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Fukushima nuclear disaster	contaminated water discharge radioactive water reported early april .frozen soil barrier constructed attempt prevent contamination seeping groundwater melteddown nuclear fuel july tepco revealed ice wall failed stop groundwater flowing mixing highly radioactive water inside wrecked reactor buildings adding ultimate goal curtail groundwater inflow halt it.ice wall reduced inflow groundwater cubic meters per day cubic meters per day contaminated water generation decreased cubic meters per day cubic meters per day.as october .million cubic meters contaminated water stored plant area.water treated purification system remove radionuclides except tritium level japanese regulations allow discharged sea.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	december water purified required level remaining needed additional purification.however tritium cannot separated water.october total amount tritium water terabecquerels average tritium concentration .megabecquerels per liter.committee set japanese government concluded purified water released sea evaporated atmosphere.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	committee calculated discharging water sea one year would cause radiation dose .microsieverts local people whereas evaporation would cause .microsieverts.comparison japanese people get microsieverts per year natural radiation.iaea considers dose calculation method appropriate.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	iaea recommends decision water disposal must made urgently.despite negligible doses japanese committee concerned water disposal may cause reputational damage prefecture especially fishing industry tourism.february catholic bishops japan korea voiced opposition plan release water ocean citing opposition fisheries local prefecture councils governor jeju province.tanks used store water expected filled summer .other radioactive substances created byproduct contaminated water purification process well contaminated metal damaged plant drawn recent attention waste storage containers radioactive slurry found degrading faster expected.risks ionizing radiation although people incidents worst affected areas slightly higher risk developing certain cancers leukemia solid cancers thyroid cancer breast cancer cancers would expected result accumulated radiation exposures.estimated effective doses outside japan considered far levels regarded small international radiological protection community.in world health organization reported area residents evacuated exposed little radiation radiationinduced health effects likely detectable levels.outside geographical areas affected radiation even locations within fukushima prefecture predicted risks remain low observable increases cancer natural variation baseline rates anticipated.the health risks calculated applying conservative assumptions including conservative linear nothreshold model radiation exposure model assumes even smallest amount radiation exposure cause negative health effect.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	report indicated infants affected areas lifetime cancer risk would increase .predicted populations contaminated areas faced higher relative risk developing thyroid cancer females exposed infants higher relative risk leukemia males exposed infants higher relative risk breast cancer females exposed infants.onethird involved emergency workers would increased cancer risks.cancer risks fetuses similar year old infants.estimated cancer risk children adults lower infants.these percentages represent estimated relative increases baseline rates absolute risks developing cancers.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	due low baseline rates thyroid cancer even large relative increase represents small absolute increase risks.example baseline lifetime risk thyroid cancer females threequarters one percent additional lifetime risk estimated assessment female infant exposed affected location onehalf one percent.the world nuclear association reports radiation exposure living proximity fukushima expected msv course lifetime.comparison dosage background radiation received lifetime msv.according linear nothreshold model lnt model accident would likely cause cancer deaths.however radiation epidemiologist roy shore countered estimating health effects lnt model wise uncertainties.darshak sanghavi noted obtain reliable evidence effect lowlevel radiation would require impractically large number patients luckey reported bodys repair mechanisms cope small doses radiation aurengo stated “the lnt model cannot used estimate effect low doses... original paper mark z. jacobson described junk science mark lynas.in april studies confirmed presence radioactive tuna coasts pacific u.s. researchers carried tests albacore tuna caught prior power plant disaster caught after.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	however amount radioactivity less found naturally single banana.caesium caesium noted japanese whiting tokyo bay .concentration radiocesium japanese whiting one two orders magnitude higher sea water order magnitude lower sediment.still within food safety limits.in june tilman ruff copresident political advocacy group international physicians prevention nuclear war argues people unable return homes ecological diversity decreased malformations found trees birds mammals.although physiological abnormalities reported within vicinity accident zone scientific community largely rejected findings genetic mutagenic damage caused radiation instead showing attributed either experimental error toxic effects.five years event department agriculture university tokyo holds many experimental agricultural research fields around affected area noted fallout found surface anything exposed air time accident.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	main radioactive nuclides caesium caesium radioactive compounds dispersed much point landed time explosion difficult estimate understanding chemical behavior cesium.in february japan renewed export fish caught fukushimas nearshore zone.according prefecture officials seafood found radiation levels exceeding japan safety standards since april .thailand first country receive shipment fresh fish japans fukushima prefecture.group campaigning help prevent global warming demanded food drug administration disclose name importer fish fukushima japanese restaurants bangkok serving it.srisuwan janya chairman stop global warming association said fda must protect rights consumers ordering restaurants serving fukushima fish make information available customers could decide whether eat not.the atmosphere affected noticeable scale overwhelming majority particulates settled either within water system soil surrounding plant.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	thyroid screening program world health organization stated thyroid ultrasound screening program due screening effect likely lead increase recorded thyroid cases due early detection nonsymptomatic disease cases.overwhelming majority thyroid growths benign growths never cause symptoms illness death even nothing ever done growth.autopsy studies people died causes show one third adults technically thyroid growthcancer.precedent south korea introduction advanced ultrasound thyroid examinations resulted explosion rate benign thyroid cancers detected needless surgeries occurring.despite death rate thyroid cancer remained same.according tenth report fukushima prefecture health management survey released february children screened around fukushima prefecture diagnosed thyroid nodules cysts.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	ultrasonographic detectable thyroid nodules cysts extremely common found frequency various studies..nodules larger .mm .andor cysts larger .
