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H2 (DBMS)
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table types possible create inmemory tables well diskbased tables.tables persistent temporary.index types hash table tree inmemory tables btree diskbased tables.data manipulation operations transactional.table level locking multiversion concurrency control implemented.
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H2 (DBMS)
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phase commit protocol supported well standard api distributed transactions implemented.security features security features database role based access rights encryption password using sha data using aes tiny encryption algorithm xtea.cryptographic features available functions inside database well.ssl tls connections supported clientserver mode well using console application.the database supports protection sql injection enforcing use parameterized statements.h feature called disabling literals.
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H2 (DBMS)
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full text search capability two full text search implementations included native implementation one using lucene.high availability simple form high availability implemented used clientserver mode database engine supports hot failover commonly known clustering.however clustering mode must enabled manually failure.cloud version since version .. h inmemory database run inside google app engine.challenges affecting durability relational databases h documentation explains detail several ways problems underlying hardware particular power systems impact durability relational databases.according h documentation problems related db engine design also storage caching mechanism.
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H2 (DBMS)
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storage devices use write cache order increase speed situation power failure data devices cache lost.administrators assess common trade speed data loss risks context business requirements must carefully consider design power supply ups critical servers.it possible cases force storage write cache frequently even immediately using fsync slows writing process one accept caching device buffer introduces risk data loss case power failure.effectiveness using fsync limited fact many hdd write caching enabled factory default case nothing design settings database os level commands able eliminate chance lost inconsistent data event sudden power failure.working os hardware settings disable caching write data real time significant impacts performance around write operations per second would achievable using spinning disks.the h documentation makes effort describe detail potential problems durability part acid resulting potential data loss committed transactions case power failure.considering hardware limitations regarding preservation data event sudden power loss ineffectiveness approaches commonly employed developers prevent sorts losses many database engines default call filedescriptor.sync filechannel.force fsync equivalents every commit significantly degrade system performance without significantly increasing durability.hsqldb documentation references workarounds similar set issues documentation.the microsoft knowledge base describes impact issues power failures write caching etc.performance durability.
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Windows Marketplace
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knowledge base discusses trade offs performance vulnerability disk write caching well settings administrator use balance these.utilities embedded web server browser based console application included well command line tools start stop server backup restore databases command line shell tool.see also list relational database management systemscomparison relational database management systemsapache derbyhsqldb references external links official websiteh database tutorialdigital locker platform composed four major componentswindows marketplace catalogmulti merchant download cartdigital locker assistant clientside application facilitates download purchased applicationsdigital lockerfor consumers digital locker windows marketplace could used purchasing downloading third party software titles compatible microsoft windows using purchased software computer software license allows.software developers digital locker windows marketplace distribution software titles.a windows vista ultimate extra called secure online key backup allowed backing efs recovery certificates well bitlocker recovery password digital locker.windows marketplace available residents united states countries.launch windows marketplace announced july launched october .provided products split hardware boxed software downloadable software.
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Windows Marketplace
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downloads available free.site designed allow product comparison purchase discussion one central location.research shown average customer used sites making purchases marketplace attempt centralize that.emphasis placed software designed microsofts api requirements user experience recommendations certified software carrying designedforwindows logo surpassing store launch.cnet major initial partner supplying microsoft majority pricing description information.
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Windows Marketplace
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redesign site redesigned august .redesign greater emphasis placed downloadable software instead boxed software hardware.less two years since original launch microsoft tripled software purchasable download expanded products offered .digital locker initiative also attempted unify software licenses central location tied single windows live id.version site microsofts first offering full operating system windows vista downloadable purchase addition first microsoft office.
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Windows Marketplace
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expansion mobile february mobile world congress microsoft announced windows marketplace mobile deployed similar concept windows mobile devices.marketplace mobile shut may .a year microsoft introduced windows marketplace mobile announced next generation mobile platform named windows phone.microsoft introduced windows phone marketplace renamed service windows phone store .discontinuation replacement november microsoft announced intention discontinue digital locker .company phasedout windows marketplace replaced microsoft store.at build conference september microsoft announced windows store new software distribution platform windows winrt subsequent windows versions.
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AVTECH Corporation
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windows store accessible via winrt client web browser.references external linkshistory avtech founded romona graduate coon houng established cctv manufacturer initial investment us.from company earned eps nt.became publicly traded company headquarters nankang software park taipei taiwan.guidance evan voung avtech shifted conventional cctv market consumer market.products dvr mobile surveillance systems primary products avtech.products targeted ip camera market since commonly used intelligence surveillance systems.
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AVTECH Corporation
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product series includes eagleeyes application mobile phones tablets well hardware products push video function ip cameras.avtechs selfdeveloped mobile application software known eagleeyes popular surveillance app.facilitated fully functional remote control system accessible via smartphones tablets.push video active notification system introduced eagleeyes applied avtechs full range products.alarm triggered video clip includes fivesecond preevent recording sent mobile devices within five seconds feature allows surveillance serve active protector rather merely acting passive evidence provider.a standalone digital network video recorder nvr integrates video surveillance remote control storage.supports plug play technology.
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AVTECH Corporation
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ip configuration available give users way record play video.serves network attached storage nas remote offsite backup important images.supports p displays.also configured data source cms central management system.awards placed top taiwan bnext magazine.in awarded best billion asia forbes magazine.in ranked th top security security magazine.
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Malwarebytes
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references external links official websiteavtech thailandavtech indonesiaoffices santa clara california clearwater florida tallinn estonia cork ireland.history early history background malwarebytes inc. informally established .ceo founder marcin kleczynski originally poland still teenager attending high school bensenville illinois time working technician computer repair shop chicago.noticed whenever infected computers arrived shop would typically reformat computer entirely rather combat virus even infection minor.kleczynski later discovered mothers computer became infected neither mcafee symantec would remove malware system.
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Malwarebytes
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later recalled ive never angry got computer infected professed mother told fix penalty death.kleczynski posted forum spywareinfo popular time able learn remove virus took three days.the company unofficially founded kleczynski conversed became friends several editors forum tempted buy unused domain them.with one sites regulars bruce harrison kleczynski wrote inaugural version companys software.kleczynski worked college roommate produce freely available program called rogueremover utility specialized fighting type infection known rogues scam computer users giving away credit card information fake antivirus software.rogueremover proved instrumental developing malwarebytes antimalware kleczynski able set forum enabled improve software feedback.kleczynski harrison formally launched malwarebytes january kleczynski studying computer science university illinois.
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Malwarebytes
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bruce became vp research malwarebytes hired doug swanson experience freeware development work new company.marcus chung ecommerce expert formerly worked greenborder hired chief operating officer.kleczynski harrison reportedly made first year selling software despite met personally time.post developments malwarebytes acquired hphosts website blacklisting company tracks blacklisted websites ad servers necessary development protect new internet protocol addresses web servers distribute malware advise internet service providers shut malicious activity.year company claimed removed five billion pieces malware three years.
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Malwarebytes
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following year company launched corporate market enterprise product aimed desktopbased antimalware detection protection.malwarebytes acquired zerovulnerabilitylabs inc. security research development company founded pedro bustamante protects software applications known zeroday exploits used exploit kits webbased vulnerability exploits corporatetargeted attacks.expanded malware removal protection android platform launch malwarebytes antimalware mobile launched usbbased product called malwarebytes techbench aimed helping technicians remove malware.in malwarebytes received million funding highland capital following year announced treated million computers worldwide representing – working business computers.claimed removed five billion malware threats computers first five years.june company announced moving headquarters almaden boulevard san jose california new square feet office space two top floors story freedom circle santa clara california.
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Malwarebytes
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new office twice size former office.company reported growth million users one year million active users time increase revenue .kleczynski named one forbes magazines .in january malwarebytes unveiled advanced antiransomware package endpoint security announced raised million investment fidelity management research company.kleczynski stated funds would used primarily companys hiring product development marketing assets.june malwarebytes announced strong growth sales percent first quarter year compared billings surpassing million.
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Malwarebytes
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corporate subscription base company reported grown .september proofpoint inc. ceo gary steele joined companys board directors kleczynski citing deep expertise security software industry proven ability increasing sales revenue main reasons appointment.october company purchased adwcleaner windows program used clean adware potentially unwanted programs pups computers.february company acquired saferbytes italian security startup specialized antimalware antiexploit antirootkit cloud av sandbox technologies.in november company joined forces competitors nortonlifelock kaspersky along electronic frontier foundation nonprofits including national network end domestic violence operation safe escape form coalition stalkerware.coalition seeks inform educate combat use tracking apps without consent.
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Malwarebytes
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post developments january malwarebytes targeted nation state actor implicated solarwinds attack suffered limited access breach.ceo kleczynski published blog post detailing company’s attack response.february malwarebytes published state malware report shared cyberthreat research including million examples mac malware increase spyware detections .in may malwarebytes announced collaboration digitunity deliver cyberprotection vulnerable communities underserved technology access expanding portfolio social impact work.executive leadership marcin kleczynski ceo malwarebytes since .malwarebytes hired former cfo angi tom fox serve cfo company.
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Malwarebytes
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tom promoted president retaining title cfo new role.malwarebytes promoted chief revenue officer barry mainz chief operating officer scaled global marketing consumer customer growth customer success twoyear tenure company.malwarebytes recruited dariusz paczuski senior vice president marketing promoted cmo .in former logmein executive mark strassman joined malwarebytes chief product officer.services products kleczynski stated malwarebytes first developed competitive advantage many traditional antivirus programs many developed late development many later forms malware.new york times described malwarebytes hybrid heuristics behavior signature engine designed detect block malware vendors cant detect.
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Malwarebytes
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according dean takahashi venturebeat malwarebytes complements antivirus software vendors symantec mcafee antimalware working alongside antivirus software attack problem different directions remarking software removed infections infected machines whilst preventing others becoming infected first place.as early development days rogueremover malwarebytes continues support community feedback products runs two subforums complementing main forum known false positives malware contribution false positives reported allowing company update database within hours posting malware contribution allowing users quickly report malware missed software.products malwarebytes several products available different languages.malwarebytes antimalware offers two different versions one free download home computers professional version day free trial advance offering realtime protection malware automated scanning automatic updating.malwarebytes antimalware mobile free android app protects smartphones mobile malware preventing unauthorized access personal data identifying tracking applications.rating .
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Malwarebytes
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google play store.in company launched malwarebytes antimalware .improved user interface dashboard.company also launched malwarebytes antiexploit year shields selected applications attacks exploit mitigation protect vulnerable programs.antiexploit also comes free paid version windows computers.free version stops exploits browsers java whilst paid product adds protection wider range software applications.
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Malwarebytes
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antiexploit received four stars pc magazine v magazines security innovation year award .in malwarebytes antiexploit merged premium version malwarebytes version .standalone application offered perpetual beta.in january malwarebytes unveiled malwarebytes endpoint security advanced antiransomware technology described first solution offer multiple layers protection unknown ransomware.company sponsored survey osterman research firms united states united kingdom canada germany found nearly companies experienced ransomware incidents percent accounted loss revenue.guardian reported onefifth british companies charged unlock files increasing demand antiransomware technology.endpoints inception beta reportedly downloaded businesses consumers first six months year.in malwarebytes expanded portfolio include mobile products mac android including malwarebytes android malwarebytes mac.
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Malwarebytes
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malwarebytes also ran chromeos mainly provides protection android threats.malwarebytes also released malwarebytes ios deliver secure private mobile experiences users.due apples security restrictions malwarebytes ios remove malware provide basic web protection spam blocking.malwarebytes privacy vpn offering launched.in malwarebytes expanded business portfolio launching malwarebytes endpoint protection response monitor identify remediate attacks.offering extended include server protection enterprise customers malwarebytes endpoint detection response servers malwarebytes endpoint protection servers.
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Malwarebytes
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malwarebytes also launched malwarebytes nebula cloud platform enterprise customers simplify endpoint management reporting.malwarebytes also numerous tools junkware removal tool remove adware antirootkit beta remove repair rootkits startuplite boost speed windows reboot fileassassin prevent locked files malware removal service support organizations active malware attack.license privacy software license requires arbitration county reside forbids class action suits reverse engineering sharing limits warranties liability.even free version may shared since company tracks use product separately user.malwarebytes privacy policy lists many types information collect store including amongst things software running users computer programs installed use name email address mailing address phone number... company name company size business type... internet protocol ip addresses browser type internet service provider isp referringexit pages files viewed site ... operating system datetime stamp andor clickstream data ... type device use operating system version unique device identifier... language... bit... information windows securityaction center including security settings programs installed use... license... number seats managed installation console endpoint domain information... organization ip address licensed any.there different limits use sale sharing datano limits call nonpersonally identifiable information nonpii.nonpii ... may include... anonymously generated device identifiers tied data items listed above.limited uses personally identifiable information pii including name address phone company name size business type share pii third parties except situations listed privacy policy include may disclose pii government ... private parties ... satisfy... regulation ... subpoenas... protect ... public general ... prevent stop activity consider illegal unethical.
