness within australia even agreements initiated.on becoming prime minister kevin rudd visited chinas foreign minister yang jiechi even visiting japan subsequently organised meeting yang australian foreign minister stephen smith australia unilaterally announced would proposing second round dialogue four partners.within australia decision seen motivated uncertainty chinaunited states relations fact australias principal economic partner china principal strategic partner.rudd may furthermore feared regional escalations conflict attempted diffuse via asiapacific union.some us strategic thinkers criticized rudds decision leave quadrilateral former asia director united states national security council mike green said rudd withdrawn effort please china exerted substantial diplomatic effort achieve aim.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	december cable authored us ambassador robert mccallum published wikileaks reveals rudd consult united states leaving quadrilateral.us president obamas efforts november improve us–indian relations raised alarms india australia deepening military alliance powers could lead regional escalations.according analyst john lee realists ... new delhi warily balancing competing beijing moment indias creation significant tensions china india associated disputed indian province arunachal pradesh chinese nuclear weapons stationed tibetan plateau.rudds calculation may regional economic power china important contain simplistic quadrilateral initiative undertaken us india japan australia many regional powers hedging alliances event japanese american decline.intermission continued naval exercises years cessation restart quad quad members continued cooperate bilateral trilateral level sometimes nonquad members involved.especially case joint military exercises japan joined first time australian kakadu nichi trou trident naval exercises respectively japan india held first time joint naval exercise australia india australia joined usphilippines balikatan exercise first time japan japan joined first time indian malabar exercise japan joined first time australianus joint defence exercise talisman saber .
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	australias foreign policy liberalnational governments rudds replacement australian prime minister julia gillard june associated shift australian foreign policy towards closer relationship united states distancing china.australian written extensively quadrilateral australian defense issues argued rudds replacement australias national interest best served continuing engage encourage longstanding ally us retain primacy region.despite gillards rapprochement us increased usaustralian military cooperation rudds decision leave quadrilateral remained object criticism tony abbott liberal party.australias decision sell uranium india weakened quad move also criticized liberal party party however backed gillards support us military presence near darwin overlooking timor sea lombok strait.support united states gillard labor party since reversed policy backed sale uranium india refused sign nuclear nonproliferation treaty.september australian prime minister tony abbott agreed sell uranium india.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	us pivot asia obama administrations us pivot asia represented significant shift resources priorities foreign policy united states away middle easterneuropean sphere us began invest heavily east asian countries close proximity peoples republic china.pivot also included taking lead transpacific partnership trade agreement rejecting chinese claims islands south china sea.us policy shift towards eastchina generally seen move oppose growing influence china region.july obama named susan rice us national security advisor rice sought cooperative relationship china.japans reorientation indopacific japan opened naval base djibouti first long term naval base overseas part growing involvement wider indopacific region.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	december shinzo abe prepared proposal strategic framework asia’s democratic security diamond sort quad remake published international media organization second administration japan published next day prime minister designate.japanese government worked clarify concepts prime minister abes proposal implemented diplomatic statements prepared official announcement free open indopacific .chinas foreign policy xi xi jinping became general secretary chinese communist party succeeding leader china.since tensions china four quad countries increased.xi taken hardline security issues well foreign affairs projecting nationalistic assertive china world stage case chinas peaceful rise policy advanced xis predecessor hu jintao.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	xis political program calls china united confident value system political structure.under xis leadership prc resorted island building spratly islands paracel islands region.according reuters island building south china sea primarily vietnam philippines going decades china come late island building game efforts unprecedented scale constructed new island surface nations constructed throughout history placed military equipment one artificial islands unlike claimants.article voice america compared china vietnams island building campaign south china sea similarly noted reason vietnam contradistinction china subject little international criticism even support slower speed widely perceived defensive nature islandbuilding project.in opinion column former indian general s. k. chatterji described chinas foreign policy salami slicing.. mid us conducted five freedom navigation naval operations fonop region.july arbitration tribunal constituted annex vii united nations convention law sea unclos ruled prcs maritime claims philippines v. china.tribunal rule ownership islands delimit maritime boundaries.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	peoples republic china republic china taiwan stated recognize tribunal insisted matter resolved bilateral negotiations claimants.indias shift position look east years following cessation quad india keen reinstate grouping fear would antagonize china.several years growing tensions china range topics particularly border standoff india started express renewed interest.restarting quad asean summit august japan invited australia india us hold joint foreign ministers meeting asean summit november.in november american presidentelect donald trump prime minister abe met agreed pursue japan calls free open indopacific strategy originally concept developed us secretary state hillary clinton.agreement regarded response chinas belt road initiative chinese minister geng shuang responded stating multilateral initiatives promote cooperation among countries concerned turned exclusionary frameworks.the visit coincided meeting japanese indian australian american officials continue military cooperation ahead asean east asia summits november .
