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Special Protection Group	currently prime minister narendra modi spg protectee.history security prime minister official residence responsibility special security district delhi police overseen officer rank deputy commissioner police dcp.model adopted united kingdom prime minister united kingdom protected londons metropolitan police service.october special task force stf established intelligence bureau ib provide transportation security road escorts prime minister travels new delhi.after assassination prime minister indira gandhi two delhi police security personnel october review undertaken committee secretaries ministry home affairs.given breach decided entrust security prime minister exclusive unit direct control stf provide prime minister proximate security times.
Special Protection Group	decisions initially taken shortterm measures.on february ministry home affairs set birbal nath committee examine issue submit recommendations government prime ministerial security.march committee submitted recommendation raising independent agency prime ministerial protection known special protection unit spu.march president india executive order created posts unit within cabinet secretariat.name unit rechristened special protection group led director would indian police service officer rank inspector general police.s.subramaniam joint director vip security intelligence bureau assumed office first director spg.
Special Protection Group	initially establishment spg necessitated new distribution responsibility various agencies concerned security prime minister.posts new agency lacked manpower provide complete protection prime ministers person office residence dependents remained dependent delhi police state police units logistics transportation.blue book existing manual protection prime minister amended incorporate new proximate security protocols.under new arrangements domestic visits intelligence bureau concerned state police responsible coordination collection dissemination intelligence affecting prime ministers security.state police spg would provide physical security arrangements prime minister twolayers.spg operated authority constituting executive order three years without legislation april june .
Special Protection Group	year rajiv gandhi government passed special protection group act codify orders provisions.at time act permitted security prime minister immediate relatives.rajiv gandhi left office ceased receive spg protection leader opposition.occurred despite significant threat life following governments military intervention sri lankan civil war.may gandhi assassinated political rally tamil nadu suicide bomber liberation tigers tamil eelam sri lankan terrorist organization.assassination spg act amended provide spg security former prime ministers immediate families period ten years leaving office.
Special Protection Group	prior end period security review would conducted ib determine protectees current threat need extensions would last five years.reason gandhis widow sonia gandhi children rahul gandhi priyanka gandhi received spg protection years owing political activity indian national congress.on november parliament india passed special protection group amendment act limited spg protection pm immediate family members residing official residence.amended legislation former prime ministers eligible extension protection five years leaving office subject threat assessment intelligence bureau.bill opposed indian national congress fearing gandhi family would face greater risk violence without spg protection.passage individuals along former prime minister manmohan singh heeraben modi jashodaben modi mother estranged wife respectively incumbent prime minister narendra modi lost spg protection.
Special Protection Group	instead accorded different levels security ranging z ministry home affairs.bill reduced spgs legal protectees modi lives alone official residence.organization director assisted number deputy directors assistant directors joint assistant directors.spg divided broadly following four categoriesoperations performs actual protection duties.operations branch subcomponents communications wing technical wing transport wing.training trains new existing personnel continuous basis.
Special Protection Group	spg trains officers physical efficiency marksmanship antisabotage checks communication operative aspects connected close protection drills influencing security.training programme constantly reviewed updated effectively thwart threats newer areas keeping existing threat perception.intelligence tours threat assessment internal intelligence pertaining personnel verification character antecedents allied jobs.administration deals human resources finance procurement related matters.command control general superintendence direction control spg exercised government india.head force director formally serves joint secretary security cabinet secretariat responsible command supervision force.director spg since inception officer indian police service ips today holds rank director general police.the spg directly recruit personnel.
Special Protection Group	recruits instead drawn enlisted ranks central armed police forces railway protection force.personnel services may apply deputation spg undergo rigorous physical psychological assessments well enhanced security screening.deputation spg usually lasts five years may extended directors discretion.officers spg responsible leadership coordination drawn ips.current responsibilities narendra modi incumbent prime minister india currently person spg protection.
Special Protection Group	sonia gandhi children rahul gandhi priyanka gandhi well two children raihan miraya granted spg protection years .two family members former prime ministers indira gandhi rajiv gandhi assassinated respectively government india assessing continued threat safety.november government india withdrew spg security details accorded z security.decision followed governments withdrawal spg detail modis predecessor manmohan singh.additionally terms special protection group amendment act spg security details modis estranged wife jashodaben mother heeraben withdrawn year.act amended spgs legal mandate protect incumbent prime ministers parents wife children immediate family members residing prime minister official residence.spg protectees law exempt personal security screening airports india may access vip lounges airports operated airports authority india.
Special Protection Group	additionally exempt security screening entering certain official buildings including prime ministers office residence.equipment weapons fn herstal f special intervention unit siufn scar special intervention unit siufn p submachine gunfn herstal fiveseven special agents siu uniformed officersglock glock uniformed officersfn herstal p uniformed officers onlyiof modern sub machine carbine selected used spg trials vehicles prime ministers motorcade comprises fleet vehicles core consists least two mercedesmaybach guard three armored bmw series sedans four armored range rovers least bmw xs six toyota fortunersland cruisers least two mercedesbenz sprinter ambulances.tata safari electronic countermeasures car also accompanies convoy besides many escort vehicles.mercedes maybach guard.the customized armoured vehicle vr level protection.bmw li f highsecuritythese customized armoured variants standard bmw li longwheelbase sedan used transport prime minister.certified vr brv ballistics protection ratings defend occupants anything landmine blasts machinegun fire.security upgrades include undercarriage armour mm thick multilayer laminated glass armour plating doors roof body pillars front footwell rear bulkhead.
