Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
National Security Agency	edward snowden claims nsa often bypasses encryption altogether lifting information encrypted decrypted.xkeyscore rules specified file xkeyscorerules.txt sourced german tv stations ndr wdr claim excerpts source code reveal nsa tracks users privacyenhancing software tools including tor anonymous email service provided mit computer science artificial intelligence laboratory csail cambridge massachusetts readers linux journal.software backdoors linus torvalds founder linux kernel joked linuxcon keynote september nsa founder selinux wanted backdoor kernel.however later linus father member european parliament mep revealed nsa actually this.when oldest son asked question approached nsa backdoors said time nodded.sort legal free.given right answer everybody understood nsa approached him.ibm notes first widely adopted software product use public key cryptography client–server server–server authentication encryption data.
National Security Agency	us laws regulating encryption changed ibm lotus prohibited exporting versions notes supported symmetric encryption keys longer bits.lotus negotiated agreement nsa allowed export version supported stronger keys bits bits encrypted special key included message provide workload reduction factor nsa.strengthened protection users notes outside us privatesector industrial espionage spying us government.boomerang routing assumed foreign transmissions terminating u.s. nonu.s.citizen accessing u.s. website subject nonu.s.
National Security Agency	citizens nsa surveillance recent research boomerang routing raised new concerns nsas ability surveil domestic internet traffic foreign countries.boomerang routing occurs internet transmission originates terminates single country transits another.research university toronto suggested approximately canadian domestic traffic may subject nsa surveillance activities result boomerang routing canadian internet service providers.hardware implanting document included nsa files released glenn greenwalds book place hide details agencys tailored access operations tao nsa units gain access hardware.intercept routers servers network hardware shipped organizations targeted surveillance install covert implant firmware onto delivered.
National Security Agency	described nsa manager productive operations tao preposition access points hard target networks around world.computers seized nsa due interdiction often modified physical device known cottonmouth.cottonmouth device inserted usb port computer order establish remote access targeted machine.according nsas tailored access operations tao group implant catalog implanting cottonmouth nsa establish network bridge allows nsa load exploit software onto modified computers well allowing nsa relay commands data hardware software implants.domestic collection nsas mission set forth executive order collect information constitutes foreign intelligence counterintelligence acquiring information concerning domestic activities united states persons.nsa declared relies fbi collect information foreign intelligence activities within borders united states confining activities within united states embassies missions foreign nations.the appearance domestic surveillance directorate nsa soon exposed hoax .nsas domestic surveillance activities limited requirements imposed fourth amendment u.s. constitution.
National Security Agency	foreign intelligence surveillance court example held october citing multiple supreme court precedents fourth amendment prohibitions unreasonable searches seizures apply contents communications whatever means persons private communications akin personal papers.however protections apply nonu.s.persons located outside u.s. borders nsas foreign surveillance efforts subject far fewer limitations u.s. law.specific requirements domestic surveillance operations contained foreign intelligence surveillance act fisa extend protection nonu.s.citizens located outside u.s. territory.
National Security Agency	presidents surveillance program george w. bush president terrorist attacks approved patriot act shortly attacks take antiterrorist security measures.title specifically authorized measures would taken nsa.titles granted enhanced domestic security terrorism surveillance procedures improved intelligence respectively.march debate president bush white house counsel alberto gonzales attorney general john ashcroft acting attorney general james comey.attorneys general unsure nsas programs could considered constitutional.
National Security Agency	threatened resign matter ultimately nsas programs continued.march president bush signed new authorization mass surveillance internet records addition surveillance phone records.allowed president able override laws foreign intelligence surveillance act protected civilians mass surveillance.addition president bush also signed measures mass surveillance also retroactively place.one surveillance program authorized u.s. signals intelligence directive president george bush highlander project undertaken national security agency u.s. army th military intelligence brigade.nsa relayed telephone including cell phone conversations obtained ground airborne satellite monitoring stations various u.s. army signal intelligence officers including st military intelligence battalion.
National Security Agency	conversations citizens u.s. intercepted along nations.proponents surveillance program claim president executive authority order action arguing laws fisa overridden presidents constitutional powers.addition argued fisa implicitly overridden subsequent statute authorization use military force although supreme courts ruling hamdan v. rumsfeld deprecates view.prism program prism program started nsa gathers internet communications foreign targets nine major u.s. internetbased communication service providers microsoft yahoo google facebook paltalk aol skype youtube apple.data gathered include email videos photos voip chats skype file transfers.former nsa director general keith alexander claimed september nsa prevented najibullah zazi friends carrying terrorist attack.however claim debunked evidence presented demonstrating nsa ever instrumental preventing terrorist attack.
National Security Agency	hacking operations besides traditional ways eavesdropping order collect signals intelligence nsa also engaged hacking computers smartphones networks.division conducts operations tailored access operations tao division active since least circa .according foreign policy magazine ... office tailored access operations tao successfully penetrated chinese computer telecommunications systems almost years generating best reliable intelligence information going inside peoples republic china.in interview wired magazine edward snowden said tailored access operations division accidentally caused syrias internet blackout .organizational structure nsa led director national security agency dirnsa also serves chief central security service chcss commander united states cyber command uscybercom highestranking military official organizations.assisted deputy director highestranking civilian within nsacss.nsa also inspector general head office inspector general oig general counsel head office general counsel ogc director compliance head office director compliance odoc.unlike intelligence organizations cia dia nsa always particularly reticent concerning internal organizational structure.as mids national security agency organized five directoratesthe operations directorate responsible sigint collection processing.the technology systems directorate develops new technologies sigint collection processing.the information systems security directorate responsible nsas communications information security missions.the plans policy programs directorate provided staff support general direction agency.the support services directorate provided logistical administrative support activities.each directorates consisted several groups elements designated letter.example group responsible sigint operations soviet union eastern europe g group responsible sigint related noncommunist countries.
National Security Agency	groups divided units designated additional number like unit breaking soviet codes g office middle east north africa cuba central south america.directorates nsa dozen directorates designated letter although publicly known.in year leadership team formed consisting director deputy director directors signals intelligence sid information assurance iad technical directorate td.chiefs main nsa divisions became associate directors senior leadership team.after president george w. bush initiated presidents surveillance program psp nsa created hour metadata analysis center mac followed advanced analysis division aad mission analyzing content internet metadata telephone metadata.units part signals intelligence directorate.a proposal would combine signals intelligence directorate information assurance directorate directorate operations.nsanet nsanet stands national security agency network official nsa intranet.
