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Jakarta Enterprise Beans
many features originally hibernate incorporated java persistence api replacement entity beans ejb .. ejb .specification relies heavily use annotations feature added java language .release convention configuration enable much less verbose coding style.accordingly practical terms ejb .much lightweight nearly completely new api bearing little resemblance previous ejb specifications.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
example following shows basic example ejb looks like codethe defines service class persisting customer object via mapping.ejb takes care managing persistence context addcustomer method transactional threadsafe default.demonstrated ejb focuses business logic persistence knows nothing particular presentation.such ejb used class e.g.web layer followsthe defines javaserver faces jsf backing bean ejb injected means ejb annotation.addcustomer method typically bound ui component button.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
contrary ejb backing bean contain business logic persistence code delegates concerns ejb.backing bean know particular presentation ejb knowledge.types enterprise beans ejb container holds two major types beanssession beans either stateful stateless singleton accessed via either local jvm remote different jvm interface directly without interface case local semantics apply.session beans support asynchronous execution views localremotenointerface.message driven beans mdbs also known message beans.mdbs also support asynchronous execution via messaging paradigm.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
session beans stateful session beans stateful session beans business objects state keep track calling client dealing throughout session thus access bean instance strictly limited one client time.concurrent access single bean attempted anyway container serializes requests via accesstimeout annotation container instead throw exception.stateful session beans state may persisted passivated automatically container free memory client hasnt accessed bean time.jpa extended persistence context explicitly supported stateful session beans.exampleschecking web store might handled stateful session bean would use state keep track customer checkout process possibly holding locks items customer purchasing system architectures point view would less ideal client manage locks.stateless session beans stateless session beans business objects state associated them.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
however access single bean instance still limited one client time concurrent access bean prohibited.concurrent access single bean attempted container simply routes request different instance.makes stateless session bean automatically threadsafe.instance variables used single method call client bean contents instance variables guaranteed preserved across different client method calls.instances stateless session beans typically pooled.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
second client accesses specific bean right method call made first client finished might get instance.lack overhead maintain conversation calling client makes less resourceintensive stateful beans.examplessending email customer support might handled stateless bean since oneoff operation part multistep process.a user website clicking keep informed future updates box may trigger call asynchronous method session bean add user list companys database call asynchronous user need wait informed success failure.fetching multiple independent pieces data website like list products history current user might handled asynchronous methods session bean well calls asynchronous execute parallel way potentially increases performance.case asynchronous method return future instance.singleton session beans singleton session beans business objects global shared state within jvm.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
concurrent access one bean instance controlled container containermanaged concurrency cmc bean beanmanaged concurrency bmc.cmc tuned using lock annotation designates whether read lock write lock used method call.additionally singleton session beans explicitly request instantiated ejb container starts using startup annotation.examplesloading global daily price list every user might done singleton session bean since prevent application query database again... message driven beans message driven beans business objects whose execution triggered messages instead method calls.message driven bean used among others provide high level easeofuse abstraction lower level jms java message service specification.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
may subscribe jms message queues message topics typically happens via activationconfig attribute messagedriven annotation.added ejb allow eventdriven processing.unlike session beans mdb client view localremotenointerface i. e. clients cannot lookup mdb instance.mdb listens incoming message example jms queue topic processes automatically.jms support required java ee spec message driven beans support messaging protocols.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
protocols may asynchronous also synchronous.since session beans also synchronous asynchronous prime difference session message driven beans synchronicity difference object oriented method calling messaging.examplessending configuration update multiple nodes might done sending jms message message topic could handled message driven bean listening topic message paradigm used since sender need know number consumers location even exact type.submitting job work cluster might done sending jms message message queue could also handled message driven bean time listening queue message paradigm queue used since sender doesnt care worker executes job need assurance job executed once.processing timing events quartz scheduler handled message driven bean quartz trigger fires mdb automatically invoked.since java ee doesnt know quartz default jca resource adapter would needed mdb would annotated reference this.execution ejbs deployed ejb container typically within application server.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
specification describes ejb interacts container client code interacts containerejb combination.ejb classes used applications included javax.ejb package.javax.ejb.spi package service provider interface used ejb container implementations.clients ejbs instantiate beans directly via javas new operator instead obtain reference via ejb container.reference usually reference implementation bean proxy either dynamically implements local remote business interface client requested dynamically implements subtype actual bean.proxy directly cast interface bean.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
client said view ejb local interface remote interface bean type respectively correspond local view remote view nointerface view.this proxy needed order give ejb container opportunity transparently provide crosscutting aoplike services bean like transactions security interceptions injections remoting.example client invokes method proxy first start transaction help ejb container call actual bean method.bean method returns proxy ends transaction i.e.committing rollback transfers control back client.the ejb container responsible ensuring client code sufficient access rights ejb.security aspects declaratively applied ejb via annotations.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
transactions ejb containers must support container managed acid transactions bean managed transactions.containermanaged transactions cmt default active calls session beans.explicit configuration needed.behavior may declaratively tuned bean via annotations needed configuration later overridden deployment descriptor.tuning includes switching transactions whole bean specific methods requesting alternative strategies transaction propagation starting joining transaction.strategies mainly deal happen transaction isnt already progress time bean called.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
