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Social engineering (security)	information used establish even greater legitimacy tougher questioning manager e.g.make account changes get specific balances etc.pretexting also used impersonate coworkers police bank tax authorities clergy insurance investigators—or individual could perceived authority righttoknow mind targeted victim.pretexter must simply prepare answers questions might asked victim.cases needed voice sounds authoritative earnest tone ability think ones feet create pretextual scenario.vishing phone phishing vishing uses rogue interactive voice response ivr system recreate legitimatesounding copy bank institutions ivr system.
Social engineering (security)	victim prompted typically via phishing email call bank via ideally toll free number provided order verify information.typical vishing system reject logins continually ensuring victim enters pins passwords multiple times often disclosing several different passwords.advanced systems transfer victim attackerdefrauder poses customer service agent security expert questioning victim.spear phishing although similar phishing spear phishing technique fraudulently obtains private information sending highly customized emails end users.main difference phishing attacks phishing campaigns focus sending high volumes generalized emails expectation people respond.
Social engineering (security)	hand spearphishing emails require attacker perform additional research targets order trick end users performing requested activities.success rate spearphishing attacks considerably higher phishing attacks people opening roughly phishing emails compared roughly potential attempts.users actually open emails phishing emails relatively modest success rate link attachment clicked compared spearphishing attacks success rate.spearphishing success heavily dependent amount quality osint opensource intelligence attacker obtain.social media account activity one example source osint.water holing water holing targeted social engineering strategy capitalizes trust users websites regularly visit.
Social engineering (security)	victim feels safe things would different situation.wary person might example purposefully avoid clicking link unsolicited email person would hesitate follow link website often visit.attacker prepares trap unwary prey favored watering hole.strategy successfully used gain access supposedly secure systems.the attacker may set identifying group individuals target.preparation involves gathering information websites targets often visit secure system.
Social engineering (security)	information gathering confirms targets visit websites system allows visits.attacker tests websites vulnerabilities inject code may infect visitors system malware.injected code trap malware may tailored specific target group specific systems use.time one members target group get infected attacker gain access secure system.baiting baiting like realworld trojan horse uses physical media relies curiosity greed victim.
Social engineering (security)	attack attackers leave malwareinfected floppy disks cdroms usb flash drives locations people find bathrooms elevators sidewalks parking lots etc.give legitimate curiositypiquing labels wait victims.for example attacker may create disk featuring corporate logo available targets website label executive salary summary q .attacker leaves disk floor elevator somewhere lobby target company.unknowing employee may find insert disk computer satisfy curiosity good samaritan may find return company.case inserting disk computer installs malware giving attackers access victims pc perhaps target companys internal computer network.unless computer controls block infections insertion compromises pcs autorunning media.
Social engineering (security)	hostile devices also used.instance lucky winner sent free digital audio player compromising computer plugged to.road apple colloquial term horse manure suggesting devices undesirable nature removable media malicious software left opportunistic conspicuous places.may cd dvd usb flash drive among media.curious people take plug computer infecting host attached networks.
Social engineering (security)	hackers may give enticing labels employee salaries confidential.one study done researchers drop usb drives around campus university illinois.drives contained files linked webpages owned researchers.researchers able see many drives files opened many inserted computer without file opened.drives dropped picked called home.quid pro quo quid pro quo means something somethingan attacker calls random numbers company claiming calling back technical support.
Social engineering (security)	eventually person hit someone legitimate problem grateful someone calling back help them.attacker help solve problem process user type commands give attacker access launch malware.in information security survey office workers gave researchers claimed password answer survey question exchange cheap pen.similar surveys later years obtained similar results using chocolates cheap lures although made attempt validate passwords.tailgating attacker seeking entry restricted area secured unattended electronic access control e.g.rfid card simply walks behind person legitimate access.
Social engineering (security)	following common courtesy legitimate person usually hold door open attacker attackers may ask employee hold open them.legitimate person may fail ask identification several reasons may accept assertion attacker forgotten lost appropriate identity token.attacker may also fake action presenting identity token.types common confidence tricksters fraudsters also could considered social engineers wider sense deliberately deceive manipulate people exploiting human weaknesses obtain personal benefit.may example use social engineering techniques part fraud.as early another type social engineering technique includes spoofing hacking ids people popular email ids yahoo gmail hotmail.
Social engineering (security)	additionally spoofing attempts included emails major online service providers like paypal.led proposed standard sender policy framework rfc dated april combination dmarc means combat spoofing.among many motivations deception arephishing creditcard account numbers passwords.cracking private emails chat histories manipulating using common editing techniques using extort money creating distrust among individuals.cracking websites companies organizations destroying reputation.computer virus hoaxesconvincing users run malicious code within web browser via selfxss attack allow access web accountanother type read sensitive information unshielded unprotected displays input devices called shoulder surfing.countermeasures organizations reduce security risks bytraining employees training employees security protocols relevant position.e.g.
Social engineering (security)	situations tailgating persons identity cannot verified employees must trained politely refuse.standard framework establishing frameworks trust employeepersonnel level i.e.specify train personnel whenwherewhyhow sensitive information handledscrutinizing information identifying information sensitive evaluating exposure social engineering breakdowns security systems building computer system etc.security protocols establishing security protocols policies procedures handling sensitive information.event test performing unannounced periodic tests security framework.inoculation preventing social engineering fraudulent tricks traps instilling resistance persuasion attempts exposure similar related attempts.review reviewing steps regularly solutions information integrity perfect.waste management using waste management service dumpsters locks keys limited waste management company cleaning staff.locating dumpster either view employees trying access carries risk seen caught behind locked gate fence person must trespass attempt access dumpster.lifecycle social engineering information gathering information gathering first foremost step lifecycle.requires much patience keenly watching habits victim.
Social engineering (security)	step gathering data victims interests personal information.determines success rate overall attack.engaging victim gathering required amount information attacker opens conversation victim smoothly without victim finding anything inappropriate.attacking step generally occurs long period engaging target information target retrieved using social engineering.phase attacker gets results target.closing interaction last step includes slowly shutting communication attacker without arising suspicion victim.way motive fulfilled well victim rarely comes know attack even happened.notable social engineers frank abagnale jr. frank abagnale jr. american security consultant known background former con man check forger impostor ages .
Social engineering (security)	became one notorious impostors claiming assumed fewer eight identities including airline pilot physician u.s. bureau prisons agent lawyer.abagnale escaped police custody twice taxiing airliner u.s. federal penitentiary turning years old.popular steven spielberg movie catch based life.kevin mitnick kevin mitnick american computer security consultant author hacker best known highprofile arrest later fiveyear conviction various computer communicationsrelated crimes.susan headley susan headley american hacker active late early widely respected expertise social engineering pretexting psychological subversion.
Social engineering (security)	known specialty breaking military computer systems often involved going bed military personnel going clothes usernames passwords slept.became heavily involved phreaking kevin mitnick lewis de payne los angeles later framed erasing system files us leasing falling leading mitnicks first conviction.retired professional poker.james linton james linton british hacker social engineer used osint spear phishing techniques trick variety targets email including ceos major banks members trump white house administration.went work email security socially engineered bec business email compromise threat actors collect specific threat intelligence.