National Security Agency	classified network information level tssci support use sharing intelligence data nsa signals intelligence agencies four nations five eyes partnership.management nsanet delegated central security service texas csstexas.nsanet highly secured computer network consisting fiberoptic satellite communication channels almost completely separated public internet.network allows nsa personnel civilian military intelligence analysts anywhere world access agencys systems databases.access tightly controlled monitored.example every keystroke logged activities audited random downloading printing documents nsanet recorded.in nsanet along niprnet siprnet significant problems poor search capabilities unorganized data old information.
National Security Agency	network reported used twenty commercial offtheshelf operating systems.universities highly sensitive research allowed connect it.the thousands top secret internal nsa documents taken edward snowden stored filesharing location nsas intranet site could easily read online nsa personnel.everyone tssciclearance access documents.system administrator snowden responsible moving accidentally misplaced highly sensitive documents safer storage locations.watch centers nsa maintains least two watch centersnational security operations center nsoc nsas current operations center focal point timesensitive sigint reporting united states sigint system usss.
National Security Agency	center established national sigint watch center nswc renamed national sigint operations center nsoc .nerve center nsa got current name .nsacss threat operations center ntoc primary nsacss partner department homeland security response cyber incidents.ntoc establishes realtime network awareness threat characterization capabilities forecast alert attribute malicious activity enable coordination computer network operations.ntoc established joint information assurance signals intelligence project.nsa police nsa police force known nsa police formerly nsa security protective force provides law enforcement services emergency response physical security nsas people property.nsa police armed federal officers.
National Security Agency	nsa police use k division generally conducts explosive detection screening mail vehicles cargo entering nsa grounds.nsa police use marked vehicles carry patrols.employees number nsa employees officially classified several sources providing estimates.in nsa military civilian employees grew worked headquarters fort meade.early nsa roughly military civilian personnel.number grown worked nsa headquarters.nsas budget workforce cut one third led substantial loss experience.in nsa said employees worked fort meade facilities.
National Security Agency	john c. inglis deputy director said total number nsa employees somewhere one billion joke stated agency probably biggest employer introverts.der spiegel stated nsa employees.widely described worlds largest single employer mathematicians.nsa employees form part workforce national reconnaissance office nro agency provides nsa satellite signals intelligence.as system administrators work nsa.personnel security nsa received criticism early two agents defected soviet union.
National Security Agency	investigations house unamerican activities committee special subcommittee united states house committee armed services revealed severe cases ignorance personnel security regulations prompting former personnel director director security step leading adoption stricter security practices.nonetheless security breaches reoccurred year later issue izvestia july former nsa employee published several cryptologic secrets.the day nsa clerkmessenger committed suicide ongoing investigations disclosed sold secret information soviets regular basis.reluctance congressional houses look affairs prompted journalist write similar series tragic blunders occurred ordinary agency government aroused public would insist responsible officially censured demoted fired.david kahn criticized nsas tactics concealing doings smug congress blind faith agencys rightdoing shortsighted pointed necessity surveillance congress prevent abuse power.edward snowdens leaking existence prism caused nsa institute twoman rule two system administrators required present one accesses certain sensitive information.snowden claims suggested rule .
National Security Agency	polygraphing nsa conducts polygraph tests employees.new employees tests meant discover enemy spies applying nsa uncover information could make applicant pliant coercion.part latter historically epqs embarrassing personal questions sexual behavior included nsa polygraph.nsa also conducts fiveyear periodic reinvestigation polygraphs employees focusing counterintelligence programs.addition nsa conducts periodic polygraph investigations order find spies leakers refuse take may receive termination employment according memorandum director nsa.there also special access examination polygraphs employees wish work highly sensitive areas polygraphs cover counterintelligence questions questions behavior.
National Security Agency	nsas brochure states average test length two four hours.report office technology assessment stated appears nsa national security agency possibly cia use polygraph determine deception truthfulness per se technique interrogation encourage admissions.sometimes applicants polygraph process confess committing felonies murder rape selling illegal drugs.job applicants took polygraph tests .confessed previous felony crimes almost crimes undetected.in nsa produced video explaining polygraph process.
National Security Agency	video ten minutes long titled truth polygraph posted web site defense security service.jeff stein washington post said video portrays various applicants actors playing them—its clear—describing everything bad heard test implication none true.antipolygraph.org argues nsaproduced video omits information polygraph process produced video responding nsa video.george maschke founder web site accused nsa polygraph video orwellian.a article indicated edward snowden revealed identity nsa began requiring polygraphing employees per quarter.arbitrary firing number exemptions legal requirements criticized.
National Security Agency	congress hearing bill giving director nsa power fire employee washington post wrote definition arbitrariness.means employee could discharged disgraced basis anonymous allegations without slightest opportunity defend himself.yet bill accepted overwhelming majority.also every person hired job us private organization state federal government agency must reported new hire registry ostensibly look child support evaders except employees intelligence agency may excluded reporting director deems necessary national security reasons.facilities headquarters history headquarters agency first established headquarters cryptographic center naval security station washington d.c. comint functions located arlington hall northern virginia served headquarters u.s. armys cryptographic operations.
National Security Agency	soviet union detonated nuclear bomb facilities crowded federal government wanted move several agencies including afsansa.planning committee considered fort knox fort meade maryland ultimately chosen nsa headquarters far enough away washington d.c. case nuclear strike close enough employees would move families.construction additional buildings began agency occupied buildings fort meade late soon outgrew.new headquarters building nine stories tall opened.nsa workers referred building headquarters building since nsa management occupied top floor workers used ninth floor refer leaders.comsec remained washington d.c. new building completed .
National Security Agency	september operations b buildings coppershielded prevent eavesdropping opened dedication president ronald reagan.four nsa buildings became known big four.nsa director moved b opened.headquarters national security agency located °′″n °′″w fort george g. meade maryland although separate compounds agencies based within military installation.fort meade mi km southwest baltimore mi km northeast washington d.c. nsa two dedicated exits baltimore–washington parkway.eastbound exit parkway heading toward baltimore open public provides employee access main campus public access national cryptology museum.
National Security Agency	westbound side exit heading toward washington labeled nsa employees only.exit may used people proper clearances security vehicles parked along road guard entrance.nsa largest employer state maryland twothirds personnel work fort meade.built acres ha .sq mi fort meades acres ha .sq mi site buildings estimated parking spaces.the main nsa headquarters operations building james bamford author body secrets describes modern boxy structure appears similar stylish office building.