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Malwarebytes
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company also discloses enough information provide advertising based upon browsing activities interests.in general company put time limits long keep user data except ip address users ask deletion pii retain ip address... however use gather ... continent country city approximate latitude longitude ... type connection dialupbroadbandsatellitemobile isp... organization ip address licensed any.you may access modify pii personally identifiable information... want us delete pii... delete information soon possible however information may remain archivedbackup copies records otherwise required law.may retain information long account active needed provide services comply legal obligations resolve disputes enforce agreements.define pii exclude device identifiers promise delete identifiers user history.while malwarebytes saves locations ip addresses including mobile devices company stated information used extract gps locations mobile devices ask access track location based information mobile device time downloading using mobile apps services.company stated track antenna locations.the company also collects detailed information malware exploits find tied users license number device identifier vendor... file path exploit process... commandline arguments passed exploit... potentially copy exploit executable itself.company list license number pii.malwarebytes certificate truste among things certifies company limits information collected limits use specified privacy notice.
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Merkle tree
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see also antivirus softwarecomparison computer viruses references external links official websitehash tree allows efficient secure verification contents large data structure.hash tree generalization hash list hash chain.demonstrating leaf node part given binary hash tree requires computing number hashes proportional logarithm number leaf nodes tree.conversely hash list number proportional number leaf nodes itself.merkle tree therefore efficient example cryptographic commitment scheme root tree seen commitment leaf nodes may revealed proven part original commitment.the concept hash tree named ralph merkle patented .uses hash trees used verify kind data stored handled transferred computers.
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Merkle tree
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help ensure data blocks received peers peertopeer network received undamaged unaltered even check peers lie send fake blocks.hash trees used hashbased cryptography.hash trees also used ipfs btrfs zfs file systems counter data degradation dat protocol apache wave protocol git mercurial distributed revision control systems tahoelafs backup system zeronet bitcoin ethereum peertopeer networks certificate transparency framework nix package manager descendants like gnu guix number nosql systems apache cassandra riak dynamo.suggestions made use hash trees trusted computing systems.the initial bitcoin implementation merkle trees satoshi nakamoto applies compression step hash function excessive degree mitigated using fast merkle trees.overview hash tree tree hashes leaves hashes data blocks instance file set files.nodes farther tree hashes respective children.example picture hash result hashing concatenation hash hash .
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Merkle tree
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hash hash hash hash denotes concatenation.most hash tree implementations binary two child nodes node well use many child nodes node.usually cryptographic hash function sha used hashing.hash tree needs protect unintentional damage unsecured checksums crcs used.in top hash tree top hash root hash master hash.downloading file pp network cases top hash acquired trusted source instance friend web site known good recommendations files download.top hash available hash tree received nontrusted source like peer pp network.received hash tree checked trusted top hash hash tree damaged fake another hash tree another source tried program finds one matches top hash.the main difference hash list one branch hash tree downloaded time integrity branch checked immediately even though whole tree available yet.
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Merkle tree
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example picture integrity data block l verified immediately tree already contains hash hash hashing data block iteratively combining result hash hash finally comparing result top hash.similarly integrity data block l verified tree already hash hash .advantage since efficient split files small data blocks small blocks redownloaded get damaged.hashed file big hash tree hash list becomes fairly big.tree one small branch downloaded quickly integrity branch checked downloading data blocks start.
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Merkle tree
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second preimage attack merkle hash root indicate tree depth enabling secondpreimage attack attacker creates document original merkle hash root.example attacker create new document containing two data blocks first hash hash – second hash hash .one simple fix defined certificate transparency computing leaf node hashes x byte prepended hash data x prepended computing internal node hashes.limiting hash tree size prerequisite formal security proofs helps making proofs tighter.implementations limit tree depth using hash tree depth prefixes hashes extracted hash chain defined valid prefix decreases step still positive leaf reached.tiger tree hash tiger tree hash widely used form hash tree.
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DICOM
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uses binary hash tree two child nodes node usually data block size bytes uses tiger hash.tiger tree hashes used gnutella gnutella direct connect pp file sharing protocols file sharing applications phex bearshare limewire shareaza dc gtkgnutella.example base rtyuyryosuxgernmuoezoebhppmrfqurn urntreetigerrtyuyryosuxgernmuoezoebhppmrfqmagnet magnetxturntreetigerrtyuyryosuxgernmuoezoebhppmrfq see also binary treeblockchaindistributed hash tablehash tablehash trielinked timestampingradix tree references reading merkle tree patent – explains hash tree structure use handle many onetime signaturestree hash exchange format thex – detailed description tiger trees external links c implementation dynamically resizeable binary sha hash tree merkle treemerkle tree implementation javatiger tree hash tth source code c gil schmidttiger tree hash tth implementations c javarhash open source commandline tool calculate tth magnet links tthdicom commonly used storing transmitting medical images enabling integration medical imaging devices scanners servers workstations printers network hardware picture archiving communication systems pacs multiple manufacturers.widely adopted hospitals making inroads smaller applications dentists doctors offices.dicom files exchanged two entities capable receiving image patient data dicom format.different devices come dicom conformance statements state dicom classes support.standard includes file format definition network communications protocol uses tcpip communicate systems.the national electrical manufacturers association nema holds copyright published standard developed dicom standards committee whose members also partly members nema.also known nema standard ps iso standard health informatics – digital imaging communication medicine dicom including workflow data management.
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DICOM
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applications dicom used worldwide store exchange transmit medical images.dicom central development modernradiological imaging dicom incorporates standards imaging modalities radiography ultrasonography computed tomography ct magnetic resonance imaging mri radiation therapy.dicom includes protocols image exchange e.g.via portable media dvds image compression visualization image presentation results reporting.parts standard dicom standard divided related independent parts.
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DICOM
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history dicom standard developed american college radiology acr national electrical manufacturers association nema.in beginning difficult anyone manufacturers computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging devices decode images machines generated.radiologists medical physicists wanted use images doseplanning radiation therapy.acr nema joined forces formed standard committee .first standard acrnema entitled digital imaging communications released .soon release became clear improvements needed.
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DICOM
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text vague internal contradictions.in second version released.version gained acceptance among vendors.image transmission specified dedicated pair cable eia.first demonstration acrnema v. interconnectivity technology held georgetown university may – .six companies participated event dejarnette research systems general electric medical systems merge technologies siemens medical systems vortech acquired kodak year m. commercial equipment supporting acrnema .
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DICOM
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presented annual meeting radiological society north america rsna vendors.many soon realized second version also needed improvement.several extensions acrnema .created like papyrus developed university hospital geneva switzerland spi standard product interconnect driven siemens medical systems philips medical systems.the first largescale deployment acrnema technology made us army air force part mdis medical diagnostic imaging support program based ft. detrick maryland.loral aerospace siemens medical systems led consortium companies deploying first us military pacs picture archiving communications system major army air force medical treatment facilities teleradiology nodes large number us military clinics.
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DICOM
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dejarnette research systems merge technologies provided modality gateway interfaces third party imaging modalities siemens spi network.veterans administration navy also purchased systems contract.in third version standard released.name changed digital imaging communications medicine abbreviated dicom.new service classes defined network support added conformance statement introduced.initially dicom standard referred dicom .
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DICOM
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distinguish predecessors.dicom constantly updated extended since intent changes backward compatible except rare cases earlier specification incorrect ambiguous.officially version standard except current standard hence .version number longer used.minor versions standard e.g.
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DICOM
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thing dicom .current plans develop new incompatible version standard i.e.dicom .. standard referenced without specification date release particular published edition except specific conformance requirements invoked depend retired feature longer documented current standard.while dicom standard achieved near universal level acceptance among medical imaging equipment vendors healthcare organizations standard limitations.dicom standard directed addressing technical interoperability issues medical imaging.framework architecture achieving useful clinical workflow.
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DICOM
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integrating healthcare enterprise ihe initiative layered top dicom hl defines profiles select features standards implement transactions specific medical imaging interoperability use cases.though always internet compatible based transport tcp time increasing need support port http transport make use easier within web browser.recently family dicom restful web services defined allow mobile device friendly access dicom objects services include wadors stowrs qidors together constitute dicomweb initiative.derivations derivations dicom standard application areas.include diconde digital imaging communication nondestructive evaluation established way nondestructive testing manufacturers users share image data dicos digital imaging communication security established used image sharing airport security.data format dicom groups information data sets.
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DICOM
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example file chest xray image may contain patient id within file image never separated information mistake.similar way image formats jpeg also embedded tags identify otherwise describe image.a dicom data object consists number attributes including items name id etc.also one special attribute containing image pixel data i.e.logically main object header merely list attributes including pixel data.single dicom object one attribute containing pixel data.
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DICOM
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many modalities corresponds single image.however attribute may contain multiple frames allowing storage cine loops multiframe data.another example nm data nm image definition multidimensional multiframe image.cases three fourdimensional data encapsulated single dicom object.pixel data compressed using variety standards including jpeg lossless jpeg jpeg runlength encoding rle.
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DICOM
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lzw zip compression used whole data set pixel data rarely implemented.dicom uses three different data element encoding schemes.explicit value representation vr data elements vrs ob ow sq ut un format data element group bytes element bytes vr bytes lengthinbyte bytes data variable length.explicit data elements implicit data elements see section .part dicom standard.the basic format used applications including network file usage written file usually true header containing copies key attributes details application wrote added.image display promote identical grayscale image display different monitors consistent hardcopy images various printers dicom committee developed lookup table display digitally assigned pixel values.
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DICOM
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use dicom grayscale standard display function gsdf images must viewed printed devices lookup curve devices calibrated gsdf curve.value representations addition value representation attribute also value multiplicity indicate number data elements contained attribute.character string value representations one data element encoded successive data elements separated backslash character .services dicom consists services involve transmission data network.file format offline media later addition standard.
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DICOM
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store dicom store service used send images persistent objects structured reports etc.picture archiving communication system pacs workstation.storage commitment dicom storage commitment service used confirm image permanently stored device either redundant disks backup media e.g.burnt cd.service class user scu similar client modality workstation etc.
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DICOM
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uses confirmation service class provider scp similar server archive station instance make sure safe delete images locally.queryretrieve enables workstation find lists images objects retrieve picture archiving communication system.modality worklist dicom modality worklist service provides list imaging procedures scheduled performance image acquisition device sometimes referred modality system.items worklist include relevant details subject procedure patient id name sex age type procedure equipment type procedure description procedure code procedure order referring physician accession number reason exam.image acquisition device ct scanner queries service provider ris get information presented system operator used imaging device populate details image metadata.prior use dicom modality worklist service scanner operator required manually enter relevant details.
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DICOM
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manual entry slower introduces risk misspelled patient names data entry errors.modality performed procedure step complementary service modality worklist enables modality send report performed examination including data images acquired beginning time end time duration study dose delivered etc.it helps give radiology department precise handle resource acquisition station use.also known mpps service allows modality better coordinate image storage servers giving server list objects send actually sending objects.print dicom print service used send images dicom printer normally print xray film.standard calibration defined dicom part help ensure consistency various display devices including hard copy printout.
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DICOM
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offline media files format offline media files specified part dicom standard.files sometimes referred part files.dicom restricts filenames dicom media characters systems wrongly use .conform standard.information must extracted names ps.section .... common source problems media created developers read specifications carefully.
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DICOM
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historical requirement maintain compatibility older existing systems.also mandates presence media directory dicomdir file provides index summary information dicom files media.dicomdir information provides substantially greater information file filename could less need meaningful file names.dicom files typically .dcm file extension part dicom media requires without extension.the mime type dicom files defined rfc applicationdicom.the uniform type identifier type dicom files org.nema.dicom.there also ongoing media exchange test connectathon process cd media network operation organized ihe organization.application areas core application dicom standard capture store distribute medical images.standard also provides services related imaging managing imaging procedure worklists printing images film digital media like dvds reporting procedure status like completion imaging acquisition confirming successful archiving images encrypting datasets removing patient identifying information datasets organizing layouts images review saving image manipulations annotations calibrating image displays encoding ecgs encoding cad results encoding structured measurement data storing acquisition protocols.
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DICOM
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types equipment dicom information object definitions encode data produced wide variety imaging device types including ct computed tomography mri magnetic resonance imaging ultrasound xray fluoroscopy angiography mammography breast tomosynthesis pet positron emission tomography spect singlephoton emission computed tomography endoscopy microscopy nd whole slide imaging oct optical coherence tomography.dicom also implemented devices associated images imaging workflow including pacs picture archiving communication systems image viewers display stations cad computeraided detectiondiagnosis systems visualization systems clinical analysis applications image printers film scanners media burners export dicom files onto cds dvds etc.media importers import dicom files cds dvds usbs etc.ris radiology information systems vna vendorneutral archives emr electronic medical record systems radiology reporting systems fields medicine many fields medicine dedicated working group within dicom dicom applicable field medicine imaging prevalent including radiology cardiology oncology nuclear medicine radiotherapy neurology orthopedics obstetrics gynecology ophthalmology dentistry maxillofacial surgery dermatology pathology clinical trials veterinary medicine medicalclinical photography port numbers ip dicom reserved following tcp udp port numbers internet assigned numbers authority iana wellknown port dicom transmission control protocol tcp user datagram protocol udp.since reserved subset many operating systems require special privileges use registered port dicom using integrated secure communication layer iscl tcp udp registered port dicom using transport layer security tls tcp udp registered port dicom using standard open communication tcp udp.the standard recommends require use port numbers.disadvantages according paper presented international symposium dicom standard problems related data entry.