following variations supportedalternatively bean also declare via annotation wants handle transactions programmatically via jta api.mode operation called bean managed transactions bmt since bean handles transaction instead container.events jms java message service used send messages beans clients let clients receive asynchronous messages beans.mdbs used receive messages clients asynchronously using either jms queue topic.naming directory services alternative injection clients ejb obtain reference session beans proxy object ejb stub using java naming directory interface jndi.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
alternative used cases injection available nonmanaged code standalone remote java se clients necessary programmatically determine bean obtain.jndi names ejb session beans assigned ejb container via following schemeentries square brackets denote optional partsa single bean obtained name matching patterns depending location client.clients module required bean use module scope larger scopes clients application required bean use app scope higher etc.e.g.code running module customerservice bean given example shown earlier article could use following code obtain local reference remotingdistributed execution communication client thats written java programming language session bean expose remoteview via remote annotated interface.allows beans called clients jvms may located remote systems.point view ejb container code another jvm remote.stateless singleton session beans may also expose web service client view remote communication via wsdl soap plain xml.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
follows jaxrpc jaxws specifications.jaxrpc support however proposed future removal.support jaxws session bean annotated webservice annotation methods exposed remotely webmethod annotation..although ejb specification mention exposure restful web services way explicit support form communication jaxrs specification explicitly support ejb.following jaxrs spec stateless singleton session beans root resources via path annotation ejb business methods mapped resource methods via get put post delete annotations.however count web service client view used exclusively jaxws jaxrpc.communication via web services typical clients written java programming language also convenient java clients trouble reaching ejb server via firewall.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
additionally web service based communication used java clients circumvent arcane illdefined requirements socalled clientlibraries set jar files java client must classpath order communicate remote ejb server.clientlibraries potentially conflict libraries client may already instance client also full java ee server conflict deemed hard impossible resolve.legacy home interfaces required business interface ejb .earlier ejb provide java implementation class two java interfaces.ejb container created instances java implementation class provide ejb implementation.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
java interfaces used client code ejb.required deployment descriptor ejb .earlier ejb specification required deployment descriptor present.needed implement mechanism allowed ejbs deployed consistent manner regardless specific ejb platform chosen.information bean deployed name home remote interfaces whether store bean database etc.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
specified deployment descriptor.the deployment descriptor xml document entry ejb deployed.xml document specifies following information ejbname home interfacejava class bean business objectjava interface home interfacejava interface business objectpersistent store entity beanssecurity roles permissionsstateful stateless session beansold ejb containers many vendors required deployment information ejb specification.would require additional information separate xml files configuration file format.ejb platform vendor generally provided tools would read deployment descriptor possibly generated set classes would implement deprecated home remote interfaces.since ejb .jsr xml descriptor replaced java annotations set enterprise bean implementation source level although still possible use xml descriptor instead addition annotations.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
xml descriptor annotations applied attribute within enterprise bean xml definition overrides corresponding sourcelevel annotation although xml elements also additive e.g.activationconfigproperty xml different name already defined via activationconfigproperty annotation added instead replacing existing properties.container variations starting ejb .ejb specification defines two variants ejb container full version limited version.limited version adheres proper subset specification called ejb .
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
lite part java ee web profile subset full java ee specification.ejb .lite excludes support following featuresremote interfacesrmiiiop interoperabilityjaxws web service endpointsejb timer service schedule timeoutasynchronous session bean invocations asynchronousmessagedriven beansejb .lite excludes less features.particularly longer excludes asynchronous scheduletimeout schedule support persistent attribute full ejb .support.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
complete excluded list ejb .lite isremote interfacesrmiiiop interoperabilityjaxws web service endpointspersistent timers persistent attribute schedulemessagedriven beans version history ejb .final release jakarta enterprise beans .part jakarta ee tooling release mainly moved api package names top level javax.ejb package top level jakarta.ejb package.other changes included removal deprecated apis pointless move new top level package removal features depended features removed java elsewhere jakarta ee .following apis removedmethods relying java.security.identity removed java .methods relying jakarta xml rpc reflect removal xml rpc jakarta ee platform.deprecated ejbcontext.getenvironment method.support distributed interoperability reflect removal corba java jakarta ee platform.other minor changes include marking enterprise beans .x api group optional making schedule annotation repeatable.ejb .. final release jakarta enterprise beans .
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
part jakarta ee despite still using ejb abbreviation set apis officially renamed jakarta enterprise beans eclipse foundation tread oracle java trademark.ejb .final release jsr .enterprise javabeans .relatively minor release mainly contained specification clarifications lifted restrictions imposed spec time appeared serve real purpose.existing full ejb features also demanded ejb lite functionality proposed pruned ejb .
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
indeed pruned made optional.the following features addedpassivation stateful session bean deactivated via attribute stateful annotation passivationcapable falsetimerservice retrieve active timers ejb module could previously retrieve timers bean timerservice calledlifecycle methods e.g.postconstruct transactional stateful session beans using existing transactionattribute annotationautocloseable interface implemented embeddable containerejb .final release jsr .purpose enterprise javabeans .specification simplify ejb architecture reducing complexity developers point view also adding new functionality response needs communitylocal view without interface nointerface view.war packaging ejb componentsejb lite definition subset ejbportable ejb global jndi namessingletons singleton session beansapplication initialization shutdown eventsejb timer service enhancementssimple asynchrony asynchronous session beansejb .
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
final release jsr major changesthis release made much easier write ejbs using annotations rather complex deployment descriptors used version .x.use home remote interfaces ejbjar.xml file also longer required release replaced business interface bean implements interface.ejb .final release jsr major changesweb service support new stateless session beans invoked soaphttp.also ejb easily access web service using new service reference.ejb timer service new eventbased mechanism invoking ejbs specific times.messagedriven beans accepts messages sources jms.message destinations idea ejb references resource references etc.added.ejb query language ejbql additions order avg min max sum count mod.xml schema used specify deployment descriptors replaces dtdsejb .