National Security Agency	building covered oneway dark glass lined copper shielding order prevent espionage trapping signals sounds.contains square feet acres ha floor space bamford said u.s. capitol could easily fit inside four times over.the facility watchposts one visitor control center twostory area serves entrance.entrance white pentagonal structure visitor badges issued visitors security clearances employees checked.visitor center includes painting nsa seal.the opsa building tallest building nsa complex location much agencys operations directorate accessible visitor center.bamford described dark glass rubiks cube.
National Security Agency	facilitys red corridor houses nonsecurity operations concessions drug store.name refers red badge worn someone without security clearance.nsa headquarters includes cafeteria credit union ticket counters airlines entertainment barbershop bank.nsa headquarters post office fire department police force.the employees nsa headquarters reside various places baltimorewashington area including annapolis baltimore columbia maryland district columbia including georgetown community.nsa maintains shuttle service odenton station marc visitor control center done since .
National Security Agency	power consumption following major power outage followups baltimore sun reported nsa risk electrical overload insufficient internal electrical infrastructure fort meade support amount equipment installed.problem apparently recognized made priority agencys ability keep operations going threatened.on august baltimore sun reported nsa completely maxed grid baltimore gas electric bge constellation energy unable sell power.nsa decided move operations new satellite facility.bge provided nsa megawatts fort meade expected increase megawatts would needed later year.nsa marylands largest consumer power.bges largest customer nsa bought much electricity annapolis capital city maryland.one estimate put potential power consumption new utah data center us million per year.
National Security Agency	computing assets baltimore sun reported nsa owner single largest group supercomputers.nsa held groundbreaking ceremony fort meade may high performance computing center expected open .called site center megawatt power substation administrative buildings parking garages.cost .billion covers acres ha .sq mi.
National Security Agency	center square feet ha .sq mi initially uses megawatts electricity.increments ii iii expected completed would quadruple space covering square feet ha .sq mi buildings parking garages.defense contractors also establishing expanding cybersecurity facilities near nsa around washington metropolitan area.national computer security center dod computer security center founded renamed national computer security center ncsc .
National Security Agency	ncsc responsible computer security throughout federal government.ncsc part nsa late nsa ncsc published trusted computer system evaluation criteria sixfoot high rainbow series books detailed trusted computing network platform specifications.rainbow books replaced common criteria however early s. u.s. facilities nsa collected intelligence four geostationary satellites.satellite receivers roaring creek station catawissa pennsylvania salt creek station arbuckle california.operated ten twenty taps u.s. telecom switches.
National Security Agency	nsa installations several u.s. states observed intercepts europe middle east north africa latin america asia.nsa facilities friendship annex fanx linthicum maryland minute drive fort meade aerospace data facility buckley space force base aurora colorado nsa texas texas cryptology center lackland air force base san antonio texas nsa georgia georgia cryptologic center fort gordon augusta georgia nsa hawaii hawaii cryptologic center honolulu multiprogram research facility oak ridge tennessee elsewhere.on january groundbreaking ceremony held begin construction nsas first comprehensive national cybersecurity initiative cnci data center known utah data center short..b data center built camp williams utah located miles km south salt lake city help support agencys national cybersecurity initiative.expected operational september .construction utah data center finished may .in protect assets access electricity nsa sought decentralize expand existing facilities fort meade menwith hill latter expansion expected completed .the yakima heraldrepublic cited bamford saying many nsas bases echelon program legacy system using outdated technology.nsa closed operations bad aibling station field station bad aibling germany.
National Security Agency	nsa began move operations yakima research station yakima training center washington state colorado planning leave yakima closed.nsa also intended close operations sugar grove west virginia.international stations following signing – ukusa agreement united states united kingdom canada australia new zealand cooperated signals intelligence echelon nsa stations built gchq bude morwenstow united kingdom geraldton pine gap shoal bay australia leitrim ottawa ontario canada misawa japan waihopai tangimoana new zealand.nsa operates raf menwith hill north yorkshire united kingdom according bbc news largest electronic monitoring station world.planned opened base covered acres ha .sq mi .the agencys european cryptologic center ecc employees headquartered us military compound griesheim near frankfurt germany.
National Security Agency	nsa report indicates ecc responsible largest analysis productivity europe focuses various priorities including africa europe middle east counterterrorism operations.in new consolidated intelligence center also used nsa built headquarters united states army europe wiesbaden germany.nsas partnership bundesnachrichtendienst bnd german foreign intelligence service confirmed bnd president gerhard schindler.thailand thailand rd party partner nsa along nine nations.nonenglishspeaking countries made security agreements exchange sigint raw material end product reports.thailand site least two us sigint collection stations.one us embassy bangkok joint nsacia special collection service scs unit.
National Security Agency	presumably eavesdrops foreign embassies governmental communications targets opportunity.the second installation fornsat foreign satellite interception station thai city khon kaen.codenamed indra also referred lemonwood.station approximately hectares acres size consists large – – ft operations building west side ops compound four radomeenclosed parabolic antennas.possibly two radomeenclosed antennas used satcom intercept two antennas used relaying intercepted material back nsa.also pushertype circularlydisposed antenna array cdaa north ops compound.nsa activated khon kaen october .
National Security Agency	mission eavesdrop radio traffic chinese army air force units southern china especially around city kunming yunnan province.late base consisted small cdaa antenna array remotecontrolled via satellite nsa listening post kunia hawaii small force civilian contractors bendix field engineering corp. whose job keep antenna array satellite relay facilities running .according papers late general william odom indra facility upgraded new britishmade pusher cdaa antenna part overall upgrade nsa thai sigint facilities whose objective spy neighboring communist nations vietnam laos cambodia.the base apparently fell disrepair china vietnam became friendly towards us archived satellite imagery showed pusher cdaa antenna torn perhaps indicating base closed.point period since khon kaen base reactivated expanded include sizeable satcom intercept mission.likely nsa presence khon kaen relatively small work done civilian contractors.research development nsa involved debates public policy indirectly behindthescenes adviser departments directly vice admiral bobby ray inmans directorship.
National Security Agency	nsa major player debates regarding export cryptography united states.restrictions export reduced eliminated .its secure government communications work involved nsa numerous technology areas including design specialized communications hardware software production dedicated semiconductors ft. meade chip fabrication plant advanced cryptography research.years nsa designed built computer equipment inhouse u.s. congress curtailed practice agency contracted private sector fields research equipment.data encryption standard nsa embroiled controversy concerning involvement creation data encryption standard des standard public block cipher algorithm used u.s. government banking community.development des ibm nsa recommended changes details design.