Social engineering (security)	badir brothers brothers ramy muzher shadde badir—all blind birth—managed set extensive phone computer fraud scheme israel using social engineering voice impersonation brailledisplay computers.christopher j. hadnagy christopher j. hadnagy american social engineer information technology security consultant.best known author books social engineering cyber security founder innocent lives foundation organization helps tracking identifying child trafficking using various security techniques seeking assistance information security specialists utilizing data opensource intelligence osint collaborating law enforcement.law common law pretexting invasion privacy tort appropriation.pretexting telephone records december united states congress approved senate sponsored bill making pretexting telephone records federal felony fines ten years prison individuals fines companies.
Social engineering (security)	signed president george w. bush january .federal legislation glba u.s. federal law specifically addresses pretexting banking records illegal act punishable federal statutes.business entity private investigator siu insurance investigator adjuster conducts type deception falls authority federal trade commission ftc.federal agency obligation authority ensure consumers subjected unfair deceptive business practices.us federal trade commission act section ftca states partwhenever commission shall reason believe person partnership corporation using unfair method competition unfair deceptive act practice affecting commerce shall appear commission proceeding respect thereof would interest public shall issue serve upon person partnership corporation complaint stating charges respect.the statute states someone obtains personal nonpublic information financial institution consumer action subject statute.
Social engineering (security)	relates consumers relationship financial institution.example pretexter using false pretenses either get consumers address consumers bank get consumer disclose name bank would covered.determining principle pretexting occurs information obtained false pretenses.while sale cell telephone records gained significant media attention telecommunications records focus two bills currently united states senate many types private records bought sold public market.alongside many advertisements cell phone records wireline records records associated calling cards advertised.individuals shift voip telephones safe assume records offered sale well.
Social engineering (security)	currently legal sell telephone records illegal obtain them.st source information specialists u.s. rep. fred upton rkalamazoo michigan chairman energy commerce subcommittee telecommunications internet expressed concern easy access personal mobile phone records internet house energy commerce committee hearing phone records sale arent phone records safe pretexting illinois became first state sue online records broker attorney general lisa madigan sued st source information specialists inc. spokeswoman madigans office said.floridabased company operates several web sites sell mobile telephone records according copy suit.attorneys general florida missouri quickly followed madigans lead filing suits respectively st source information specialists missouris case one records broker – first data solutions inc.several wireless providers including tmobile verizon cingular filed earlier lawsuits records brokers cingular winning injunction first data solutions st source information specialists.u.s. senator charles schumer dnew york introduced legislation february aimed curbing practice.
Social engineering (security)	consumer telephone records protection act would create felony criminal penalties stealing selling records mobile phone landline voice internet protocol voip subscribers.hp patricia dunn former chairwoman hewlett packard reported hp board hired private investigation company delve responsible leaks within board.dunn acknowledged company used practice pretexting solicit telephone records board members journalists.chairman dunn later apologized act offered step board desired board members.unlike federal law california law specifically forbids pretexting.
Social engineering (security)	four felony charges brought dunn dismissed.preventive measures taking precautions reduce risk victim social engineering frauds.precautions made followsbe aware offers seem good true.use multifactor authentication.avoid clicking attachments unknown sources.not giving personal information anyone via email phone text messages.use spam filter software.avoid befriending people know real life.teach kids contact trusted adult case bullied internet cyberbullying feel threatened anything online.see also certified social engineering prevention specialist csepscode shikara – computer wormconfidence trick – attempt defraud person group first gaining confidencecountermeasure computer – process reduce security threatcyberhumint – set skills used cyberspace hackerscyberheistinoculation theory – explanation attitude belief protected influence much way body protected diseaseinternet security awareness trainingit risk – risk related information technology may underlie organizations business processes varying degreesmedia pranks often use similar tactics though usually criminal purposespenetration test – method evaluating computer network security simulating cyber attackphishing – act attempting acquire sensitive information posing trustworthy entityphysical information securitypiggybacking securitysms phishingthreat computervoice phishing – use social engineering voice telephony criminals convince victims divulge sensitive informationvulnerability computing – exploitable weakness computer systemcyber security awareness references reading external links social engineering fundamentals – securityfocus.com.retrieved august .social engineering usb way.
Social engineering (security)	light reading inc. june .archived original july .retrieved april .should social engineering part penetration testing – darknet.org.uk.retrieved august .protecting consumers phone records electronic privacy information center us committee commerce science transportation .retrieved february .plotkin hal.
SQL injection	memo press pretexting already illegal.retrieved september .dump database contents attacker.sql injection must exploit security vulnerability applications software example user input either incorrectly filtered string literal escape characters embedded sql statements user input strongly typed unexpectedly executed.sql injection mostly known attack vector websites used attack type sql database.sql injection attacks allow attackers spoof identity tamper existing data cause repudiation issues voiding transactions changing balances allow complete disclosure data system destroy data make otherwise unavailable become administrators database server.in study observed average web application received four attack campaigns per month retailers received twice many attacks industries.history first public discussions sql injection started appearing around example article phrack magazine.form sql injection sqli considered one top web application vulnerabilities open web application security project.
SQL injection	sqli rated number one attack owasp top ten.four main subclasses sql injectionclassic sqliblind inference sql injectiondatabase management systemspecific sqlicompounded sqlisql injection insufficient authenticationsql injection ddos attackssql injection dns hijackingsql injection xssthe storm worm one representation compounded sqli.this classification represents state sqli respecting evolution —further refinement underway.technical implementations incorrectly constructed sql statements form injection relies fact sql statements consist data used sql statement commands control sql statement executed.example sql statement select person name susan age string susan data fragment age example command value also data example.sql injection occurs specially crafted user input processed receiving program way allows input exit data context enter command context.allows attacker alter structure sql statement executed.
SQL injection	simple example imagine data susan statement provided user input.user entered string susan without apostrophes web form text entry field program used string concatenation statements form sql statement three fragments select person name user input susan age .now imagine instead entering susan attacker entered .the program use string concatenation approach fragments select person name user input age construct statement select person name age .many databases ignore text string denotes comment.structure sql command select person name select person rows rather named susan whose age .attacker managed craft data string exits data context entered command context.a complex example presented.
SQL injection	imagine program creates sql statement using following string assignment command var statement select users name username sql code designed pull records specified username table users.however username variable crafted specific way malicious user sql statement may code author intended.example setting username variable using comments even block rest query three types sql comments.three lines space end renders one following sql statements parent languageif code used authentication procedure example could used force selection every data field users rather one specific user name coder intended evaluation always true.the following value username statement would cause deletion users table well selection data userinfo table essence revealing information every user using api allows multiple statementsadrop table users select userinfo tthis input renders final sql statement follows specifiedwhile sql server implementations allow multiple statements executed one call way sql apis phps mysqlquery function allow security reasons.prevents attackers injecting entirely separate queries doesnt stop modifying queries.