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DICOM
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major disadvantage dicom standard possibility entering probably many optional fields.disadvantage mostly showing inconsistency filling fields data.image objects often incomplete fields left blank filled incorrect data.another disadvantage file format admits executable code may contain malware.related standards sdos dvtk open source project testing validating diagnosing communication protocols scenarios medical environments.supports dicom hl ihe integration profiles.health level nonprofit organization involved development international healthcare informatics interoperability standards.
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DICOM
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hl dicom manage joint working group harmonize areas two standards overlap address imaging integration electronic medical record.integrating healthcare enterprise ihe industry sponsored nonprofit organization profiles use standards address specific healthcare use cases.dicom incorporated variety imaging related ihe profiles.systematized nomenclature medicine snomed systematic computerprocessable collection medical terms human veterinary medicine provide codes terms synonyms definitions cover anatomy diseases findings procedures microorganisms substances etc.dicom data makes use snomed encode relevant concepts.xnview supports .dic .dicom mime type applicationdicom standards used dicom best known standards protocols used dicom dicom makes use osi network model.uses network protocols internet based allow data transfer tcp ip http hypertext transfer protocol.additionally dicom mime content type.dicom uses protocols dhcp saml ...dicom makes use coding system called snomed ct based medical clinical terms.dicom uses external alphabet known loinc.in case breast images use made types structured files known birads.
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List of file formats
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standards use dicom dicom standard used wide variety resources ihe hl ... related images.the iso cen standards refer dicom standard.see also dslicer – free open source software package image analysis scientific visualization integrated support components dicom standard.ambra health – offers free webbased dicom vieweramiracinepaintgimpginkgo cadx – crossplatform dicom viewer.idl – often used view medical imagesimagejinvesalius – free open source software used view dicom images transform dicom image stacks models export .stlirfanviewlifetrack cloud based onsite pacs uses webbased viewer preferred radiologists working remotely since require installing software usemicrodicom – free dicom viewer windows.noesis – free dicom importer exporter visualization windows.osirix – commercial image processing application dedicated dicom images.orthanc – lightweight restful dicom store.studierfenster studierfenster – free noncommercial open science clientserverbased medical imaging processing mip online framework references external links dicom standard nema.brief introduction dicomtool browsing part standardmedical image faq part – standard formats including dicom.medical image faq part – contains long list dicom software.dicom programming tutorials short tutorials many dicom concepts programmers.filename extension usually noted parentheses differ file format name abbreviation.many operating systems limit filenames one extension shorter characters common operating systems supported file allocation table fat file system.examples operating systems impose limit include unixlike systems microsoft windows nt three character limit extensions bit bit applications file systems prewindows windows nt .versions fat file system.filenames given extensions longer three characters.
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List of file formats
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msdos nt always treat suffix last period files name extension unixlike systems final period necessarily mean text last period files extension.some file formats .txt .text may listed multiple times.archive compressed .mn custom file made team gastereler making easy open .arc files nintendo opened pc files.types files available anywhere havent released yet..q – files compressed often sq program.z – zip compressed filea external file extension ccaapkg – archestra ideaac – advanced audio codingace – ace compressed filealz – alzip compressed fileapk – android package applications installable android package format alpine linux distributionappx – microsoft application package .appxat – sonys umd data compression.bke – backupearth.com data compressionarc – prezip data compressionarc nintendo u archive mostly yaz compressedarj – arj compressed fileass also sas – subtitles file created aegisub video typesetting application also halo game engine fileb – b file similar .a less compressed.ba – scifer archive .ba scifer external archive typebb image file made application artlantis.big – special file compression format used electronic arts compress data many eas gamesbin – compressed archive read used cdroms java extractable zip winrarbjsn – used store escapists saves android.bkf .bkf – microsoft backup created ntbackup.cblend external file format used animation software blender.bzip .bz –bmp bitmap image create one rightclicking home screen next click new click bitmap imagebld – skyscraper simulator buildingcab – cabinet .cab file library compressed files stored one file.cabinet files used organize installation files copied users system.c – jedmics image files dod systemcals – jedmics image files dod systemxaml – used programs like visual studio create exe files.clipflair .clipflair .clipflair.zip – clipflair studio clipflair component saved state file contains component options xml extraattached files nested components state child .clipflair.zip files – activities also components nested depthcpt sea – compact pro macintoshdaa – closedformat windowsonly compressed disk imagedeb – debian install packagedmg – apple compressedencrypted formatddz – file used daydreamer engine created feverdreamer program similar rags mainly used make somewhat short games.dn – adobe dimension cc file formatdpe – package ave documents made aquafadas digital publishing tools..egg – alzip egg edition compressed fileegt .egt – egt universal document also used create compressed cabinet files replaces .ecabecab .ecab .ezip – egt compressed folder used advanced systems compress entire system folders replaced egt universal documentesd – electronic software distribution compressed encrypted wim fileess .ess – egt smartsense file detects files compressed using egt compression system.exe .exe – windows applicationflipchart file .flipchart – used promethean activinspire flipchart software.gbp – gbp file extension – .gbp file open types files .archive index file created genie timeline .
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List of file formats
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contains references files user chosen backup references archive file batch files.files opened using geniesoft genie timeline windows..data output file created cad printed circuit board pcb.type file opened windows using autodesk eagle eagle pcb design software autodesk altium designer viewplot welcome viewplot.com ...for pcb related software...viewplot gerber viewer editor one......pcb elegance professional layout package affordable price gerbv gerbv – freeopen source gerber viewer mac using autodesk eagle gerbv geda gpleda homepage linux using autodesk eagle geda gerbvgbs .gbs .ggp .gsc – otterui binary scene filegho .gho .ghs – norton ghostgif .gif – graphics interchange formatgzip .gz – compressed filehtml .html html code fileipg .ipg – format apple inc. packages ipod games.
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List of file formats
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extracted winrarjar – zip file manifest use java applications.jpg joints photographic experts group image filejpeg joints photographic experts group image filelbr .lawrence – lawrence compiler type filelbr – library filelqr – lbr library file compressed sq program.lha .lzh – lempel ziv huffmanlzip .lz – compressed filelzolzma – lempel–ziv–markov chain algorithm compressed filelzxmbw .mbw – mbrwizard archivemhtml – mime html hypertext markup language code filempq archives .mpq – used blizzard entertainmentbin .bin – macbinarynlpkg – nolimits package .nlpkgnth .nth – nokia theme used nokia series cellphonesoar .oar – oar archiveosk compressed osu skin archiveosr compressed osu replay archiveosz – compressed osu beatmap archivepak – enhanced type .arc archivepar .par .par – parchivepaf .paf – portable application filepea .pea – peazip archive filepng portable network graphic image filephp .php – php code filepyk .pyk – compressed filepk .pk – quake archive see note doom³pk .pk – doom³ archive opens similarly zip archive.pxz .pxz compressed layered image file used image editing website pixlr.com .py pyw – python code filerar .rar – rar archive multiple file archive rar .r.r onrag rags – game file game playable rags gameengine free program allows people create games play games games created format rag game filerax – archive file created raxrbxl – roblox studio place filerbxlx – roblox studio xml place filerbxm roblox studio script filerpm – red hat packageinstaller fedora rhel similar systems.sb – scratch filesb – scratch .filesb scratch .filesen – scifer archive .sen – scifer internal archive typesit .sitx – stuffit macintoshsissisx – symbian application packageskb – google sketchup backup filesq .sq – squish compressed archiveswm – splitted wim file usually found oem recovery partition store preinstalled windows image make recovery backup usb drive easier due fat limitationsszs – nintendo yaz compressed archivetar – group files packaged one filetgz .tar.gz – gzipped tar filetb .tb – tabbery virtual desktop tab filetib .tib – acronis true image backupuha – ultra high archive compressionuue .uue – unified utility engine – generic default format things uuerelated.viv – archive format used compress data several video games including need speed high stakes.vol – video game data package.vsa – altiris virtual software archivewax – wavexpress – zip alternative optimized packages containing video allowing multiple packaged files allornone delivered nearinstantaneous unpacking via ntfs file system manipulation.wim – compressed disk image installing windows vista higher windows fundamentals legacy pc restoring system image made backup restore windows vistaxap – windows phone application packagexz – xz compressed files based lzmalzma algorithmz – unix compress filezoo – based lzwzip – popular compression formatzim – open file format stores wiki content offline usage physical recordable media archiving iso – generic format optical media including cdrom dvdrom bluray disc hd dvd umd.nrg – proprietary optical media archive format used nero applications.img – archiving dos formatted floppy disks larger optical media hard disk drives.adf – amiga disk format archiving amiga floppy disksadz – gzipcompressed version adf.dms – disk masher system diskarchiving system native amiga.dsk – archiving floppy disks number platforms including zx spectrum amstrad cpc.d – archive commodore floppy disk.sdi – system deployment image used archiving providing virtual disk functionality.mds – daemon tools native disc image format used making images optical cdrom dvdrom hd dvd bluray disc.comes together mdf file mounted daemon tools.mdx – new daemon tools format allows getting one mdx disc image file instead two mdf mds.dmg – macintosh disk image filesmpeg found .dat file video cd.cdi – discjuggler image filecue – cdrwrite cue image filecif – easy cd creator .cif formatcd – roxiowinoncd .cd formatdaa – poweriso .daa formatbt – blindwrite image filebt – blindwrite image filebwt – blindwrite image fileffppkg freefire profile export package extensions html hypertext markup language computeraided design computeraided prefix several categories tools e.g.design manufacture engineering assist professionals respective fields e.g.