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	meeting included discussion chinas increased prominence south china sea may signaled u.s. president trumps interest reviving formal quadrilateral.followup meetings quadrilateral met five times –.raisina dialogue new delhi navy chiefs japan us australia india came together one first indications revival quads security structure.in four ministers met new york city discuss reforming quad bangkok.next summer india japan us invited australia coordinated navy exercise malabar exercises delayed due coronavirus pandemic.quad plus meeting covid march quad members held meeting representatives new zealand south korea vietnam discuss respective approaches covid pandemic.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	instigated us new grouping key indopacific states called quad plus.september quad summit focussed efforts increase availability covid vaccines.fact sheet quad leaders summit released white house addresses covid global health issues.asian nato following malabar naval exercises american secretary state former cia director mike pompeo met members quad discuss converting security arrangement asian nato shared security geopolitical goals.one commentator south china morning post described concept bulwark rise china chinese diplomat protested concept attempt wind back clock historythe foreign secretary sri lanka raised concerns october militarization quad indian ocean.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	time japan us canada held joint naval exercise called keen sword october one several canadian naval exercises taiwan straits year accompanied diplomatic meetings tokyo.though joint statement produced meeting.meeting australian prime minister scott morrison tokyo australia japan agreed principle defense pact increase military ties.in li jimming chinese ambassador bangladesh warned bangladesh join quad saying attempt would seriously damage relations china.ambassador described quad “a military alliance aimed china’s resurgence.” within bangladesh comments attracted criticism government otherwise infringing bangladeshs sovereignty.following controversy li jimming walked back statement saying expressing personal view issue.however chinese foreign ministry appeared defend ambassador hua chunying stating “we know kind mechanism quad is.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	china opposes certain countries’ efforts form exclusive clique portray china challenge sow discord regional countries china.” expanding scope march white house president biden issued interim national security strategic guidance two days later australian prime minister morrison told leaders quad hold firstever meeting virtually.morrison said discussed arrangements us president joe biden vice president kamala harris recent weeks.and next week march first summit meeting held virtually leadership us president biden.commitment quad implemented launch seniorlevel quad vaccine experts group quad climate working group quad critical emerging technology working group.it reported summit meeting four countries working develop plan distribute covid vaccines countries asia part broader strategy counter chinas influenceand india urged three countries invest vaccine production capacity.the next summit meeting held person end .march quad pledged respond economic health impacts covid.meetings upcoming events march us secretary state antony blinken defense secretary lloyd austin arrived yokota air base tokyo.they contributed washington post article flight.on march two us officials participated security consultative committee scc socalled twoplustwo japanese foreign minister toshimitsu motegi defense minister nobuo kishi.also two us officials met talked prime minister suga.on march us defense secretary austin arrived india met prime minister shri narendra modi indian national security adviser ajit doval.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	next day discussed indian defense minister rajnath singh.on april foreign defense ministers japan germany held first twoplustwo dialogue two nations expected affirm security cooperation apparent counter chinas increasing assertiveness regional waters.on april washington d.c. us president biden japanese prime minister suga met showcased alliance two countries well shared resolve dealing china.us japanese governments working strengthen technology supply chains independent china shortage semiconductors thats worrying businesses around world.countries expected coming days make deeper commitments cutting climatewrecking fossil fuel emissions line bidens climate summit world leaders next week.suga plans visit india philippines.india us also seeking solidify quad framework.japan india hold twoplustwo foreign defense ministerial meeting tokyo late april government sources said.president joe biden united states hosted first quad leaders summit september white house prime minister narendra modi india prime minister scott morrison australia prime minister yoshihide suga japan participating summit.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	quad leaders pledged work towards peace prosperity indopacific region.european canadian pivot indopacific shangrila dialogue singapore june french british defense ministers announced would sail warships south china sea challenge chinas military expansion.similar move september france uk germany together submitted note verbale united nations reaffirmed integrity unclos needs maintained stating chinas territorial claims south china sea comply it.on january joe biden became president united states two days later us japanese top security officials discussed security issues.three days japanese foreign minister toshimitsu motegi attended eu foreign affairs council promote cooperation japan eu indopacific.february third ministerial meeting united states australia japan india agreed strongly oppose use force china vowed work asean europe meet aims.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	canada canada hasnt published indopacific strategy yet started increasing naval presence region .june canadian frigate hmcs regina auxiliary vessel mv asterix sailed taiwan strait.january hmcs winnipeg later joined navies quad members naval exercise sea dragon according canadian official demonstrate strength durability alliances indopacific region.late march canadian frigate hmcs calgary passed near spratly islands china claims.european union first quad summit held march explored partnership europe.