Special Protection Group	runflat tyres run deflated kilometers.cars fitted advanced heat sensors ward missiles bombs.fuel tanks kevlarsealed explode attack cabins also turn gasproof chambers ensure fresh oxygen supply secure occupants cases chemical biological attacks.rumoured features include intercom system passengers driver alarm fire extinguisher temperature sensor irritant gas sensors warn dangerous gasses passenger area compartment two machine guns center console.due added weight security upgrades suspension components shock absorbers strut tops upgraded compared normal li.for official movement indian flag fendermounted drivers side vehicles taken abroad flag foreign country fendermounted passengers side.range rover l sentinelthese armoured variants standard wheelbase range rover autobiography suv used backup bmw li sedans transportation prime minister.
Special Protection Group	used prime minister himselfherself used transport members prime ministers immediate family accompanying himher part motorcade.suvs armoured land rovers special vehicle operations facility coventry england certified vr brv ballistics protection ratings.withstand damaging targeted threats including penetration .mm high velocity armour piercing incendiary bullets protect occupants kg lateral trinitrotoluene tnt blasts defend dm grenade explosions beneath floor sunroof.runflat tyres allow vehicle driven even tyres deflated.chassis reinforced superhighstrength steel standard glass replaced multilaminated armoured privacy glass optical quality.
Special Protection Group	suspension upgraded compared standard range rover antitamper exhaust selfsealing fuel tank auxiliary backup battery splitcharging battery system provide added protection security.just like bmw lis indian flag fendermounted drivers side vehicles.however suvs even taken abroad bear flag foreign country instead indian flag flag state emblem india fendermounted passengers side.bmw x f security plus toyota fortuner toyota land cruiser jthese suvs carry spg special agents uniformed officers assigned prime ministerial security detail.least bmw xs fortuners land cruisers accompany motorcade times.xs particular armoured vr brv ratings protection levels toyota suvs undisclosed.mercedesbenz sprinterthese armoured tactical medical support vehicles prime minister least two always spotted rear motorcade.carry least litre prime ministers blood type emergency transfusions.tata safari storme electronic countermeasures vehiclethis vehicle used counter guided attacks ieds rocket propelled grenades antitank guided missiles.
Special Protection Group	antennas mounted roof used barrage jamming applications scouting purposes primary method used counter ied threats.antenna configuration changed according threat level instance taller antennas used increase jamming protection distance change jamming frequency ranges.two domeshaped ew sensors.ew sensors millimetrewave radars used detect launch rpg rocket propelled grenades laser range finder illumination launch antitank guided missile atgm.air transport air india one air india one also referred ai call sign aircraft carrying president india vice president india prime minister india.
Special Protection Group	flights operated vip flights indian air force iaf.previously one two modified boeing passenger aircraft used otherwise normal service would utilized prime ministers overseas travel.however replaced two customized boeing er aircraft distinct national markings – built united states along lines air force one.additionally domestic flights iaf currently owns four seater embraer aircraft three customized seater boeing business jet bbj vip cabin.pm narendra modi used indian air force lockheed cj visit sri lanka.mi helicopters defence ministry approved conversion six new mi vs replace old mi helicopters iafs elite communications squadron ferry president prime minister.
Special Protection Group	mi vs advanced avionics onboard navigation systems nightvision devices.spg wanted helicopters high tail booms allow cars come right next rear exit staircase without exposing passengers threat anyone vicinity additional transit range better crashworthiness armour protection.contact media members spg barred spg act contact media publishing collaborating publication book letter document related work including upon retirement government service.spg personnel exempt information disclosure requests right information act .see also parliament security servicespresidents bodyguardspecial forces indianational security guard references external links spg.
Riverbed Technology	special protection group.official website spg gazette notification special protection group act new wing spg.products consist software hardware focused unified observability network visibility end user experience management network performance monitoring application performance management wide area networks wans including sdwan wan optimization.riverbed headquarters san francisco.founded company acquired several private equity transactions.history jerry kennelly former ceo steve mccanne former cto founded technology company may originally named nbt next big thing technology.the company became riverbed technology .kennelly mccanne led internal development first steelhead appliances models first steelhead shipped april environment canada.riverbed stock began trading nasdaq september .riverbed opened offsite location research park university illinois urbanachampaign .in february us hedge fund elliott management corporation made .
Riverbed Technology	billion offer acquire riverbed bid .rejected.in october netapp acquired riverbeds steelstore line data backup protection productswhich netapp later renamed altavault.on december riverbed announced would acquired private equity investment firm thoma bravo llc teachers’ private capital private investor department ontario teachers’ pension plan.value estimated approximately .billion closed april .on april riverbed announced retirement cofounder ceo jerry m. kennelly appointment paul mountford ceo.on june riverbed announced would resell versa networks sdwan products.on august xirrus sold cambium networks.on october rich mcbee became president ceo.on june dan smoot became president ceo.on december riverbed completed recapitalization apollo global management majority shareholder.acquisitions february riverbed completed acquisition mazu networks.