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List of file formats
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machining architecture schematics.computeraided design cad computeraided design cad software assists engineers architects design professionals project design.dxml – dassault systemes graphic representationmf – microsoft manufacturing formatacp – va software va – virtual architecture cad fileamf – additive manufacturing file formataec – datacad drawing formatar – ashlarvellum argon – modelingart – artcam modelasc – brlcad geometry file old ascii formatasm – solidedge assembly proengineer assemblybin bim – data design system ddscadbrep – open cascade model shapecd – cd toolkit file formatcp construct filesccc – copycad curvesccm – copycad modelccs – copycad sessioncad – cadstdcatdrawing – catia v drawing documentcatpart – catia v part documentcatproduct – catia v assembly documentcatprocess – catia v manufacturing documentcgr – catia v graphic representation fileckd – keycreator cad modelingckt – keycreator cad modelingco – ashlarvellum cobalt – parametric drafting modelingdrw – caddie early version caddie drawing – prior caddie changing dwgdft – solidedge draftdgn – microstation design filedgk – delcam geometrydmt – delcam machining trianglesdxf – ascii drawing interchange file format autocaddwb – varicad drawing filedwf – autodesks web design format autocad revit publish format similar concept pdf files autodesk design review readerdwg – popular file format computer aided drafting applications notably autocad open design alliance applications autodesk inventor drawing fileseasm – solidworks edrawings assembly fileedrw – edrawings drawing fileemb – wilcom es designer embroidery cad fileeprt – edrawings part fileescpcb – escad pcb data file electrosystem japanescsch – escad sch data file electrosystem japanesw – agtek formatexcellon – excellon fileexp – drawing express formatfd – autodesk fusion archive filefcstd – native file format freecad cadcam packagefm – featurecam part filefmz – formz project fileg – brlcad geometry filegbr – gerber fileglm – kernelcad modelgrb – tflex cad filegri applicad grimin file readable text form importing roof wall cladding job data generated business management accounting systems modellingestimating programgro applicad grimout file readable text form exporting roof wall cladding data job material labour costing data material lists generated modellingestimating program business management accounting systemsiam – autodesk inventor assembly fileicd – ironcad cad fileidw – autodesk inventor drawing fileifc – buildingsmart sharing aec fm dataiges – initial graphics exchange specificationintergraph standard file formats – intergraphio – stud.io modelipn – autodesk inventor presentation fileipt – autodesk inventor part filejt – jupiter tesselationmcd – monucad monumentheadstone drawing filemdg – model digital geometric kernelmodel – catia v part documentocd – orienteering computer aided design ocad filepar – solidedge partpipe – pipeflo professional piping system design filepln – archicad projectprt – nx recently known unigraphics proengineer part cadkey partpsm – solidedge sheetpsmodel – powershape modelpwi – powerinspect filepyt – pythagoras fileskp – sketchup modelrlf – artcam reliefrvm – aveva pdms review modelrvt – autodesk revit project filesrfa – autodesk revit family filesrxf applicad annotated roof wall geometry data readable text form used exchange model geometry systems truss design softwares – spirit file softtechscad – openscad part modelscdoc – spaceclaim partassemblysldasm – solidworks assembly drawingslddrw – solidworks drawingsldprt – solidworks part modeldotxsi – softimagestep – standard exchange product model datastl – stereo lithographic data format used various cad systems stereo lithographic printing machines.std – power vision plus – electricity meter data circutortct – turbocad drawing templatetcw – turbocad windows drawingunv – ideas ideas integrated design engineering analysis softwarevc – ashlarvellum graphite – draftingvlm – ashlarvellum vellum vellum vellum draft vellum drawingboardvs – ashlarvellum vellum solidswrl – similar stl includes color.used various cad systems printing rapid prototyping machines.also used vrml models web.xb – parasolids binary formatxt – parasolidsxe – ashlarvellum xenon – associative modelingzofzproj – zofzpcb pcb model containing mesh netlist bom electronic design automation eda electronic design automation eda electronic computeraided design ecad specific field electrical engineering.brd – board file eagle layout editor commercial pcb design toolbsdl – description language testing jtagcdl – transistorlevel netlist format ic designcpf – powerdomain specification systemonachip soc implementation see also upfdef – gatelevel layoutdspf – detailed standard parasitic format analoglevel parasitics interconnections ic designedif – vendor neutral gatelevel netlist formatfsdb – analog waveform format see also waveform viewergdsii – format pcb layout integrated circuitshex – asciicoded binary format memory dumpslef – library exchange format physical abstract cells ic designlib – library modeling function timing formatms – ni multisim fileoasis – open artwork system interchange standardopenaccess – design database format apispsf – cadence proprietary format store simulation resultswaveforms gb limitpsfxl – cadence proprietary format store simulation resultswaveformssdc – synopsys design constraints format synthesis constraintssdf – standard gatelevel timingsspef – standard format parasitics interconnections ic designspi cir – spice netlist devicelevel netlist commands simulationsrec – srecord asciicoded format memory dumpssst – cadence proprietary format store mixedsignal simulation resultswaveformsstil – standard test interface language ieee standard test patterns icsv – systemverilog source filesp – touchstoneeesof scattering parameter data file – multiport blackbox performance measurement simulatedtlf – contains timing logical information collection cells circuit elementsupf – standard powerdomain specification soc implementationv – verilog source filevcd – standard format digital simulation waveformvhd vhdl – vhdl source filewgl – waveform generation language format test patterns ic test technology files output automatic test equipment postprocessed such.standard test data format database db – database structure filedd – database data filedindy – database structure index filedindx – database data index filedr – database data resource file old versionsaccdb – microsoft database microsoft office access lateraccde – compiled microsoft database microsoft office access lateradt – sybase advantage database server adsapr – lotus approach data entry reportsbox – lotus notes post office mail routing databasechml – krasbit technologies encrypted database file click integration contact management software chameleontm line imaging workflow solutionsdaf – digital anchor data filedat – dos basicdat – intersystems caché database filedb – paradoxdb – sqlitedbf – dbdbase iiiiiiv v clipper harbourxharbour foxfoxpro oracledta – sage sterling database fileegt – egt universal document used compress sql databases smaller files may contain original egt database style.ess – egt smartsense database files compression style.specific egt smartsenseeap – enterprise architect projectfdb – firebird databasesfdb – navision database filefp fp fp fp – filemaker profrm – mysql table definitiongdb – borland interbase databasesgtable – google drive fusion tablekexi – kexi database file sqlitebasedkexic – shortcut database connection kexi databases serverkexis – shortcut kexi databaseldb – temporary database file existing database openlirs layered intager storage.
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List of file formats
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stores intageres characters semicolons create lists data.mda – addin file microsoft accessmdb – microsoft access databaseadp – microsoft access project used accessing databases servermde – compiled microsoft database accessmdf – microsoft sql server databasemyd – mysql myisam table datamyi – mysql myisam table indexncf – lotus notes configuration filensf – lotus notes databasentf – lotus notes database design templatenv – qw page newviews object oriented accounting databaseodb – libreoffice base openoffice base databaseora – oracle tablespace files sometimes get extension also used configuration filespcontact – winim contact filepdb – palm os databasepdi – portable database imagepdx – corel paradox database managementprc – palm os resource databasesql – bundled sql queriesrec – gnu recutils databaserel – sage retrieve gl data filerin – sage retrieve gl index filesdb – staroffices starbasesdf – sql compact database filesqlite – sqliteudl – universal data linkwadata – wakanda software database data filewaindx – wakanda software database index filewamodel – wakanda software database model filewajournal – wakanda software database journal filewdb – microsoft works databasewmdb – windows media database file – currentdatabase.wmdb file contain file name file properties music video photo playlist information.big data distributed avro data format appropriate ingestion record based attributes.distinguishing characteristic schema stored row enabling schema evolution.parquet columnar data storage.typically used within hadoop ecosystem.orc similar parquet better data compression schema evolution handling.desktop publishing ai – adobe illustratorave zave – aquafadascdr – coreldrawchp pub sty cap cif vgr frm – ventura publisher – xerox dos gemcpt – corel photopaintdtp – greenstreet publisher gst pressworksfm – adobe framemakergdraw – google drive drawingildoc – broadvision quicksilver documentindd – adobe indesignmcf – fotoinsight designerpdf – adobe acrobat adobe readerpmd – adobe pagemakerppp – serif pagepluspsd – adobe photoshoppub – microsoft publisherqxd – quarkxpresssla scd – scribusxcf – file format used gimp well programs document files store formatted text plain text.
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List of file formats
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financial records myo – myob limited windows filemyob – myob limited mac filetax – turbotax fileynab – need budget ynab file financial data transfer formats interactive financial exchange ifx – xmlbased specification various forms financial transactionsopen financial exchange .ofx – open standard supported checkfree microsoft partly intuit sgml later xml basedqfx – proprietary payonly format used intuitquicken interchange format .qif – open standard formerly supported intuit font file abf – adobe binary screen fontafm – adobe font metricsbdf – bitmap distribution formatbmf – bytemap font formatbrfnt binary revolution font formatfnt – bitmapped font – graphics environment manager gemfon – bitmapped font – microsoft windowsmgf – micrografx fontotf – opentype fontpcf – portable compiled formatpostscript font – type type pfa – printer font asciipfb – printer font binary – adobepfm – printer font metrics – adobeafm – adobe font metricsfond – font description resource – mac ossfd – fontforge spline font database fontsnf – server normal formattdf – thedraw fonttfm – tex font metricttf .ttf .ttc – truetype fontufo – unified font object crossplatform crossapplication human readable future proof format storing font data.woff – web open font format geographic information system asc – ascii point interest poi text fileapr – esri arcview .earlier project filedem – usgs dem file formate – arcinfo interchange file formatgeojson –geographically located data object notationgeotiff – geographically located raster datagml – geography markup language filegpx – xmlbased interchange formatitn – tomtom itinerary formatmxd – esri arcgis project file .higherntf – national transfer format fileov – tomtom poi overlay fileshp – esri shapefiletab – mapinfo table file formatworld tiff – geographically located raster data text file giving corner coordinate raster cells per unit rotationdted – digital terrain elevation datakml – keyhole markup language xmlbased graphical information organizers dt – topicscape database metadata topicscape held form concept map like mindmap used organize ideas information computer filesaty – topicscape file produced association type exported used permit roundtrip export topicscape change files folders desired reimport topicscapecag – linear reference systemfes – topicscape file produced fileless occurrence topicscape exported windows.used permit roundtrip export topicscape change files folders desired reimport topicscapemgmf – mindgenius mind mapping software file formatmm – freemind mind map file xmlmmp – mind manager mind map filetpc – topicscape file produced intertopicscape topic link file exported windows used permit roundtrip export topicscape change files folders desired reimport topicscape graphics color palettes act – adobe color table.contains raw color palette consists bit rgb colour values.ase – adobe swatch exchange.
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List of file formats
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used adobe photoshop illustrator indesign.gpl – gimp palette file.uses text representation color names rgb values.various open source graphical editors read format including gimp inkscape krita kolourpaint scribus cinepaint mypaint.pal – microsoft riff palette file color management iccicm – color profile conforming specification icc.raster graphics raster bitmap files store images group pixels.vector graphics vector graphics use geometric primitives points lines curves polygons represent images.dv – wireframe graphics oscar garciaamf – additive manufacturing file formatawg – ability drawai – adobe illustrator documentcgm – computer graphics metafile iso standardcdr – coreldraw documentcmx – coreldraw vector imagedp – drawing program file perqdrawio – diagrams.net offline diagramdxf – ascii drawing interchange file format used autocad cadprogramsed – dimensional vector graphics used editor included jfireegt – egt universal document egt vector draw images used draw vector websiteeps – encapsulated postscriptfs – flexipro filegbr – gerber fileodg – opendocument drawingmovie.byurendermansvg – scalable vector graphics employs xmlscene description languages vector image formatsstl – stereo lithographic data format see stl file format used various cad systems stereo lithographic printing machines.
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List of file formats