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	france germany netherlands announced indopacific visions eu midst formulating own.france according brendan berne thenaustralian ambassador france french president macron said met late aware threat situation indopacific australia would alone.six months later june month shangrila dialogue france .million citizens living exclusive economic zone located indopacific region first eu member publish indopacific strategy following increased chinese assertiveness region updated may .also first eu member use geopolitical concept indopacific.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	partnerships four members quad well asean key component frances indopacific strategy.part strategic shift french frigate vendémiaire sailed taiwan strait may firstever passage modern french navy seen freedom navigation patrol countering chinas claim strait.on september france india australia held first indiafranceaustralia trilateral dialogue foreign secretaries meeting videoconference.december france also revealed join first time joint military drills japan us may .february french submarine emeraude patrolled south china sea proving capacity deploy long distances work together navies australia us japan.february second indiafranceaustralia trilateral dialogue meeting held evaluate progress actions defined first trilateral meeting september.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	march french navy’s amphibious assault helicopter carrier tonnerre escort frigate surcouf arrived kochi port kerala india ahead joint naval exercise four quad member countries.french naval drill exercise called la perouse scheduled take place april .south china morning post reported first instance naval exercises involve four quad members.late april india france holding separate annual varuna naval exercise.two french warships fivemonthlong deployment indopacific.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	april third indiafranceaustralia trilateral dialogue meeting planned take place new delhi.germany september german government followed releasing policy document country first time officially endorsed concept indopacific amongst others includes actively building partnerships region including security matters calling eu same.december online meeting japans germanys defense ministers japan expressed hopes germany send warship indopacific region join drills japan selfdefense forces march germany confirmed send august frigate south china sea making first german warship since traverse region.midapril foreign defense ministers japan germany meeting via videoconference discuss indopacific security topics.italy mirroring indiafranceaustralia trilateral indiaitalyjapan trilateral formed june aim create rulesbased international order indopacific region.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	netherlands november netherlands published indopacific strategy making third eu member following similar moves france germany.policy document calls eu build partnerships region reject chinese territorial claims strongly.part policy shift netherlands send frigate hnlms evertsen indopacific part british aircraft carrier group later year.april dutch prime minister rutte indian prime minister modi held videoconference meeting discuss cooperation indopacific region.united kingdom uk moved satellite skynet military communications system eastward extend coverage east asia western pacific ocean opened new australian ground station.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	opening ceremony british high commissioner referred territorial disputes south china sea.in december uk announced would dispatch aircraft carrier strike group waters near japan soon early planning conduct joint exercises us military japan selfdefense forces may.strike group consist carrier hms queen elizabeth r embarked air group consisting f aircraft no.squadron raf marine fighter attack squadron along merlin helicopters number wildcat helicopters two type destroyers two type frigates two royal fleet auxiliary logistics vessels astuteclass submarine american destroyer uss sullivans dutch frigate hnlms evertsen.set sail strike group also joined least frigate royal australian navy hmnzs te kaha hmnzs aotearoa royal new zealand navy number vessels japan maritime selfdefense force reported enter south china sea.in march uk published policy document titled integrated review confirmed uks foreign policy shift towards indopacific included ninestep plan detailing shift entails.document acknowledged trade uk china mutually beneficial yet also named china biggest statebased threat u.k.’s economic security called middle powers work together new geopolitical context.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue	concept indopacific four quad members played major role purposefully redefining asiapacific indopacific deepen transregional ties indian pacific ocean areas words deal effectively rise china middle east africa.term indopacific gained traction political lexicon strategic thinking quad members recently also asean european union united kingdom france germany netherlands used mainly regards china.analysis according american think tank center new american security cnas united states pursued quadrilateral security dialogue effort adapt increasingly economically powerful china asiapacific great power rivalry massive military investment social inequality contemporary territorial disputes made war asia plausible.according cnas establishing series alliances among nations recognized democratic united states furthers interests precisely rise chinese power longer term trend towards multipolarity international system values serve tool american statecraft today.prominent u.s. politicians democratic republican parties advocated aggressive diplomacy asia.us presidential campaign president obama called new worldwide concert democracies counter influence russia china un security council key officials obamas administration involved princeton project whose final report called construction new ‘concert democracies.’ secretary state hillary clinton’s policy planning director state department annemarie slaughter authored princeton project’s final report called reconstituting quadrilateral military partnership among united states japan australia india.