SQL injection	blind sql injection blind sql injection used web application vulnerable sql injection results injection visible attacker.page vulnerability may one displays data display differently depending results logical statement injected legitimate sql statement called page.this type attack traditionally considered timeintensive new statement needed crafted bit recovered depending structure attack may consist many unsuccessful requests.recent advancements allowed request recover multiple bits unsuccessful requests allowing consistent efficient extraction.several tools automate attacks location vulnerability target information established.conditional responses one type blind sql injection forces database evaluate logical statement ordinary application screen.
SQL injection	example book review website uses query string determine book review display.url httpsbooks.example.comreviewid would cause server run queryfrom would populate review page data review id stored table bookreviews.query happens completely server user know names database table fields user know query string.user sees url returns book review.hacker load urls httpsbooks.example.comreviewid httpsbooks.example.comreviewid may result queriesrespectively.
SQL injection	original review loads url blank error page returned url returned page created alert user input invalid words caught input test script site likely vulnerable sql injection attack query likely passed successfully cases.hacker may proceed query string designed reveal version number mysql running server httpsbooks.example.comreviewid substringversion instrversion .would show book review server running mysql blank error page otherwise.hacker continue use code within query strings achieve goal directly glean information server hopes discovering another avenue attack.second order sql injection second order sql injection occurs submitted values contain malicious commands stored rather executed immediately.
SQL injection	cases application may correctly encode sql statement store valid sql.another part application without controls protect sql injection might execute stored sql statement.attack requires knowledge submitted values later used.automated web application security scanners would easily detect type sql injection may need manually instructed check evidence attempted.mitigation sql injection well known attack easily prevented simple measures.
SQL injection	apparent sql injection attack talktalk bbc reported security experts stunned large company would vulnerable it.object relational mappers developers use orm frameworks hibernate create database queries safe developerfriendly way.since database queries longer constructed strings danger injection vulnerability.web application firewalls waf products modsecurity crs cannot prevent sql injection vulnerabilities creeping codebase make discovery exploitation significantly challenging attacker.detection sql injection filtering works similar way emails spam filters.
SQL injection	database firewalls detect sql injections based number invalid queries host presence union blocks inside request characteristics.parameterized statements development platforms parameterized statements work parameters used sometimes called placeholders bind variables instead embedding user input statement.placeholder store value given type arbitrary sql fragment.hence sql injection would simply treated strange probably invalid parameter value.many cases sql statement fixed parameter scalar table.
SQL injection	user input assigned bound parameter.easily put using parameterized queries definitely prevent sql injection.mainly means variables arent query strings would accept arbitrary sql inputs however parameters given types definitely necessary.parameterized queries require developer define code.therefore without parameterized queries anyone could put kind sql code field database erased.parameters set username person would able put username without kind code.
SQL injection	enforcement coding level using objectrelational mapping libraries avoids need write sql code.orm library effect generate parameterized sql statements objectoriented code.escaping popular though errorprone ultimately doomed way prevent injections attempt escape characters special meaning sql.manual sql dbms explains characters special meaning allows creating comprehensive blacklist characters need translation.instance every occurrence single quote parameter must replaced two single quotes form valid sql string literal.
SQL injection	example php usual escape parameters using function mysqlirealescapestring sending sql querythis function prepends backslashes following characters x n r xa.this function normally used make data safe sending query mysql.php similar functions database systems pgescapestring postgresql.function addslashesstring str works escaping characters used especially querying databases escaping functions php.returns string backslashes characters need escaped database queries etc.characters single quote double quote backslash nul null byte.routinely passing escaped strings sql error prone easy forget escape given string.
SQL injection	creating transparent layer secure input reduce errorproneness entirely eliminate it.pattern check integer float boolean string parameters checked value valid representation given type.strings must follow strict pattern date uuid alphanumeric etc.checked match pattern.database permissions limiting permissions database login used web application needed may help reduce effectiveness sql injection attacks exploit bugs web application.for example microsoft sql server database logon could restricted selecting system tables would limit exploits try insert javascript text columns database.
SQL injection	examples february jeremiah jacks discovered guess.com vulnerable sql injection attack permitting anyone able construct properlycrafted url pull names credit card numbers expiration dates sites customer database.on november teenaged hacker used sql injection break site taiwanese information security magazine tech target group steal customers information.on january russian computer criminals broke rhode island government website allegedly stole credit card data individuals done business online state agencies.on march hacker discovered sql injection flaw official indian governments tourism site.on june computer criminal defaced microsoft uk website using sql injection.uk website register quoted microsoft spokesperson acknowledging problem.on september january turkish hacker group msted used sql injection exploit microsofts sql server hack web servers belonging mcalester army ammunition plant us army corps engineers respectively.in january tens thousands pcs infected automated sql injection attack exploited vulnerability application code uses microsoft sql server database store.in july kasperskys malaysian site hacked msted hacker group using sql injection.on april sexual violent offender registry oklahoma shut website routine maintenance informed social security numbers belonging sex offenders downloaded via sql injection attackin may server farm inside china used automated queries googles search engine identify sql server websites vulnerable attack automated sql injection tool.in least april august sweep attacks began exploiting sql injection vulnerabilities microsofts iis web server sql server database server.attack require guessing name table column corrupts text columns tables single request.html string references malware javascript file appended value.database value later displayed website visitor script attempts several approaches gaining control visitors system.
SQL injection	number exploited web pages estimated .on august united states department justice charged american citizen albert gonzalez two unnamed russians theft million credit card numbers using sql injection attack.reportedly biggest case identity theft american history man stole cards number corporate victims researching payment processing systems.among companies hit credit card processor heartland payment systems convenience store chain eleven supermarket chain hannaford brothers.in december attacker breached rockyou plaintext database containing unencrypted usernames passwords million users using sql injection attack.in july south american security researcher goes handle ch russo obtained sensitive user information popular bittorrent site pirate bay.gained access sites administrative control panel exploited sql injection vulnerability enabled collect user account information including ip addresses md password hashes records torrents individual users uploaded.from july attackers japan china used sql injection gain access customers credit card data neo beat osakabased company runs large online supermarket site.attack also affected seven business partners including supermarket chains izumiya co maruetsu inc ryukyu jusco co. theft data affected reported customers.
SQL injection	august reported cases credit card information used third parties purchase goods services china.on september swedish general election voter attempted code injection hand writing sql commands part writein vote.on november british royal navy website compromised romanian hacker named tinkode using sql injection.on february hbgary technology security firm broken lulzsec using sql injection cmsdriven websiteon march official homepage mysql compromised hacker using sql blind injectionon april barracuda networks compromised using sql injection flaw.email addresses usernames employees among information obtained.over period hours april automated sql injection attack occurred broadband reports website able extract usernamepassword pairs random accounts active old inactive accounts.on june hacktivists group lulzsec accused using sqli steal coupons download keys passwords stored plaintext sonys website accessing personal information million users.in june pbs hacked lulzsec likely use sql injection full process used hackers execute sql injections described imperva blog.in may website wurm online massively multiplayer online game shut sql injection site updated.in july hacker group reported stolen login credentials yahoo.logins stored plain text allegedly taken yahoo subdomain yahoo voices.group breached yahoos security using unionbased sql injection technique.on october hacker group called team ghostshell published personal records students faculty employees alumni universities including harvard princeton stanford cornell johns hopkins university zurich pastebin.com.hackers claimed trying raise awareness towards changes made todays education bemoaning changing education laws europe increases tuition united states.in february group maldivian hackers hacked website unmaldives using sql injection.on june hacker group redhack breached istanbul administration site.