Riverbed Technology	mazu products initially renamed cascade became part riverbed steelcentral analyze network traffic provide information interactions dependencies users applications systems.on october riverbed acquired cace technologies folded shark network analysis product pilot interface product riverbed cascade product suite.cace also corporate sponsor open source network protocol analyzer product wireshark.riverbed assumed corporate sponsorship.in november riverbed acquired global protocols llc provider satellite optimization defense marketplace.skipware product proprietary commercial implementation space communications protocol specifications scps used us department defense communications satellites.on july riverbed acquired zeus technology provider highperformance softwarebased load balancing traffic management virtual cloud computing environments.primary product zeus virtual application delivery controller vadc evolved riverbed steelapp.
Riverbed Technology	day riverbed acquired aptimize limited provider web content optimization technology based wellington new zealand.brocade announced intent acquire riverbed steelapp business february acquisition completed march .on january riverbed purchased assets expand networks including intellectual property liquidation israel.in december riverbed acquired opnet technologies billion.opnet based bethesda maryland provided performance analysis software applications networks evolved riverbed steelcentral.on january riverbed technology acquired germanybased ocedo provider softwaredefined networking sdwan technology.using softwaredefined network technology acquired ocedo riverbed announced steelconnect april .in august riverbed acquired aternity inc. company provides enduser experience application performance monitoring technology expand riverbed’s steelcentral performance monitoring capabilities.in april riverbed acquired xirrus wifi technology company.acquisition expanded riverbeds steelconnect technology integration cloudmanaged wifi service.november riverbed acquired flowtraq.
Riverbed Technology	legal proceedings silver peak systems riverbed engaged several lawsuits silver peak systems alleged patent infringement.june companies announced settlement suits u.s. district courts delaware northern district california.part settlement parties agreed mutual release crosslicense regarding asserted patents well patents applications asserted patents patent families.addition claims counterclaims dismissed payments made either party.zeus technology connection riverbed’s july acquisition outstanding securities zeus technology limited share purchase agreement provided certain additional potential payments acquisitionrelated contingent consideration totaling .
Riverbed Technology	million cash based achievement certain bookings targets related zeus products period july july zeus earnout period.share purchase agreement also provided potential .million payment incentive bonus former employees zeus based achievement certain bookings targets related zeus products zeus earnout period.october riverbed served representative zeus shareholders lead defendant proposed defendant class representative similarly situated former shareholders zeus lawsuit requesting declaratory judgment among things riverbed breach share purchase agreement b riverbed owe acquisitionrelated contingent consideration share purchase agreement necessary conditions precedent payment acquisitionrelated contingent consideration occur.see also infineta systems partially acquired riverbed technology references external links official website top fastestgrowing tech companies forbes.com feb .
Norton ConnectSafe	retrieved march .the muhammad ali cloud computing business week january .retrieved march .crns data center crn web site january .retrieved march .americas fastest growing tech companies forbes april .retrieved march .service retired november .history service opened public june .norton connectsafe retirement announced planned occur november .functionality provides protection web threats three protection policies.automatically blocks known unsafe fraudulent phishing infected websites cause harm device.
Norton ConnectSafe	also blocks unwanted content suitable children.users use norton connectsafe setting dns server addresses norton connectsafe servers.client software windows mac os x android available automatically configure devices use norton connectsafe.dns queries routed norton connectsafe checked using norton safe web database ensure point malicious inappropriate websites.symantec thus seeks block malware phishing attempts well pornographic inappropriate websites user desires.norton connectsafe also intercept misspelled domain names offer suggestions display advertising.
Norton ConnectSafe	redirection breaks nonweb applications rely getting nxdomain response nonexistent domains.ipv addresses following addresses registered norton connectsafepolicy — securitythis policy blocks sites hosting malware phishing sites scam sites.choose policy use following ip addresses preferred alternate dns server addresses......policy b — security pornographyin addition blocking unsafe sites policy also blocks access sites contain sexually explicit material.choose policy b use following ip addresses preferred alternate dns server addresses......policy c — security pornography nonfamily friendlythis policy ideal families young children.addition blocking unsafe sites pornography sites policy also blocks access sites feature mature content abortion alcohol crime cults drugs gambling hate sexual orientation suicide tobacco violence.
Double standard	choose policy c use following ip addresses preferred alternate dns server addresses...... see also domain name systempublic recursive name servername serveropendnsgoogle public dnsquad referencesoften used describe treatment whereby one group given latitude another.double standard arises two people groups organizations circumstances events treated differently even though treated way.margaret eichler author double standard feminist critique feminist social science explains double standard implies two things measured different standards.applying different principles similar situations may may indicate double standard.distinguish application double standard valid application different standards toward circumstances appear several factors must examined.one sameness circumstances – parallels circumstances ways differ another philosophy belief system informing principles applied circumstances.
Double standard	different standards applied situations appear similar based qualifying truth fact upon closer examination renders situations distinct physical reality moral obligation example.however similarlooking situations treated according different principles truth fact principle distinguishes situations double standard applied.if correctly identified double standard viewed negatively usually indicates presence hypocrisy bias unjust behaviors.examples common issues gender long debated someones gender role affects others moral social political legal responses.believe differences way men women perceived treated function social norms thus indicating double standard.one claim double standard exists societys judgment womens mens sexual conduct.
Double standard	research found casual sexual activity regarded acceptable men women.according double standards men women potentially exist regards dating cohabitation virginity marriageremarriage sexual abuseassaultharassment domestic violence singleness.other research contends women held stricter standards competence men shown studies involving completion perceptual tasks.law double standard may arise two groups equal legal rights given different degrees legal protection representation.double standards seen unjustified violate common maxim modern legal jurisprudence parties stand equal law.judges expected impartial must apply standards people regardless subjective biases favoritism based social class rank ethnicity gender sexual orientation religion age distinctions.