Static application security testing	john mccain also called league democracies rudy giuliani incorporating asias militarily capable democracies nato.development quadrilateral security dialogue took place context chinese military modernization geared towards contingency taiwan strait also towards force projection capabilities.us officials view chinese assertiveness south china sea demonstrated naval confrontation usns impeccable chinese naval vessels near hainan island.see also notes referencesalthough process statically analyzing source code existed long computers existed technique spread security late first public discussion sql injection web applications integrated new technologies like javascript flash.unlike dynamic application security testing dast tools blackbox testing application functionality sast tools focus code content application whitebox testing.a sast tool scans source code applications components identify potential security vulnerabilities software architecture.static analysis tools detect estimated existing security vulnerabilities.in sdlc sast performed early development process code level also pieces code components put together consistent testing environment.sast also used software quality assurance.even many resulting falsepositive impede adoption developerssast tools integrated development process help development teams primarily focusing developing delivering software respecting requested specifications.sast tools like security tools focus reducing risk downtime applications private information stored applications compromised.for year privacy rights clearinghouse database shows million records compromised hacking.overview application security tests applications release static application security testing sast dynamic application security testing dast interactive application security testing iast combination two.static analysis tools examine text program syntactically.
Static application security testing	look fixed set patterns rules source code.theoretically also examine compiled form software.technique relies instrumentation code mapping compiled components source code components identify issues.static analysis done manually code review auditing code different purposes including security timeconsuming.the precision sast tool determined scope analysis specific techniques used identify vulnerabilities.different levels analysis includefunction level sequences instruction.file classlevel extensible programcodetemplate object creation.application level program group programs interact.the scope analysis determines accuracy capacity detect vulnerabilities using contextual information.at function level common technique construction abstract syntax tree control flow data within function.since late need adapt business challenges transformed software development componentization.enforced processes organization development teamsfollowing flow data components application group applications allows validation required calls dedicated procedures sanitization proper actions taken taint data specific pieces code.the rise web applications entailed testing verizon data breach reports data breaches use web application vulnerabilities.
Static application security testing	well external security validations rise focus internal threats.clearswift insider threat index citi reported respondents survey said experienced security incidents previous months breaches originated insiders.lee hadlington categorized internal threats categories malicious accidental unintentional.mobile applications explosive growth implies securing applications earlier development process reduce malicious code development.sast strengths earlier vulnerability fixed sdlc cheaper fix.
Static application security testing	costs fix development times lower testing times lower production.sast tools run automatically either code level applicationlevel require interaction.integrated cicd context sast tools used automatically stop integration process critical vulnerabilities identified.because tool scans entire sourcecode cover dynamic application security testing covers execution possibly missing part application unsecured configuration configuration files.sast tools offer extended functionalities quality architectural testing.direct correlation quality security.bad quality software also poorly secured software.sast weaknesses even though developers positive usage sast tools different challenges adoption sast tools developers.with agile processes software development early integration sast generates many bugs developers using framework focus first features delivery.scanning many lines code sast tools may result hundreds thousands vulnerability warnings single application.
Datagram Transport Layer Security	generates many falsepositives increasing investigation time reducing trust tools.particularly case context vulnerability cannot caught tool referencesdtls protocol based streamoriented transport layer security tls protocol intended provide similar security guarantees.dtls protocol datagram preserves semantics underlying transport—the application suffer delays associated stream protocols uses udp sctp application deal packet reordering loss datagram data larger size datagram network packet.dtls uses udp sctp rather tcp avoids tcp meltdown problem used create vpn tunnel.definition following documents define dtlsrfc use user datagram protocol udprfc use datagram congestion control protocol dccprfc use control provisioning wireless access points capwaprfc use stream control transmission protocol sctp encapsulationrfc use secure realtime transport protocol srtp subsequently called dtlssrtp draft secure realtime transport control protocol srtcp.dtls .based tls .
Datagram Transport Layer Security	dtls .based tls .. dtls .versionnumber skipped order harmonize version numbers tls.dtls .specification worked like previous dtls versions intended provide equivalent security guarantees tls .