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
final release jsr major changesoverall goalsthe standard component architecture building distributed objectoriented business applications java.make possible build distributed applications combining components developed using tools different vendors.make easy write enterprise applications application developers understand lowlevel transaction state management details multithreading connection pooling complex lowlevel apis.will follow write run anywhere philosophy java.enterprise bean developed deployed multiple platforms without recompilation source code modification.address development deployment runtime aspects enterprise application’s life cycle.define contracts enable tools multiple vendors develop deploy components interoperate runtime.be compatible existing server platforms.vendors able extend existing products support ejbs.be compatible java apis.provide interoperability enterprise beans java ee components well nonjava programming language applications.be compatible corba protocols rmiiiop.ejb .final release major changesxml deployment descriptorsdefault jndi contextsrmi iiopsecurity role driven method drivenentity bean support mandatory optionalgoals release .provide better support application assembly deployment.specify greater detail responsibilities individual ejb roles.ejb .announced javaone suns third java developers conference march goals release .defined distinct ejb roles assumed component architecture.defined client view enterprise beans.defined enterprise bean developer’s view.defined responsibilities ejb container provider server provider together make system supports deployment execution enterprise beans.
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
references external links official website java ee api javadocsejb .api javadocsthe ejb .specificationsuns ejb .tutorialejb .glossaryejb faqjsr ejb .jsr ejb .jsr ejb .jsr ejb .jsr ejb .working messagedriven beans ejb action second editionclient invokes ejb
Parrot OS
core parrot based debians testing branch linux .kernel.follows rolling release development model.the desktop environments mate kde default display manager lightdm.the system certified run devices minimum mb ram suitable bit bit amd processor architectures.moreover project available armv armhf architectures.june parrot team announced considering change debian devuan mainly problems systemd.as january st parrot team begun phase development bit iso.in august parrot os officially supports lightweight xfce desktop.
Parrot OS
editions parrot multiple editions based upon debian various desktop environments available.parrot security parrot intended provide suite penetration testing tools used attack mitigation security research forensics vulnerability assessment.it designed penetration testing vulnerability assessment mitigation computer forensics anonymous web browsing.parrot home parrot home base edition parrot designed daily use targets regular users need lightweight system laptops workstations.the distribution useful daily work.parrot home also includes programs chat privately people encrypt documents browse internet anonymously.system also used starting point build system custom set security tools.
Parrot OS
parrot arm parrot arm lightweight parrot release embedded systems.currently available raspberry pi devices.parrot os tools multiple tools parrot os specially designed security researchers related penetration testing.listed found official website.tor tor also known onion router distributed network anonymizes internet browsing.
Parrot OS
designed way ip address client using tor hidden server client visiting.also data details hidden client’s internet service provider isp.tor network uses hops encrypt data client server.tor network tor browser preinstalled configured parrot os.onion share onion share opensource utility used share files size tor network securely anonymously.
Parrot OS
onion share generates long random url used recipient download file tor network using tor browser.anonsurf anonsurf utility makes operating system communication go tor anonymizing networks.according parrot anonsurf secures web browser anonymizes ip.release frequency development team specified official release timeline based release changelogs notes included official review distribution project released monthly basis.releases see also backboxblackarchdevuankali linuxlist digital forensics toolssecurityfocused operating system notes external links official websiteblog release notesdistrowatchdebian derivatives census
National Food Security Act, 2013
award goes computer professional makes single significant technical service contribution age .recipients donald knuth paul h. dirksen paul h. cress lawrence m. breed richard h. lathwell roger moore george n. baird allan l. scherr edward h. shortliffe award ray kurzweil steve wozniak robert m. metcalfe daniel s. bricklin brian k. reid award daniel henry holmes ingalls jr. cordell green william nelson bill joy john ousterhout guy l. steele jr. w. daniel hillis richard stallman fenghsiung hsu award bjarne stroustrup– award shafrira goldwasser award wenmei hwu lydia kavraki george necula ramakrishnan srikant stephen w. keckler jennifer rexford omer reingold dan klein vern paxson dawson engler tim roughgarden craig gentry luis von ahn martin casado dina katabi pedro felipe felzenszwalb sylvia ratnasamy brent waters jeffrey heer amanda randles constantinos daskalakis michael j. freedman mariaflorina balcan shyamnath gollakota see also list computerrelated awardslist computer science awards references external links acm homepage grace murray hopper awardbillion people.signed law september retroactive july .the national food security act nfsa converts legal entitlements existing food security programmes government india.includes midday meal scheme integrated child development services scheme public distribution system.nfsa recognizes maternity entitlements.midday meal scheme integrated child development services scheme universal nature whereas pds reach twothirds population rural areas urban areas.under provisions bill beneficiaries public distribution system pds entitled kilograms lb per person per month cereals following prices rice ₹ .¢ us per kgwheat ₹ .¢ us per kgcoarse grains millet ₹ .¢ us per kg.pregnant women lactating mothers certain categories children eligible daily free cereals.the bill highly controversial.
National Food Security Act, 2013
introduced indias parliament december promulgated presidential ordinance july enacted law september .odisha government announced implementation act district november .assam government implemented act december .salient features coverage entitlement targeted public distribution system tpds .rural population .
National Food Security Act, 2013
urban population covered tpds uniform entitlement kg per person per month.however since antyodaya anna yojana aay households constitute poorest poor presently entitled kg per household per month entitlement existing aay households protected kg per household per month.statewise coverage corresponding india coverage rural urban areas statewise coverage determined central government.planning commission determined statewise coverage using nss household consumption survey data .subsidised prices tpds revision foodgrains tpds made available subsidised prices rs.per kg rice wheat coarse grains period three years date commencement act.thereafter prices suitably linked minimum support price msp.