National Security Agency	suspicion changes weakened algorithm sufficiently enable agency eavesdrop required including speculation critical component—the socalled sboxes—had altered insert backdoor reduction key length might made feasible nsa discover des keys using massive computing power.since observed sboxes des particularly resilient differential cryptanalysis technique publicly discovered late known ibm des team.advanced encryption standard involvement nsa selecting successor data encryption standard des advanced encryption standard aes limited hardware performance testing see aes competition.nsa subsequently certified aes protection classified information used nsaapproved systems.nsa encryption systems nsa responsible encryptionrelated components legacy systemsfnbdt future narrow band digital terminalkl adonis offline rotor encryption machine postwwii – skw romulus electronic inline teletypewriter encryptor s–skw jason fleet broadcast encryptor s–sky vinson tactical radio voice encryptorkg dedicated data encryptiondecryptionstuiii secure telephone unit phased stethe nsa oversees encryption following systems use todayekms electronic key management systemfortezza encryption based portable crypto token pc card formatsincgars tactical radio cryptographically controlled frequency hoppingste secure terminal equipmenttaclane product line general dynamics c systemsthe nsa specified suite suite b cryptographic algorithm suites used u.s. government systems suite b algorithms subset previously specified nist expected serve information protection purposes suite algorithms secret intended especially high levels protection.
National Security Agency	sha widely used sha sha hash functions designed nsa.sha slight modification weaker sha algorithm also designed nsa .small modification suggested nsa two years later justification fact provides additional security.attack sha apply revised algorithm indeed found academic cryptographers.weaknesses key length restrictions sha nist deprecates use digital signatures approves newer sha algorithms applications on.a new hash standard sha recently selected competition concluded october selection keccak algorithm.
National Security Agency	process select sha similar one held choosing aes doubts cast since fundamental modifications made keccak order turn standard.changes potentially undermine cryptanalysis performed competition reduce security levels algorithm.clipper chip concerns widespread use strong cryptography would hamper government use wiretaps nsa proposed concept key escrow introduced clipper chip would offer stronger protection des would allow access encrypted data authorized law enforcement officials.proposal strongly opposed key escrow requirements ultimately went nowhere.however nsas fortezza hardwarebased encryption cards created clipper project still used within government nsa ultimately declassified published design skipjack cipher used cards.
National Security Agency	dual ec drbg random number generator cryptotrojan nsa promoted inclusion random number generator called dual ec drbg u.s. national institute standards technologys guidelines.led speculation backdoor would allow nsa access data encrypted systems using pseudorandom number generator prng.this deemed plausible based fact output next iterations prng provably determined relation two internal elliptic curve points known.nist rsa officially recommending use prng.perfect citizen perfect citizen program perform vulnerability assessment nsa u.s. critical infrastructure.originally reported program develop system sensors detect cyber attacks critical infrastructure computer networks private public sector network monitoring system named einstein.
National Security Agency	funded comprehensive national cybersecurity initiative thus far raytheon received contract million initial stage.academic research nsa invested many millions dollars academic research grant code prefix mda resulting papers october .nsacss times attempted restrict publication academic research cryptography example khufu khafre block ciphers voluntarily withheld response nsa request so.response foia lawsuit nsa released page research paper titled untangling web guide internet research written compiled nsa employees assist nsa workers searching information interest agency public internet.patents nsa ability file patent u.s. patent trademark office gag order.
National Security Agency	unlike normal patents revealed public expire.however patent office receives application identical patent third party reveal nsas patent officially grant nsa full term date.one nsas published patents describes method geographically locating individual computer site internetlike network based latency multiple network connections.although public patent exists nsa reported used similar locating technology called trilateralization allows realtime tracking individuals location including altitude ground level using data obtained cellphone towers.insignia memorials heraldic insignia nsa consists eagle inside circle grasping key talons.eagle represents agencys national mission.
National Security Agency	breast features shield bands red white taken great seal united states representing congress.key taken emblem saint peter represents security.when nsa created agency emblem used department defense.agency adopted first two emblems .current nsa insignia use since thendirector ltg marshall s. carter usa ordered creation device represent agency.the nsas flag consists agencys seal light blue background.crews associated nsa missions involved number dangerous deadly situations.uss liberty incident uss pueblo incident examples losses endured cold war.the national security agencycentral security service cryptologic memorial honors remembers fallen personnel military civilian intelligence missions.
National Security Agency	made black granite names carved .located nsa headquarters.tradition declassifying stories fallen begun .constitutionality legality privacy questions regarding operations united states least since legal controversy signal intelligence used much freedom national security agency use signal intelligence.government made slight changes uses collects certain types data specifically phone records.
National Security Agency	government analyzing phone records early .surveillance programs deemed unlawful september court appeals case.warrantless wiretaps december new york times reported white house pressure executive order president george w. bush national security agency attempt thwart terrorism tapping phone calls made persons outside country without obtaining warrants united states foreign intelligence surveillance court secret court created purpose foreign intelligence surveillance act fisa.edward snowden edward snowden american intelligence contractor revealed existence secret wideranging informationgathering programs conducted national security agency nsa.specifically snowden released information demonstrated united states government gathering immense amounts personal communications emails phone locations web histories american citizens without knowledge.
National Security Agency	one snowdens primary motivators releasing information fear surveillance state developing result infrastructure created nsa.snowden recounts believe point history greatest danger freedom way life comes reasonable fear omniscient state powers kept check nothing policy documents... value intelligence oppose ...omniscient automatic mass surveillance.
National Security Agency	...seems greater threat institutions free society missed intelligence reports unworthy costs.” march army general martin dempsey chairman joint chiefs staff told house armed services committee vast majority documents snowden ... exfiltrated highest levels security ... nothing exposing government oversight domestic activities.vast majority related military capabilities operations tactics techniques procedures.
National Security Agency	asked may interview quantify number documents snowden stole retired nsa director keith alexander said accurate way counting took snowden may downloaded million documents.surveillance january center constitutional rights filed lawsuit ccr v. bush george w. bush presidency.lawsuit challenged national security agencys nsas surveillance people within u.s. including interception ccr emails without securing warrant first.in august case aclu v. nsa u.s. district court judge anna diggs taylor concluded nsas warrantless surveillance program illegal unconstitutional.july th circuit court appeals vacated decision grounds aclu lacked standing bring suit.in september electronic frontier foundation eff filed class action lawsuit nsa several highranking officials bush administration charging illegal unconstitutional program dragnet communications surveillance based documentation provided former att technician mark klein.as result usa freedom act passed congress june nsa shut bulk phone surveillance program november year.usa freedom act forbids nsa collect metadata content phone calls unless warrant terrorism investigation.