Fukushima nuclear disaster	mm .underwent investigation none thyroid cancer.fukushima medical university give number children diagnosed thyroid cancer december concluded unlikely cancers caused exposure nuclear power plant accident march .in october children fukushima prefecture described either diagnosed showing signs developing thyroid cancer.studys lead author toshihide tsuda okayama university stated increased detection could accounted attributing screening effect.described screening results times times would normally expected.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	end number increased children.however despite paper widely reported media undermining error according teams epidemiologists point tsudas remarks fatally wrong tsuda apples oranges comparison comparing fukushima surveys uses advanced ultrasound devices detect otherwise unnoticeable thyroid growths data traditional nonadvanced clinical examinations arrive times would expected conclusion.critical words epidemiologist richard wakeford “it inappropriate compare data fukushima screening program cancer registry data rest japan general largescale screening”.wakefords criticism one seven authors letters published criticizing tsudas paper.according takamura another epidemiologist examined results small scale advanced ultrasound tests japanese children near fukushima prevalence thyroid cancer using detection technology differ meaningfully fukushima prefecture.in ohira et al.conducted study crosscomparing thyroid cancer patients fukushima prefecture evacuees rates thyroid cancer outside evacuation zone.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	ohira et al.found duration accident thyroid examination associated thyroid cancer prevalence.significant associations individual external doses prevalence thyroid cancer.external radiation dose associated thyroid cancer prevalence among fukushima children within first years nuclear accident.a publication yamashita et al.also concluded thyroid cancer rate differences attributed screening effect.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	noted mean age patients time accident – years cases found children ages – would susceptible.yamashita et al.thus conclude case individual prognosis cannot accurately determined time fnac present.therefore urgent search intraoperative postoperative prognostic factors also predictive prognostic factors fnacpreoperative stage.a investigation yamamoto et al.evaluated first second screening rounds separately well combined covering confirmed cancer cases .
Fukushima nuclear disaster	million observed person years subject additional radiation exposure due nuclear accidents.authors concluded significant association external effective doserate thyroid cancer detection rate exists detection rate ratio drr per μsvh .... restricting analysis municipalities received less μsvh represent total cancer cases association appears considerably stronger drr per μsvh ..
Fukushima nuclear disaster	.. average radiation doserates municipalities fukushima prefecture june corresponding thyroid cancer detection rates period october march show statistically significant relationships.corroborates previous studies providing evidence causal relation nuclear accidents subsequent occurrence thyroid cancer.as research correlation airdose internaldose thyroid cancers remains ongoing.ohba et al.published new study assessing accuracy doseresponse estimates accuracy dose modelling evacuees.recent study ohira et al.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	updated models dose rates evacuees assessed prefectures used response conclusions yamamoto et al..authors concluded remains statistically detectable evidence increased thyroid cancer diagnosis due radiation.study toki et al.found similar conclusions yamamoto et al.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	although unlike yamamoto et al.study toki et al.focus results incorporation screening effect.ohba et al.ohira et al.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	toki et al.concluded research necessary understanding doseresponse relationship prevalence incident cancers.thyroid cancer one survivable cancers approximate survival rate first diagnosis.rate increases nearly survival rate caught early.cancer may spread another part body however survivors need take hormonal drugs life removing thyroid.january six patients children time disaster sued tepco million yen developing thyroid cancer.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	chernobyl comparison radiation deaths chernobyl also statistically undetectable..ukrainian cleanup workers included year study former soviet clean workers developed leukemia although cases resulted accident.data chernobyl showed steady sharp increase thyroid cancer rates following disaster whether data directly compared fukushima yet determined.chernobyl thyroid cancer incidence rates begin increase prior baseline value .cases per people per year – years incident adolescent child age groups.rate reached highest point far cases per decade approximately years accident.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	excess children adolescent cases thyroid cancer observed.nine died survival rate.effects evacuees former soviet union many patients negligible radioactive exposure chernobyl disaster displayed extreme anxiety radiation exposure.developed many psychosomatic problems including radiophobia along increase fatalistic alcoholism.japanese health radiation specialist shunichi yamashita notedwe know chernobyl psychological consequences enormous.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	life expectancy evacuees dropped years – cancer depression alcoholism suicide.relocation easy stress big.must track problems also treat them.otherwise people feel guinea pigs research.a survey iitate local government obtained responses approximately evacuees within evacuation zone.survey showed many residents experiencing growing frustration instability inability return earlier lives.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	sixty percent respondents stated health health families deteriorated evacuating .reported feeling irritated compared disaster.summarizing responses questions related evacuees current family status onethird surveyed families live apart children .live away family members including elderly parents lived disaster.survey also showed .evacuees suffered salary cuts since outbreak nuclear disaster.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	total .reported lack sleep .reported smoking drinking evacuated.stress often manifests physical ailments including behavioral changes poor dietary choices lack exercise sleep deprivation.survivors including lost homes villages family members found likely face mental health physical challenges.much stress came lack information relocation.a metareview articles indexed pubmed psychinfo embase highlighted several psychophysical consequences among residents miyagi iwate ibaraki tochigi tokyo.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	resulting outcomes included depressive symptoms anxiety sleep disturbance social functioning social isolation admission rates suicide rates cerebral structure changes radiation impacting food safety maternal anxiety lowered maternal confidence.in risk analysis relying metric potential months life lost determined unlike chernobyl relocation unjustified people relocated fukushima potential future deaths exposure radiation around fukushima would much less alternative shelter place protocol instead deployed.worldwide media coverage incident described ten years disinformation media environmental organisations routinely conflating casualties earthquake tsunami casualties nuclear incident.incident dominated media coverage victims natural disasters ignored number media reports incorrectly describing thousands victims tsunami victims nuclear disaster.radioactivity releases june tepco stated amount contaminated water complex increased due substantial rainfall.february tepco reported kbq .microcurie caesium kbq .
Fukushima nuclear disaster	microcuries caesium detected per liter groundwater sampled monitoring well.dust particles gathered km reactors included microscopic nodules melted core samples encased cesium.decades exponential decline ocean cesium weapons testing fallout radioactive isotopes cesium sea japan increased accident .mbql .mbql still rising eastern coast japan declining.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	insurance according reinsurer munich private insurance industry significantly affected disaster.swiss similarly stated coverage nuclear facilities japan excludes earthquake shock fire following earthquake tsunami physical damage liability.swiss believes incident fukushima nuclear power plant unlikely result significant direct loss property casualty insurance industry.compensation amount compensation paid tepco expected reach trillion yen.costs japanese taxpayers likely exceed trillion yen billion.december government estimated decontamination compensation decommissioning radioactive waste storage costs .