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see above.vrml uses .wrl extension – virtual reality modeling language creation viewable web images.xdsxd – openoffice.org xml obsolete drawingtgax texture format used zwiftvd – voucher design used voucher management included jfirevdoc – vector format used anycut cutstorm drawcut dragoncut futuredraw mastercut signmaster vinylmaster software future corporationvsd – vector format used microsoft visiovsdx – vector format used ms visio opened vsdx annotatorvnd – vision numeric drawing file used typeedit gravostyle.wmf – windows meta fileemf – enhanced windows metafile extension wmfart – xara – drawing superseded xarxar – xara – drawing graphics graphics models allow building models realtime nonrealtime rendering.dmf – quickdraw metafile .dmfdm – opennurbs initiative model used rhinoceros .dmmf – microsoft manufacturing format .mfds – legacy studio model .dsabc – alembic computer graphicsac – acd model .acamf – additive manufacturing file formatan – animor model .anaoi – art illusion model .aoiasm – ptc creo assembly .asmbd – blitzd model .bdblend – blender .blendblock – blender encrypted blend files .blockbmd – nintendo gamecube firstparty jd proprietary model format .bmdbdl – nintendo gamecube wii firstparty jd proprietary model format – .bdlbrres – nintendo wii firstparty proprietary model format .brresbfres – nintendo wii u later switch firstparty proprietary model formatcd – cinema .cdcald – cald .caldccp – xray crystallography voxels electron densitycfl – compressed file library .cflcob – caligari object .cobcored – coreona coreona virtual file.coredctm – openctm .ctmdae – collada .daedff – renderware binary stream commonly used grand theft auto iiiera games well renderware titlesdpm – deepmesh .dpmdts – torque game engine .dtsegg – pandad enginefact – electric image .facfbx – autodesk fbx .fbxg – brlcad geometry .gglb – binary form gltf required loaded facebook posts..glbglm – ghoul mesh .glmgltf – jsonbased standard developed khronos group .gltfio bricklink stud.io .model file .ioiob – imagine modeling software .iobjas – cheetah file .jasjmesh universal mesh data exchange file based jmesh specification .jmsh textjson based .bmsh binaryubjson basedldr ldraw model file .ldrlwo – lightwave object .lwolws – lightwave scene .lwslxf – lego digital designer model file .lxflxo – luxology modo software file .lxomd – modeld universal engineneutral format .mdma – autodesk maya ascii file .mamax – autodesk studio max file .maxmb – autodesk maya binary file .mbmpd ldraw multipart document model file .mpdmd – quake model format .mdmd – quake model format .mdmd – doom model format .mdmdx – blizzard entertainments model format .mdxmesh – new york university.mmesh – meshwork model .meshmmd – misfit model .mmdmpo – multipicture object – jpeg standard used images nintendo dsmrc – voxels cryoelectron microscopynif – gamebryo netimmerse file .nifobj – wavefront .obj file .objoff – object file format .offogex – open game engine exchange opengex format .ogexply – polygon file format stanford triangle format .plyprc – adobe prc embedded pdf filesprt – ptc creo part .prtpov – povray document .povrd – realsoft reald .rdrwx – renderware object .rwxsia – nevercenter silo object .siasib – nevercenter silo object .sibskp – google sketchup file .skpsldasm – solidworks assembly document .sldasmsldprt – solidworks part document .sldprtsmd – valve studiomdl data format .smdud – universal format .udusd – universal scene description .usdusda – universal scene description humanreadable text format .usdausdc – universal scene description binary format .usdcusdz – universal scene description zip .usdzvim – revizto visual information model format .vimprojvrml – vrml virtual reality modeling language .wrlvue – vue scene file .vuevwx – vectorworks .vwxwings – wingsd .wingswd – westwood model .wdx – directx model .xxd – extensible .xdzd – zmodeler .zdzbmx mecabricks blender addon .zbmx links shortcuts alias mac osjnlp – java network launching protocol xml file used java web start starting java applets internetlnk – binaryformat file shortcut microsoft windows laterapprefms – file shortcut format used clickoncenal zenworks instant shortcut opens .exe c url – ini file pointing url bookmarksinternet shortcut microsoft windowswebloc – property list file pointing url bookmarksinternet shortcut macossym – symbolic link.desktop – desktop entry linux desktop environments mathematical harwellboeing file format – format designed store sparse matricesmml – mathml – mathematical markup languageodf – opendocument math formulasxm – openoffice.org xml obsolete math formula object code executable files shared dynamically linked libraries .bf files – plugins photo editing programs including adobe photoshop paint shop pro gimp helicon filter..a – objective c native static librarya.out – suffix executable image .o object files .so shared object files classic unix object format often superseded elfapk – android application packageapp – folder found macos systems containing program code resources appearing one file.bac – executable image rstse system created using basicplus compile commandbpl – win pe file created borland delphi cbuilder containing package.bundle – macintosh plugin created xcode make holds executable code data files folders code..class – used javacoff suffix executable image .o object files – unix common object file format often superseded elfcom files – commands used dos cpmdcu – delphi compiled unitdll – library used windows os store data resources code.dol – format used gamecube wii short dolphin codename gamecube..ear – archives java enterprise applicationself – suffix executable image .o object files .so shared object files used many modern unix unixlike systems including solaris system v release derivatives linux bsdexpander see bundledos executable .exe – used dos.ipa – apple ios application executable file.another form zip file.jeff – file format allowing execution directly static memory.jar – archives java class files.xpi – pkzip archive run mozilla web browsers install software.macho – suffix executable image .o object files .dylib .bundle shared object files machbased systems notably native format macos ios watchos tvosnetware loadable module .nlm – native bit binaries compiled novells netware operating system versions newernew executable .exe – used multitasking european msdos .bit microsoft windows os.o – unlinked object files directly compilerportable executable .exe – used microsoft windows systemspreferred executable format – classic mac os powerpc applications compatible macos via classic mac os x emulatorrll – used microsoft operating systems together dll file store program resources.ses – executable used ses learning system..so – shared library typically elfvalue added process .vap – native bit binaries compiled novells netware operating system version netware advanced netware etc..war – archives java web applicationsxbe – xbox executable.xap – windows phone packagexcoff – suffix executable image .o object files .a shared object files extended coff used aixxex – xbox executablelist – variable listobject extensions.vbx – visual basic extensions.ocx – object control extensions.tlb – windows type library page description language dvi – device independent formategt – universal document used store css type styles .egtpldpclpdf – portable document formatpostscript .ps .ps.gzsnp – microsoft access report snapshotxpsxslfo formatting objectsconfigurations metadatacss – cascading style sheetsxslt xsl – xml style sheet .xslt .xsltpl – web template .tpl personal information manager msg – microsoft outlook task managerorg – lotus organizer pim packageorg emacs orgmode mindmanager contacts calendar emailintegrationpst ost – microsoft outlook email communicationsc – microsoft schedule calendar presentation gslides – google drive presentationkey keynote – apple keynote presentationnb – mathematica slideshownbp – mathematica player slideshowodp – opendocument presentationotp – opendocument presentation templatepez – prezi desktop presentationpot – microsoft powerpoint templatepps – microsoft powerpoint showppt – microsoft powerpoint presentationpptx – office open xml presentationprz – lotus freelance graphicssdd – staroffices starimpressshf – thinkfree showshow – haansofthancom presentation software documentshw – corel presentations slide show creationslp – logixd manager show control projectsspss – songshow plus slide showsti – openoffice.org xml obsolete presentation templatesxi – openoffice.org xml obsolete presentationthmx – microsoft powerpoint theme templatewatch – dataton watchout presentation project management software mpp – microsoft project reference management software formats files used bibliographic information citation management.bib – bibtexenl – endnoteris – research information systems ris file format scientific data data exchange fits flexible image transport system – standard data format astronomy .fitssilo – storage format visualization developed lawrence livermore national laboratoryspc – spectroscopic dataeas – binary format structured dataeossa – electrooptic space situational awareness formatost open spatiotemporal – extensible mainly images related data pure data meant open alternative microscope imagesccp – xray crystallography voxels electron densitymrc – voxels cryoelectron microscopyhitran – spectroscopic data one opticalinfrared transition per line ascii file .hit.root – hierarchical platformindependent compressed binary format used rootsimple data format sdf – platformindependent precisionpreserving binary data io format capable handling large multidimensional arrays.myd – everfine ledspec software file led measurementscsdm core scientific dataset model – model multidimensional correlated datasets various spectroscopies diffraction microscopy imaging techniques .csdf .csdfe.
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List of file formats
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multidomain netcdf – network common data formathdr hdf h h – hierarchical data formatsdxf – structured data exchange formatcdf – common data formatcgns – cfd general notation systemfmf – fullmetadata format meteorology grib – grid binary wmo format weather model databufr – wmo format weather observation datapp – uk met office format weather model datanasaames – simple text format observation data.first used aircraft studies atmosphere.chemistry cml – chemical markup language cml .cmlchemical table file ctab .mol .sd .sdfjoint committee atomic molecular physical data jcamp .dx .jdxsimplified molecular input line entry specification smiles .smi mathematics graph sparse – ascii encoding adjacency matrices .g .s biology molecular biology bioinformaticsab – dna sequencing chromatogram files used instruments applied biosystemsace – sequence assembly formatasn.– abstract syntax notation one international standards organization iso data representation format used achieve interoperability platforms.ncbi uses asn.storage retrieval data nucleotide protein sequences structures genomes pubmed records.bam – binary alignmentmap format compressed sam formatbcf – binary compressed vcf formatbed – browser extensible display format used describing genes features dna sequencescaf – common assembly format sequence assemblycram – compressed file format storing biological sequences aligned reference sequenceddbj – flatfile format used ddbj represent database records nucleotide peptide sequences ddbj databases.embl – flatfile format used embl represent database records nucleotide peptide sequences embl databases.fasta – fasta format sequence data.
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List of file formats
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sometimes also given fna faa fasta nucleic acid fasta amino acid.fastq – fastq format sequence data quality.sometimes also given qual.gcproj – genome compiler project.advanced format genetic data designed shared visualized.genbank – flatfile format used ncbi represent database records nucleotide peptide sequences genbank refseq databasesgff – general feature format used describe genes features dna rna protein sequencesgtf – gene transfer format used hold information gene structuremaf – multiple alignment format stores multiple alignments wholegenome wholegenome comparisons ncbi asn.– structured asn.format used national center biotechnology information dna protein datanexus – nexus file encodes mixed information genetic sequence data block structured formatnexml–xml format phylogenetic treesnwk – newick tree format way representing graphtheoretical trees edge lengths using parentheses commas useful hold phylogenetic trees.pdb – structures biomolecules deposited protein data bank also used exchange protein nucleic acid structuresphd – phred output basecalling software phredpln – protein line notation used proteax software specificationsam – sequence alignment map format results genomes project releasedsbml – systems biology markup language used store biochemical network computational modelsscf – staden chromatogram files used store data dna sequencingsff – standard flowgram formatsra – format used national center biotechnology information short read archive store highthroughput dna sequence datastockholm – stockholm format representing multiple sequence alignmentsswissprot – flatfile format used represent database records protein sequences swissprot databasevcf – variant call format standard created genomes project lists annotates entire collection human variants exception approximately .
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List of file formats
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million variants.biomedical imaging digital imaging communications medicine dicom .dcmneuroimaging informatics technology initiative nifti.nii – singlefile combined data metadata style.nii.gz – gzipcompressed used transparently software notably fmrib software library fsl.gii – singlefile combined data metadata style nifti offspring brain surface data.img.hdr – dualfile separate data metadata respectively styleafni data metadata .brik.headmassachusetts general hospital imaging format used freesurfer brain analysis package.mgh – uncompressed.mgz – zipcompressedanalyze data metadata .img.hdrmedical imaging netcdf minc format previously based netcdf since version .based hdf .mnc biomedical signals time series acq – acqknowledge format windowspc biopac systems inc. goleta ca usaadicht – labchart format adinstruments pty ltd bella vista nsw australiabci – bci project albany ny usabdf – biosemi data format biosemi b.v. amsterdam netherlandsbkr – eeg data format developed university technology graz austriacfwb – chart data format adinstruments pty ltd bella vista nsw australiadicom – waveform extension dicom storing waveform dataecgml – markup language electrocardiogram data acquisition analysisedfedf – european data formatfef – file exchange format vital signs cen ts gdf v.x – general data format biomedical signals version .xgdf v.x – general data format biomedical signals version .xhlaecg – health level v annotated ecgmfer – medical waveform format encoding rulesopenxdf – open exchange data format neurotronics inc. gainesville fl usascpecg – standard communication protocol computer assisted electrocardiography ensigif – digital signal interchange format application neurophysiologywfdb – format physiobankxdf – extensible data format biomedical formats health level hl – framework exchange integration sharing retrieval health information electronicallyxdt – family data exchange formats medical records biometric formats cbf – common biometric format based cbeff .common biometric exframework.ebf – extended biometric format based cbf smime encryption support semantic extensionscbfx – xml common biometric format based upon xcbf .oasis xml common biometric formatebfx – xml extended biometric format based cbfx wc xml encryption support semantic extensions programming languages scripts adb – ada bodyads – ada specificationahk – autohotkey script fileapplescript applescript – see scptas – adobe flash actionscript fileau – autoit version bat – batch filebas – qbasic quickbasicbtm — batch fileclass — compiled java binarycljs – clojurescriptcmd – batch filecoffee – coffeescriptc – ccpp – ccs cino – arduino sketch programegg – chickenegt – egt asterisk application source file egt universal documenterb – embedded ruby ruby rails script filego – gohta – html applicationibi – icarus scriptici – iciijs – j script.ipynb – ipython notebookitcl – itcljs – javascript jscriptjsfl – adobe javascript language.kt kotlinlua – luam – mathematica package filemrc – mirc scriptncf – netware command file scripting novells netware osnuc – compiled scriptnud – c external module written cnut – squirrelo — compiled optimized cc binarypde – processing programming language processing scriptphp – phpphp – php version numberpl – perlpm – perl moduleps – windows powershell shell scriptpsxml – windows powershell format type definitionspsc – windows powershell console filepsd – windows powershell data filepsm – windows powershell module filepy – pythonpyc – python byte code filespyo – pythonr – r scriptsr – rebol scriptsrb – rubyrdp – rdp connectionred – red scriptsrs – rust programming languagesbsb – scratchscpt – applescriptscptd – see scpt.sdl – state description languagesh – shell scriptsyjs – symat javascriptsypy – symat pythontcl – tcltns – tinspire codefilets typescriptvbs – visual basic scriptxpl – xproc scriptpipelineebuild – gentoo linuxs portage package.