National Food Security Act, 2013
case state’s allocation act lower current allocation protected level average offtake normal tpds last three years prices determined central government.existing prices apl households i.e.rs..per kg wheat rs .
National Food Security Act, 2013
per kg rice determined issue prices additional allocation protect average offtake last three years.identification households within coverage tpds determined state work identification eligible households done statesuts.nutritional support women children pregnant women lactating mothers children age group months years entitled meals per prescribed nutritional norms integrated child development services icds midday meal mdm schemes.higher nutritional norms prescribed malnourished children years age.maternity benefit pregnant women lactating mothers also entitled receive maternity benefit less rs..women empowerment eldest woman household age years head household purpose issuing ration cards.grievance redressal mechanism grievance redressal mechanism district state levels.states flexibility use existing machinery set separate mechanism.cost intrastate transportation handling foodgrains fps dealers margin central government provide assistance states meeting expenditure incurred transportation foodgrains within state handling fps dealers’ margin per norms devised purpose.transparency accountability provisions made disclosure records relating pds social audits setting vigilance committees order ensure transparency accountability.food security allowance provision food security allowance entitled beneficiaries case nonsupply entitled foodgrains meals.penalty provision penalty public servant authority imposed state food commission case failure comply relief recommended district grievance redressal officer.intent intent national food security bill spelled lok sabha committee report national food security bill twenty seventh report states food security means availability sufficient foodgrains meet domestic demand well access individual level adequate quantities food affordable prices.
National Food Security Act, 2013
report adds proposed legislation marks paradigm shift addressing problem food security – current welfare approach right based approach.two thirds approx population entitled receive subsidized foodgrains targeted public distribution system.country almost children undernourished importance scheme increases significantly.scope indian ministry agricultures commission agricultural costs prices cacp referred bill biggest ever experiment world distributing highly subsidized food government ‘rights based’ approach.bill extends coverage targeted public distribution system indias principal domestic food aid program two thirds population approximately million people.
National Food Security Act, 2013
initially lok sabha standing committee food consumer affairs public distribution estimated total requirement foodgrains per bill would .million metric tons .cacp calculated may ...the requirement average monthly pds offtake calculated .mt wheat .mt annually .
National Food Security Act, 2013
mt rice .mt annually... volumes needed public distribution system welfare schemes aggregated cacp estimated rice wheat requirements total annual requirement .million metric tons.however final version bill signed law includes page annex schedule iv estimates total food grain allocation .million metric tons.the standing committee estimated value additional food subsidies i.e.
National Food Security Act, 2013
top existing public distribution system works be...rs.crores .billion rupees million thencurrent exchange rate total expenditure .trillion rupees billion.however commission agricultural costs prices cacp calculated currently economic cost fci acquiring storing distributing foodgrains percent procurement price.
National Food Security Act, 2013
commission added stated expenditure rs crore annually nfsb merely tip iceberg.support system welfare schemes additional expenditure needed envisaged administrative set scaling operations enhancement production investments storage movement processing market infrastructure etc.existing food security complex procurement stocking distribution nfsb perpetuates would increase operational expenditure scheme given creaking infrastructure leakages inefficient governance.the commission concluded total bill implementation bill ....may touch expenditure anywhere rs crores i.e...
National Food Security Act, 2013
trillion rupees.implementation deadline october states either implemented act declared readiness so.november indian government announced allocation foodgrains statesunion territories uts namely bihar chandigarh chhattisgarh delhi haryana himachal pradesh karnataka madhya pradesh maharashtra punjab rajasthan started act... remaining statesuts completed preparatory measures required implementation act.indian government extended deadline implementation act another six months i.e.till ... commentary critics criticism national food security bill includes accusations political motivation fiscal irresponsibility.
National Food Security Act, 2013
one senior opposition politician murli manohar joshi went far describe bill measure vote security ruling government coalition rather food security.another political figure mulayam singh yadav declared clearly brought elections...why didn’t bring bill earlier poor people dying hunger...every election bring measure.nothing poor.the report rd meeting technical advisory committee monetary policy stated ...food prices still elevated food security bill aggravate food price inflation tilt supply towards cereals away farm produce proteins raise food prices further...members desired reserve bank impress government need address supply side constraints causing inflationary pressure especially food front.dr. surjit s. bhalla warned food security bill...if implemented honestly cost per cent gdp first year.writer vivek kaul noted government’s estimated cost food security comes ....of total receipts.
National Food Security Act, 2013
cacp’s estimated cost food security comes ....of total receipts.bhalla’s cost food security comes around total receipts...once express cost food security percentage total estimated receipts government current financial year see huge cost food security really is.the indian ministry agricultures commission agricultural costs prices warned enactment bill could expected induce severe imbalance production oilseeds pulses ...will create demand pressures inevitably spillover market prices food grains.furthermore higher food subsidy burden budget raise fiscal deficit exacerbating macro level inflationary pressures.commission argued bill would restrict private initiative agriculture reduce competition marketplace due government domination grain market shift money investments agriculture subsidies continue focus cereals production shifts consumer demand patterns indicate need focus protein fruits vegetables.india ranks major countries terms food security index.though available nutritional standard requirement india lags far behind terms quality protein needs tackled provision made act subsidize protein rich food products eggs meat fish chicken etc.
National Food Security Act, 2013
india needs concentrate methods improve availability affordability protein rich food products using latest technology without need additional land water.biogas natural gas methane produced farmagrocropdomestic waste also used addition mined natural gas producing protein rich cattlefishpoultrypet animal feed economically cultivating methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture decentralized manner near rural consumption areas tiny land water foot print.advocates bill widely viewed pet project indian national congressinc president sonia gandhi.gandhi addressed parliament night august lok sabha vote bill saying passage would chance make history.former national advisory council member development economist professor jean drèze reputedly one architects original version bill wrote ...the bill form investment human capital.bring security people’s lives make easier meet basic needs protect health educate children take risks.