Fukushima nuclear disaster	trillion yen billion nearly double estimate.in march japanese court ruled negligence japanese government led fukushima disaster failing use regulatory powers force tepco take preventive measures.maebashi district court near tokyo awarded ¥ million us people forced flee homes following accident.september sendai high court ruled japanese government tepco responsible disaster ordering pay .million damages residents lost livelihoods.energy policy implications march one year disaster two japans nuclear reactors shut damaged quake tsunami.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	authority restart others scheduled maintenance throughout year given local governments decided reopening them.according japan times disaster changed national debate energy policy almost overnight.shattering governments longpitched safety myth nuclear power crisis dramatically raised public awareness energy use sparked strong antinuclear sentiment.energy white paper approved japanese cabinet october says public confidence safety nuclear power greatly damaged disaster called reduction nations reliance nuclear power.also omitted section nuclear power expansion previous years policy review.the nuclear plant closest epicenter earthquake onagawa nuclear power plant successfully withstood cataclysm.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	reuters said may serve trump card nuclear lobby providing evidence possible correctly designed operated nuclear facility withstand cataclysm.the loss countrys generating capacity led much greater reliance liquified natural gas coal.unusual conservation measures undertaken.immediate aftermath nine prefectures served tepco experienced power rationing.government asked major companies reduce power consumption shifted weekends weekdays smooth power demand.converting nuclearfree gas oil energy economy would cost tens billions dollars annual fees.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	one estimate even including disaster years life would lost japan used coal gas plants instead nuclear.many political activists called phaseout nuclear power japan including amory lovins claimed japan poor fuels richest major industrial countries renewable energy meet entire longterm energy needs energyefficient japan lower cost risk current plans.japanese industry faster anyone – japanese policymakers acknowledge allow it.benjamin k. sovacool asserted japan could exploited instead renewable energy base.japan total gw achievable potential form onshore offshore wind turbines gw geothermal power plants gw additional hydroelectric capacity .gw solar energy .
Fukushima nuclear disaster	gw agricultural residue .gw.desertec foundation explored possibility utilizing concentrated solar power region.in contrast others said zero mortality rate fukushima incident confirms opinion nuclear fission viable option available replace fossil fuels.journalist george monbiot wrote fukushima made stop worrying love nuclear power.said result disaster fukushima longer nuclearneutral.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	support technology.continued crappy old plant inadequate safety features hit monster earthquake vast tsunami.electricity supply failed knocking cooling system.reactors began explode melt down.disaster exposed familiar legacy poor design cornercutting.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	yet far know one yet received lethal dose radiation.responses monbiot noted false calculation nuclear powered electricity needed work economically solve horrific waste decommissioning proliferationsecurity pitfalls ... along human safety health indeed human psychology issues.in september mycle schneider said disaster understood unique chance get right energy policy.germany – nuclear phaseout decision based renewable energy program – japan – suffered painful shock possessing unique technical capacities societal discipline – forefront authentic paradigm shift toward truly sustainable lowcarbon nuclearfree energy policy.on hand climate energy scientists james hansen ken caldeira kerry emanuel tom wigley released open letter calling world leaders support development safer nuclear power systems stating credible path climate stabilization include substantial role nuclear power.december open letter climate energy scientists website australian pronuclear advocate barry brook asserted nuclear power lowest impact wildlife ecosystems – need given dire state world’s biodiversity.brooks advocacy nuclear power challenged opponents nuclear industries including environmentalist jim green friends earth.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	brook described australian greens political party sa branch australian youth climate coalition sad increasingly irrelevant expressed opposition nuclear industrial development.as september japan planned build pilot offshore floating wind farm six mw turbines fukushima coast.first became operational november .evaluation phase complete japan plans build many floating wind turbines fukushima .prime minister kan said disaster made clear japan needs dramatically reduce dependence nuclear power supplied electricity crisis turned believer renewable energy.sales solar panels japan rose .
Fukushima nuclear disaster	mw helped government scheme promote renewable energy.canadian solar received financing plans build factory japan capacity mw scheduled begin production .as september los angeles times reported prime minister yoshihiko noda acknowledged vast majority japanese support zero option nuclear power prime minister noda japanese government announced plans make country nuclearfree s. announced end construction nuclear power plants year limit existing nuclear plants.nuclear plant restarts must meet safety standards new independent regulatory authority.on december japan held general election.liberal democratic party ldp clear victory shinzō abe new prime minister.abe supported nuclear power saying leaving plants closed costing country trillion yen per year higher costs.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	comment came junichiro koizumi chose abe succeed premier made recent statement urge government take stance using nuclear power.survey local mayors yomiuri shimbun newspaper january found cities hosting nuclear plants would agree restarting reactors provided government could guarantee safety.people marched june tokyo restarting nuclear power plants.marchers gathered million petition signatures opposing nuclear power.in october reported tepco eight japanese power companies paying approximately .trillion yen billion dollars combined imported fossil fuel costs compared accident make missing power.from nation fired least eight new coal power plants.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	plans additional coal stations next decade biggest planned coal power expansion developed nation.new national energy plan would coal provide japans electricity presents abandoning previous goal reducing coals share .coal revival seen alarming implications air pollution japans ability meet pledges cut greenhouse gases .equipment facility operational changes number nuclear reactor safety system lessons emerged incident.obvious tsunamiprone areas power stations sea wall must adequately tall robust.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	onagawa nuclear power plant closer epicenter march earthquake tsunami sea wall meters ft tall successfully withstood tsunami preventing serious damage radioactivity releases.nuclear power station operators around world began install passive autocatalytic hydrogen recombiners pars require electricity operate.pars work much like catalytic converter exhaust car turn potentially explosive gases hydrogen water.devices positioned top fukushima reactor buildings hydrogen gas collected explosions would occurred releases radioactive isotopes would arguably much less.unpowered filtering systems containment building vent lines known filtered containment venting systems fcvs safely catch radioactive materials thereby allow reactor core depressurization steam hydrogen venting minimal radioactivity emissions.filtration using external water tank system common established system european countries water tank positioned outside containment building.october owners kashiwazakikariwa nuclear power station began installing wet filters safety systems completion anticipated .for generation ii reactors located flood tsunami prone areas day supply backup batteries become informal industry standard.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	another change harden location backup diesel generator rooms watertight blastresistant doors heat sinks similar used nuclear submarines.oldest operating nuclear power station world beznau operating since notstand hardened building designed support systems independently hours event earthquake severe flooding.system built prior fukushima daiichi.upon station blackout similar one occurred fukushimas backup battery supply exhausted many constructed generation iii reactors adopt principle passive nuclear safety.take advantage convection hot water tends rise gravity water tends fall ensure adequate supply cooling water handle decay heat without use pumps.as crisis unfolded japanese government sent request robots developed u.s. military.robots went plants took pictures help assess situation couldnt perform full range tasks usually carried human workers.