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List of file formats
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security authentication general encryption formats listed here.openpgp message format – used pretty good privacy gnu privacy guard openpgp software contain keys signed data encrypted data binary text ascii armored certificates keys gxk – galaxkey encryption platform authorized private confidential email communicationopenssh private key .ssh – secure shell private key format generated sshkeygen converted ppk puttygenopenssh public key .pub – secure shell public key format generated sshkeygen puttygenputty private key .ppk – secure shell private key format generated puttygen instead format used opensshnsign public key .nsign nsign public key custom format x. distinguished encoding rules .cer .crt .der – stores certificatespkcs signeddata .pb .pc – commonly appears without main data certificates certificate revocation lists crlspkcs .p .pfx – store public certificates private keyspem – privacyenhanced electronic mail full format widely used often used store distinguished encoding rules base formatpfx – microsoft predecessor pkcs encrypted files section shows file formats encrypted general data rather specific programs data.axx – encrypted file created axcrypteea – encrypted cab ostensibly protecting email attachmentstc – virtual encrypted disk container created truecryptkode – encrypted file created kodefilensigne encrypted private key created nsign password files password files sometimes called keychain files contain lists passwords usually encrypted.bpw – encrypted password file created bitser password managerkdb – keepass databasekdbx – keepass database signal data nonaudio acq – acqknowledge format windowspc biopacadicht – labchart format adinstrumentsbkr – eeg data format developed university technology grazbdf cfg – configuration file comtrade datacfwb – chart data format adinstrumentsdat – raw data file comtrade dataedf – european data formatfef – file exchange format vital signsgdf – general data formats biomedical signalsgms – gesture motion signal formatirock – intellirock sensor data file formatmfer – medical waveform format encoding rulessac – seismic analysis code earthquake seismology data formatscpecg – standard communication protocol computer assisted electrocardiographyseed mseed – standard exchange earthquake data seismological data sensor metadatasegy – reflection seismology data formatsigif – signal interchange formatwin win – niederi seismic data format .cnt sound music lossless audio uncompressed svx – commodoreamiga bit sound usually iff containersvx – commodoreamiga bit sound usually iff containeraiff aif aifc – audio interchange file formatau – simple audio file format introduced sun microsystemsbwf – broadcast wave format extension wavecdda – compact disc digital audiodsf dff – direct stream digital audio file also used super audio cdraw – raw samples without header syncwav – microsoft wave compressed ra rm – realaudio formatflac – free lossless codec ogg projectla – lossless audiopac – lpacape – monkeys audioofr ofs – optimfrogrka – rkaushn – shortentak – toms lossless audio kompressorthd – dolby truehdtta – free lossless audio codec true audiowv – wavpackwma – windows media audio losslessbrstm – binary revolution streamdts dtshd dtsma – dts sound systemast – nintendo audio streamaw – nintendo audio sample used firstparty gamespsf – portable sound format playstation variant originally playstation sound format lossy audio ac – usually used dolby digital tracksamr – gsm umts based mobile phonesmp – mpeg layer mp – mpeg layer mpmpeg layer spx – speex ogg project specialized voice low bitratesgsm – gsm full rate originally developed use mobile phoneswma – windows media audioaac – advanced audio coding usually mpeg containermpc – musepackvqf – yamaha twinvqots – audio file similar mp data stored file slightly better compression designed use otslabs otsavswa – adobe shockwave audio compression mp additional header information specific adobe directorvox – dialogic adpcm low sample rate digitized voicevoc – creative labs soundblaster creative voice bit bit also output format rca audio recordersdwd – diamondware digitizedsmp – turtlebeach samplevisionogg – ogg vorbis tracker modules related mod – soundtracker protracker sample melody modulesmt – madtracker modulesm – scream tracker modulexm – fast tracker moduleit – impulse tracker modulensf – nes sound formatmid midi – standard midi file often notes controls occasionally also sample dumps .mid .rmiftm – famitracker project filebtm – bambootracker project file sheet music files abc – abc notation sheet music filedarms – darms file format also known fordcolumbia formatetf – enigma transportation format abandoned sheet music exchange formatgp – guitar pro sheet music tablature filekern – kern file format sheet music filely – lilypond sheet music filemei – music encoding initiative file format attempts encode musical notationsmus musx – finale sheet music filemxl xml – musicxml standard sheet music exchange formatmscx mscz – musescore sheet music filesmdl – standard music description language sheet music filesib – sibelius sheet music file file formats pertaining audio niff – notation interchange file formatptb – power tab editor tabasf – advanced systems formatcust – deliplayer custom sound formatgym – genesis ym logjam – jam music formatmng – background music creatures game series starting creatures rmj – realjukebox media used realplayersid – sound interface device – commodore instructions play sid music sound effectsspc – super nes sound formattxm – track ax mediavgm – stands video game music log several different chipsym – atari stamstrad cpc ym sound chip formatpvd – portable voice document used oaisys mitel call recordings playlist formats aimppl – aimp playlist formatasx – advanced stream redirectorram – real audio metafile realaudio files only.xpl – hdi playlistxspf – xml shareable playlist formatzpl – xbox music formerly zune playlist format microsoftmu – multimedia playlist filepls – multimedia playlist originally developed use musearc audio editing music production als – ableton live setalc – ableton live clipalp – ableton live packatmos audio metadata – dolby atmos rendering mastering related fileaup – audacity project fileaup – audacity .project fileband – garageband project filecel – adobe audition loop file cool edit loopcau caustic project filecpr – steinberg cubase project filecwp – cakewalk sonar project filedrm – steinberg cubase drum filedmkit – imagelines drumaxx drum kit fileens – native instruments reaktor ensembleflp – image line fl studio project filegrir – native instruments komplete guitar rig impulse responselogic – logic pro x project filemmp – lmms project file alternatively mmpz compressed formatsmmr – magix music maker project filemxhs – mixcraft home studio project filenpr – steinberg nuendo project fileomf omfi – open media framework interchange omfi succeeds omf open media frameworkptx pro tools later project fileptf pro tools pro tools project filepts legacy pro tools project filerin – soundways rinm file containing sound recording participant credits song informationrpp rppbak – reaper project filereapeaks – reaper peak waveform cache fileses – adobe audition multitrack session filesfk – sound forge waveform cache filesfl – sound forge sound filesng – midi sequence file midisoft korg etc.ntrack studio project filestf – studiofactory project file.contains necessary patches samples tracks settings play filesnd – akai mpc sound filesyn – synfactory project file.contains necessary patches samples tracks settings play fileust – utau editor sequence excluding wavefilevcls – vocalistener project filevpr – vocaloid editor sequence excluding wavefilevsq – vocaloid editor sequence excluding wavefilevsqx – vocaloid editor sequence excluding wavefile recorded television formats dvrms – windows xp media center editions windows media center recorded television formatwtv – windows vistas windows media center recorded television format source code computer programs ada adb .ada – ada body sourceads .ada – ada specification sourceasm – assembly language sourcebas – basic freebasic visual basic basicplus source picaxe basicbb – blitz basic blitzdbmx – blitz basic blitzmaxc – c sourceclj – clojure source codecls – visual basic classcob cbl – cobol sourcecpp cc cxx c cbp – c sourcecs – c sourcecsproj – c project visual studio .netd – sourcedba – darkbasic sourcedbpro – darkbasic professional projecte – eiffel sourceefs – egt forever source fileegt – egt asterisk source file could j c vb.net ef .
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List of file formats
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egt foreverel – emacs lisp sourcefor ftn f f f – fortran sourcefrm – visual basic formfrx – visual basic form stash file binary form filefth – forth sourceged – game maker extension editable file version .gm – game maker editable file version .xgmd – game maker editable file version .xgmk – game maker editable file version .gml – game maker language script filego – go sourceh – cc header filehpp hxx – c header filehs – haskell sourcei – swig interface fileinc – turbo pascal included sourcejava – java sourcel – lex sourcelgt – logtalk sourcelisp – common lisp sourcem – objectivec sourcem – matlabm – mathematicam – sourceml – standard ml ocaml sourcemsqr – m² source file created mattia marzialin – nemerle sourcenb – nuclear basic sourcep – parser sourcepas pp p – pascal source dpr projectsphp php php php phps phtml – php sourcepiv – pivot stickfigure animatorpl pm – perlpli pl – pliprg – ashtontate dbii dbiii dbiv db db clipper microsoft fox foxpro harbour xharbour xbasepro – idlpol – apcera policy language docletpy – python sourcer – r sourcered – red sourcereds – redsystem sourcerb – ruby sourceresx – resource file .net applicationsrc rc – resource script files generate resources .net applicationsrkt rktl – racket sourcescala – scala sourcesci sce – scilabscm – scheme sourcesd – seed sourceskb skc – sage retrieve gl common area main amended backupskd – sage retrieve gl databaseskf skg – sage retrieve gl file layouts main amended backupski – sage retrieve gl instructionsskk – sage retrieve gl report generatorskm – sage retrieve gl menusko – sage retrieve gl programskp skq – sage retrieve gl print layouts main amended backupsks skt – sage retrieve gl screen layouts main amended backupskz – sage retrieve gl security filesln – visual studio solutionspin – spin source parallax propeller microcontrollersstk – stickfigure file pivot stickfigure animatorswg – swig source codetcl – tcl source codevap – visual studio analyzer projectvb – visual basic.net sourcevbg – visual studio compatible project groupvbp vip – visual basic projectvbproj – visual basic .net projectvcproj – visual c projectvdproj – visual studio deployment projectxpl – xproc scriptpipelinexq – xquery filexsl – xslt stylesheety – yacc source spreadsheet – lotus ab – abykus worksheetab – abykus workbookaws – ability spreadsheetbcsv – nintendo proprietary table formatclf – thinkfree calccell – haansofthancom spreadsheet software documentcsv – commaseparated valuesgsheet – google drive spreadsheetnumbers – apple numbers spreadsheet filegnumeric – gnumeric spreadsheet gziped xml filelcw – lucid dods – opendocument spreadsheetots – opendocument spreadsheet templateqpw – quattro pro spreadsheetsdc – staroffice starcalc spreadsheetslk – sylk symbolic linkstc – openoffice.org xml obsolete spreadsheet templatesxc – openoffice.org xml obsolete spreadsheettab – tab delimited columns also tsv tabseparated valuestxt – text filevc – visicalcwk – lotus version .wk – lotus version .wk – lotus version .wks – lotus wks – microsoft workswq – quattro pro dos versionxlk – microsoft excel worksheet backupxls – microsoft excel worksheet sheet –xlsb – microsoft excel binary workbookxlsm – microsoft excel macroenabled workbookxlsx – office open xml worksheet sheetxlr – microsoft works version .xlt – microsoft excel worksheet templatexltm – microsoft excel macroenabled worksheet templatexlw – microsoft excel worksheet workspace version .tabulated data tsv – tabseparated valuescsv – commaseparated valuesdb – databank format accessible many econometric applicationsdif – accessible many spreadsheet applications video aaf – mostly intended hold edit decisions rendering information also contain compressed media essencegp – common video format cell phonesgif – animated gif simple animation recently often avoided patent problemsasf – container enables form compression used mpeg common video asfcontainers also called windows media video wmvavchd – advanced video codec high definitionavi – container shell enables form compression usedbik .bik – bink video file.video compression system developed rad game toolsbraw video format used blackmagics ursa mini pro k cameras.cam – amsn webcam log filecollab – blackboard collaborate session recordingdat – video standard data file automatically created attempted burn video file cddshdvrms – windows xp media center editions windows media center recorded television formatflv – flash video encoded run flash animationmv mpeg – videomv mpeg – videonoa rare movie format use japanese eroges around fla – adobe flash producingflr – text file contains scripts extracted swf free actionscript decompiler named flaresol – adobe flash shared object flash cookiestr sony playstation video streammv – video container file format developed applematroska .mkv – matroska container format enables video format mpeg asp avc used along content subtitles detailed meta informationwrap – mediaforge .wrapmng – mainly simple animation containing png jpeg objects often somewhat complex animated gifquicktime .mov – container enables form compression used sorenson codec common qtch filetype cached video audio streamsmpeg .mpeg .mpg .mpethp – nintendo proprietary movievideo formatmpeg part shortened mp – multimedia container often used sonys playstation portable apples ipodmxf – material exchange format standardized wrapper format audiovisual material developed smpteroq – used quake nsv – nullsoft streaming video media container designed streaming video content internetogg – container multimediarm – realmediasvi – samsung video format portable playerssmi – sami caption file html like subtitle movie filessmk .smk – smacker video file.video compression system developed rad game toolsswf – adobe flash viewingwmv – windows media video see asfwtv – windows vistas windows media center recorded television formatyuv – raw video format resolution horizontal x vertical sample structure must known explicitlywebm – video file format web video using html video editing production braw – blackmagic design raw video file namefcp – final cut pro project filemswmm – windows movie maker project fileppj prproj– adobe premiere pro video editing fileimovieproj – imovie project fileveg vegbak – sony vegas project filesuf – sony camera configuration file setup.suf produced xdcamex camcorderswlmp – windows live movie maker project filekdenlive – kdenlive project filevpj – videopad project filemotn – apple motion project fileimoviemobile – imovie project file ios userswfp wve — wondershare filmora projectpds cyberlink powerdirector projectvproj vsdc free video editor project file video game data list common file formats data video games systems support filesystems commonly pc games.minecraft — files used mojang develop minecraftmcaddon – format used bedrock edition minecraft addons resource packs gamemcfunction – format used minecraft storing functionsmcmeta – format used minecraft storing data customizable texture packs gamemcpack – format used bedrock edition minecraft ingame texture packs full addons gamemcr – format used minecraft storing data ingame worlds version .mctemplate – format used bedrock edition minecraft world templatesmcworld – format used bedrock edition minecraft ingame worldsnbs – format used note block studio tool used make note block songs minecraft.trackmaniamaniaplanet engine – formats used games based trackmania engine.gbx usercreated content stored file type.replay.gbx stores replay race.challenge.gbxmap.gbx stores tracksmaps.systemconfig.gbx launcher info.trackmaniavehicle.gbx info certain car type.vehicletunings.gbx vehicle physics.solid.gbx blocks model.item.gbx custom maniaplanet item.block.gbx custom maniaplanet block.texture.gbx info texture used materials.material.gbx info material surface type used solids.tmedclassic.gbx block info.ghost.gbx player ghosts trackmania trackmania turbo.controlstyle.gbx menu files.scores.gbx stores info players best times.profile.gbx stores players info login.dds almost every texture game uses format.pak stores environment data valid blocks.loc locator.locators allow game download content car skins external server.script.txt scripts maniaplanet menus game modes.xml manialinks.doom engine – formats used games based doom engine.deh – dehacked files mutate game executable officially part doom enginedsg – saved gamelmp – lump entry doom wad.lmp – saved demo recordingmus – music file usually contained within wad filewad – data storage contains music maps texturesquake engine – formats used games based quake engine.bsp – binary space partitioning compiled map formatmap – raw map format used editors like gtkradiant quarkmdlmdmdmd – model item used gamepakpk – data storagepkpk – used quake ii quake iii arena quake game engines respectively store game data textures etc.