Double standard	politics double standard arises politics treatment political matters two parties response public crisis allocation funding handled differently.could occur nature political relationships tasked matters degree reward power stands gainedlost personal biasesprejudices politicians.double standard policies include situations countrys commentators assessment phenomenon process event international relations depends relationship attitude parties involved.harrys game gerald seymour wrote one mans terrorist another mans freedom fighter.ethnicity double standards exist people preferred rejected basis ethnicity situations ethnicity relevant justifiable factor discrimination might case cultural performance ethnic ceremony.the intentional efforts people counteract racism ethnic double standards sometimes interpreted others actually perpetuating racism double standards among ethnic groups.writing american conservative rod dreher quotes account published quillette coleman hughes black student columbia university said given opportunity play backup band grammy awardwinning pop artist rihanna mtv video music awards show.
Double standard	according hughes several friends also invited however one fired replaced according hughes white hispanic background suit allblack aesthetic rihannas team chosen show.team decided performers stage black aside rihannas regular guitar player.hughes uncertain whether believed action unethical given show racially themed begin with.observed believed double standard entertainment industry saying black musician fired order achieve allwhite aesthetic — would made front page headlines.would seen unambiguous moral infraction.
Double standard	dreher argues hughess observations highlight difficulty distinguishing exclusion one ethnic group order celebrate another exclusion ethnic group exercise racism double standard.dreher also discussed another incident new york times columnist bari weiss jewish heavily criticized tweeting immigrants get job done positive reference mirai nagasu japaneseamerican olympic ice skater weiss trying honor.public debate ethnicity double standards remains controversial appearances continue.causes explanations double standards believed develop peoples minds multitude possible reasons including finding excuse oneself emotions clouding judgement twisting facts support beliefs confirmation biases cognitive biases attraction biases prejudices desire right.human beings tendency evaluate peoples actions based them.in study conducted dr. martha foschi observed application double standards group competency tests.
Double standard	concluded status characteristics gender ethnicity socioeconomic class provide basis formation double standards stricter standards applied people perceived lower status.dr. foschi also noted ways double standards form based socially valued attributes beauty morality mental health.dr.tristan botelho dr. mabel abraham assistant professors yale school management columbia business school studied effect gender way people rank others financial markets.research showed averagequality men given benefit doubt averagequality women often penalized peoples judgments.botelho abraham also showed women men similarly riskloving contrary popular belief.
Double standard	altogether research showed double standards least financial markets exist around gender.encourage adoption controls eliminate gender bias application hiring evaluation processes within organizations.examples controls include using initials applications applicants genders apparent auditioning musicians behind screen skills gender influence acceptance rejection orchestras.practices like according botelho abraham already implemented number organizations.see also references reading axinn william g. et al.
Double standard	“gender double standards parenting attitudes.” social science research vol.no.pp.–.doi.j.ssresearch....pollmann k. .
Double standard	double standards ancient medieval world.duehrkohp radicke.isbn .retrieved november .pages.henrard k. .
Double standard	double standards pertaining minority protection.nijhoff ebook titles.martinus nijhoff publishers.isbn .retrieved november .
Double standard	pages.hudspeth christopher.“ modern day double standards.” thought catalog july thoughtcatalog.comcehudspethmoderndaydoublestandards.peterson n. .studs sluts virginityloss scripts sexual double standards among collegeage students.coe college.retrieved november .
Double standard	pages.russell james w. .double standard social policy europe united states ebook.lanham maryland rowman littlefield publishers.isbn .thomas keith.“the double standard.” journal history ideas vol.
Double standard	no.apr.pp.–.doi..wood b. .
Registry cleaner	world order double standards peace security .canadian institute international peace security.retrieved november .pages.issue clouded fact malware scareware often associated utilities type.advantages disadvantages due sheer size complexity registry database manually cleaning redundant invalid entries may impractical registry cleaners try automate process looking invalid entries missing file references broken links within registry resolving removing them.the correction invalid registry key provide benefits voluminous usually quite harmless obsolete records linked combased applications whose associated files longer present.registry damage registry cleaners make distinction severity errors many may erroneously categorize errors critical little basis support it.removing changing certain registry data prevent system starting cause application errors crashes.it always possible thirdparty program know whether particular key invalid redundant.poorly designed registry cleaner may equipped know sure whether key still used windows detrimental effects removing may have.
Registry cleaner	may lead loss functionality andor system instability well application compatibility updates microsoft block problematic registry cleaners.windows installer cleanup utility microsoftsupported utility addressing windows installer related issues.malware payloads registry cleaners used vehicle number trojan applications install malware typically social engineering attacks use website popup ads free downloads falsely report problems rectified purchasing downloading registry cleaner.worst breed products advertise encourage free registry scan however user typically finds product purchased substantial sum effect anticipated repairs.rogue security software winfixer including registry cleaners ranked one prevalent pieces malware currently circulation.
Registry cleaner	scanners scareware rogue registry cleaners often marketed alarmist advertisements falsely claim preanalyzed pc displaying bogus warnings take corrective action hence descriptive label scareware.october microsoft washington attorney general filed lawsuit two texas firms branch software alpha red producers registry cleaner xp scareware.lawsuit alleges company sent incessant popups resembling system warnings consumers personal computers stating critical error message registry damaged corrupted instructing users visit web site download registry cleaner xp cost .. metrics performance benefit windows x computers possible large registry could slow computers startup time.however less issue ntbased operating systems including windows xp vista due different ondisk structure registry improved memory management indexing.furthermore versions windows prior server may fail start registry kernel files unable fit within first mb memory.