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	fukushima disaster illustrated robots lacked sufficient dexterity robustness perform critical tasks.response shortcoming series competitions hosted darpa accelerate development humanoid robots could supplement relief efforts.eventually wide variety specially designed robots employed leading robotics boom region early three promptly become nonfunctional due intensity radioactivity one destroyed within day.reactions japan japanese authorities later admitted lax standards poor oversight.took fire handling emergency engaged pattern withholding denying damaging information.authorities allegedly wanted limit size costly disruptive evacuations landscarce japan avoid public questioning politically powerful nuclear industry.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	public anger emerged many saw official campaign play scope accident potential health risks.japans mainstream media also wide public mistrust adhering closely governments downplaying accident especially first weeks months accident.in many cases japanese governments reaction judged less adequate many japan especially living region.decontamination equipment slow made available slow utilized.late june even rainfall continued cause fear uncertainty eastern japan possibility washing radioactivity sky back earth.to assuage fears government enacted order decontaminate hundred areas level additional radiation greater one millisievert per year.much lower threshold necessary protecting health.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	government also sought address lack education effects radiation extent average person exposed.previously proponent building reactors prime minister naoto kan took increasingly antinuclear stance following disaster.may ordered aging hamaoka nuclear power plant closed earthquake tsunami concerns said would freeze building plans.july kan said japan reduce eventually eliminate dependence nuclear energy.october said worstcase scenario realized million people within kilometer mi radius would evacuate.on august government spokesman mentioned possibility areas around plant could stay decades forbidden zone.according yomiuri shimbun japanese government planning buy properties civilians store waste materials become radioactive accidents.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	chiaki takahashi japans foreign minister criticized foreign media reports excessive.added could understand concerns foreign countries recent developments nuclear plant including radioactive contamination seawater.due frustration tepco japanese government providing differing confusing times contradictory information critical health issues citizens group called safecast recorded detailed radiation level data japan.the japanese government decided pump radioactive water pacific tokyo olympics.international international reaction disaster diverse widespread.many intergovernmental agencies immediately offered help often ad hoc basis.responders included iaea world meteorological organization preparatory commission comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization.in may uk chief inspector nuclear installations mike weightman traveled japan lead international atomic energy agency iaea expert mission.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	main finding mission reported iaea ministerial conference month risks associated tsunamis several sites japan underestimated.in september iaea director general yukiya amano said japanese nuclear disaster caused deep public anxiety throughout world damaged confidence nuclear power.following disaster reported economist iaea halved estimate additional nuclear generating capacity built .in aftermath germany accelerated plans close nuclear power reactors decided phase rest see also nuclear power germany.belgium switzerland also changed nuclear policies phaseout nuclear energy operations.italy held national referendum percent voted governments plan build new nuclear power plants.france president hollande announced intention government reduce nuclear usage one third.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	far however government earmarked one power station closure – aging plant fessenheim german border – prompted question governments commitment hollandes promise.industry minister arnaud montebourg record saying fessenheim nuclear power station close.visit china december reassured audience nuclear energy sector future would continue contribute least frances electricity output.another member hollandes socialist party mp christian bataille said hollande announced nuclear curb secure backing green coalition partners parliament.nuclear power plans abandoned malaysia philippines kuwait bahrain radically changed taiwan.china suspended nuclear development program briefly restarted shortly afterwards.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	initial plan increase nuclear contribution percent electricity escalating program that.renewable energy supplies percent chinas electricity hydroelectricity.china plans triple nuclear energy output triple .new nuclear projects proceeding countries.kpmg reports new nuclear facilities planned proposed completion .china hopes – gigawatts nuclear capacity – times now.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	conservative government united kingdom planning major nuclear expansion despite public objection.russia.india also pressing ahead large nuclear program south korea.indian vice president hamid ansari said nuclear energy option expanding indias energy supplies prime minister modi announced india intended build nuclear reactors collaboration russia.in wake disaster senate appropriations committee requested united states department energy “to give priority developing enhanced fuels cladding light water reactors improve safety event accidents reactor spent fuel pools”.brief led ongoing research development accident tolerant fuels specifically designed withstand loss cooling extended period increase time failure increase fuel efficiency.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	accomplished incorporating specially designed additives standard fuel pellets replacing altering fuel cladding order reduce corrosion decrease wear reduce hydrogen generation accident conditions.research still ongoing march edwin i. hatch nuclear power plant near baxley georgia implemented “ironclad” “armor” fecral coated zr claddings respectively testing.investigations three investigations fukushima disaster showed manmade nature catastrophe roots regulatory capture associated network corruption collusion nepotism.new york times report found japanese nuclear regulatory system consistently sided promoted nuclear industry based concept amakudari descent heaven senior regulators accepted high paying jobs companies oversaw.in august several top energy officials fired japanese government affected positions included viceminister economy trade industry head nuclear industrial safety agency head agency natural resources energy.in three former tepco executives chairman tsunehisa katsumata two vice presidents indicted negligence resulting death injury.june first hearing took place three pleaded guilty professional negligence resulting death injury.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	september court found three men guilty.naiic fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission naiic first independent investigation commission national diet year history japans constitutional government.fukushima cannot regarded natural disaster naiic panels chairman tokyo university professor emeritus kiyoshi kurokawa wrote inquiry report.profoundly manmade disaster – could foreseen prevented.effects could mitigated effective human response.governments regulatory authorities tokyo electric power tepco lacked sense responsibility protect peoples lives society commission said.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	effectively betrayed nations right safe nuclear accidents.stated disaster made japan since manifestation certain cultural traits saying “its fundamental causes found ingrained conventions japanese culture reflexive obedience reluctance question authority devotion ‘sticking program’ groupism insularity.”the commission recognized affected residents still struggling facing grave concerns including health effects radiation exposure displacement dissolution families disruption lives lifestyles contamination vast areas environment.investigation committee purpose investigation committee accident fukushima nuclear power stations icanps identify disasters causes propose policies designed minimize damage prevent recurrence similar incidents.member governmentappointed panel included scholars journalists lawyers engineers.supported public prosecutors government experts.
Fukushima nuclear disaster	released final page investigation report july .the panels report faulted inadequate legal system nuclear crisis management crisiscommand disarray caused government tepco possible excess meddling part prime ministers office crisis early stage.panel concluded culture complacency nuclear safety poor crisis management led nuclear disaster.see also references notes sources citedwho .health risk assessment nuclear accident great east japan earthquake tsunami pdf.isbn .