SQL injection	claimed theyve able erase peoples debts water gas internet electricity telephone companies.additionally published admin user name password citizens log clear debts early morning.announced news twitter.on november hacktivist group raptorswag allegedly compromised chinese government databases using sql injection attack chinese chamber international commerce.leaked data posted publicly cooperation anonymous.on february avs tv accounts leaked hacking group called deletesec february united nations internet governance forum account details leaked.on february hackers group called deletesec hacked spirol international allegedly threatening hackers arrested reporting security vulnerability.user details exposed conflict.on march officials johns hopkins university publicly announced biomedical engineering servers become victim sql injection attack carried anonymous hacker named hooky aligned hacktivist group raptorswag.
SQL injection	hackers compromised personal details students staff posting press release leaked data internet.in august milwaukeebased computer security company hold security disclosed uncovered theft confidential information nearly websites sql injections.new york times confirmed finding hiring security expert check claim.in october sql injection attack used steal personal details customers british telecommunications company talktalks servers exploiting vulnerability legacy web portal.in august sql injection attack used access information romantic interests many stanford students result insecure data sanitization standards part link startup founded campus undergraduate ishan gandhi.in early gigabytes data exfiltrated farright website gab sql injection attack.vulnerability introduced gab codebase fosco marotto gabs cto.second attack gab launched next week using oauth tokens stolen first attack.popular culture unauthorized login websites means sql injection forms basis one subplots j.k. rowlings novel casual vacancy.a xkcd cartoon involved character robert drop table students named carry sql injection.
SwiftOnSecurity	result cartoon sql injection sometimes informally referred bobby tables.in individual poland legally renamed business dariusz jakubowski x drop table users select attempt disrupt operation spammers harvesting bots.the game hacknet hacking program called sqlmemcorrupt.described injecting table entry causes corruption error sql database queries said table causing sql database crash core dump.in star trek discovery episode memory serves commander airiam discovered probe attacked data store one ships shuttlecraft made number sql injections couldnt find compromised files.see also code injectioncrosssite scriptingmetasploit projectowasp open web application security projectsgml entityuncontrolled format stringwafweb application security references external links sql injection knowledge base websec.wasc threat classification sql injection entry web application security consortium.why sql injection wont go away stuart thomas.sdl quick security references sql injection bala neerumalla.how security flaws work sql injectionfebruary .followers.name chosen due taylor swifts caution regard digital security.account cited news articles computer security.microsoft mvp work endpoint monitoring lead fortune company.
Dynamic web page	blog contains general computer security advice also specifically windows phishing.atlassian december swiftonsecurity tweeted issue atlassian software embedded private key domain.turned security vulnerability assigned cve.references external links twitter.comswiftonsecuritydecentsecurity.com blog swiftonsecurityserverside scripting parameters determine assembly every new web page proceeds including setting clientside processing.a clientside dynamic web page processes web page using javascript running browser loads.javascript interact page via document object model dom query page state modify it.even though web page dynamic clientside still hosted static hosting service github pages amazon long isnt serverside code included.a dynamic web page reloaded user computer program change variable content.updating information could come server changes made pages dom.may may truncate browsing history create saved version go back dynamic web page update using ajax technologies neither create page go back truncate web browsing history forward displayed page.
Dynamic web page	using ajax end user gets one dynamic page managed single page web browser actual web content rendered page vary.ajax engine sits browser requesting parts dom dom client application server.dhtml umbrella term technologies methods used create web pages static web pages though fallen common use since popularization ajax term rarely used.clientsidescripting serverside scripting combination make dynamic web experience browser.basic concepts classical hypertext navigation html xhtml alone provides static content meaning user requests web page simply views page information page.however web page also provide live dynamic interactive user experience.content text images form fields etc.
Dynamic web page	web page change response different contexts conditions.there two ways create kind effectusing clientside scripting change interface behaviors within specific web page response mouse keyboard actions specified timing events.case dynamic behavior occurs within presentation.using serverside scripting change supplied page source pages adjusting sequence reload web pages web content supplied browser.server responses may determined conditions data posted html form parameters url type browser used passage time database server state.web pages use clientside scripting must use presentation technology broadly called rich interfaced pages.clientside scripting languages like javascript actionscript used dynamic html dhtml flash technologies respectively frequently used orchestrate media types sound animations changing text etc.presentation.
Dynamic web page	scripting also allows use remote scripting technique dhtml page requests additional information server using hidden frame xmlhttprequests web service.web pages use serverside scripting often created help serverside languages php perl asp asp.net jsp coldfusion languages.serverside languages typically use common gateway interface cgi produce dynamic web pages.kinds pages also use clientside first kind dhtml etc.. history difficult precise dynamic web page beginnings chronology precise concept makes sense widespread development web pages.http use since html standard since .web browsers rise popularity started mosaic .
Dynamic web page	obvious however concept dynamically driven websites predates internet fact html.example general public use internet dynamically driven remotely accessed menu system implemented susan biddlecomb director computer support usc health care system university southern california bbs line tbbs system tdbs addon.database.the introduction javascript known livescript enabled production clientside dynamic web pages javascript code executed clients browser.letter j term ajax originally indicated use javascript well xml.rise server side javascript processing example node.js originally developed javascript also used dynamically create pages server sent fully formed clients.execusite introduced first dynamic website solution professional marketplace june .execusite acquired website pros web.com january .
Dynamic web page	bust cycle dotcom bubble original execusite founders bought back company website pros december .execusite later acquired wolterskluwer december rebranded cch site builder.serverside scripting program running web server serverside scripting used generate web content various web pages manage user sessions control workflow.server responses may determined conditions data posted html form parameters url type browser used passage time database server state.such web pages often created help serverside languages asp coldfusion go javascript perl php ruby python webdna languages support server run hardware web server.serverside languages often use common gateway interface cgi produce dynamic web pages.
Dynamic web page	two notable exceptions asp.net jsp reuse cgi concepts apis actually dispatch web requests shared virtual machine.the serverside languages used embed tags markers within source file web page web server.user client computer requests web page web server interprets tags markers perform actions server.example server may instructed insert information database information current date.dynamic web pages often cached changes expected page anticipated receive considerable amount web traffic would wastefully strain server slow page loading generate pages fly request.clientside scripting clientside scripting changing interface behaviors within specific web page response input device actions specified timing events.case dynamic behavior occurs within presentation.