Registry cleaner	slowdown due registry bloat thus far less issue modern versions windows.conversely defragmenting underlying registry files e.g.using free microsoftsupported pagedefrag tool rather attempting clean registry contents measurable benefit therefore recommended past experts mark russinovich.form defragmentation capability built directly windows since vista.the windows performance toolkit specifically designed troubleshoot performancerelated issues windows include registry cleaning one optimizations.undeletable registry keys registry cleaners cannot repair scenarios undeletable registry keys caused embedded null characters names specialized tools regdelnull utility part free sysinternals software able this.recovery capability limitations registry cleaner cannot repair registry hive cannot mounted system making repair via slave mounting system disk impossible.a corrupt registry recovered number ways supported microsoft e.g.
Registry cleaner	automated system recovery last knowngood boot menu rerunning setup using system restore.last knowngood restores last system registry hive containing driver service configuration successfully booted system.malware removal tools also difficult manage nonboot situation infestation compared full system restore backup.age rapidly evolving malware even full system restore may unable remove rootkit hard drive.registry cleaners likewise designed malware removal although minor sideeffects repaired turnedoff system restore.however complex scenarios malware spyware adware viruses involved removal systemcritical files may result.
Registry cleaner	application virtualization registry cleaner use cleaning registry entries associated virtualised application since registry entries scenario written applicationspecific virtual registry instead real one.complications detailed interactions realmode virtual also leaves potential incorrect removal shortcuts registry entries point disappeared files consequent confusion user cleaner products.little competent information specific interaction integration.general even registry cleaners could arguably considered safe normal enduser environment avoided application virtualization environment.see also utility software references
Windows 7 editions	home premium professional ultimate widely available retailers.editions focus markets software development world enterprise use.editions support bit ia cpus editions except starter support bit x cpus.bit installation media included homebasic edition packages obtained separately microsoft.according microsoft features editions windows stored machine regardless edition use.users wish upgrade edition windows features able use windows anytime upgrade purchase upgrade unlock features editions discontinued .
Windows 7 editions	microsoft announced windows pricing information editions june windows anytime upgrade family pack pricing july .main editions mainstream support windows editions ended january extended support ended january .professional enterprise volume licensed editions paid extended security updates esu available january .since october windows longer available retail except remaining stocks preinstalled professional edition officially discontinued october .windows starterwindows starter edition windows contains fewest features.available bit version include windows aero theme.
Windows 7 editions	desktop wallpaper visual styles windows basic userchangeable.release candidate versions windows microsoft intended restrict users edition running three simultaneous programs limitation dropped final release.edition support gb ram.this edition available preinstalled computers especially netbooks windows tablets system integrators computer manufacturers using oem licenses.windows home basicwindows home basic available emerging markets different countries.windows aero options excluded along several new features.edition available bit bit versions supports gb ram.
Windows 7 editions	home basic along editions sold emerging markets includes geographical activation restriction requires users activate windows within certain region country.windows home premiumthis edition contains features aimed home market segment windows media center windows aero multitouch support.available bit bit versions.windows professionalthis edition targeted towards enthusiasts smallbusiness users schools.includes features windows home premium adds ability participate windows server domain.additional features include support gb ram increased gb operating remote desktop server location aware printing backup network location encrypting file system presentation mode software restriction policies extra management features applocker windows xp mode.available bit bit versions.windows enterprisethis edition targeted enterprise segment market sold volume licensing companies software assurance sa contract microsoft.
Windows 7 editions	additional features include support multilingual user interface mui packages bitlocker drive encryption unix application support.available retail oem channels edition distributed sa.result includes several saonly benefits including license allowing operating diskless nodes diskless pcs activation via volume license key vlk.windows ultimatewindows ultimate contains features windows enterprise edition available home users individual license basis.windows home premium windows professional users able upgrade windows ultimate fee using windows anytime upgrade wished service stopped .unlike windows vista ultimate windows ultimate include windows ultimate extras feature exclusive features microsoft stated.
Windows 7 editions	specialpurpose editions main editions also take form one following special editionsn kn editionsthe features n kn editions equivalent full versions include windows media player windows mediarelated technologies windows media center windows dvd maker due limitations set european union south korea respectively.cost n kn editions full versions media feature pack windows n windows kn downloaded without charge microsoft.upgrade editions inplace upgrade windows vista service pack windows supported processor architecture language editions match see below.inplace upgrade supported earlier versions windows moving windows machines requires clean installation i.e.removal old operating system installing windows reinstalling previously installed programs.
Windows 7 editions	windows easy transfer assist process.microsoft made upgrade skus windows selected editions windows xp windows vista.difference skus full skus windows lower price proof license ownership qualifying previous version windows.restrictions inplace upgrading applies skus well.addition windows available family pack upgrade edition certain markets upgrade windows home premium only.gives licenses upgrade three machines vista windows xp windows home premium edition.