Fukushima nuclear disaster	retrieved september .othercaldicott helen ed.crisis without end medical ecological consequences fukushima nuclear catastrophe.symposium new york academy medicine march – .new press .isbn ebooknadesan majia .
Fukushima nuclear disaster	fukushima privatization risk.london palgrave .isbn legacies fukushima.university pennsylvania press..
Fukushima nuclear disaster	isbn .external links investigation fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission report website englishinvestigation committee accidents fukushima nuclear power station tokyo electric power companythe radioactive waters fukushimalessons learned fukushima daiichi – report movieinternational atomic energy agency iaea fukushima volume technical report video drawings images inside japans nuclear meltdown season episode pbs frontlinevideo unit explosionvideo unit explosionwebcam fukushima nuclear power plant unit unit inside slow dangerous clean fukushima nuclear crisisterrafly timeline aerial imagery fukushima nuclear reactor tsunami earthquakein graphics fukushima nuclear alert provided bbc july analysis irsn fukushima daiichi accidentkumamoto murata nakate fukushima evacuees face new hardship six years provided foreign correspondents club japan march video unit containment reactor february artwork ah humanity – film essay lucien castaigntaylor ernst karel véréna paravelstatue child clad protective suit met criticism disasterhit fukushima.japan times online.august .inside fukushima daiichithis virtual tour decommissioning site.in english tokyo electric power company holdings incorporatin englishfukushima revitalization station fukushima prefectural government englishtepco news releases tokyo electric power companyreassessment fukushima nuclear accident outline nuclear safety reform planinterim report tepco nuclear reform special task force.
FPD-Link	decemberfree open standard connecting output graphics processing unit laptop tablet computer flat panel display lcd television display panels timing controller.laptops tablet computers flatpanel monitors tvs use interface internally.fpdlink lvds fpdlink first largescale application lowvoltage differential signaling lvds standard.national semiconductor immediately provided interoperability specifications fpdlink technology order promote free open standard thus ic suppliers able copy it.flatlink ti first interoperable version fpdlink.by end twentieth century major notebook computer manufacturers created standard panels working group spwg made fpdlink flatlink standard transferring graphics video notebooks hinge.
FPD-Link	automotive applications automotive applications fpdlink commonly used navigation systems incar entertainment backup cameras well advanced driverassistance systems.the automotive environment known one harshest electronic equipment due inherent extreme temperatures electrical transients.order satisfy stringent reliability requirements fpdlink ii iii chipsets meet exceed aecq automotive reliability standard integrated circuits iso standard automotive esd applications.another display interface based fpdlink openldi.enables longer cable lengths builtin dc balance coding reduce effects intersymbol interference.openldi version dc balance coding one seven serialized bits indicates whether coding scheme needs invert six bits transmitted clock period maintain dc balance.therefore lvds pair clock pair effectively transmits six bits per clock cycle.
FPD-Link	however openldi lost videotransfer standards competition digital visual interface dvi early twentyfirst century result standalone lcd panels using dvi receive video desktop computer.fpdlink ii fpdlink ii introduced improved version fpdlink.national semiconductor designed specifically automotive infotainment camera interface applications.fpdlink ii embeds clock data signal therefore uses one differential pair transmit clock video data.reduces size weight cost cables infotainment safety camera applications.
FPD-Link	example bit color application uses one twisted pair instead twisted pairs used fpdlink.there additional benefits fpdlink ii.example car makers appreciate increased cable length even reduced cable cost.embedded clock feature eliminates timing skew clock data signals.limiting factor cables separate clock data pairs pairs manufactured precisely equal length control timing skew clock data pairs.length matching added cable cost.another benefit fpdlink ii comes adding dc balance signals.
FPD-Link	signal dc balanced application use ac coupling eliminates ground current problem data source destination.critical automotive applications potential large transient currents damage sensitive electronic equipment.the higher resolution applications required fpdlink ii increase data throughput.started gbits data throughput single twisted pair well within capability lvds technology.applications required .gbits single pair lvds reliable necessary automotive applications.
FPD-Link	changing lvds current mode logic cml newest fpdlink ii chipsets able reliably send high bitrate video streams cables longer m. fpdlink iii fpdlink iii introduced .improving fpdlink ii fpdlink iiis major feature embedding bidirectional communication channel differential pair.bidirectional channel transfers control signals source destination addition clock streaming video data.therefore fpdlink iii even reduces cable cost eliminating cables control channels ic bus.fpdlink iiis embedded control channel uses ic bus protocol source destination first implementations.however limited ic.
FPD-Link	ic master read write slaves side fpdlink iii chipset effectively transparent ic master slaves communications.example enables infotainment head units control configure displays image processing units control configure cameras using twisted pair cable data transmission.the digital content protection llc approved fpdlink iii highbandwidth interface carrying content whose owner wants hdcp security.approval enables fpdlink iii chipsets include highly confidential hdcp keys state machines encrypt content.embedded control channel fpdlink iii chipsets simplifies key exchange protocols source destinations verify destination secure.an additional new feature fpdlink iii stops using lvds technology uses cml serialized highspeed signals.enables easily work data rates greater gbits cables greater long.
FPD-Link	additional benefit using cml coaxcable drive capability.cml technology works well driving single conductor coax cables.since coax cables good controlling impedance noise reduce need differential signaling better tolerates impedance discontinuities noise interference.another added benefit fpdlink iii adaptive equalization built deserializer.input signal deserializer usually diminished integrity.typically results intersymbol interference isi due cable loss.
OS X Mavericks	adaptive equalizer sense poor signal restore original integrity.feature useful every application cable vary length operating temperature humidity variables affect isi resulting lowpass filter effect cable.see also display controller – ic produces signaldisplay serial interface dsiembedded displayport – industry internal interface standard originally aimed laptop computers smaller devicesinternal displayport – industry internal interface standard aimed large displays like monitors televisionsopenldirgb color modelvbyone hs – competing proprietary internal interface standard references external links introduction fpd linklvds display interface ldi tft data mapping interoperability fpdlinkfpdlink ii display serdes overviewfpdlink iii solutions automotive applicationshigh definition displays hit highwayth major release macos apple inc.s desktop server operating system macintosh computers.os x mavericks announced june wwdc released october worldwide.the update emphasized battery life finder improvements improvements power users continued icloud integration well bringing apples ios apps os x. mavericks named surfing location northern california first series os x releases named places apples home state earlier releases used names big cats.os x mavericks first os x major release free upgrade second overall since mac os x .puma.final mac operating system feature lucida grande typeface standard system font since mac os x public beta .history apple announced os x mavericks june companys apple worldwide developers conference wwdc keynote also introduced ios revised macbook air sixthgeneration airport extreme fifthgeneration airport time capsule redesigned mac pro.