Dynamic web page	clientside content generated users local computer system.such web pages use presentation technology called rich interfaced pages.clientside scripting languages like javascript actionscript used dynamic html dhtml flash technologies respectively frequently used orchestrate media types sound animations changing text etc.presentation.clientside scripting also allows use remote scripting technique dhtml page requests additional information server using hidden frame xmlhttprequests web service.the first widespread use javascript language standardized ecmascript implemented netscape .examplethe clientside content generated clients computer.web browser retrieves page server processes code embedded page typically written javascript displays retrieved pages content user.the innerhtml property write command illustrate clientside dynamic page generation two distinct pages b regenerated event response dynamic document.innerhtml document.innerhtml b load dynamic document.writea document.writeb.
Dynamic web page	combination technologies client server components collectively build dynamic web page called web application.web applications manage user interactions state security performance.ajax uses combination clientside scripting serverside requests.web application development technique dynamically interchanging content sends requests server data order so.server returns requested data processed clientside script.technique reduce server load time client request entire webpage regenerated servers language parser content change transmitted.
Rogue security software	google maps example web application uses ajax techniques.a web client web browser act server accessing data many different servers gopher ftp nntp usenet http build page.http supports uploading documents client back server.several http methods this.see also static web pagedynamic htmlresponsive web designdeep web search indexingweb template systemsolution stacks serve dynamic web pageslamp software bundlelyme software bundlelyce software bundlecontent management systemweb content management system references external links static versus dynamic web site w.orgdynamic web sites using relationship management method w.org.wide analysis dynamic web pages university texas austin.form scareware manipulates users fear form ransomware.rogue security software serious security threat desktop computing since .early example gained infamy spysheriff clones.propagation rogue security software mainly relies social engineering fraud defeat security built modern operating system browser software install onto victims computers.website may example display fictitious warning dialog stating someones machine infected computer virus encourage manipulation install purchase scareware belief purchasing genuine antivirus software.most trojan horse component users misled installing.
Rogue security software	trojan may disguised asa browser plugin extension typically toolbaran image screensaver archive file attached email messagemultimedia codec required play certain video clipsoftware shared peertopeer networksa free online malwarescanning servicesome rogue security software however propagate onto users computers driveby downloads exploit security vulnerabilities web browsers pdf viewers email clients install without manual interaction.more recently malware distributors utilizing seo poisoning techniques pushing infected urls top search engine results recent news events.people looking articles events search engine may encounter results upon clicked instead redirected series sites arriving landing page says machine infected pushes download trial rogue program.study google found domains hosting fake antivirus software accounting malware delivered via internet advertising.coldcalling also become vector distribution type malware callers often claiming microsoft support another legitimate organization.common infection vectors black hat seo black hat search engine optimization seo technique used trick search engines displaying malicious urls search results.malicious webpages filled popular keywords order achieve higher ranking search results.
Rogue security software	end user searches web one infected webpages returned.usually popular keywords services google trends used generate webpages via php scripts placed compromised website.php scripts monitor search engine crawlers feed specially crafted webpages listed search results.user searches keyword images clicks malicious link redirected rogue security software payload.malvertising websites usually employ thirdparty services advertising webpages.
Rogue security software	one advertising services compromised may end inadvertently infecting websites using service advertising rogue security software.spam campaigns spam messages include malicious attachments links binaries driveby download sites another common mechanism distributing rogue security software.spam emails often sent content associated typical daytoday activities parcel deliveries taxation documents designed entice users click links run attachments.users succumb kinds social engineering tricks quickly infected either directly via attachment indirectly via malicious website.known driveby download.
Rogue security software	usually driveby download attacks malware installed victims machine without interaction awareness occurs simply visiting website.operation installed rogue security software may attempt entice user purchasing service additional software byalerting user fake simulated detection malware pornography.displaying animation simulating system crash reboot.selectively disabling parts system prevent user uninstalling malware.may also prevent antimalware programs running disable automatic system software updates block access websites antimalware vendors.installing actual malware onto computer alerting user detecting them.method less common malware likely detected legitimate antimalware programs.altering system registries security settings alerting user.developers rogue security software may also entice people purchasing product claiming give portion sales charitable cause.rogue green antivirus example claims donate environmental care program sale made.some rogue security software overlaps function scareware alsopresenting offers fix urgent performance problems perform essential housekeeping computer.scaring user presenting authenticlooking popup warnings security alerts may mimic actual system notices.
Rogue security software	intended use trust user vendors legitimate security software.sanction ftc increasing effectiveness antimalware tools since made difficult spyware adware distribution networks—already complex begin with—to operate profitably.malware vendors turned instead simpler profitable business model rogue security software targeted directly users desktop computers.rogue security software often distributed highly lucrative affiliate networks affiliates supplied trojan kits software paid fee every successful installation commission resulting purchases.affiliates become responsible setting infection vectors distribution infrastructure software.investigation security researchers antivirus xp rogue security software found affiliate network members grossing commissions upwards usd days tens thousands successful installations.countermeasures private efforts law enforcement legislation countries slow react appearance rogue security software.
Rogue security software	contrast several private initiatives providing discussion forums lists dangerous products founded soon appearance first rogue security software.reputable vendors kaspersky also began provide lists rogue security software.antispyware coalition founded coalition antispyware software companies academics consumer groups.many private initiatives initially informal discussions general internet forums started even entirely carried individual people.perhaps famous extensive one spyware warrior list roguesuspect antispyware products websites eric howes however updated since may .website recommends checking following websites new rogue antispyware programs really new simply rebranded clones knockoffs rogue applications around years.
CAPTCHA	government efforts december us district court maryland—at request ftc—issued restraining order innovative marketing inc kyivbased firm producing marketing rogue security software products winfixer winantivirus drivecleaner errorsafe xp antivirus.company usbased web host bytehosting internet hosting services llc assets frozen barred using domain names associated products advertisement false representation.law enforcement also exerted pressure banks shut merchant gateways involved processing rogue security software purchases.cases high volume credit card chargebacks generated purchases also prompted processors take action rogue security software vendors.see also antiviruslist rogue security softwarescarewaretechnical support scamwinwebsec notes references external links media related rogue software wikimedia commonscommon type captcha displayed version .first invented two groups working parallel.form captcha requires someone correctly evaluate enter sequence letters numbers perceptible distorted image displayed screen.test administered computer contrast standard turing test administered human captcha sometimes described reverse turing test.this user identification procedure received many criticisms especially people disabilities also people feel everyday work slowed distorted words difficult read.takes average person approximately seconds solve typical captcha.
CAPTCHA	history since early days internet users wanted make text illegible computers.first people hackers posting sensitive topics internet forums thought automatically monitored keywords.circumvent filters replaced word lookalike characters.hello could become ££ well numerous variants filter could possibly detect them.later became known leetspeak.one earliest commercial uses captchas gausebeck–levchin test.