National Security Agency	case agency must ask telecom companies record kept six months.nsas use large telecom companies assist surveillance efforts caused several privacy concerns.– att internet monitoring may mark klein former att employee alleged company cooperated nsa installing narus hardware replace fbi carnivore program monitor network communications including traffic u.s. citizens.data mining nsa reported use computing capability analyze transactional data regularly acquires government agencies gather jurisdictional authorities.part effort nsa monitors huge volumes records domestic email data web addresses internet searches bank transfers creditcard transactions travel records telephone data according current former intelligence officials interviewed wall street journal.
National Security Agency	sender recipient subject line emails included content messages phone calls not.a advisory group obama administration seeking reform nsa spying programs following revelations documents released edward j. snowden.mentioned recommendation page ...that national security council staff manage interagency process review regular basis activities us government regarding attacks exploit previously unknown vulnerability computer application.retired cybersecurity expert richard a. clarke group member stated april nsa advance knowledge heartbleed.illegally obtained evidence august revealed irs training document showed nsa intelligence intercepts wiretaps foreign domestic supplied drug enforcement administration dea internal revenue service irs illegally used launch criminal investigations us citizens.law enforcement agents directed conceal investigations began recreate apparently legal investigative trail reobtaining evidence means.
National Security Agency	barack obama administration months leading april nsa intercepted communications u.s. citizens including congressman although justice department believed interception unintentional.justice department took action correct issues bring program compliance existing laws.united states attorney general eric holder resumed program according understanding foreign intelligence surveillance act amendment without explaining occurred.polls conducted june found divided results among americans regarding nsas secret data collection.rasmussen reports found americans disapprove gallup found disapprove pew found favor nsa data collection.section metadata collection april nsa obtained court order requiring verizons business network services provide metadata calls system nsa ongoing daily basis threemonth period reported guardian june .
National Security Agency	information includes numbers parties call ... location data call duration unique identifiers time duration calls contents conversation itself.order relies socalled business records provision patriot act.in august following snowden leaks new details nsas data mining activity revealed.reportedly majority emails united states captured selected communications links automatically analyzed keywords selectors.emails match deleted.the utility massive metadata collection preventing terrorist attacks disputed.many studies reveal dragnet like system ineffective.
National Security Agency	one report released new america foundation concluded analysis terrorism cases nsa discernible impact preventing acts terrorism.defenders program said metadata alone cannot provide information necessary prevent attack assures ability connect dots suspect foreign numbers domestic numbers speed nsas software capable of.one benefit quickly able determine difference suspicious activity real threats.example nsa director general keith b. alexander mentioned annual cybersecurity summit metadata analysis domestic phone call records boston marathon bombing helped determine rumors followup attack new york baseless.in addition doubts effectiveness many people argue collection metadata unconstitutional invasion privacy.collection process remained legal grounded ruling smith v. maryland .prominent opponent data collection legality u.s. district judge richard j. leon issued report stated cannot imagine indiscriminate arbitrary invasion systematic high tech collection retention personal data virtually every single citizen purposes querying analyzing without prior judicial approval...surely program infringes degree privacy founders enshrined fourth amendment.as may united states court appeals second circuit ruled interpretation section patriot act wrong nsa program collecting americans phone records bulk illegal.
National Security Agency	stated section cannot clearly interpreted allow government collect national phone data result expired june .ruling first time higherlevel court regular judicial system reviewed nsa phone records program.replacement law known usa freedom act enable nsa continue bulk access citizens metadata stipulation data stored companies themselves.change effect agency procedures – outside metadata collection – purportedly challenged americans fourth amendment rights including upstream collection mass techniques used agency collect store americans datacommunications directly internet backbone.under upstream collection program nsa paid telecommunications companies hundreds millions dollars order collect data them.companies google yahoo claim provide direct access servers nsa unless court order nsa access emails phone calls cellular data users.
National Security Agency	new ruling telecommunications companies maintain bulk user metadata servers least months provided upon request nsa.ruling made mass storage specific phone records nsa datacenters illegal rule section constitutionality.fourth amendment encroachment declassified document revealed phone lines improperly permitted alert list breach compliance tagged phone lines daily monitoring.eleven percent monitored phone lines met agencys legal standard reasonably articulable suspicion ras.the nsa tracks locations hundreds millions cellphones per day allowing map peoples movements relationships detail.nsa reported access communications made via google microsoft facebook yahoo youtube aol skype apple paltalk collects hundreds millions contact lists personal email instant messaging accounts year.
National Security Agency	also managed weaken much encryption used internet collaborating coercing otherwise infiltrating numerous technology companies leave backdoors systems majority encryption inadvertently vulnerable different forms attack.domestically nsa proven collect store metadata records phone calls including million us verizon subscribers well intercept vast amounts communications via internet upstream.governments legal standing rely secret interpretation patriot act whereby entirety us communications may considered relevant terrorism investigation expected even tiny minority may relate terrorism.nsa also supplies foreign intercepts dea irs law enforcement agencies use initiate criminal investigations.federal agents instructed recreate investigative trail via parallel construction.the nsa also spies influential muslims obtain information could used discredit use pornography.targets domestic abroad suspected crime hold religious political views deemed radical nsa.according report washington post july relying information provided snowden placed surveillance u.s. ordinary americans intended targets.
National Security Agency	newspaper said examined documents including emails text messages online accounts support claim.congressional oversight intelligence committees us house senate exercise primary oversight nsa members congress denied access materials information regarding agency activities.united states foreign intelligence surveillance court secret court charged regulating nsas activities according chief judge incapable investigating verifying often nsa breaks even secret rules.since reported nsa violated rules data access thousands times year many violations involving largescale data interceptions.nsa officers even used data intercepts spy love interests nsa violations selfreported instance resulted administrative action termination.the nsa generally disregarded special rules disseminating united states person information illegally sharing intercepts law enforcement agencies.
National Security Agency	march fisa court opinion court released states protocols restricting data queries frequently systemically violated fairly said critical element overall ... regime never functioned effectively.court noted volume nature nsas bulk foreign internet intercepts fundamentally different court led believe.email contact lists including us citizens collected numerous foreign locations work around illegality us soil.legal opinions nsas bulk collection program differed.middecember u.s. district judge richard leon ruled almostorwellian program likely violates constitution wrote cannot imagine indiscriminate arbitrary invasion systematic hightech collection retention personal data virtually every single citizen purposes querying analyzing without prior judicial approval.surely program infringes degree privacy founders enshrined fourth amendment.