National Food Security Act, 2013
professor drèze dismissed opposition business interests saying corporate hostility tell us anything except food bill serve corporate interests.nobody claiming purpose bill.minister consumer affairs food public distribution k.v.thomas stated interview mean task task accomplished second populated country world.satisfying journey.responsibility central government equally statesunion territories.
National Food Security Act, 2013
sure together fulfill dream.day far india known world important step towards eradication hunger malnutrition resultant poverty...by providing food security percent rural percent urban population focus nutritional needs children pregnant lactating women national food security bill revolutionize food distribution system.in rebuttal dr. surjit s. bhalla three economists responded ...the food subsidy bill roughly double come around .gdp still way less numbers put out.chhattisgarh food security act chhattisgarh food security act law enacted chhattisgarh government.passed december state assembly unopposed ensure access adequate quantity food requirements good nutrition people state affordable prices times live life dignity.’’.the act divides households four groups — antodaya priority general excluded households.the priority households monthly public distribution system pds entitlement kg rice wheat flour pulses gram iodised salt subsidised price.
National Food Security Act, 2013
new act make acclaimed pds comprehensive.nearly provisions incorporated act already covered pds chief minister raman singh said.new initiative put burden rs.crore state exchequer.act cover income tax payees hectares irrigated hectares nonirrigated land nonscheduled areas liable pay property tax urban areas.the act benefits lakh families living here.
National Food Security Act, 2013
also cover families headed destitute widow differently abled person.also take care poor children living hostelsashrams pregnant women well hit disaster.see also right foodfood security indiapublic distribution systemfood security bill references external links official documents national food security bill bill no.original bill submitted report expert committee national food security bill economic advisory council prime minister government india january gulati ashok et al national food security bill challenges options discussion paper no.commission agricultural costs prices december standing committee food consumer affairs public distribution fifteenth lok sabha ministry consumer affairs food public distribution department food public distribution national food security bill twenty seventh report january joshi pramod k. national food security bill need stronger implementation strategy government knowledge centre think pieces march u.s. department agriculture new delhi india indian cabinet approves national food security bill gain report april national food security bill version april press information bureau government india amendments national food security bill introduced lok sabha may gulati ashok surbhi jain buffer stocking policy wake nfsb concepts empirics policy implications commission agricultural costs prices may national food security ordinance no.
National Food Security Act, 2013
july national food security bill bill no.introduced lok sabhathe national food security bill bill no.c passed lok sabha august national food security bill registered no.dln published ministry law justice september chhattisgarh food security act u.s. department agriculture new delhi india national food security bill becomes law gain report september state food ministers meet discuss implementation national food security act press information bureau government india press release september novel approach food security avinash kishore p. k. joshi john hoddinott chapter global food policy report washington ifpri states gets another six months implementation national food security act press information bureau government india press release november media coverage comments drèze jean summary national food security bill tehelka march sugden joanna qa pros cons food security bill wall street journal may interview dr. p.k.joshi international food policy research institute office new delhihow much food security bill cost exchequer moneycontrol.com cnbc june ashok gulati chairman commission agricultural costs prices nanda kumar former agriculture secretary sonal varma chief economist nomura discuss nuances food security bill indianomics.drèze jean food security debate india new york times blog july kumar ashok anatomy national food security act newsyaps march
Cello (web browser)
developed thomas r. bruce legal information institute cornell law school.released shareware .browsers ran various unix machines cello first web browser microsoft windows using winsock system access internet.addition basic windows cello worked windows nt .small modifications os.cello created demand web access lawyers likely use microsoft windows unix operating systems supporting earlier web browsers including first release mosaic.
Cello (web browser)
lack windows browser meant many legal experts unable access legal information made available hypertext world wide web.cello popular fell favor following release mosaic windows netscape cello development abandoned.cello first publicly released june .version .announced development abandoned.version .a april last public release.
Cello (web browser)
since legal information institute cornell law school licensed cello .source code used develop commercial software.the browser longer available original homepage.however still downloaded mirror sites.development history development cello started beta versions planned june release july .publicly announced april .the legal information institute cornell law school created first law site theinternet first legal website .
Cello (web browser)
however time web browsers microsoft windows operating system used lawyers.thus allow lawyers use website legal information institute developed first windowsbased web browser.made possible grant national center automated information research.although browsers time based cerns www libraries called libwww pcs time powerful enough run unixoriented code.result thomas bruce rewrite www libraries work microsoft windows.unlike commercial browsers time cello used none mosaics source code thus different look feel.steven sinofsky president windows division microsoft wrote june email currently plan client software upcoming release windows especially something like mosaic cello.
Cello (web browser)
nevertheless january microsoft announced licensed mosaic technology spyglass would use create internet explorer.august microsoft debuted web browser internet explorer windows .ship original release windows shipped microsoft plus windows .usage released cello browser microsoft windows platform.shortly launch cello downloaded rate copies per day.
Cello (web browser)
achieved fair amount use recognition within legal community including number pc users users.websites visited using either cello browser mosaic browser.despite fewer features mosaic cello continued used due simpler interface lower system requirements.cello praised easy install wasnt necessary install wins tcpip stack windows .. following release windows offered much better tcpip interface cello fell disuse abandoned.by cello like mosaic browser overshadowed two newer browsers — netscape internet explorer — fell disuse.cello considered historical browser.cello considered one early casualties browser wars.