CAPTCHA	idrive.com began protect signup page captcha prepared file patent seemingly novel technique.paypal used tests part fraud prevention strategy asked humans retype distorted text programs difficulty recognizing.paypal cofounder cto max levchin helped commercialize early use.a popular deployment captcha technology recaptcha acquired google .addition preventing bot fraud users google used recaptcha captcha technology digitize archives new york times books google books .inventorship claims two teams claimed first invent captchas used widely web today.
CAPTCHA	first team mark d. lillibridge martín abadi krishna bharat andrei broder used captchas altavista prevent bots adding uniform resource locator urls web search engine.looking way make images resistant optical character recognition ocr attack team looked manual brother scanner recommendations improving ocrs results similar typefaces plain backgrounds etc.. team created puzzles attempting simulate manual claimed would cause bad ocr.the second team claim first invent captchas luis von ahn manuel blum nicholas j. hopper john langford first described captchas publication subsequently received much coverage popular press.notion captcha covers program distinguish humans computers.the controversy inventorship resolved existence priority date patent application eran reshef gili raanan eilon solan second group worked sanctum application security firewall.patent application details invention based applying human advantage applying sensory cognitive skills solving simple problems prove extremely hard computer software.skills include limited processing sensory information identification objects letters within noisy graphical environment.
CAPTCHA	lillibridge abadi bharat broder first group published patent .patents predate publications several years though use term captcha describe ideas detail precisely depict graphical captchas used web today.characteristics captchas definition fully automated requiring little human maintenance intervention administer producing benefits cost reliability.the algorithm used create captcha must made public though may covered patent.done demonstrate breaking requires solution difficult problem field artificial intelligence ai rather discovery secret algorithm could obtained reverse engineering means.modern textbased captchas designed require simultaneous use three separate abilities—invariant recognition segmentation parsing—to correctly complete task consistency.invariant recognition refers ability recognize large amount variation shapes letters.overwhelmingly large number versions character human brain successfully identify.
CAPTCHA	true computer teaching recognize differing formations challenging task.segmentation ability separate one letter another also made difficult captchas characters crowded together white space between.context also critical.captcha must understood holistically correctly identify character.example one segment captcha letter might look like m. whole word taken context become clear u n.each problems poses significant challenge computer even isolation.presence three time makes captchas difficult solve.unlike computers humans excel type task.segmentation recognition two separate processes necessary understanding image computer part process person.
CAPTCHA	example individual understands first letter captcha individual also understands contours also melds contours next letter.additionally human brain capable dynamic thinking based upon context.able keep multiple explanations alive pick one best explanation whole input based upon contextual clues.also means fooled variations letters.relation ai used mostly security reasons captchas also serve benchmark task artificial intelligence technologies.
CAPTCHA	according article ahn blum langford program passes tests generated captcha used solve hard unsolved ai problem.they argue advantages using hard ai problems means security twofold.either problem goes unsolved remains reliable method distinguishing humans computers problem solved difficult ai problem resolved along it.case image text based captchas ai capable accurately completing task without exploiting flaws particular captcha design would solved problem developing ai capable complex object recognition scenes.accessibility captchas based reading text — visualperception tasks — prevent blind visually impaired users accessing protected resource.however captchas visual.
CAPTCHA	hard artificial intelligence problem speech recognition used basis captcha.implementations captchas permit users opt audio captcha though paper demonstrated technique defeating popular schemes time.for nonsighted users example blind users color blind people colorusing test visual captchas present serious problems.captchas designed unreadable machines common assistive technology tools screen readers cannot interpret them.since sites may use captchas part initial registration process even every login challenge completely block access.certain jurisdictions site owners could become targets litigation using captchas discriminate certain people disabilities.
CAPTCHA	example captcha may make site incompatible section united states.cases sight difficulties choose identify word read them.while providing audio captcha allows blind users read text still hinders blind deaf.according sense.org.uk people uk vision hearing impairments.people uk serious vision hearing impairments.according national technical assistance consortium children young adults deafblind ntac number deafblind children usa increased period .
CAPTCHA	gallaudet university quotes estimates suggest upwards fully deafblind adults usa.deafblind population estimates depend heavily degree impairment used definition.the use captcha thus excludes small number individuals using significant subsets common webbased services paypal gmail orkut yahoo many forum weblog systems etc.even perfectly sighted individuals new generations graphical captchas designed overcome sophisticated recognition software hard impossible read.a method improving captcha ease work proposed protectwebform named smart captcha.developers advised combine captcha javascript.since hard bots parse execute javascript combinatory method fills captcha fields hides image field human eyes proposed.one alternative method involves displaying user simple mathematical equation requiring user enter solution verification.although much easier defeat using software suitable scenarios graphical imagery appropriate provide much higher level accessibility blind users imagebased captchas.
CAPTCHA	sometimes referred maptchas mathematical.however may difficult users cognitive disorder.other kinds challenges require understanding meaning text e.g.logic puzzle trivia question instructions create password also used captcha.little research resistance countermeasures.circumvention approaches defeating captchas using cheap human labor recognize exploiting bugs implementation allow attacker completely bypass captcha finally using machine learning build automated solver.
CAPTCHA	according former google click fraud czar shuman ghosemajumder numerous services solve captchas automatically.machine learningbased attacks earliest iterations systematic methodology designing evaluating captchas.result many instances captchas fixed length therefore automated tasks could constructed successfully make educated guesses segmentation take place.early captchas contained limited sets words made test much easier game.still others made mistake relying heavily background confusion image.
CAPTCHA	case algorithms created successfully able complete task exploiting design flaws.methods proved brittle however slight changes captcha easily able thwart them.modern captchas like recaptcha longer rely fixed patterns instead present variations characters often collapsed together making segmentation almost impossible.newest iterations much successful warding automated tasks.in october artificial intelligence company vicarious claimed developed generic captchasolving algorithm able solve modern captchas character recognition rates .however luis von ahn pioneer early captcha founder recaptcha expressed skepticism stating hard impressed since see every months.
CAPTCHA	pointed similar claims vicarious made since .in august usenix woot conference bursztein et al.presented first generic captchasolving algorithm based reinforcement learning demonstrated efficiency many popular captcha schemas.concluded text distortion based captchas schemes considered insecure moving forward.in october acm ccs conference ye et al.presented deep learningbased attack could successfully solve text captcha schemes used top popular website high success rate.work shows effective captcha solver trained using real captchas showing possible quickly launch attack new text captcha scheme.
CAPTCHA	cheap unwitting human labor possible subvert captchas relaying sweatshop human operators employed decode captchas.paper wc working group stated operator could verify hundreds per hour.university california san diego conducted large scale study captcha farms found retail price solving one million captchas low .another technique described consists using script repost target sites captcha captcha site owned attacker unsuspecting humans visit correctly solve within short script use.technique likely economically unfeasible attackers due cost attracting enough users running popular site.outsourcing paid services multiple internet companies like captcha deathbycaptcha offer human machine backed captcha solving services low us.