OS X Mavericks	keynote october apple announced official release .mac app store would available immediately unlike previous versions os x .would available charge users running snow leopard .. later.on october apple offered free upgrades life os x iwork.system requirements os x mavericks run mac run os x mountain lion mountain lion gb ram gb available storage os x .. snow leopard later required.mavericks later versions available free.the full list compatible modelsimac mid latermacbook inch aluminum late inch polycarbonate early latermacbook pro inch midlate later inch inch midlate latermacbook air late latermac mini early latermac pro early laterxserve early system features menu bar dock available display.
OS X Mavericks	additionally airplay compatible displays apple tv used external display.mission control updated organize switch desktop workspaces independently multiple displays.os x mavericks introduced app nap sleeps apps currently visible.app running mavericks eligible feature default.compressed memory virtual memory compression system automatically compresses data inactive apps approaching maximum memory capacity.timer coalescing feature enhances energy efficiency reducing cpu usage percent.allows macbooks run longer periods time desktop macs run cooler.apple supports opengl .core profile opencl .. server message block version smb default protocol sharing files rather afp.
OS X Mavericks	increase performance crossplatform compatibility.some skeuomorphs leather texture calendar legal pad theme notes booklike appearance contacts removed ui.icloud keychain stores users usernames passwords wifi passwords allow user fill information forms needed.the system native linkedin sharing integration.ipotb internet protocol thunderbolt bridge thunderbolt networking supported mavericks.feature allows user quickly transfer large amount data two macs.notification center allows user reply notifications instantly allows websites send notifications user wakes mac sleep state displays summary missed notifications machine unlocked.system alerts low battery removal drives without ejecting failed time machine backup moved notification center.the traffic light close minimize maximize window buttons appeared somewhat brighter mac os x lion os x mountain lion.app features finder gets enhancements tabs fullscreen support document tags.pinchtozoom swipetonavigatehistory gestures removed although supported anywhere else.the new ibooks application allows user read books purchased ibooks store.
OS X Mavericks	app also allows user purchase new content ibooks store night mode make easier read dark environments.the new maps application allows user functionality ios maps.the calendar app enhancements able add facebook events estimate travel time event.the safari browser significantly enhanced javascript performance apple claims faster chrome firefox.top sites view allows user quickly access viewed sites default.however user pin remove websites view.sidebar allows user view bookmarks reading list shared links.safari also autogenerate random passwords remember icloud keychain.
OS X Mavericks	applications found mavericks airport utilityapp storearchive utilityaudio midi setupautomatorbluetooth file exchangeboot camp assistantcalculatorchesscolorsync utilityconsolecontactsdictionarydigital color meterdisk utilitydvd playerfacetimefont bookgame centergarageband may preinstalledgrabgrapherimovie may preinstalleditunesimage captureink accessed connecting graphics tablet mackeychain accesskeynote may preinstalledmailmessagesmigration assistantnotesnotification centernumbers may preinstalledpages may preinstalledphoto boothpreviewquicktime playerremindersscript editorstickiessystem informationterminaltextedittime machinevoiceover utilityxxquartz may preinstalled removed functionality open transport api removed.usb syncing calendar contacts information ios devices removed instead requiring use icloud.quicktime longer supports many older video codecs converts prores format opened.older video codecs cannot viewed quick look.apple also removed ability sync mobile icloud notes ios devices upgraded ios ios effectively forcing mavericks users update upgrade computers.
Oracle NoSQL Database	reception os x mavericks received mixed reviews.one complaint apple removed local sync services forces users get icloud sync ios devices desktop os.however feature since returned .. itunes .updates.the verge stated os x mavericks “a gentle evolution mac operating system”.release history see also aqua user interfacemacos version historylist macintosh software referencesprovides transactional semantics data manipulation horizontal scalability simple administration monitoring.oracle released oracle autonomous nosql database cloud oandc august .oandc managed cloud service applications require low latency flexible data models elastic scaling dynamic workloads.developers focus application development data store requirements rather managing backend servers storage expansion cluster deployments topology software installationpatchesupgrades backup operating systems availability.oandc scales meet dynamic application workloads throughput requirements.users create tables store application data perform database operations.
Oracle NoSQL Database	oandc table similar relational table additional properties including provisioned write units read units storage capacity.users provision throughput storage capacity table based anticipated workloads.oandc resources allocated scaled accordingly meet workload requirements.users billed hourly based capacity provisioned.oandc supports tabular model.row identified unique key value arbitrary length interpreted application.
Oracle NoSQL Database	application manipulate insert delete update read single row transaction.application also perform iterative nontransactional scan rows database.licensing oracle corporation distributes oracle nosql database three editionsoracle nosql database server community edition apache license version .oracle nosql enterprise edition oracle commercial licenseoracle nosql basic editionoracle nosql database licensed using freemium model opensource versions oracle nosql community edition available endusers purchase additional features support via oracle store.integrating oracle products oracle enterprise manager oracle coherence oracle nosql enterprise edition purchased.oracle nosql database basic edition available customer purchases purchased oracle database enterprise edition dbee version g c license entitled download use oracle nosql database basic edition.support oracle nosql database basic edition included part dbee support contract support purchased.oracle nosql database drivers licensed pursuant apache .
Oracle NoSQL Database	license used community enterprise editions.main features architecture oracle nosql database built upon oracle berkeley db java edition highavailability storage engine.adds services provide distributed highly available keyvalue store suited largevolume latencysensitive applications.sharding replication oracle nosql database clientserver sharded sharednothing system.data shard replicated nodes comprise shard.
Oracle NoSQL Database	provides simple keyvalue paradigm application developer.major key record hashed identify shard record belongs to.oracle nosql database designed support changing number shards dynamically response availability additional hardware.number shards changes keyvalue pairs redistributed across new set shards dynamically without requiring system shutdown restart.shard made single electable master node serve read write requests several replicas usually two serve read requests.