Cello (web browser)
features cello following featuresunlike mosaic cello toolbar buttons instead commands accessed pulldown menus.supported protocolscello supported following protocols http .gopher gopher readonly ftp smtp mailing telnet usenet csophqi directly wais hytelnet techinfo archie x. tn number others public gateways.supported ftp serverscello supported following ftp servers unix servers including sunos system v linux ibm vm vms systems windows nt qvtnet ncsacutcprutgers pc servers ftp software pc server hellsoft nlm novell.internet connectioncello works best direct ethernet connection also supports slip ppp dialup connections use asynchronous sockets.cello integrated tcpip runtime stack.release history following versions releasedalthough cello .announced development ceased public release.ibm released fix tcpip v. stack cello would work os winos february .
Cello (web browser)
browser comparison table following table shows cello compared browsers time.derivatives first edition burks project produce nonprofit cdroms resources students computer science based cello.interap california software inc based cello featured web browser telnet ftp visual basiccompatible scripting language called netscripts.a version lovelace came bundled cello.technical originally cello required distinct corporations tcpip stack release cello beta version .cello dropped support distinct became exclusively winsockbased.originally although cello could run os oss implementation winsock bugs prevented cello accessing internet.bug apar pn later fixed allowing cello properly work os.the user agent cello liicelloversion libwww.. dde support cello featured dynamic data exchange dde support.
Cello (web browser)
ole support dde client support planned never released.an example invoke cello microsoft word macro system requirements cello following system requirementsprocessor sx mhz betteroperating system windows ..windows nt .os.ram mb ram mb ram recommendeda tcpip connection running winsock criticism cello stable development halted early.cello render graphics well required user reload webpage resizing window.like browsers time cello also support web security protocols.
Cello (web browser)
also said cello rendered html crudely pages would appear jaggedly.cello also subpar performance accessing internet processing hypermedia documents.see also mosaicmacweblibwww notes references bibliography romano nicholas c. nunamaker jay f. briggs robert o. vogel doug .architecture design development htmljavascript webbased group support system.journal american society information science.–.
Cello (web browser)
doi.siciaidasi..co. ssrn .grier d.a..evolutionary fervor.computer.–.
Cello (web browser)
doi.mc... issn .scid .jagodzinski cecile .cooperative web weaving.journal interlibrary loan document delivery information supply.–.
Cello (web browser)
doi.jvn.issn x.bernerslee tim january .world wide web past present future.journal digital information..
Cello (web browser)
issn .reading moody glyn .internet windows.butterworthheinemann.pp.
Cello (web browser)
–.isbn .rao v.k..education technology.aph publishing.
Cello (web browser)
p. .isbn .december john randall neil .world wide web unleashed.sams.net pub.isbn .craigmile b. spring .
Cello (web browser)
tangled web is... three www browsers reviewed.library software review.usa.–.issn .gilster paul .
Cello (web browser)
slipppp connection.new york knopf books young readers.isbn .harrison peter john .internet direct connect kit.wiley publishing.
Cello (web browser)
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Android (operating system)
issn .external links official cello home page wayback machine archived february cello well strung instrumentcello index wcandroid developed consortium developers known open handset alliance commercially sponsored google.unveiled november first commercial android device htc dream launched september .most versions android proprietary.core components taken fromthe android open source project aosp free opensource software primarily licensed apache license.android actually installed devices ability modify otherwise foss software usually restricted either providing corresponding source code preventing reinstallation technical measures rendering installed version proprietary.android devices ship additional proprietary software preinstalled notably google mobile services gms includes core apps google chrome digital distribution platform google play associated google play services development platform.
Android (operating system)
percent android smartphones run googles ecosystem vendorcustomized user interface software suite touchwiz later one ui samsung htc sense.competing android ecosystems forks include fire os developed amazon lineageos.however android name logo trademarks google imposes standards restrict use android branding uncertified devices outside ecosystem.the source code used develop variants android range electronics game consoles digital cameras portable media players pcs specialized user interface.well known derivatives include android tv televisions wear os wearables developed google.software packages android use apk format generally distributed proprietary application stores like google play store amazon appstore including windows samsung galaxy store huawei appgallery cafe bazaar getjar open source platforms like aptoide fdroid.android bestselling os worldwide smartphones since tablets since .
Android (operating system)
may three billion monthly active users largest installed base operating system january google play store features million apps.android released october latest version.history android inc. founded palo alto california october andy rubin rich miner nick sears chris white.rubin described android project tremendous potential developing smarter mobile devices aware owners location preferences.early intentions company develop advanced operating system digital cameras basis pitch investors april .
Android (operating system)
company decided market cameras large enough goals five months later diverted efforts pitching android handset operating system would rival symbian microsoft windows mobile.rubin difficulty attracting investors early android facing eviction office space.steve perlman close friend rubin brought cash envelope shortly thereafter wired undisclosed amount seed funding.perlman refused stake company stated believed thing wanted help andy.in rubin tried negotiate deals samsung htc.shortly afterwards google acquired company july year least million googles best deal ever according googles thenvice president corporate development david lawee .androids key employees including rubin miner sears white joined google part acquisition.
Android (operating system)
much known secretive android inc. time company provided details making software mobile phones.google team led rubin developed mobile device platform powered linux kernel.google marketed platform handset makers carriers promise providing flexible upgradeable system.google lined series hardware components software partners signaled carriers open various degrees cooperation.speculation googles intention enter mobile communications market continued build december .early prototype close resemblance blackberry phone touchscreen physical qwerty keyboard arrival apple iphone meant android go back drawing board.