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List of file formats
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actually .zip files..dat – specific file type often generic extension data files variety applicationssometimes used general data contained within .pkpk files.fontdat – .dat file used formatting game fonts.roq – video format.sav – savegame formatunreal engine – formats used games based unreal engine.u – unreal script formatuax – animations format unreal engine umx – map format unreal tournamentumx – music format unreal engine unr – map format unrealupk – package format cooked content unreal engine usx – sound format unreal engine unreal engine ut – map format unreal tournament unreal tournament ut – map format unreal tournament utx – texture format unreal engine unreal engine uxx – cache format files client downloaded server converted regular formatsduke nukem engine – formats used games based enginedmo – save gamegrp – data storagemap – map usually constructed build.exediablo engine – formats used diablo blizzard entertainment.sv – save gameitm – item filereal virtuality engine – formats used bohemia interactive.operationflashpoint arma vbssqf – format used general editingsqm – format used mission filespbo – binarized file used compiled modelslip – format created wav files create ingame accurate lipsynch character animations.source engine – formats used valve.halflife counterstrike source day defeat source halflife episode one team fortress halflife episode two portal left dead left dead alien swarm portal counterstrike global offensive titanfall insurgency titanfall day infamyvmf – valve hammer map editor raw map filevmx valve hammer map editor backup map filebsp – source engine compiled map filemdl – source engine model formatsmd – source engine uncompiled model formatpcf – source engine particle effect filehl – halflife save formatdem – source engine demo formatvpk – source engine pack formatvtf – source engine texture formatvmt – source engine material format.pokemon generation vcgb pokemon black whitepokemon black white cgear skins.other formatsarc used store new super mario bros. wii level datab – used grand theft auto saved game filesbol – used levels poingpcdbpf – sims dbpf packagediva – project diva timings element coördinates mp references notes animation poses scores.esm esp – master plugin data archives creation enginehambu format used aidans funhouse game rgtw storing map datahe games filegcf – format used steam content management system file archivesimg – format used renderwarebased grand theft auto games data storagelove – format used loved enginemap – format used halo combat evolved archive compression doom³ various gamesmca – format used minecraft storing data ingame worldsnbt – format used minecraft storing program variables along java type identifiersoec – format used oecake scene data storageosb osu storyboard dataosc osustream combined stream dataosf free osustream song fileosr – osu replay dataosu – osu beatmap dataosz paid osustream song filepd – format pandad disneyplagueinc format used plague inc. storing custom scenario informationpod – format used terminal realityrct – used templates save files rollercoaster tycoon gamesrep – used blizzard entertainment scenario replays starcraft.simcity dbpf .dat .sclot .scmodel – game plugins use format commonly different file extensionssmzip – zipbased package stepmania songs themes announcer packs.solitairetheme solitaire theme windows solitaireusld – format used unison shift store level layouts.vvvvvv – format used vvvvvvcps – format used powder toy powder toy savestm – format used powder toy powder toy stamppkg – format used bungie pc beta destiny nearly games assets.chr – format used team salvato character files doki doki literature clubz – format used zmachine story files interactive fiction.scworld – format used survivalcraft store sandbox worlds.scskin – format used survivalcraft store player skins.scbtex – format used survivalcraft store block textures.prison – format used prison architect save prisonsescape – format used prison architect save escape attempts video game storage media list common filename extensions used games rom image storage medium copied original readonly memory rom device external memory hard disk back purposes making game playable emulator.case cartridgebased software platform specific extension used filename extensions .rom .bin usually used clarify file contains copy content rom.rom disk tape images usually consist one file rom rather entire file rom structure contained within one file backup medium.a – atari .aa – atari .aa – atari .alnx – atari lynx .lnxjagj – atari jaguar .jag .jiso wbfs wad wdf – wii wiiu .iso .wbfs .wad .wdfgcm iso – gamecube .gcm .isomin pokemon mini .minnds – nintendo ds .ndsds – nintendo ds .dscia – installation file .ciagb – game boy .gb applies original game boy game boy colorgbc – game boy color .gbcgba – game boy advance .gbagba – game boy advance .gbasav – game boy advance saved data files .savsgm – visual boy advance save states .sgmn v z u usa jap pal eur bin – nintendo .n .v .z .u .usa .jap .pal .eur .binpj – project save states .pjnes – nintendo entertainment system .nesfds – famicom disk system .fdsjst – jnes save states .jstfc – fceux save states .fc character usually numbergg – game gear .ggsms – master system .smssg – sg .sgsmdbin – mega drivegenesis .smd .binx – sega x .xsmcsfc – super nes .smc .
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List of file formats
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.sfc .split roms rarefig – super famicom japanese releases rarely .fig extensions commonsrm – super nes saved data files .srmzst – zsnes save states .zst .zs.zs .z.zfrz – snesx save states .frz ..pce – turbografxpc engine .pcenpc ngp – neo geo pocket .npc .ngpngc – neo geo pocket color .ngcvb – virtual boy .vbint – intellivision .intmin – pokémon mini .minvec – vectrex .vecbin – odyssey² .binws – wonderswan .wswsc – wonderswan color .wsctzx – zx spectrum .tzx exact copies zx spectrum gamestap – tape images without copy protectionzsna – snapshots emulator ramdsk – disk imagestap – commodore .tap tape images including copy protectiont – tape images without copy protection considerably smaller .tap filesd – disk imagescrt – cartridge imagesadf – amiga .adf k diskette imagesadz – gzipcompressed version above.dms – disk masher system previously used diskarchiving system native amiga also supported emulators.virtual machines microsoft virtual pc virtual server vfd – virtual floppy disk .vfdvhd – virtual hard disk .vhdvud – virtual undo disk .vudvmc – virtual machine configuration .vmcvsv – virtual machine saved state .vsv emc vmware esx gsx workstation player log – virtual machine logfile .logvmdk dsk – virtual machine disk .vmdk .dsknvram – virtual machine bios .nvramvmem – virtual machine paging file .vmemvmsd – virtual machine snapshot metadata .vmsdvmsn – virtual machine snapshot .vmsnvmssstd – virtual machine suspended state .vmss .stdvmtm – virtual machine team data .vmtmvmxcfg – virtual machine configuration .vmx .cfgvmxf – virtual machine team configuration .vmxf virtualbox vdi – virtualbox virtual disk image .vdivboxextpack – virtualbox extension pack..vboxextpack parallels workstation hdd – virtual machine hard disk .hddpvs – virtual machine preferencesconfiguration .pvssav – virtual machine saved state .sav qemu cow – copyonwriteqcow – qemu copyonwrite qcowqcow – qemu copyonwrite – version qcowqed – qemu enhanced disk format web page staticdtd – document type definition standard must public freehtml .html .htm – hypertext markup languagexhtml .xhtml .xht – extensible hypertext markup languagemhtml .mht .mhtml – archived html store data one web page text images etc.one big filemaf .maff – web archive based zipdynamically generatedasp .asp – microsoft active server pageaspx – .aspx – microsoft active server page.
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Sumo Logic
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netadp – aolserver dynamic pagebml – .bml – better markup language templatingcfm – .cfm – coldfusioncgi – .cgiihtml – .ihtml – inline htmljsp – .jsp javaserver pageslasso – .las .lasso .lassoapp – file created served lasso programming languagepl – perl .plphp – .php .php .phtml – version number previously abbreviated personal home page later changed php hypertext preprocessorssi – .shtml – html server side includes apachessi – .stm – html server side includes apache markup languages web standardsbased formats atom – .atom .xml – another syndication format.eml – .eml – format used several desktop email clients.jsonld – .jsonld – jsonbased serialization linked data.kprx – .kprx – xmlbased serialization workflow definition generated k.ps – .ps – xmlbased serialization test automation scripts called powerscripts k based applications.metalink – .metalink .met – format list metadata downloads mirrors checksums information.rss – .rss .xml – syndication format.markdown – .markdown .md – plain text formatting syntax popularly used format readme files.shuttle – .se – another lightweight markup language.axd – cookie extensions found temporary internet folderbdf – binary data format – raw data recovered blocks unallocated space hard drivecbp – cd box labeler pro centrabuilder codeblocks project file conlab projectcex – solidworks enterprise pdm vault filecol – nintendo gamecube proprietary collision file .colcredx – credx dat fileddb – generating code vocaloid singers voice see .ddiddi – vocaloid phoneme library japanese english korean spanish chinese catalandupx – duupecheck database management tool project fileftm – family tree maker data fileftmb – family tree maker backup filega – graphical analysis gedcom .ged – genealogical data communication format exchange genealogy data different genealogy softwarehlp – windows help fileigc – flight tracks downloaded gps devices fais prescribed formatinf – similar format ini file used install device drivers windows inter alia.jam – jam message base format bbseskmc – tests made katzreviews megacrammerkcl – nintendo gamecubewii proprietary collision file .kclktr – hitachi vantara pentaho data integrationkettle transformation project filelnk – microsoft windows format hyperlinks executableslsm – lsmaker script file program using layered .jpg create special effects specifically designed render lightsabers star wars universe .lsmnarc – archive format used nintendo ds games.oer – au oer tool open educational resource editorpa – used assign sound effects materials kcl files .papif – used run msdos programs windowspor – called portable spss files readable pspppxz – compressed file exchange media elements psalmorise – file containing rise generated information model evolutionscr windows screen saver filetopc – topiccrunch seo project file holding keywords domain search engine settings asciixlf – utah state university extensible ladar formatxmc – assisted contact lists format based xml used kindergartens schoolszed – heritage family treezone file – text file containing dns zone cursors ani – animated cursorcur – cursor filesmes – hawks dock configuration file generalized files general data formats file formats fairly well defined longterm use general standard content file often highly specific particular software extended standards specific uses.textbased csv – commaseparated valueshtml – hyper text markup languagecss – cascading style sheetsini – configuration text file whose format substantially similar applicationsjson – javascript object notation openly used data format used many languages javascripttsv – tabseparated valuesxml – open data formatyaml – open data formatrestructuredtext – open text format technical documents used mainly python programming languagemarkdown .md – open lightweight markup language create simple rich text often used format readme filesasciidoc – open humanreadable markup document format semantically equivalent docbook generic file extensions filename extensions broad types reused frequently differing formats specific format different programs.binary files bak file .bak .bk – various backup formats copies data files applicationspecific data backup formats formats general file backup programsbin – binary data often memory dumps executable code data reused software originated itdat – data file usually binary data proprietary program created mpeg stream video cddsk – file representations various disk storage imagesraw – raw unprocessed data text files configuration file .cnf .conf .cfg – substantially softwarespecificlogfiles .log – usually text sometimes binaryplain text .asc .txt – humanreadable plain text usually specific partial files differences patches diff – text file differences created program diff applied updates patch incomplete transfers ut .ut – partly complete utorrent downloadcrdownload .crdownload – partly complete google chrome downloadopdownload .opdownload – partly complete opera downloadpart .part – partly complete mozilla firefox transmission downloadpartial .partial – partly complete internet explorer microsoft edge download temporary files temporary file .temp .tmp various others – sometimes specific format often raw data middle processingpseudopipeline file – used simulate software pipe see also list filename extensionsmimecontenttype standard referring file formatslist motion gesture file formatslist file signatures magic numbers references external links file formats curlieprovides log management analytics services leverage machinegenerated big data deliver realtime insights.headquartered redwood city california sumo logic founded april arcsight veterans kumar saurabh christian beedgen received funding accel partners dfj growth greylock partners institutional venture partners sequoia capital sapphire ventures sutter hill ventures angel investor shlomo kramer battery ventures tiger global management franklin templeton.may company collected vc funding totaling million.on september sumo logic debuted nasdaq stock exchange initial public offering public company.technology sumo logics architecture features elastic petabyte scale platform collects manages analyzes enterprise log data reducing millions log lines operational security insights real time.cloudbased approach overcomes inherent problems premisesbased solutions including limits scalability inefficient haphazard analysis uncontrolled costs.sumo logic built around globally distributed data retention architecture keeps log data available instant analysis eliminating need enterprise manage cost complexity data archiving backups restoration.the service entirely cloudbased maintenance free.
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Sumo Logic
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instead inelastic security information event management systems sumo logic employs elastic processing collect manage analyze log data regardless type volume location.sumo logic modeled approach google according christian beedgen companys cto one cofounders.using advanced machinelearning algorithms whittle mountains log file data common groupings sumo logics platform mirrors google newss categorization news stories distributed across web.sumo logic able ease process administrators synthesize analyze data.in june sumo logic announced sumo logic free freemium full functionality edition analytical solution deployed amazon web services august company announced sumo logic vmware allows enterprises search visualize analyze vmware logs real time monitor detect events within vmware virtual environments.in sumo logic launched data analytics platform unifies logs metrics analyze structured metrics data unstructured log data realtime graphical interactive dashboards.at aws conference sumo logic presented machine data analytics service combines analytics docker kubernetes.service streamlines data ingestion sumo logics machine data analytics service hosted amazon web services.in sumo logic announced expansion integrations google cloud platform releasing integrations gcp applications integration tensorflow.september sumo logic announced addition cloud siem solution machine data analytics platform.sumo logic works pokémon company provide analytics pokémon go including threats security vulnerabilities log aggregation security analytics.in april sumo logic launched bidirectional integration atlassian’s opsgenie incident alert service.
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Sumo Logic
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integration gives users ability create analyze alerts incident data.funding sumo logic remained stealth mode two years unveiled cloudbased log management platform series b funding million january .round series e funding announced june brings companys total venture capital backing .million.june company closed series f round million path ipo.in may sumo logic announced million series g investment indicated valuation north billion dollars.