Oracle NoSQL Database	replicas kept date using streaming replication.change master node committed locally disk also propagated replicas.high availability faulttolerance oracle nosql database provides singlemaster multireplica database replication.transactional data delivered replica nodes flexible durability policies per transaction.event master replica node fails consensusbased paxosbased automated failover election process minimizes downtime.
Oracle NoSQL Database	soon failed node repaired rejoins shard updated becomes available processing read requests.thus oracle nosql database applications tolerate failures nodes within shard also multiple failures nodes distinct shards.proper placement masters replicas server hardware racks interconnect switches oracle nosql database intended increase availability commodity servers.transparent load balancing oracle nosql database driver partitions data real time evenly distributes across storage nodes.network topology latencyaware routing read write operations appropriate storage node order optimize load distribution performance.administration system monitoring oracle nosql databases administration service accessed web console commandline interface.
Oracle NoSQL Database	service supports functionality ability configure start stop monitor storage node without requiring configuration files shell scripts explicit database operations.allows java management extensions jmx simple network management protocol snmp agents available monitoring.allows management clients poll information status performance metrics operational parameters storage node managed services.elastic configuration elasticity refers dynamic online expansion deployed cluster.adding storage nodes increases capacity performance reliability.
Oracle NoSQL Database	oracle nosql database includes topology planning feature administrator modify configuration nosql database database online.administrator canincrease data distribution increasing number shards cluster increases write throughput.increase replication factor assigning additional replication nodes shard increases read throughput system availability.rebalance data store modifying capacity storage nodes system rebalanced reallocating replication nodes storage nodes appropriate.administrators move replication nodes andor partitions overutilized nodes onto underutilized storage nodes vice versa.multizone deployment oracle nosql database supports multiple zones intelligently allocate replication processes data order improve reliability hardware network powerrelated failure modes.two types zones primary zones contain nodes serve masters replicas typically connected fast interconnects.secondary zones contain nodes serve replicas.
Oracle NoSQL Database	secondary zones used provide low latency read access data distant location offload readonly workloads analytics report generation data exchange improved workload management.json data format oracle nosql database supports avro data serialization provides compact schemabased binary data format.schemas defined using json.oracle nosql database supports schema evolution.configurable smart topology system administrators indicate much capacity available given storage node allowing capable nodes host multiple replication nodes.
Oracle NoSQL Database	system knows capacity storage nodes configuration automatically allocates replication nodes intelligently.intended better load balancing better use system resources minimizing system impact event storage node failure.smart topology supports data centers ensuring full set replicas initially allocated data center.online rolling upgrade oracle nosql database provides facilities perform rolling upgrade allowing system administrator upgrade cluster nodes database remains available.fault tolerance oracle nosql database configurable either cp ap cap.
Oracle NoSQL Database	particular writes configured performed synchronously replicas cp cap i.e.partition node failure causes system unavailable writes.replication performed asynchronously reads configured served replica ap cap i.e.system always available guarantee consistency.database features table data model release .
Oracle NoSQL Database	introduced tabular data structure simplifies application data modeling leveraging existing schema design concepts.table model layered top distributed keyvalue structure inheriting advantages simplifying application design enabling seamless integration familiar sqlbased applications secondary index primary key based indexing limits number low latency access paths.sometimes applications need nonprimarykey based paths support specific application requirements.ond supports secondary index value field.large object support oracle nosql database ee stream based apis allow reading writing large objects lobs audio video files without materialize entire file memory.
Oracle NoSQL Database	intended decrease latency operations across mixed workloads objects varying sizes.acid compliant transaction oracle nosql database provides acid compliant transactions full create read update delete crud operations adjustable durability consistency transaction guarantees.sequence operations operate single atomic unit long affected records share major key path.integration oracle nosql database includes support java c python c rest apis.allow application developer perform crud operations.
Oracle NoSQL Database	libraries include avro support developers serialize keyvalue records deserialize keyvalue records interchangeably c java applications.oracle restful services oracle nosql database supports oracle rest data services ords.allows customers build restbased application access data either oracle database ond.geojson supports spatial queries rfc compliant geojson data.spatial functions indexing geojson data supported.
Oracle NoSQL Database	apache hadoop kvavroinputformat kvinputformat classes available read data ond natively hadoop mapreduce jobs.one use class read nosql database records oracle loader hadoop.oracle integration oracle big data sql hive oracle big data sql common sql access layer data stored hadoop hdfs hive ond.allows customers query oracle nosql data hive oracle database.users run mapreduce jobs data stored ond configured secure access.
Oracle NoSQL Database	latest release also supports primitive complex data types oracle database oracle nosql database ee supports external table allows fetching oracle nosql data oracle database using sql statements select select count etc.nosql data exposed external tables one access data via standard jdbc drivers andor visualize enterprise business intelligence tools.oracle products oracle event processing oep provides read access oracle nosql database via nosql database cartridge.cartridge configured cql queries used.oracle semantic graph includes jena adapter oracle nosql database store large volumes rdf data tripletsquadruplets.
Oracle NoSQL Database	adapter enables fast access graph data stored ond via sparql queries.integration oracle coherence allows ond used cache oracle coherence applications allowing applications directly access cached data ond.enterprise security oracle nosql database ee supports osindependent clusterwide passwordbased user authentication oracle wallet integration enables greater protection unauthorized access sensitive data.additionally sessionlevel secure sockets layer ssl encryption network port restrictions improve protection network intrusion.release updates ond version .
Loran-C	– new featuresfull text search – elastic search.timetolive – efficient aging “expired” data – common iot requirement.sql query – declarative query language.predicate pushdown – ability process predicates big data sql nosql database nodes without passing data fails predicate improved performance scalability.importexport – easy backuprestore data move data oracle nosql database stores.performance oracle nosql database team worked several key oracle partners including intel cisco performing yahoo cloud serving benchmarks ycsb various hardware configurations published results.example oracle reported oracle nosql database exceeded million mixed ycsb opssec.see also database scalability referencesloranc combined two different techniques provide signal longrange highly accurate features formerly incompatible.disadvantage expense equipment needed interpret signals meant loranc used primarily militaries introduced .by cost weight size electronics needed implement loranc dramatically reduced due introduction solidstate electronics mids early microcontrollers process signal.lowcost easytouse loranc units became common late especially early earlier loran system discontinued favor installing loranc stations around world.loranc became one common widely used navigation systems large areas north america europe japan entire atlantic pacific areas.soviet union operated nearly identical system chayka.the introduction civilian satellite navigation led rapid dropoff loranc use.