Datagram Transport Layer Security	exception order protectionnonreplayability.implementations libraries applications cisco anyconnect vpn client uses tls invented dtls based vpn.openconnect open source anyconnectcompatible client ocserv server supports dtls.cisco intercloud fabric uses dtls form tunnel private publicprovider compute environmentszscaler .popular ztn solution uses dtls tunneling f networks edge vpn client uses tls dtlscitrix systems netscaler uses dtls secure udpweb browsers google chrome opera firefox support dtlssrtp webrtc.firefox onward support dtls .. vulnerabilities february two researchers royal holloway university london discovered timing attack allowed recover parts plaintext dtls connection using openssl gnutls implementation dtls cipher block chaining mode encryption used.see also zrtpreliable user datagram protocolquicwireguard references external links transport layer security tls charter.
Datagram Transport Layer Security	ietf.modadugu nagendra rescorla eric .design implementation datagram tls pdf.stanford crypto group.retrieved .alfardan nadhem j. paterson kenneth g. plaintextrecovery attacks datagram tls pdf.retrieved .gibson steve laporte leo .
Networking hardware	datagram transport layer security.security .retrieved .skip .robin seggelmanns sample code echo character generator discard clientservers.specifically mediate data transmission computer network.units last receiver generate data called hosts end systems data terminal equipment.range networking devices includes broad range equipment classified core network components interconnect network components hybrid components found core border network hardware software components typically sit connection point different networks.the common kind networking hardware today copperbased ethernet adapter standard inclusion modern computer systems.wireless networking become increasingly popular especially portable handheld devices.other networking hardware used computers includes data center equipment file servers database servers storage areas network services dns dhcp email etc.well devices assure content delivery.taking wider view mobile phones tablet computers devices associated internet things may also considered networking hardware.
Networking hardware	technology advances ipbased networks integrated building infrastructure household utilities network hardware become ambiguous term owing vastly increasing number network capable endpoints.specific devices network hardware classified location role network.core core network components interconnect network components.gateway interface providing compatibility networks converting transmission speeds protocols codes security measures.router networking device forwards data packets computer networks.routers perform traffic directing functions internet.data packet typically forwarded one router another networks constitute internetwork reaches destination node.
Networking hardware	works osi layer .switch device connects devices together computer network using packet switching receive process forward data destination device.unlike less advanced network hubs network switch forwards data one multiple devices need receive rather broadcasting data ports.works osi layer .bridge device connects multiple network segments.works osi layers .repeater electronic device receives signal retransmits higher level higher power onto side obstruction signal cover longer distances.repeater hub connecting multiple ethernet devices together making act single network segment.multiple inputoutput io ports signal introduced input port appears output every port except original incoming.
Networking hardware	hub works physical layer layer osi model.repeater hubs also participate collision detection forwarding jam signal ports detects collision.hubs largely obsolete replaced network switches except old installations specialized applications.wireless access pointstructured cabling hybrid hybrid components found core border network.multilayer switch switch addition switching osi layer provides functionality higher protocol layers.protocol converter hardware device converts two different types transmission interoperation.bridge router brouter device works bridge router.brouter routes packets known protocols simply forwards packets bridge would.border hardware software components typically sit connection point different networks example internal network external network includeproxy server computer network service allows clients make indirect network connections network services.firewall piece hardware software put network prevent communications forbidden network policy.
Norton Internet Security	firewall typically establishes barrier trusted secure internal network another outside network internet assumed secure trusted.network address translator nat network service provided hardware software converts internal external network addresses vice versa.residential gateway interface wan connection internet service provider home network.terminal server connects devices serial port local area network.end stations hardware devices used establishing networks dialup connections includenetwork interface controller nic device connecting computer wirebased computer network.wireless network interface controller device connecting attached computer radiobased computer network.modem device modulates analog carrier signal sound encode digital information also demodulates carrier signal decode transmitted information.used example computer communicates another computer telephone network.isdn terminal adapter ta specialized gateway isdn.line driver device increase transmission distance amplifying signal used baseband networks only.see also references external links usf explanation network hardwareetymology englishlanguage word commerce derived latin word commercium com together merx merchandise.history historian peter watson ramesh manickam date history longdistance commerce circa years ago.in historic times introduction currency standardized money facilitated exchange goods services.banking systems developed medieval europe facilitating financial transactions across national boundaries.markets became feature town life regulated town authorities.see also referencesused signatures heuristics identify viruses.features included personal firewall email spam filtering phishing protection.release line summer symantec officially retired norton internet security years chief norton product.superseded norton security rechristened adaptation norton security suite.symantec distributed product download boxed cd oem software.retailers distributed flash drive.