Windows 7 editions	full versions machine upgraded must one qualifying previous versions windows work.united states offer expired early december .october commemorate anniversary windows microsoft made windows home premium family pack available limited time supplies lasted.upgrade compatibility two possible ways upgrade windows earlier version windowsan inplace install labelled upgrade installer settings programs preserved older version windows.option sometimes available depending editions windows used available unless upgrading windows vista.a clean install labelled custom installer settings including limited user accounts applications user settings music photos programs erased entirely current operating system erased replaced windows .
Windows 7 editions	option always available required versions windows xp.the table lists upgrade paths allow inplace install.note inplace upgrades performed previous version windows architecture.upgrading bit installation bit installation downgrading bit installation bit installation clean install mandatory regardless editions used.anytime upgrade editions year microsoft also supported inplace upgrades lower edition windows higher one using windows anytime upgrade tool.currently three retail options available though currently unclear whether used previous installations n versions.
Windows 7 editions	family pack versions anytime upgrade editions.possible use product key standard upgrade edition accomplish inplace upgrade e.g.home premium ultimate.starter home premiumstarter professionalstarter ultimatehome premium professionalhome premium ultimateprofessional ultimate available retail microsoft store derivatives windows thin pcon february microsoft announced windows thin pc branded derivative windows embedded standard service pack designed lightweight version windows installation low performance pcs alternative using dedicated thin client device.succeeded windows fundamentals legacy pcs based windows xp embedded.windows thin pc released june .embedded versionswindows also currently available two forms windows embedded named windows embedded standard known windows embedded standard prior release newest windows embedded standard service pack windows embedded posready .
OTC Markets Group	versions eligible extended security updates esu three years end extended support dates.comparison chart see also windows editionswindows xp editionswindows vista editionswindows editionswindows editions notes references readinggroup headquarters new york city.otctraded securities organized three markets inform investors opportunities risks otcqx otcqb pink.history company first established national quotation bureau nqb.decades nqb reported quotations stocks bonds publishing quotations paperbased pink sheets yellow sheets respectively.publications named color paper printed.
OTC Markets Group	nqb owned cch .september nqb introduced realtime electronic quotation service.national quotation bureau changed name pink sheets llc subsequently pink otc markets .company eventually changed current name otc markets group .today network brokerdealers price trade wide spectrum securities otc markets platform.to quoted platform companies required file sec although many choose so.
OTC Markets Group	wide range companies quoted otc markets including firmly established foreign firms mostly american depositary receipts adrs.addition many closely held extremely small thinly traded u.s. companies primary trading otc markets platform.many foreign issuers adhere listing requirements qualified foreign stock exchanges make home country disclosure available english.also significant number u.s.based issuers current reporting regulators u.s. securities exchange commission sec make available ongoing quarterly audited annual financial reports otc markets group.many companies pink market tier otc categorization system meet united states listing requirements trading stock exchange new york stock exchange nasdaq.many issuers file periodic reports make available audited financial statements making difficult investors find reliable unbiased information companies.
OTC Markets Group	reasons sec views many lowertier companies traded otc markets among risky investments advises potential investors heavily research companies plan invest.securities trading otcqb highertiered otcqx trading marketplaces status blue sky secondary trading exemptions states brokers may recommend securities clients like securities listed national stock exchanges.markets otc markets group designates securities one three markets indicate level financial corporate disclosure provided companies using quotation system.apart otcqx market rules include financial requirements designations signify issuer quality merit security.designation based level timeliness companys disclosure otcqb pink categories include high quality well speculative distressed questionable companies.strict promotion policies enacted flag companies deny application trading engage actively campaigns marked misleading information manipulative promotions.the otcqx otcqb markets considered established public markets sec purpose determining public market price registering securities resale sec equity line financings.
OTC Markets Group	otc markets group facilitate electronic trading secregistered alternative trading system known otc link® ats.otcqx otcqx market includes multinational companies seeking access u.s. investors domestic growth companies.traded tier companies must undergo qualitative review otc markets group.companies required registered reporting sec must post financial information otc markets group.addition u.s. companies must ongoing operations i.e.
OTC Markets Group	shells may bankruptcy foreign issuers must meet requirements qualified foreign exchanges.additional oversight otcqx securities provided requiring every issuer sponsored approved thirdparty investment banks law firms called otcqx sponsors.otcqb otcqb market contains one penny .bid price requirement intended remove companies likely subject dilutive stock fraud schemes promotions.company verifies via annual otcqb certification signed company ceo cfo company information current including information company’s reporting status company profile information management boards major shareholders law firms transfer agents ir pr firms.
OTC Markets Group	investor confidence improves information company’s ownership structure professional advisors service providers.certification required security newly qualified publicly quoted brokerdealer sec rule c pink traded company becomes current sec reporting company beginning may .international reporting companies also allowed upgrade pink otcqb publish gb compliant disclosure online verify company profile.annual fee otcqb market per year onetime application fee.otc qxqb blue sky status november otcqx market blue sky status states otcqb market states.
OTC Markets Group	blue sky laws state regulations established safeguards investors securities fraud.laws may vary state typically require sellers new issues register offerings provide financial details.allows investors base judgments verifiable information.since sec recognized otcqx otcqb established public markets otc markets group worked collaboratively state regulators since jobs act apprise easily accessible free public online disclosure current information provided companies traded otcqx otcqb premium markets.april states acknowledge otcqx market purposes secondary trading exemptions.
OTC Markets Group	investor protection quality control standards otcqx otcqb therefore status meet exceed blue sky standards respective states.pink pink open market financial standards reporting requirements.stock companies pink tier required registered sec.companies category categorized level timeliness information provide investors may current limited public disclosure.current information companies submitting regular quarterly annual reports go current category.