Loran-C	discussions future loranc began several turnoff dates announced cancelled.canadian systems shut along lorancchayka stations shared russia.several chains remained active upgraded continued use.end navigation chains europe turned off.december united states also renewed discussion funding eloran system nist offered fund development microchipsized eloran receiver distribution timing signals.united states legislation introduced later national timing resilience security act proposed resurrecting loran.
Loran-C	history lorana original loran proposed alfred lee loomis meeting u.s. armys microwave committee.army air corps interested concept aircraft navigation discussion returned requirement system offering accuracy mile .km range miles km maximum range great miles km highflying aircraft.microwave committee time organized would become mit radiation laboratory took development project .initial meetings member uk liaison team taffy bowen mentioned aware british also working similar concept information performance.the development team led loomis made rapid progress transmitter design tested several systems settling mhz design.
Loran-C	extensive signalstrength measurements made mounting conventional radio receiver station wagon driving around eastern states.however custom receiver design associated cathoderay tube displays proved bigger problem.spite several efforts design around problem instability display prevented accurate measurements output shifted back forth face oscilloscope.by time team become much familiar british gee system aware related work strobes time base generator produced wellpositioned pips display could used accurate measurement.meant inaccuracy positioning display effect inaccuracy position signal also strobe two remained aligned.project team met gee team immediately adopted solution.
Loran-C	meeting also revealed project gee called almost identical systems similar performance range accuracy gee already completed basic development entering initial production making project superfluous.in response project team told army air force adopt gee instead behest british team realigned efforts provide longrange navigation oceans gee useful.led united states navy interest series experiments quickly demonstrated systems using basic gee concept operating lower frequency around mhz would offer reasonable accuracy order miles distances order miles km least night signals frequency range able skip ionosphere.rapid development followed system covering western atlantic operational .additional stations followed first covering european side atlantic large expansion pacific.end war operational loran stations many receivers.in operation loran system handed united states coast guard renamed system lorana lowercase name introduced time.
Loran-C	lf loran two ways implement timing measurements needed hyperbolic navigation system pulse timing systems like gee loran phasetiming systems like decca navigator system.the former requires sharp pulses signal accuracy generally limited rapidly pulses turned function carrier frequency.ambiguity signal measurements valid two locations relative broadcasters normal operation hundreds kilometres apart one possibility eliminated.the second system uses constant signals continuous wave takes measurements comparing phase two signals.system easy use even low frequencies.however signal ambiguous distance wavelength meaning hundreds locations return signal.decca referred ambiguous locations cells.
Loran-C	demands navigation method used conjunction pick cell receiver within using phase measurements place receiver accurately within cell.numerous efforts made provide sort secondary lowaccuracy system could used phasecomparison system like decca order resolve ambiguity.among many methods directional broadcast system known popi variety systems combining pulsetiming lowaccuracy navigation using phasecomparison fine adjustment.decca set aside one frequency f testing combinedsignal concept chance much later.similar concepts also used experimental navarho system united states.it known start loran project crt displays showed loran pulses could suitably magnified also show individual waves intermediate frequency.meant pulsematching could used get rough fix operator could gain additional timing accuracy lining individual waves within pulse like decca.
Loran-C	could either used greatly increase accuracy loran alternately offer similar accuracy using much lower carrier frequencies thus greatly extend effective range.would require transmitter stations synchronized time phase much problem already solved decca engineers.the longrange option considerable interest coast guard set experimental system known lf loran .operated much lower frequencies original loran khz required long balloonborne antennas.testing carried throughout year including several longdistance flights far brazil.experimental system sent canada used operation muskox arctic.
Loran-C	accuracy found feet miles km significant advance loran.ending muskox decided keep system running became known operation musk calf run group consisting united states air force royal canadian air force royal canadian navy uk royal corps signals.system ran september .this led another major test series time newlyformed united states air force known operation beetle.beetle located far north canadaalaska border used new guystayed feet steel towers replacing earlier systems balloonlofted cable antennas.system became operational ran two years february .
Loran-C	unfortunately stations proved poorly sited radio transmission permafrost much shorter expected synchronization signals stations using ground waves proved impossible.tests also showed system extremely difficult use practice easy operator select wrong sections waveforms display leading significant realworld inaccuracy.cyclan whyn rome air development center sent contracts longerranged moreaccurate navigation systems would used longrange bombing navigation.united states army air forces moving towards smaller crews three boeing b stratojet instance high degree automation desired.two contracts accepted sperry gyroscope proposed cyclan system cycle matching loran broadly similar lf loran additional automation sylvania proposed whyn using continuous wave navigation like decca additional coding using frequency modulation.
Loran-C	spite great efforts whyn could never made work abandoned.cyclan operated sending lf loranlike signals two frequencies lf lorans khz khz.associated equipment would look rising amplitude indicated start signal pulse use sampling gates extract carrier phase.using two receivers solved problem misaligning pulses phases would align properly two copies signal pulses compared.none trivial using eras tubebased electronics experimental cyclan system filled much semitrailer.cyclan proved highly successful much became increasingly clear problems led engineers use two frequencies simply bad expected.appeared system using single frequency would work well given right electronics.
Loran-C	especially good news khz frequency interfering existing broadcasts moved khz testing.through period issue radio spectrum use becoming major concern led international efforts decide frequency band suitable longrange navigation.process eventually settled band khz.cyclan appeared suggest accuracy even lower frequencies problem real concern expense equipment involved.cytac success cyclan system led contract sperry new system twin goals working khz range equally accurate less complex less expensive.goals would normally contradictory cyclan system gave involved confidence could met.
Loran-C	resulting system known cytac.to solve complexity problem new circuit developed properly time sampling signal.consisted circuit extract envelope pulse another extract derivative envelope finally another subtracted derivative envelope.result final operation would become negative specific stable part rising edge pulse zerocrossing used trigger shorttime sampling gate.system replaced complex system clocks used cyclan.simply measuring time zerocrossings master secondary pulsetiming extracted.the output envelope sampler also sent phaseshifter adjusted output local clock locked master carrier using phaselocked loop.

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