Norton Internet Security	norton internet security held market share united states retail security suite category first half .history august symantec acquired peter norton computing peter norton.norton company developed various applications dos including antivirus.symantec continued development acquired technologies marketed name norton tagline symantec.nortons crossedarm pose registered u.s. trademark featured norton product packaging.
Norton Internet Security	however pose later moved spine packaging disappeared.users later versions could upgrade replacement software without buying new subscription.upgraded product retains earlier products subscription data.releases named year internal version numbers well.internal version number advanced .x edition match norton antivirus release year..x release product dropped year name although still referenced venues..
Norton Internet Security	.norton internet security released january symantecs first foray beyond virus protection content filters.release followed alliance internet provider excitehome antivirus vendor mcafee.com provide internet subscribers mcafees new firewall software mcafee personal firewall.version firewall based atguard wrq filters traffic packet level.could block activex controls java applets.
Norton Internet Security	features included cookie removal banner ad blocking.zdnet found ad blocker remove graphics ads breaking pages.adjusting settings fixed problem however process complicated.zdnet noted lack information presented concerning attacks firewall blocked.norton liveupdate downloads installs program updates.the family edition adds parental controls.
Norton Internet Security	parental controls backed quality control team people searched web inappropriate content.found content categorized subject matter placed blacklist sites.designated administrator could add blocked sites however presupplied blacklist cannot viewed edited since hard coded.administrators could block certain subject matter.another option block sites create whitelist allowed sites.
Norton Internet Security	family edition could block transmission specified personal information.information replaced letter x. however cnn noted xrated sites retrieved personal information queried search engine.version .released june ..version .
Norton Internet Security	released september adding support windows addition windows x series windows nt windows .following attacks iloveyou anna kournikova script viruses version could block malicious scripts without virus signatures analyzing behavior.the firewall scans internetenabled applications creates access rules installation based knowledge base maintained symantec.pc magazine testing installation took minutes complete mhz pentium iii internetenabled applications.using firewall users could determine whether accept cookies java applets activex controls global persite basis.new feature intrusion detection autoblock could detect port scans block intrusion attempts.
Norton Internet Security	program provides notifications intrusion attempts reporting severity level providing access threat details.alternatively firewall could put computer stealth essentially hiding system.users could configure security level managing number notifications.testing conducted pc magazine using shields symantecs security check found firewall successfully stealthed ports hiding computer view.leak test conducted see firewalls ability detect outbound connections.
Norton Internet Security	attempt detected suite offered block attempts.the family edition like prior version included parental controls information filtering feature.parental controls come list objectionable sites separated categories.list updated every two weeks norton liveupdate.using list alone norton blocks listed sites.consequently norton may block sites next update.
Norton Internet Security	parents could customize list adding removing sites.list allowed sites could created restrict children specific sites.version used application blocking rather protocol port filtering control internet access.children could restricted applications used access internet.parental control profile could set child settings could automatically configured based age group whether child teenager adult administrator.
Norton Internet Security	internet usage violations noted report presented parents.pc magazine found enabling parental controls added minute computers boot time.version .released march ...
Norton Internet Security	version announced august .family edition dropped parental controls information filtering bundled.installation noted quick simple pc magazine cnet.installation required reboot afterwards security assistant guides users questionnaire best configure service.cnet encountered problem upgrading prior release customized settings lost.
Norton Internet Security	pc magazine found default settings aimed avoiding frequent notifications somewhat permissive.windows support dropped.running full scan compiled list internetenabled applications.users set permissions accepted nortons defaults.firewall detected blocked port scans logged intrusion attempts.version trace attackers.
Norton Internet Security	ensure rogue programs could masquerade trustworthy applications norton verifies programs list digital signatures known programs.update tracker warned users hackers attempted gain access.firewall blocked access attempts shields port checker.version included wizard simplify firewall setup accommodate multiple computers sharing internet connection.release norton could prevent specified personal information access compatible instant messenger client email websites.
Norton Internet Security	adblocking included ad trashcan users could place ads escaped adfiltering.a professional edition announced december aimed towards business owners.version featured norton intrusion detection intercepted suspicious connections attacks code red worm.intrusion detection focused windowsbased attacks.central management available.administrators configured firewall productivity settings client computers.
Norton Internet Security	productivity settings allowed administrators block newsgroups websites advertisements.suite integrated xp user accounts settings could personalized..x version announced september .version added norton spam alert reduce spam.filter scanned whole message context rather looking keywords.
Norton Internet Security	pop client used.message identified spam norton inserted phrase default spam alert subject line.users could create rule delete move flagged messages.users could create strings text spam alert screen classifying messages.pc magazine testing spam alert mistakenly classified .