OTC Markets Group	category still include shell companies development stage companies little operations well companies without audited financial statements.companies category must quarterly reports duly posted every three months annual reports least preceding two years file.limited information companies submitted information older six months otc markets data news service made filing secs edgar system previous six months rated limited information.companies unwilling unable meet otc markets guidelines providing adequate current information quarterly annual reports every three months still submit information least every six months category.often companies financial reporting problems economic distress bankruptcy.
OTC Markets Group	information tier indicates companies unwilling unable provide disclosure public markets.companies category make current information available via otc markets disclosure news service available information older six months.category includes defunct companies ceased operations well dark companies questionable management market disclosure practices.securities publicly traded companies willing provide information investors considered highly risky.caveat emptor public interest concern associated company designated caveat emptor.
OTC Markets Group	buyer beware.may include spam campaign stock promotion known investigation fraudulent activity committed company inside information.spam campaign stock current information category also quotes blocked otcmarkets.com.quotation eligibility sec requires brokerdealers comply exchange act rule c displaying quotes otc securities requires submission form finra otc compliance unit.amendments proposed c significantly amended since .finra rule contains rules quoting otc securities otcbb otcbb diminished importance less otc trades occurred otcbb opposed otc markets.
OTC Markets Group	finra proposed remove rule eliminate otcbb withdrew rule proposed update otcbb provide backup system case quotation disrupted nonexistent.other finra rules rule rule relate sec rule c example rule prohibits market makers receiving compensation issuers.risks regulation many stocks traded otc microcap stocks also known penny stocks known fraudulent microcap stock fraud penny stock scams.after passage sarbanesoxley act companies delisted became otc save costs avoid certain regulations although otc companies faced pressure improve disclosure.otc markets otcbb otc bulletin board otcbb listing securities also traded counter similar otc markets.otcbb diminished importance little activity retained possible last resort system case disruption.otcbb companies required file timely reports u.s. regulatory agency.
OTC Markets Group	almost otcbb companies quoted via otc markets otc link ats fully electronic trading platform better meets needs automated brokerdealers.grey market securities listed stock exchange formally quoted otc markets otcbb considered grey market.unsolicited transactions processed independently centrally listed quoted.trades reported selfregulatory organization sro passes data market data companies.grey market also called ototc otc.
OTC Markets Group	compliance data products compliance analytics compliance analytics product creates security specific risk score otcqx otcqb pink grey securities.risk assessed parameters including caveat emptor shell status penny stock status pricevolume changes stock promotion data.recently product integrated hot sector information cannabis cryptocurrency blockchain.promotion data promotion data product provides market professionals investors active historical promotion data otcqx otcqb pink grey securities.index products company calculates licenses indices securities trade one top two market tiers including otcm qx adr index otcqxtraded american depository receipts references external links official website sec information otc marketssec listing delisting requirements
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	seed vault provides longterm storage duplicates seeds conserved genebanks around world.provides security world’s food supply loss seeds genebanks due mismanagement accident equipment failures funding cuts natural disasters.seed vault managed terms spelled tripartite agreement among norwegian government crop trust nordic genetic resource center nordgen.the norwegian government entirely funded seed vaults approximately million kr us.million construction cost.norway crop trust pay operational costs.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	storing seeds vault free depositors.vault depicted several films art forms including marcus paus’ childrens opera children ginko.history nordic gene bank nordgen began storing backup nordic plant germplasm via frozen seeds abandoned coal mine outside longyearbyen.in international treaty plant genetic resources food agriculture itpgrfa adopted national governments began ratify treaty soon after.treaty establishes multilateral system plant genetic resources includes providing access materials providing mechanisms use resources share derived benefits.a team led conservationist cary fowler association cgiar actively campaigned development seed vault approached norwegian government.conducted feasibility study concurred svalbard appropriate location longterm storage.also itpgrfa entered force created legal framework one international security facility.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	fao commission genetic resources food agriculture endorsed initiative october norwegian government committed fund seed vault begin construction.the seed vault officially opened february although first seeds arrived january .as part seed vaults first anniversary food crop seed samples placed storage bringing total number seed samples .among new seeds included varieties potatoes irelands national genebanks new samples u.s. agricultural research service.seed samples came genebanks canada switzerland well international genebanks colombia mexico syria..longton .shortton shipment brought total number seeds stored seed vault million.anniversary seed vault contained samples approximately onethird worlds important food crop varieties.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	also part anniversary experts food production climate change met threeday conference longyearbyen.japanese sculptor mitsuaki tanabe presented work seed vault named seed momi insitu conservation.in delegation seven u.s. congressmen handed number different varieties chili pepper.by approximately onethird genera diversity stored genebanks globally represented seed vault.in october seed vault experienced unusually large degree water intrusion due higher average temperatures heavy rainfall.common water seep seed vaults ft entrance tunnel warmer spring months case water encroached ft tunnel freezing.seed vault designed water intrusion seeds risk.result however norwegian public works agency statsbygg completed improvements tunnel prevent intrusion future including waterproofing tunnel walls removing heat sources tunnel digging exterior drainage ditches.for seed vaults th anniversary february shipment samples delivered facility bringing number samples received one million counting withdrawals.according independent march covid pandemic pose risk vault permanent staff svalbard facility.as june seed vault conserves distinct crop samples representing years agricultural history.in seed vault cost .million kr us maintain.