CAPTCHA	per solved captchas.services offer apis libraries enable users integrate captcha circumvention tools captchas designed block first place.insecure implementation howard yeend identified two implementation issues poorly designed captcha systemssome captcha protection systems bypassed without using ocr simply reusing session id known captcha imagecaptchas residing shared servers also present problem security issue another virtual host may leave captcha issuers site vulnerablesometimes part software generating captcha clientside validation done server text user required identify rendered client side users modify client display unrendered text.captcha systems use md hashes stored clientside may leave captcha vulnerable bruteforce attack.notable attacks notable attacks various captchas schemas includemori et al.
CAPTCHA	published paper ieee cvpr detailing method defeating one popular captchas ezgimpy tested accurate defeating it.method also shown defeat complex lesswidely deployed gimpy program time.however existence implementations algorithm actual use indeterminate time.pwntcha made significant progress defeating commonly used captchas contributed general migration towards sophisticated captchas.podec trojan discovered security company kaspersky forwards captcha requests online human translation service converts image text fooling system.podec targets android mobile devices.alternative captchas schemas demonstration text distortion based captchas vulnerable machine learning based attacks researchers proposed alternatives including image recognition captchas require users identify simple objects images presented.
CAPTCHA	argument favor schemes tasks like object recognition typically complex perform text recognition therefore resilient machine learning based attacks.notable alternative captcha schemaschew et al.published work th international information security conference isc proposing three different versions image recognition captchas validating proposal user studies.suggested one versions anomaly captcha best human users able pass anomaly captcha least probability seconds.datta et al.published paper acm multimedia conference named imagination image generation internet authentication proposing systematic way image recognition captchas.
CAPTCHA	images distorted way stateoftheart image recognition approaches potential attack technologies fail recognize them.microsoft jeremy elson john r. douceur jon howell jared saul claim developed animal species image recognition restricting access asirra ask users distinguish cats dogs.microsoft beta version websites use.claim asirra easy users solved humans .time seconds.anecdotally users seemed find experience using asirra much enjoyable textbased captcha.
CAPTCHA	solution described paper proceedings th acm conference computer communications security ccs.however project closed october longer available.see also defense strategy computingnucaptchaproofofwork systemrecaptcha references references von ahn l m. blum j. langford.telling humans computers apart automatically.communications acm –.
National Security Agency	external links captcha curlieverification human loop identification via turing test moni naor .inaccessibility captcha alternatives visual turing tests web wc working group note.captcha history parc.reverse engineering captchas abram hindle michael w. godfrey richard c. holtnsa responsible global monitoring collection processing information data foreign domestic intelligence counterintelligence purposes specializing discipline known signals intelligence sigint.nsa also tasked protection u.s. communications networks information systems.nsa relies variety measures accomplish mission majority clandestine.existence nsa revealed .originating unit decipher coded communications world war ii officially formed nsa president harry s. truman .end cold war became largest u.s. intelligence organizations terms personnel budget information available indicates cia pulled ahead regard budget .
National Security Agency	billion.nsa currently conducts worldwide mass data collection known physically bug electronic systems one method end.nsa also alleged behind attack software stuxnet severely damaged irans nuclear program.nsa alongside central intelligence agency cia maintains physical presence many countries across globe ciansa joint special collection service highly classified intelligence team inserts eavesdropping devices high value targets presidential palaces embassies.scs collection tactics allegedly encompass close surveillance burglary wiretapping breaking entering.unlike cia defense intelligence agency dia specialize primarily foreign human espionage nsa publicly conduct humansource intelligence gathering.
National Security Agency	nsa entrusted providing assistance coordination sigint elements government organizations – prevented law engaging activities own.part responsibilities agency colocated organization called central security service css facilitates cooperation nsa u.s. defense cryptanalysis components.ensure streamlined communication signals intelligence community divisions nsa director simultaneously serves commander united states cyber command chief central security service.the nsas actions matter political controversy several occasions including spying anti–vietnam war leaders agencys participation economic espionage.nsa many secret surveillance programs revealed public edward snowden former nsa contractor.according leaked documents nsa intercepts stores communications billion people worldwide including united states citizens.
National Security Agency	documents also revealed nsa tracks hundreds millions peoples movements using cellphones metadata.internationally research pointed nsas ability surveil domestic internet traffic foreign countries boomerang routing.history formation origins national security agency traced back april three weeks u.s. congress declared war germany world war i. code cipher decryption unit established cable telegraph section also known cipher bureau.headquartered washington d.c. part war effort executive branch without direct congressional authorization.course war relocated armys organizational chart several times.
National Security Agency	july herbert o. yardley assigned head unit.point unit consisted yardley two civilian clerks.absorbed navys cryptanalysis functions july .world war ended november army cryptographic section military intelligence mi moved new york city may continued intelligence activities code compilation company direction yardley.black chamber disbandment u.s. army cryptographic section military intelligence known mi u.s. government created cipher bureau also known black chamber.
National Security Agency	black chamber united states first peacetime cryptanalytic organization.jointly funded army state department cipher bureau disguised new york city commercial code company actually produced sold codes business use.true mission however break communications chiefly diplomatic nations.washington naval conference aided american negotiators providing decrypted traffic many conference delegations including japanese.black chamber successfully persuaded western union largest u.s. telegram company time well several communications companies illegally give black chamber access cable traffic foreign embassies consulates.
National Security Agency	soon companies publicly discontinued collaboration.despite chambers initial successes shut u.s. secretary state henry l. stimson defended decision stating gentlemen read others mail.world war ii aftermath world war ii signal intelligence service sis created intercept decipher communications axis powers.war ended sis reorganized army security agency asa placed leadership director military intelligence.on may cryptologic activities centralized national organization called armed forces security agency afsa.organization originally established within u.s. department defense command joint chiefs staff.afsa tasked direct department defense communications electronic intelligence activities except u.s. military intelligence units.
National Security Agency	however afsa unable centralize communications intelligence failed coordinate civilian agencies shared interests department state central intelligence agency cia federal bureau investigation fbi.december president harry s. truman ordered panel investigate afsa failed achieve goals.results investigation led improvements redesignation national security agency.the national security council issued memorandum october revised national security council intelligence directive nscid .day truman issued second memorandum called establishment nsa.actual establishment nsa done november memo robert a. lovett secretary defense changing name afsa nsa making new agency responsible communications intelligence.
National Security Agency	since president trumans memo classified document existence nsa known public time.due ultrasecrecy u.s. intelligence community referred nsa agency.vietnam war nsa played key role expanding u.s. commitment vietnam war providing evidence north vietnamese attack american destroyer uss maddox gulf tonkin incident.a secret operation codenamed minaret set nsa monitor phone communications senators frank church howard baker well key leaders civil rights movement including martin luther king jr. prominent u.s. journalists athletes criticized vietnam war.however project turned controversial internal review nsa concluded minaret program disreputable outright illegal.the nsa mounted major effort secure tactical communications among u.s. forces war mixed success.nestor family compatible secure voice systems developed widely deployed vietnam war nestor sets produced.