Android (operating system)
google later changed android specification documents state touchscreens supported although product designed presence discrete physical buttons assumption therefore touchscreen cannot completely replace physical buttons.nokia blackberry announced touchbased smartphones rival iphone g androids focus eventually switched touchscreens.first commercially available smartphone running android htc dream also known tmobile g announced september .on november open handset alliance consortium technology companies including google device manufacturers htc motorola samsung wireless carriers sprint tmobile chipset makers qualcomm texas instruments unveiled goal develop first truly open comprehensive platform mobile devices.within year open handset alliance faced two open source competitors symbian foundation limo foundation latter also developing linuxbased mobile operating system like google.september informationweek covered evalueserve study reporting google filed several patent applications area mobile telephony.since android seen numerous updates incrementally improved operating system adding new features fixing bugs previous releases.
Android (operating system)
major release named alphabetical order dessert sugary treat first android versions called cupcake donut eclair froyo order.announcement android kitkat google explained since devices make lives sweet android version named dessert although google spokesperson told cnn interview kind like internal team thing prefer little bit — say — bit inscrutable matter ill say.in google launched nexus series devices lineup google partnered different device manufacturers produce new devices introduce new android versions.series described played pivotal role androids history introducing new software iterations hardware standards across board became known bloatfree software timely ... updates.developer conference may google announced special version samsung galaxy instead using samsungs android customization phone ran stock android promised receive new system updates fast.device would become start google play edition program followed devices including htc one google play edition moto g google play edition.
Android (operating system)
ars technica wrote earlier week last google play edition android phones googles online storefront listed longer available sale theyre gone looks whole lot like program wrapped up.from hugo barra served product spokesperson representing android press conferences google io googles annual developerfocused conference.left google august join chinese phone maker xiaomi.less six months earlier googles thenceo larry page announced blog post andy rubin moved android division take new projects google sundar pichai would become new android lead.pichai would eventually switch positions becoming new ceo google august following companys restructure alphabet conglomerate making hiroshi lockheimer new head android.on android .kit kat shared writing access microsd memory cards locked userinstalled applications dedicated directories respective package names located inside androiddata remained writeable.
Android (operating system)
writing access reinstated android lollipop backwardsincompatible google storage access framework interface.in june google announced android one set hardware reference models would allow device makers easily create highquality phones low costs designed consumers developing countries.september google announced first set android one phones release india.however recode reported june project disappointment citing reluctant consumers manufacturing partners misfires search company never quite cracked hardware.plans relaunch android one surfaced august africa announced next location program week later.report information january stated google expanding lowcost android one program united states although verge notes company presumably produce actual devices itself.
Android (operating system)
google introduced pixel pixel xl smartphones october marketed first phones made google exclusively featured certain software features google assistant wider rollout.pixel phones replaced nexus series new generation pixel phones launched october .in may operating system became entangled trade war china united states involving huawei like many tech firms become dependent access android platform.summer huawei announced would create alternative operating system android known harmony os filed intellectual property rights across major global markets.huawei currently plans replace android near future harmony os designed internet things devices rather smartphones.on august announced android q would officially branded android ending historic practice naming major versions desserts.google stated names inclusive international users due either aforementioned foods internationally known difficult pronounce languages.
Android (operating system)
day android police reported google commissioned statue giant number installed lobby developers new office.android released september google pixel phones first.with scoped storage conventional writing access shared internal user storage locked appspecific directories remain accessible usual.files directories outside remain accessible backwardsincompatible storage access framework.restrictions claimed improve user privacy private appspecific directories already existed data since early versions operating system.features interface androids default user interface mainly based direct manipulation using touch inputs loosely correspond realworld actions like swiping tapping pinching reverse pinching manipulate onscreen objects along virtual keyboard.
Android (operating system)
game controllers fullsize physical keyboards supported via bluetooth usb.response user input designed immediate provides fluid touch interface often using vibration capabilities device provide haptic feedback user.internal hardware accelerometers gyroscopes proximity sensors used applications respond additional user actions example adjusting screen portrait landscape depending device oriented allowing user steer vehicle racing game rotating device simulating control steering wheel.home screen android devices boot home screen primary navigation information hub android devices analogous desktop found personal computers.android home screens typically made app icons widgets app icons launch associated app whereas widgets display live autoupdating content weather forecast users email inbox news ticker directly home screen.
Android (operating system)
home screen may made several pages user swipe back forth.thirdparty apps available google play app stores extensively retheme home screen even mimic look operating systems windows phone.manufacturers customize look features android devices differentiate competitors.status bar along top screen status bar showing information device connectivity.status bar pulled swiped reveal notification screen apps display important information updates well quick access system controls toggles display brightness connectivity settings wifi bluetooth cellular data audio mode flashlight.
Android (operating system)
vendors may implement extended settings ability adjust flashlight brightness.notifications notifications short timely relevant information app use tapped users directed screen inside app relating notification.beginning android .jelly bean expandable notifications allow user tap icon notification order expand display information possible app actions right notification.app lists apps screen lists installed applications ability users drag app list onto home screen.
Android (operating system)
app list may accessed using gesture button depending android version.recents screen also known overview lets users switch recently used apps.the recent list may appear sidebyside overlapping depending android version manufacturer.navigation buttons many early android os smartphones equipped dedicated search button quick access web search engine individual apps internal search feature.recent devices typically allow former long press swipe away home button.the dedicated option key also known menu key onscreen simulation longer supported since android version .google recommends mobile application developers locate menus within user interface.
Android (operating system)
recent phones place occupied task key used access list recently used apps actuated.depending device long press may simulate menu button press engage split screen view latter default behaviour since stock android version .splitscreen view native support split screen view added stock android version .nougat.the earliest vendorcustomized androidbased smartphones known featured splitscreen view mode samsung galaxy note former received feature premium suite upgrade delivered touchwiz android .jelly bean.