National Security Agency	indeed little doubt author constitution james madison cautioned us beware abridgement freedom people gradual silent encroachments power would aghast.later month u.s. district judge william pauley ruled nsas collection telephone records legal valuable fight terrorism.opinion wrote bulk telephony metadata collection program wide net could find isolate gossamer contacts among suspected terrorists ocean seemingly disconnected data noted similar collection data prior might prevented attack.official responses march senate intelligence committee hearing senator ron wyden asked director national intelligence james clapper nsa collect type data millions hundreds millions americans clapper replied sir.... wittingly.cases could inadvertently perhaps collect wittingly.
National Security Agency	statement came scrutiny months later june details prism surveillance program published showing nsa apparently gain access servers nine internet companies wide range digital data.wyden said clapper failed give straight answer testimony.clapper response criticism said responded thought truthful least untruthful manner.clapper added honest differences semantics – someone says collection specific meaning may different meaning him.nsa whistleblower edward snowden additionally revealed existence xkeyscore top secret nsa program allows agency search vast databases metadata well content emails internet activity browser history capability search name telephone number ip address keywords language internet activity conducted type browser used.xkeyscore provides technological capability legal authority target even us persons extensive electronic surveillance without warrant provided identifying information email ip address known analyst.regarding necessity nsa programs alexander stated june nsas bulk phone internet intercepts instrumental preventing terrorist events including us one cases provided initial tip unravel threat stream.
National Security Agency	july nsa deputy director john inglis conceded senate intercepts vital stopping terrorist attacks close vital identifying convicting four san diego men sending us alshabaab militia conducts terrorism somalia.the u.s. government aggressively sought dismiss challenge fourth amendment cases raised granted retroactive immunity isps telecoms participating domestic surveillance.the u.s. military acknowledged blocking access parts guardian website thousands defense personnel across country blocking entire guardian website personnel stationed throughout afghanistan middle east south asia.an october united nations report condemned mass surveillance united states countries violating multiple international treaties conventions guarantee core privacy rights.responsibility international ransomware attack exploit dubbed eternalblue created nsa used unprecedented worldwide wannacry ransomware attack may .exploit leaked online hacking group shadow brokers nearly month prior attack.number experts pointed finger nsas nondisclosure underlying vulnerability loss control eternalblue attack tool exploited it.edward snowden said nsa privately disclosed flaw used attack hospitals found lost attack might happened.
National Security Agency	wikipedia cofounder jimmy wales stated joined microsoft leaders industry saying huge screwup government ... moment nsa found notified microsoft could quietly issue patch really chivvy people along long became huge problem.activities previous employees former employee david evenden left nsa work us defense contractor cyperpoint position united arab emirates tasked hacking uae neighbor qatar determine funding terrorist group muslim brotherhood.quit company learning team hacked qatari sheikha moza bint nassers email exchanges michelle obama prior visit doha.upon everdens return us reported experiences fbi.incident highlights growing trend former nsa employees contractors leaving agency start firms hiring countries like turkey sudan even russia country involved numerous cyberattacks us.
National Security Agency	denmarknsa collaborative surveillance may reported danish defence intelligence service collaborated nsa wiretap fellow eu members leaders leading wide backlash among eu countries demands explanation danish american governments.see also notes references bamford james.body secrets anatomy ultrasecret national security agency random house digital inc. december .isbn .previously published doubleday isbn .bauer craig p. secret history story cryptology volume discrete mathematics applications.
National Security Agency	crc press .isbn .weiland matt sean wilsey.state state.harpercollins october .isbn .
National Security Agency	reading adams sam war numbers intelligence memoir steerforth new edition june .aid matthew secret sentry untold history national security agency pages isbn bloomsbury press june .mandatory declassification review – interagency security classification appeals panelbamford james puzzle palace penguin books isbn .bamford james new york times december agency could big brother.bamford james shadow factory anchor books isbn .hanyok robert j. .spartans darkness american sigint indochina war –.national security agency.retrieved november .jackson david june .obama nsa surveillance programs transparent.
National Security Agency	usa today.retrieved june .johnson thomas r. .american cryptology cold war.national security agency center cryptological history.retrieved november .radden keefe patrick chatter dispatches secret world global eavesdropping random house isbn .kent sherman strategic intelligence american public policy.kahn david codebreakers pp.
National Security Agency	isbn .look rather edition.laqueur walter world secrets.liston robert a. pueblo surrender covert action national security agency isbn .levy steven crypto code rebels beat government—saving privacy digital age penguin books isbn .prados john soviet estimate u.s. intelligence analysis russian military strength hardcover pages isbn dial press .perro ralph j. interviewing intelligence agency funny thing happened way fort meade.archive federation american scientists.november .updated january .
National Security Agency	– experience candidate nsa job preemployment screening.ralph j. perro pseudonym reference ralph j. canine perro spanish dog dog type canineshaker richard j. agency came cold.archive notices.american mathematical society.mayjune pp.
National Security Agency	–.tully andrew super spies secret powerful cia lc .church committee intelligence activities rights americans us senate report illegal wiretaps domestic spying fbi cia nsa red black publishers may .just nsa video cnn.june .the nsa files.guardian.london.june .national security agency releases history cold war intelligence activities.
National Security Agency	george washington university.national security archive electronic briefing book no..posted november .the snowden archive.intercept.
Internet security awareness	london.june .external links official website national security agency – years defending nationrecords national security agencycentral security servicethe national security archive george washington universityunited states intelligence community nsa section.archived original september .national security agency nsa archive internet archiveend users considered weakest link primary vulnerability within network.since endusers major vulnerability technical means improve security enough.organizations could also seek reduce risk human element end users.could accomplished providing security best practice guidance end users awareness cyber security.employees could taught common threats avoid mitigate them.
Internet security awareness	cyber security awareness training education cyber security risk mitigating end user program could consist combination multiple approaches including cyber security awareness cyber security training cyber security education.according adopted see table provides comparison approaches.threats threat agents threat actors perpetrators threat usually look easiest way gain access network often human element.however cyber threats mitigated.common threats include limited below.social engineering someone uses compelling story authority means convince someone hand sensitive information usernames passwords.
Internet security awareness	end user cyber security awareness ability recognize types attacks improves ability avoid them.phishing form social engineering.popular attack attempts trick users clicking link within email website hopes divulge sensitive information.attack generally relies bulk email approach low cost sending phishing emails.targets fooled many targeted still profitable vector.spear phishing email crafted sent specific person may appear legitimate.form phishing convincing likely succeed traditional phishing emails tailors email victim.