Norton Internet Security	percent legitimate email spam.percent spam slipped past filter.although false positive rate low feature fare well finding actual spam.the updated main interface offered green red indicators show features active needed attention.firewall updated features.block traffic button main interface blocks incoming outgoing internet traffic url.
Norton Internet Security	another new feature visual tracker graphically mapped attacks origin.firewall blocked port scans conducted cnet stealthing one.following nimda code red worms version scanned incoming outgoing traffic suspicious data exchanges routinely updated database feature ported norton internet security professional edition.connection offending computer automatically severed traffic matches database item.symantec announced professional edition november .data recovery tools allow users recover deleted malwaredamaged files.inclusion data erasure tool allowed users delete files minimizing chance recovery.
Norton Internet Security	web cleanup removes browser cache files history cookies.maintain dialup connections connection keep alive simulates online activity periods user inactivity.norton productivity control enables users filter internet content block newsgroups.used user access manager multiple filtering profiles could created assigned different users..x announced september version adds adware spyware keylogger protection.
Norton Internet Security	pc magazine found added protection weak.spyware samples norton detected significant number removed completely requiring manual removal.norton little prevent spyware infections.norton antispam renamed spam filtering feature set spam rules cannot viewed edited.whitelists blacklists senders could created.users may create spam definitions.
Norton Internet Security	antispam integrates outlook outlook express eudora allowing users tag email spam onthefly.email identified spam either quarantined default however feature could configured delete messages automatically.cnet testing antispam correctly identified percent spam messages.product activation introduced .installation users allowed day grace period activate copy norton internet security .program work deadline without character product key.
Norton Internet Security	product key used activate copy norton internet security ties alphanumeric code based computers hardware configuration.users may activate product five times product key however licensing terms dictate users allowed install norton internet security one computer..x symantec introduced version august .version sometimes referred tagline antispyware edition since spyware detection integrated norton default enabled.found threats listed separating ones already dealt ones requiring user interaction.
Norton Internet Security	detailed information provided link symantecs website.however pc pro pc magazine noted lengthy scan times.full scan took minutes half hour respectively.pc pro testing norton detected percent spyware samples compared average percent tested products.removal rates average percent versus average percent.
Norton Internet Security	norton blocked reinstallation score percent compared group average percent.overall norton ranked fifth among tested products.pc magazine testing norton installed slowly infected systems failed install one altogether.contacting symantec resolve issue.internet worm protection could block worms scan ip addresses open ports.blocks inbound ports based known suspected exploits using signatures heuristics.
Norton Internet Security	addition feature follows msblast sasser worms exploited vulnerability microsoft windows operating systems.response emerging privacy threats — percent threats last months attempted steal confidential information — version adds phishing protection.using firewall component users could create whitelist sites confidential information could transmitted.users alerted information transmitted site list.outbreak alert feature warns users major threats classified symantec users could press fix button applies set changes close vulnerabilities blocking necessary ports used propagating worm.
Norton Internet Security	browser privacy could suppress information website generally receive visitors browser operating system used.feature could block advertisements.privacy control could warn users sending confidential information.could configured block transmission.allowed users specify information could sent via im email.itemspecific exceptions allow users control data could sent.
Norton Internet Security	however pc pro found flaw information filtering feature.format information list confidential information could limit effectiveness.example entering last six digits credit card number stop numbers leaking grouped four digits.pc magazine noted fact anyone could login computer could view database private information.reason symantec recommends entering last portion sensitive information.norton antispam scanned emails spoofed urls deals offending email spam.
Norton Internet Security	emails could blocked based language however default filter allowed languages.antispam could sync list allowed senders pop address books.users could train spam filter pointing valid email marked spam vice versa.support yahoo mail hotmail added ..x norton internet security debuted september .
Norton Internet Security	new main interface norton protection center aggregates information central location.security status shown secure computer tasks email internet browsing context features enabled.protection center could recognize thirdparty software protecting computer.new interface advertises additional products symantec categories protection data protection read coverage user purchases installs norton systemworks.additional system tray icon created protection center.the installation noted lengthy pc magazine especially malwareinfected systems.
Norton Internet Security	spyware detection tweaked since last release.updated better identify keyloggers.pc magazine testing norton successfully detected spyware threats removed two.pc magazine give norton credit even manual removal required.suite removed three four commercial keyloggers.