Android (operating system)
charging powered connecting disconnecting charging power shortly actuating power button home button device powered visual battery meter whose appearance varies among vendors appears screen allowing user quickly assess charge status poweredoff without boot first.display battery percentage.audiocoupled haptic effect since stock android version released early synchronous vibration set complement audio.feature initially existed name auto haptic androidbased samsung galaxy iii released vendormodified touchwiz installation android .jelly bean.
Android (operating system)
applications many almost android devices come preinstalled google apps including gmail google maps google chrome youtube google play music google play movies tv many more.applications apps extend functionality devices must bit written using android software development kit sdk often kotlin programming language replaced java googles preferred language android app development may originally announced may .java still supported originally option userspace programs often mixed kotlin c. java jvm languages kotlin may combined cc together choice nondefault runtimes allow better c support.go programming language also supported although limited set application programming interfaces api.the sdk includes comprehensive set development tools including debugger software libraries handset emulator based qemu documentation sample code tutorials.initially googles supported integrated development environment ide eclipse using android development tools adt plugin december google released android studio based intellij idea primary ide android application development.development tools available including native development kit ndk applications extensions c c google app inventor visual environment novice programmers various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks.
Android (operating system)
january google unveiled framework based apache cordova porting chrome html web applications android wrapped native application shell.additionally firebase acquired google provides helpful tools app web developers.android growing selection thirdparty applications acquired users downloading installing applications apk android application package file downloading using application store program allows users install update remove applications devices.google play store primary application store installed android devices comply googles compatibility requirements license google mobile services software.google play store allows users browse download update applications published google thirdparty developers january three million applications available android play store.july billion application installations performed.
Android (operating system)
carriers offer direct carrier billing google play application purchases cost application added users monthly bill.may one billion active users month gmail android chrome google play maps.due open nature android number thirdparty application marketplaces also exist android either provide substitute devices allowed ship google play store provide applications cannot offered google play store due policy violations reasons.examples thirdparty stores included amazon appstore getjar slideme.fdroid another alternative marketplace seeks provide applications distributed free open source licenses.in october google removed several android applications play store identified breaching data collection rules.firm informed international digital accountability council idac apps children like number coloring princess salon cats cosplay collective downloads million violating googles policies.at windows announcement event june microsoft showcased new windows subsystem android wsa enable support android open source project aosp allow users run android apps windows desktop.
Android (operating system)
file manager since android marshmallow minimalistic file manager codenamed documentsui part operating systems core based file selector.accessible storage menu system settings.adoptable storage android .marshmallow brought adoptable storage option format mount memory card extension internal storage instead default separate portable storage.possibly facilitating ondevice file management due files stored internal storage memory card appearing one place adopted storage denies data recovery technical defect instant reuse different device unless reformatted.for reasons major vendors samsung lg opted exclude adoptable storage.applications moved memory card previously stored .asec files inside .androidsecure directory.
Android (operating system)
memory management since android devices usually batterypowered android designed manage processes keep power consumption minimum.application use system suspends operation available immediate use rather closed use battery power cpu resources.android manages applications stored memory automatically memory low system begin invisibly automatically closing inactive processes starting inactive longest amount time.lifehacker reported thirdparty taskkiller applications harm good.developer options settings use developers debugging power users located developer options sub menu ability highlight updating parts display show overlay current status touch screen show touching spots possible use screencasting notify user unresponsive background processes option end show anrs i.e.
Android (operating system)
apps responding prevent bluetooth audio client controlling system volume disable absolute volume adjust duration transition animations deactivate completely speed navigation.developer options initially hidden since android .jelly bean enabled actuating operating systems build number device information seven times.hiding developers options requires deleting user data settings app possibly resetting preferences.hardware main hardware platform android arm armv armva architectures x x architectures also officially supported later versions android.unofficial androidx project provided support x architectures ahead official support.
Android (operating system)
since android devices intel processors began appear including phones tablets.gaining support bit platforms android first made run bit x arm.since android .lollipop bit variants platforms supported addition bit variants.unofficial experimental port operating system riscv architecture released .requirements minimum amount ram devices running android .
Android (operating system)
range practice gb best hardware gb common screen.android supports versions opengl es vulkan version .available devices.android devices incorporate many optional hardware components including still video cameras gps orientation sensors dedicated gaming controls accelerometers gyroscopes barometers magnetometers proximity sensors pressure sensors thermometers touchscreens.hardware components required became standard certain classes devices smartphones additional requirements apply present.hardware initially required requirements relaxed eliminated altogether.
Android (operating system)
example android developed initially phone os hardware microphones required time phone function became optional.android used require autofocus camera relaxed fixedfocus camera present since camera dropped requirement entirely android started used settop boxes.in addition running smartphones tablets several vendors run android natively regular pc hardware keyboard mouse.addition availability commercially available hardware similar pc hardwarefriendly versions android freely available androidx project including customized android .. using android emulator part android sdk thirdparty emulators android also run nonnatively x architectures.chinese companies building pc mobile operating system based android compete directly microsoft windows google android.chinese academy engineering noted dozen companies customizing android following chinese ban use windows government pcs.
Android (operating system)
development android developed google latest changes updates ready released point source code made available android open source project aosp open source initiative led google.aosp code found without modification select devices mainly former nexus current android one series devices.the source code turn customized original equipment manufacturers oems run hardware.androids source code contain device drivers often proprietary needed certain hardware components.result android devices including googles ship combination free open source proprietary software software required accessing google services falling latter category.update schedule google announces major incremental upgrades android yearly basis.