Internet security awareness	deployment range bulk automated process accessing address book past victim sending simple phishing attacks contacts thus appearing come recognized past contact sophisticatedly handwritten communications target specific recipients.vishing voice phishing form social engineering involves contacting individuals via traditional landlines telephony i.e.voice ip automated texttospeech systems forms voice communications trick divulging sensitive information like credit card data.smishing sms phishing social engineering leverages sms text messages vector trick end users divulging sensitive information.tailgating physical security social engineering attack unauthorized individual access location following authorized user location without authorized users knowledge.piggybacking physical security social engineering attack unauthorized individual access location following authorized user location authorized users knowledge.malware software created used malicious intent.includes range software include limited viruses trojan horses worms rootkits spyware cryptojacking.ransomware another cyber threat attacks carried computer system often result social engineering attack.type malware encrypts data holds ransom could paralyze whole computer system.internet things iot based attacks form cyber threat st century beyond leverage vulnerabilities embedded devices found i.e.cars refrigerators smart speakers digital assistants.
Internet security awareness	topics various approaches within cyber security risk mitigating end user program see table above.article geared towards cyber security awareness following topics could also leveraged cybersecurity training cyber security education.as reflected table several different delivery methods taken provide cyber security awareness.include using posters guides tips even video newsletters.possible cyber security awareness topics according include limited following.antimalware protection antimalware sometimes referred antivirus.type application used protect systems malicious software preventing detecting deleting malware.
Internet security awareness	popular malware includes computer viruses ransomware rootkit trojan horses worms.security end user awareness guidelines include device scans malware updating antimalware application definitions.data protection privacy various types data might mandated protected unauthorized disclosure including personally identifiable information pii protected health information phi intellectual property ip sensitive information.security awareness guidelines include teaching related data classification encryption data anonymization data masking data obfuscation.permissions access data includes file sharing via email attachments additional safeguards could discussed.another data protection control could included backing data could restored original becomes unavailable.device management involves knowing protect mobile devices computers.
Internet security awareness	device management also concerned security related bring device byod.security awareness guidelines include encryption protecting system password pin multifactor authentication forms credential.additional awareness tips include endusers downloading installing reviewing applications requested permissions unknown sources.according another awareness tip read reviews comments application installing it.additionally use public wifi another discussion point.
Internet security awareness	device management also relates maintaining accurate inventory assets purchase disposition.includes knowing wipe device media sanitization.incident response incident observable event malicious intent.security awareness guidelines endusers include types events considered suspicious malicious contacted incident occurs actions taken event incident.internet things security remotely controlled capable resource constrained devices embedded sensor chips interact people objects collect data provide remote sources internet additional analysis effort personalize customize users experience.devices include limited smart speakers wearable devices like smart watch surveillance cameras lights door locks thermostats appliances cars.guidelines include maintaining asset inventory patch control changing default credentials.password management password string secret characters used authenticate users account.
Internet security awareness	security awareness guidelines suggest presenting requirements creating strong password passphrase frequently passwords changed protect passwords.additionally guidelines suggest need change default passwords share passwords others.additional protection options could include making endusers aware using multifactor authentication password managers awareness various passwordrelated threats like password cracking.patching software system changes update improve resolve weaknesses usually released via patch.security awareness guidelines include timely installation security patches well implementing vulnerability assessment vulnerability management.removable media storage devices could added removed running computer cds dvds removable sd cards usb drives including flash drives thumb drives external hard drives.security awareness guidelines include drive encryption following policy guidelines presented organizational level regarding use personal removable media organizational systems.safe web browsing security awareness guidelines regarding securely navigating websites include looking padlock icon url bar entering sensitive information like credentials credit card information personally identifiable information.
Internet security awareness	another visual indicator https reflecting web address.padlock https indicate entered information secure.lastly guidance could shared set privacy options browser use incognito option limit information shared.yet another guideline consider using virtual private network vpn.social engineering involves interacting humans hopes disclose sensitive information.security awareness guidelines include opening suspicious emails unrecognized senders clicking suspicious links emails websites opening attachments emails disclosing information responding suspicious emails contacts provided therein.
Web of Things	see also cybersecuritycybersecurity standardscybercrimecountermeasure computersocial engineering securitythreat computermalware referencesbuilding blocks wot building blocks provide way implement systems conform wot architecture.blocks described section.thing description td key component wot building blocks wot thing description.thing description describes virtual physical device thing.defines information model thing based semantic vocabulary serialization based json.
Web of Things	td considered main entry point thing like index.html page website.tds foster interoperability providing human machine readable understandable metadata thing title id descriptions etc.thing description also describes available actions events properties thing well available security mechanisms access them.td highly flexible order guarantee interoperability.addition standard functionality defines mechanism extend functionality context extension framework.
Web of Things	binding templates iot uses large variety protocols interact things since exist single protocol suitable case.one main challenges web things handle variety protocols interaction mechanisms.problem tackled binding templates.wot binding templates provide collection communication metadata blueprints support various iot solutions.binding template created reused thing description.
Web of Things	scripting api wot scripting api optional building block web things.eases iot application development providing ecmascriptbased application api similar manner web browsers provide api web applications.universal application runtime system scripting api solves big problem heterogeneity iot systems.also enables creating reusable scripts implement device logic significantly improves portability application modules.the current reference implementation wot scripting api opensource project called nodewot developed eclipse thingweb project.security privacy guidelines wot architecture security relevant aspects architecture.
Web of Things	specification wot building block contains several considerations regarding security privacy particular block.security supported certain explicit features public metadata thing descriptions separation concerns design scripting api.addition also specification called wot security privacy guidelines providing guidance variety security privacy related concerns.history connecting objects web arguably started around year .peerreviewed paper presented cooltown project.
Web of Things	project explored use urls address http interact physical objects public screens printers.following early work growing interest implementation internet things started raise questions application layer iot.work iot space focused network protocols need think convergence data iot devices.particular rather looking one device one app researchers practitioners started envisioning iot system data various devices could consumed web applications create innovative usecases.the idea web applicationlayer iot started emerge .several researchers started working parallel concept.amongst dominique guinard vlad trifa started web things online community published first wot manifesto advocating use web standards rest lightweight semantics etc.
Web of Things	build application layer iot.manifesto published together implementation sun spot platform.time dave raggett wc started talking web things various wc iot events.erik wilde published putting things rest selfpublished concept paper looking utilising rest sense control physical objects.early mentions web things term also appeared paper vlad stirbu et al.from onwards trifa guinard wilde researchers tried publishing ideas concepts peerreviewed conferences papers got rejected wireless sensor networks research community basis internet web protocols verbose limited context realworld devices optimisation memory computation usage wireless bandwidth short duty cycles essential.however number researchers wsn community started considering ideas seriously.