Norton Internet Security	attempting install spyware clean system norton blocked two four commercial keyloggers.cases block installation however norton call scan spyware installed.pc pro testing norton detected percent spyware removed percent blocked percent installing.norton antispam discontinued separate product symantec available norton internet security.feature could block email unknown senders automatically blocks messages suspicious elements invisible text html forms phishing urls.improve accuracy norton analyzes outgoing emails messages whose categorization corrected users hitting spam spam buttons.
Norton Internet Security	pc magazine testing feature marked one ten valid email spam let one every six spam messages inbox.messages used program allowed process messages week.pc pro testing feature performed better blocking percent spam false positive rate .percent.norton recommends disabling windows firewall avoid redundant alerts.firewall stealthed significant ports pc magazine testing.
Norton Internet Security	attacking firewall unsuccessful pc magazine unable stop service terminate process disable firewall using simulated mouse clicks.firewall passed pc pros tests successfully stealthing ports.other features included bloodhound technology looks viruslike behavior better find zero day viruses.security inspector looks common vulnerabilities including insecure user account passwords browser insecurities.advertisement blocking rewrites websites html prevent advertisements displayed.parental controls optional component could block certain programs accessing internet im clients restrict newsgroup access.
Norton Internet Security	restrictions could assigned different windows users accounts.sites classified categories four profiles could assigned block different categories sites.supervisors define exceptions add global blocked sites block access sites usercreated whitelist.pc magazine pc pro noted exclusion timebased restrictions.information filtering could controlled peruser basis.windows compatibility dropped release.
Norton Internet Security	.x version announced september .tabbed interface allowed users access norton protection center program settings without separate tray icons windows open.symantec revised norton internet security made version modularized reduced suites memory usage – megabytes scan times – percent.another result spam filtering parental controls became separate components.installed features consumed mb disk space.antiphishing integrated internet explorer.
Norton Internet Security	analyzes sites examining websites url title form page layout visible text links uses blacklist detect phishing sites.users blocked access suspected phishing sites however presented option continue.pc magazine testing feature blocked phishing sites internet explorer recognized sites.pc pro testing feature successfully blocked access every phishing site tested against.spam filtering longer included language feature symantec claimed less useful current spam created false positives.
Norton Internet Security	tested messages pc magazine norton let half spam inbox.five percent valid mail marked spam.version utilized symantecs veritas vxms technology better identify rootkits.vxms allowed norton find inconsistencies among files within directories files volume level.startup application manager allowed users prevent applications launching login.
Norton Internet Security	release dropped support windows compatible windows vista upon release update.the firewall made decisions lessen chance disruption misinformed decision.applications known safe allowed internet access vice versa malicious applications.unknown ones analyzed blocked exhibited malicious behavior.pc magazine pc pro testing firewall incorrectly block safe applications internet access.malware blocked firewall.
Norton Internet Security	pc magazine testing reflected results.firewall stealthed ports.exploits blocked intrusion prevention system prevented threats leveraging vulnerabilities.system updated whenever vulnerability identified.attempts disable firewall unsuccessful registry changes process termination simulated mouse clicks failed.
Norton Internet Security	disabling windows services effect firewall since worked kernel driver level.version automatically adjusted configuration different networks based physical address gateway rather ip addresses.in pc magazine testing norton detected spyware samples.removed.eight commercial keyloggers suite removed samples.clean system norton blocked spyware samples installing stopped seven eight keyloggers installing.
Norton Internet Security	.x version announced august adding support windows vista bit.new features included sonar norton identity safe browser defender.sonar monitored applications malicious behavior.identity safe superseded information filtering function instead blocking personal information leaving computer stored personal information fill webforms.password protected checked websites authenticity filling forms.
Norton Internet Security	browser defender inspected blocked suspicious api calls intended stop driveby downloads.network map identified networked computers norton internet security installed.remote monitoring allowed checking status installations different computers problems identified red x icon.using feature users could control traffic computers.warned users using unencrypted wireless network.
Norton Internet Security	startup application manager advertisement blocking features dropped release.information filtering although superseded identity safe suite available separately.could used conjunction identity safe.phishing protection integrated mozilla firefox.testing pc magazine found norton blocked percent phishing sites compared percent internet explorer percent firefox .cnet identified issue feature antiphishing disabled identity safe still offered automatically submit personal information websites including phishing sites.
Norton Internet Security	symantec declined call flaw stating recommended use identity safe antiphishing enabled.alternatively identity safe could used firefox internet explorers builtin antiphishing capability.pc magazine found firewall put ports stealth mode.firewall blocked ten leak tests used see malware could evade firewalls control network traffic.previous versions identify tests none carried malicious payload.another test conducted using core impact successfully exploited one vulnerability test computer.

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