National Security Agency	however variety technical operational problems limited use allowing north vietnamese exploit intercept u.s. communications.vol p. church committee hearings aftermath watergate scandal congressional hearing led senator frank church revealed nsa collaboration britains sigint intelligence agency government communications headquarters gchq routinely intercepted international communications prominent antivietnam war leaders jane fonda dr. benjamin spock.agency tracked individuals secret filing system destroyed .following resignation president richard nixon several investigations suspected misuse fbi cia nsa facilities.senator frank church uncovered previously unknown activity cia plot ordered administration president john f. kennedy assassinate fidel castro.
National Security Agency	investigation also uncovered nsas wiretaps targeted u.s. citizens.after church committee hearings foreign intelligence surveillance act passed.designed limit practice mass surveillance united states.nsa intercepted communications libyan government immediate aftermath berlin discotheque bombing.white house asserted nsa interception provided irrefutable evidence libya behind bombing u.s. president ronald reagan cited justification united states bombing libya.in multiyear investigation european parliament highlighted nsas role economic espionage report entitled development surveillance technology risk abuse economic information.year nsa founded nsa hall honor memorial national cryptologic museum fort meade maryland.
National Security Agency	memorial tribute pioneers heroes made significant longlasting contributions american cryptology.nsa employees must retired fifteen years qualify memorial.nsas infrastructure deteriorated defense budget cuts resulted maintenance deferrals.january nsa headquarters suffered total network outage three days caused overloaded network.incoming traffic successfully stored agency servers could directed processed.agency carried emergency repairs cost million get system running again.
National Security Agency	incoming traffic also directed instead britains gchq time being.director michael hayden called outage wakeup call need invest agencys infrastructure.in defensive arm nsa—the information assurance directorate iad—started working openly first public technical talk nsa scientist major cryptography conference j. solinas presentation efficient elliptic curve cryptography algorithms crypto .iads cooperative approach academia industry culminated support transparent process replacing outdated data encryption standard des advanced encryption standard aes.cybersecurity policy expert susan landau attributes nsas harmonious collaboration industry academia selection aes —and agencys support choice strong encryption algorithm designed europeans rather americans—to brian snow technical director iad represented nsa cochairman technical working group aes competition michael jacobs headed iad time.terrorist attacks september nsa believed public support dramatic expansion surveillance activities.
National Security Agency	according neal koblitz alfred menezes period nsa trusted partner academia industry development cryptographic standards started come end part change nsa postseptember era snow replaced technical director jacobs retired iad could longer effectively oppose proposed actions offensive arm nsa.war terror aftermath september attacks nsa created new systems deal flood information new technologies like internet cellphones.thinthread contained advanced data mining capabilities.also privacy mechanism surveillance stored encrypted decryption required warrant.research done program may contributed technology used later systems.
National Security Agency	thinthread cancelled michael hayden chose trailblazer include thinthreads privacy system.trailblazer project ramped worked science applications international corporation saic boeing computer sciences corporation ibm litton industries.nsa whistleblowers complained internally major problems surrounding trailblazer.led investigations congress nsa dod inspectors general.project cancelled early .turbulence started .developed small inexpensive test pieces rather one grand plan like trailblazer.
National Security Agency	also included offensive cyberwarfare capabilities like injecting malware remote computers.congress criticized turbulence similar bureaucratic problems trailblazer.realization information processing higher speeds cyberspace.global surveillance disclosures massive extent nsas spying foreign domestic revealed public series detailed disclosures internal nsa documents beginning june .disclosures leaked former nsa contractor edward snowden.
National Security Agency	september nsas surveillance program ruled unlawful us court appeals.court also added us intelligence leaders publicly defended telling truth.mission nsas eavesdropping mission includes radio broadcasting various organizations individuals internet telephone calls intercepted forms communication.secure communications mission includes military diplomatic sensitive confidential secret government communications.according article washington post every day collection systems national security agency intercept store .billion emails phone calls types communications.
National Security Agency	nsa sorts fraction separate databases.because listening task nsacss heavily involved cryptanalytic research continuing work predecessor agencies broken many world war ii codes ciphers see instance purple venona project jn.in nsa central security service national cyber security division department homeland security dhs agreed expand nsa centers academic excellence information assurance education program.as part national security presidential directive homeland security presidential directive nspd signed january president bush nsa became lead agency monitor protect federal governments computer networks cyberterrorism.a part nsas mission serve combat support agency department defense.operations operations national security agency divided three typescollection overseas falls responsibility global access operations gao division.domestic collection falls responsibility special source operations sso division.hacking operations fall responsibility tailored access operations tao division.collection overseas echelon echelon created incubator cold war.today legacy system several nsa stations closing.nsacss combination equivalent agencies united kingdom government communications headquarters canada communications security establishment australia australian signals directorate new zealand government communications security bureau otherwise known ukusa group reported command operation socalled echelon system.capabilities suspected include ability monitor large proportion worlds transmitted civilian telephone fax data traffic.during early first became eight large satellite communications dishes installed menwith hill.
National Security Agency	investigative journalist duncan campbell reported echelon surveillance program extension ukusa agreement global signals intelligence sigint detailed eavesdropping operations worked.november bbc reported confirmation australian government existence powerful global spying network codenamed echelon could eavesdrop every single phone call fax email anywhere planet britain united states chief protagonists.confirmed menwith hill linked directly headquarters us national security agency nsa fort meade maryland.nsas united states signals intelligence directive ussid strictly prohibited interception collection information ... u.s. persons entities corporations organizations.... without explicit written legal permission united states attorney general subject located abroad foreign intelligence surveillance court within u.s. borders.alleged echelonrelated activities including use motives national security including political industrial espionage received criticism countries outside ukusa alliance.sigint operations overseas nsa also involved planning blackmail people sexint intelligence gained potential targets sexual activity preferences.
National Security Agency	targeted committed apparent crime charged one.in order support facial recognition program nsa intercepting millions images per day.the real time regional gateway data collection program introduced iraq nsa iraq war consisted gathering electronic communication storing searching otherwise analyzing it.effective providing information iraqi insurgents eluded less comprehensive techniques.collect strategy introduced nsa director keith b. alexander believed glenn greenwald guardian model comprehensive worldwide mass archiving communications nsa engaged .a dedicated unit nsa locates targets cia extrajudicial assassination middle east.nsa also spied extensively european union united nations numerous governments including allies trading partners europe south america asia.in june wikileaks published documents showing nsa spied french companies.in july wikileaks published documents showing nsa spied federal german ministries since s. even germanys chancellor angela merkels cellphones phone predecessors intercepted.boundless informant edward snowden revealed june february march nsa collected .
National Security Agency	billion telephone data items .billion computer data items throughout world displayed charts internal nsa tool codenamed boundless informant.initially reported data reflected eavesdropping citizens countries like germany spain france later became clear data collected european agencies military missions abroad subsequently shared nsa.bypassing encryption reporters uncovered secret memo claims nsa created pushed adoption dual ec drbg encryption standard contained builtin vulnerabilities united states national institute standards technology nist international organization standardization aka iso.memo appears give credence previous speculation cryptographers microsoft research.

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