Web of Things	early number respected wsn researchers david culler jonathan hui adam dunkels yazar dogan evaluated use internet web protocols lowpower sensor nodes showed feasibility approach.following guinard trifa presented endtoend implementation concepts presented peerreviewed publication accepted world wide web conference .building implementation uniting efforts restful architecture things proposed guinard trifa wilde.noticing growing industrial academic interest connecting things web guinard trifa wilde ran first international workshop web things wot running yearly since.workshops become first forum growing community researchers practitioners could discuss latest findings ideas web things.in two first phd theses web things presented eth zurich building blocks participatory web things devices infrastructures programming frameworks vlad trifa web things application architecture – integrating realworld web dominique guinard.building work simon mayer emphasized importance rests uniform interface particular hateoas principle phd thesis.in wc showed increased interest web things organised wc workshop web things lead dave raggett together siemens compose european project.
Web of Things	workshop lead creation web things interest group wc submission web thing model.the year siemens announced creation research group dedicated web things.october google also announced interested ideas launching physical web github project.the web things interest group identified required set standards needed web things february .working group started working deliverables called wot architecture wot thing descriptionwot scripting api wot binding templates.see also internet things iotsmart deviceconnected devicehome automation devicessmart grid reading guinard dominique vlad trifa .building web things.
Web of Things	manning.isbn .proceedings international workshops web things.guinard dominique vlad trifa erik wilde .resource oriented architecture web things.proc.iot ieee international conference internet things.
Web of Things	tokyo japan.guinard dominique .web things application architecture – integrating realworld web pdf ph.d.. eth zurich.trifa vlad .building blocks participatory web things devices infrastructures programming frameworks pdf ph.d.. eth zurich.fielding roy thomas .architectural styles design networkbased software architectures.doctoral dissertation.
Web of Things	university california irvine.richardson leonard ruby sam .restful web services.oreilly published may .isbn .fortuna carolina grobelnik marko .tutorial web things.
One-time password	proceedings world wide web conference hyderabad india.association computing machinery.external links web things wc.ietf core wg charter.referencesexploit targets microsoft cryptoapi program library handles cryptographic functions windows operating system.vulnerability affects microsoft edge google chrome.referencesotps avoid several shortcomings associated traditional static passwordbased authentication number implementations also incorporate twofactor authentication ensuring onetime password requires access something person small keyring fob device otp calculator built smartcard specific cellphone well something person knows pin.otp generation algorithms typically make use pseudorandomness randomness generate shared key seed cryptographic hash functions used derive value hard reverse therefore difficult attacker obtain data used hash.necessary otherwise would easy predict future otps observing previous ones.otps discussed possible replacement well enhancer traditional passwords.downside otps intercepted rerouted hard tokens get lost damaged stolen.many systems use otps securely implement attackers still learn password phishing attacks impersonate authorized user.characteristics important advantage addressed otps contrast static passwords vulnerable replay attacks.
One-time password	means potential intruder manages record otp already used log service conduct transaction able use since longer valid.second major advantage user uses similar password multiple systems made vulnerable password one gained attacker.number otp systems also aim ensure session cannot easily intercepted impersonated without knowledge unpredictable data created previous session thus reducing attack surface further.there also different ways make user aware next otp use.systems use special electronic security tokens user carries generate otps show using small display.systems consist software runs users mobile phone.
One-time password	yet systems generate otps serverside send user using outofband channel sms messaging.finally systems otps printed paper user required carry.in mathematical algorithm schemes possible user provide server static key use encryption key sending onetime password.generation concrete otp algorithms vary greatly details.various approaches generation otps includebased timesynchronization authentication server client providing password otps valid short period timeusing mathematical algorithm generate new password based previous password otps effectively chain must used predefined order.using mathematical algorithm new password based challenge e.g.random number chosen authentication server transaction details andor counter.
One-time password	timesynchronized timesynchronized otp usually related piece hardware called security token e.g.user given personal token generates onetime password.might look like small calculator keychain charm lcd shows number changes occasionally.inside token accurate clock synchronized clock proprietary authentication server.otp systems time important part password algorithm since generation new passwords based current time rather addition previous password secret key.
One-time password	token may proprietary device mobile phone similar mobile device runs software proprietary freeware opensource.example timesynchronized otp standard timebased onetime password totp.applications used keep timesynchronized otp like google authenticator password manager.hash chains new otp may created past otps used.example type algorithm credited leslie lamport uses oneway function call f displaystyle f .
One-time password	onetime password system works followsa seed starting value displaystyle chosen.a hash function f displaystyle fs applied repeatedly example times seed giving value f f f … f … displaystyle fffldots fsldots .value call f displaystyle fs stored target system.the users first login uses password p displaystyle p derived applying f displaystyle f times seed f displaystyle fs .target system authenticate correct password f p displaystyle fp f displaystyle fs value stored.value stored replaced p displaystyle p user allowed log in.the next login must accompanied f displaystyle fs .validated hashing gives f displaystyle fs p displaystyle p value stored previous login.
One-time password	new value replaces p displaystyle p user authenticated.this repeated another times time password f displaystyle f applied one fewer time validated checking hashed gives value stored previous login.hash functions designed extremely hard reverse therefore attacker would need know initial seed displaystyle calculate possible passwords computer system confirm password given occasion valid checking hashed gives value previously used login.indefinite series passwords wanted new seed value chosen set displaystyle exhausted.although servers counter value incremented successful otp authentication counter token incremented every time new password requested user.counter values server token might synchronization.recommended set lookahead parameter x displaystyle x server defines size lookahead window.
One-time password	case accidental password generation user server still authenticate client recalculate next x displaystyle x otpserver values check received password client.to get next password series previous passwords one needs find way calculating inverse function f − displaystyle f .since f displaystyle f chosen oneway extremely difficult do.f displaystyle f cryptographic hash function generally case assumed computationally intractable task.intruder happens see onetime password may access one time period login becomes useless period expires.skey onetime password system derivative otp based lamports scheme.
One-time password	challengeresponse use challengeresponse onetime passwords requires user provide response challenge.example done inputting value token generated token itself.avoid duplicates additional counter usually involved one happens get challenge twice still results different onetime passwords.however computation usually involve previous onetime password usually another algorithm used rather using algorithms.implementations sms common technology used delivery otps text messaging.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.