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Sumo Logic
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leadership sumo logic founded technical leadership team expertise log management scalable systems big data security includingkumar saurabh cofounder vice president engineering formerly arcsightchristian beedgen cofounder cto formerly arcsightbruno kurtic founding vice president product strategy formerly sensageramin sayar formerly vmware sumo logics ceo since december .previously vance loiselle formerly bladelogic ceo may december .patents sumo logics service powered patentpending elastic log processing logreduce push analytics technologies.awards recognition january rsa named sumo logic one top finalists innovative company rsa.april radar conference sumo logic received judges choice audience choice awards performance monitoring.may sumo logic named red herring americas top winner.on may sumo logic named cool vendor gartner application performance monitoring apm operations analytics itoa categories.in fortune named sumo logic one best workplaces technology.
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Sumo Logic
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year forbes placed sumo logic cloud list.december sumo logic named best enterprise security product computing’s technology product awards.on july industry market research firm gartner named sumo logic visionary gartner magic quadrant security information event management siem report.controversy revealed sumo logic along vendors kickback agreement michael kail former netflix vice president operations convicted fraud receiving bribes vendors.according us department justice became advisor received options shares company sumo logic authorized signed behalf netflix vendor agreement netflix sumo logic.th may us department justice announced michael kail convicted number counts related kick backs received sumo logic vendors.
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Sumo Logic
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evidence case shows kail insisted sumo logics products used despite team feedback product underperforming.evidence presented trial showed kail’s advisor role sumo logic lasted kail represented warranted sumo logic advisor role receipt options would conflict violate obligation kail’s.evidence also showed sumo logic led believe conflict kail’s obligations netflix sumo logic understood guaranteed contracts provided shortcuts.sumo logic party criminal case charges ever brought claims made sumo logic.see also datadogelasticsearchlogdnalogz.iosplunkpagerduty references external links official website
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Android Debug Bridge
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daemon android device connects server host pc usb tcp connects client used enduser tcp.made available opensource software apache license google since features include shell possibility make backups.adb software compatible windows linux macos.misused botnets malicious software mitigations developed rsa authentication device whitelisting.features features adb include copying files host computer installing apps viewing logcat output getting unix shell rebooting qualcomm edl mode.
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Android Debug Bridge
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example android applications saved command backup file.also includes support java debug wire protocol.some graphical interfaces made available.graphical android device monitor android studio used retrieving information android device.development history first release android sdk .since google made possible download adb separately android sdk.in microsoft released android emulator connect adb client.
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Android Debug Bridge
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android studio .x performance improvement made installing apps pushing files adb.easier usage android things wrapper made around manual adb commands.android google added adb incremental installations.wifi adb integrated android studio macos.
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Android Debug Bridge
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android adb backup command limited backing user data apps optin using perapp manifesto configuration.setup host computer windows android sdk contains adb.exe binary extracted installed.howtogeek recommended adding folder containing binaries path environment variable.on ubuntu adb installed androidtoolsadb package.debian recommended also install androidsdkplatformtoolscommon package next adb package installs udev rules makes possible run tool without root permissions.macos linux distributions platform tools downloaded path variable modified bashrc.
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Android Debug Bridge
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android device android .. later api level dialog shown rsa fingerprint user needs accept.protects computers exploiting debugging mechanism without consent device user.starting android .developer settings hidden default.pressing seven times build number menu makes visible user.
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Android Debug Bridge
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usb debugging option enabled.android vendors different procedures enable it.example huawei requires entering pincode adb enabled.if touchscreen android device broken possible connect mouse device using usb onthego enable usb debugging.architecture adb protocol transported usb wifi tcp.uses clientserver architecture.
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Android Debug Bridge
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two different protocols use.first client server second server daemon.adb daemon implemented c located android user space.daemon facilitated android usb framework usbdevicemanager usbdebuggingmanager.client ↔ server protocol communication mode client server tcp socket.
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Android Debug Bridge
|
server listens port client send request.request contains byte intial field ascii payload.payload starts word host indicate sent server.server reply okay fail indicate status combined optional payload length.server ↔ daemon protocol messages sent server consist byte long header following fieldscommandfirst argumentsecond argumentlength payload highercrc data payloadmagic value calculated command xor xffffffff security android .
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Android Debug Bridge
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android vulnerable rageagainstthecage exploit.adb daemon check return value setuid system call dropping privileges.exploit forks processes fails due exhaustion process identifiers.daemon crashes restarts cant start new process dropped privileges keeps running root.adb provided root shell.in security vulnerability disclosed exploited adb take onboard modem.
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InfiniteGraph
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attack required adb already enabled authorized although workarounds available.various families malware adb.miner ares ipstorm fbot trinity scanned internet public availability adb interface installed malware devices.adb also used remove malware booting safe mode running adb uninstall command.see also android recovery modefastboot references external links android debug bridge android developersadb fastboot guide lineageosandroid debug bridge arch linux wikiadb gentoo linux wikiandroid debug bridge droid wikidevelopers use infinitegraph find useful often hidden relationships highly connected complex big data sets.infinitegraph crossplatform scalable cloudenabled designed handle high throughput.infinitegraph easily efficiently perform queries difficult perform finding paths shortest path two items.infinitegraph suited applications services solve graph problems operational environments.infinitegraphs query language enables value based queries well complex graph queries.infinitegraph goes beyond graph databases also support complex object queries.
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InfiniteGraph
|
adoption seen federal government telecommunications healthcare cyber security manufacturing finance networking applications.history infinitegraph produced supported objectivity inc. company develops database management technologies largescale distributed data management relationship analytics.new infinitegraph released may .features apiprotocols java core c rest apigraph model labeled directed multigraph.edge firstclass entity identity independent vertices connects.backup including online incremental backup full restore.concurrency update locking subgraphs concurrent nonblocking ingest.consistency flexible acid relaxed.distribution lock server bit object ids support dynamic addressing space federation capable managing individual databases bytes one quadrillion gigabytes yottabyte physical addressing space.processing multithreaded.cloud enabledquery methods query language traverser graph navigation api predicate language qualification path pattern matching.parallel query supportvisualization infinitegraph studioschema supports schemafull plus provides mechanism attaching side data.transactions fully acidsource proprietary opensource extensions integrated components thirdparty connectorslicense options free gb version additional commercial gsa pricing license optionsplatforms windows linux full interoperability references external links official website
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Apple File System
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later tvos .later watchos .later versions ipados.aims fix core problems hfs also called mac os extended apfss predecessor operating systems.apfs optimized solidstate drive storage supports encryption snapshots increased data integrity among capabilities.
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Apple File System
|
history apple file system announced apples developers conference wwdc june replacement hfs use since .apfs released bit ios devices march release ios .macos devices september release macos ..apple released partial specification apfs september supported readonly access apple file systems unencrypted nonfusion storage devices.specification software encryption documented later.design file system used devices relatively small large amounts storage.
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Apple File System
|
uses bit inode numbers allows secure storage.apfs code like hfs code uses trim command better space management performance.may increase readwrite speeds ios macos well space ios devices due way apfs calculates available data.partition scheme apfs uses gpt partition scheme.within gpt scheme one apfs containers partition type guid cefaaaaecac.
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Apple File System
|
within container one apfs volumes share allocated space container volume may apfs volume roles.macos catalina macos .introduced apfs volume group groups volumes finder displays one volume.apfs firmlinks lie hard links soft links link volumes.in macos catalina system volume role usually named macintosh hd became readonly macos big sur macos became signed system volume ssv volume snapshots mounted.data volume role usually named macintosh hd data used overlay shadow system volume system data volumes part volume group shown one finder.
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Apple File System
|
clones clones allow operating system make efficient file copies volume without occupying additional storage space.changes cloned file saved delta extents reducing storage space required document revisions copies.however interface mark two copies file clones types data deduplication.snapshots apfs volumes support snapshots creating pointintime readonly instance file system.encryption apple file system natively supports full disk encryption file encryption following optionsno encryptionsinglekey encryptionmultikey encryption file encrypted separate key metadata encrypted different key.
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Apple File System
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increased maximum number files apfs supports bit inode numbers supporting quintillion files single volume.data integrity apple file system uses checksums ensure data integrity metadata.crash protection apple file system designed avoid metadata corruption caused system crashes.instead overwriting existing metadata records place writes entirely new records points new ones releases old ones approach known redirectonwrite.avoids corrupted records containing partial old partial new data caused crash occurs update.
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Apple File System
|
also avoids write change twice happens hfs journaled file system changes written first journal catalog file.compression apfs supports transparent compression individual files using deflate zlib lzvn libfastcompression lzfse.three lempelzivtype algorithms.feature inherited hfs implemented applefscompression decmpfs system using resource forks extended attributes.hfs transparency broken tools use decmpfswrapped routines.
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Apple File System
|
space sharing apfs adds ability multiple logical drives referred volumes container free space available volumes container block device.limitations apfs includes numerous improvements relative predecessor hfs number limitations noted.limited integrity checks user data apfs provide checksums user data.also take advantage byteaddressable nonvolatile randomaccess memory.performance hard disk drives enumerating files inode metadata general much slower apfs located hard disk drive.
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Apple File System
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instead storing metadata fixed location like hfs apfs stores alongside actual file data.fragmentation metadata means seeks performed listing files acceptable ssds hdds.compatibility time machine prior macos unlike hfs apfs support hard links directories.since version time machine backup software included mac os x .leopard macos .
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Apple File System
|
catalina relied hard links directories apfs initially supported option backup volumes.limitation overcome starting macos big sur wherein apfs default file system new time machine backups existing hfsformatted backup drives also still supported.macos big surs implementation time machine conjunction apfsformatted drives enables faster compact reliable backups possible hfsformatted backup drives.security issues march apfs driver high sierra found bug causes disk encryption password logged plaintext.in january apfs driver ios .macos .
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Apple File System
|
watchos .tvos .found bug allowed local user read arbitrary files regardless permissions.support macos limited experimental support apfs first introduced macos sierra ... since macos .high sierra devices flash storage automatically converted apfs.
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Apple File System
|
macos .mojave fusion drives hard disk drives also upgraded installation.primary user interface upgrade present option opt conversion devices formatted high sierra version apfs readable previous versions macos.users disable apfs conversion using installers startosinstall utility command line passing converttoapfs no.filevault volumes converted apfs macos big sur ... instead macos formats external filevault drives corestorage logical volumes formatted mac os extended journaled.filevault drives optionally encrypted.an experimental version apfs limitations available macos sierra command line diskutil utility.
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Apple File System
|
among limitations perform unicode normalization hfs leading problems languages english.drives formatted sierra’s version apfs may also compatible future versions macos final version apfs sierra version apfs cannot used time machine filevault volumes fusion drives.ios tvos watchos ios .tvos .watchos .
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Apple File System
|
convert existing hfsx file system apfs compatible devices.thirdparty utilities despite ubiquity apfs volumes todays macs formats introduction thirdparty repair utilities continue notable limitations supporting apfs volumes due apples delayed release complete documentation.according alsoft maker diskwarrior apples release partial apfs format documentation delayed creation version diskwarrior safely rebuild apfs disks.competing products including micromats techtool prosofts drive genius expected increase apfs support well.paragon software group published software development kit clause bsd license supports readonly access apfs drives.independent readonly open source implementation joachim metz libfsapfs released gnu lesser general public license v. packaged debian ubuntu software repositories.
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ISO/IEC 27002
|
commandline tools expose normal filesystem driver interface.filesystem userspace fuse driver linux called apfsfuse readonly access.apfs linux project working integrate apfs support linux kernel.see also comparison file systems references external links apple developer apple file system guideapple developer apple file system referencewwdc introduction apfs apple software engineers dominic giampaolo eric tamuradetailed overview apfs independent file system developer adam leventhalisoiec standard revised renumbered isoiec align isoiec series standards.revised .later isoiec created standard order suggest additional security controls cloud completely defined isoiec .isoiec provides best practice recommendations information security controls use responsible initiating implementing maintaining information security management systems isms.information security defined within standard context cia triadthe preservation confidentiality ensuring information accessible authorized access integrity safeguarding accuracy completeness information processing methods availability ensuring authorized users access information associated assets required.outline outline isoiec standard starts introductory chapters introduction scope normative references terms definitionsstructure standardthese followed main chapters information security policies organization information security human resource security asset management access control cryptography physical environmental security operation security procedures responsibilities protection malware backup logging monitoring control operational software technical vulnerability management information systems audit coordination communication security network security management information transfer system acquisition development maintenance security requirements information systems security development support processes test data supplier relationships information security supplier relationships supplier service delivery management information security incident management management information security incidents improvements information security aspects business continuity management information security continuity redundancies compliance compliance legal contractual requirements information security reviewswithin chapter information security controls objectives specified outlined.
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ISO/IEC 27002
|
information security controls generally regarded best practice means achieving objectives.controls implementation guidance provided.specific controls mandated sinceeach organization expected undertake structured information security risk assessment process determine specific requirements selecting controls appropriate particular circumstances.introduction section outlines risk assessment process although specific standards covering area isoiec .use information security risk analysis drive selection implementation information security controls important feature isoiec series standards means generic good practice advice standard gets tailored specific context user organization rather applied rote.
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