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	construction norway sweden finland denmark icelands prime ministers ceremonially laid first stone june .the seed bank ft inside sandstone mountain spitsbergen island employs robust security systems.facility managed nordic genetic resource center though permanent staff onsite.spitsbergen considered ideal lacked tectonic activity permafrost aids preservation.ft sea level keep site dry even ice caps melt.locally mined coal provides power refrigeration units cool seeds internationally recommended standard − °c −.°f.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	equipment fails least several weeks elapse facility rises surrounding sandstone bedrocks temperature − °c °f estimated take two centuries warm °c °f.a feasibility study prior construction determined seed vault could preserve major food crops seeds hundreds years.including important grains could potentially remain viable thousands years.running length facilitys roof front face entryway illuminated artwork named perpetual repercussion norwegian artist dyveke sanne marks location vault distance.norway governmentfunded construction projects exceeding certain cost must include artwork.koro norwegian state agency overseeing art public spaces engaged artist propose artwork seed vault.roof vault entrance filled highly reflective stainless steel mirrors prisms.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	installation reflects polar light summer months winter network fibreoptic cables gives piece muted greenishturquoise white light.mission seed vaults mission provide backup accidental loss diversity traditional genebanks.popular press emphasized possible utility event major regional global catastrophe seed vault frequently accessed genebanks lose samples due mismanagement accident equipment failures funding cuts natural disasters.events occur regularity.war civil strife history destroying genebanks.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	national genebank philippines damaged flooding later destroyed fire genebanks afghanistan iraq lost completely international genebank syria became unavailable.according economist svalbard vault backup worlds seed banks storehouses agricultural biodiversity.norwegian law prohibited storing genetically modified seeds vault.the adjacent arctic world archive provides similar service data etched code reels film.project lead piql norway states film properly preserved last years.tripartite agreement seed vault managed terms spelled tripartite agreement among norwegian government crop trust nordic genetic resource center nordgen.kingdom norway owns seed vault.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	crop trust provides funding ongoing operations provides financial assistance depositors preparation shipments.nordgen operates seed vault maintains public database deposits.an international advisory council provides guidance advice.includes representatives fao cgiar international treaty plant genetic resources institutions.access seeds vault seed samples copies samples stored depositing genebanks.researchers plant breeders groups wishing access seed samples cannot seed vault must instead request samples depositing genebanks.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	samples stored genebanks cases accessible accordance terms conditions international treaty plant genetic resources food agriculture approved countries parties.the seed vault functions like safe deposit box bank.bank owns building depositor owns contents box.government norway owns facility depositing genebanks seeds send.deposit samples svalbard constitute legal transfer genetic resources.genebank terminology called black box arrangement.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	depositor signs deposit agreement nordgen acting behalf norway.agreement makes clear norway claim ownership deposited samples ownership remains depositor sole right access materials seed vault.one access anyone elses seeds seed vault.database samples depositors maintained nordgen.the syrian civil war created situation black box arrangement demonstrated.result conflict international center agricultural research dry areas icarda unable maintain genebank located tel hadya syria therefore unable distribute samples.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	icarda withdrew backup samples stored seed vault could regenerate seeds.icarda made second larger withdrawal .seeds planted fields lebanon morocco multiplied.returned seed vault others added icardas genebanks lebanon morocco could conserved distributed.withdrawals seed vault june .
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	seed storage seeds stored sealed threeply foil packages placed plastic tote containers metal shelving racks.storage rooms kept − °c −.°f.low temperature limited access oxygen ensure low metabolic activity delay seed aging.permafrost surrounding facility help maintain low temperature seeds electricity supply fails.initially seed vault would minor water intrusion entrance annual spring permafrost thawing.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	warmer temperatures heavy rainfall october caused significantly greater amounts water seep entrance facilitys design ensured water froze several meters seeds endangered.work completed eliminated water seepage.crop trust crop trust officially known global crop diversity trust plays key role planning seed vault coordinating shipments seed samples seed vault conjunction nordic genetic resource center.crop trust provides annual operating costs facility set aside endowment fund norwegian government finances upkeep structure itself.support donors crop trust assists selected genebanks developing countries well international agricultural research centres packaging shipping seeds seed vault.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	awards honors svalbard global seed vault ranked no.times best inventions .awarded norwegian lighting prize .ranked th influential project past years project management institute.capacity seeds stored airtight aluminium bags.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	number seeds bag vary depending size seed average bag contain approximately seeds.facility storage capacity .million seed samples.the table presents cumulative total samples i.e.accessions deposited year.depositors june depositors safeguard crop samples seed vault.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault	table lists top international genebanks followed top regional national genebank terms number samples currently deposited seed vault.indigenous communities depositors seed vault limited international regional national genebanks.indigenous communities deposited seeds safety duplication seed vault.representatives parque de la papa peru deposited samples potatoes.cherokee nation became first us tribe deposit safeguarded nine samples heirloom food crops predate european colonization.
Windows 1.0x	cultural depictions seed vault inspiration ibsen internationals art project seed supported norwegian government.part project inspiration childrens opera children ginko norwegian frøbarna marcus paus aims raise ecological awareness reveal power nature celebrate childrens courage growing up.the seed vault featured futurama holiday spectacular aired november .the seed vault featured second season belgian netflix tv series night.in season macgyver seeds permafrost feather team head greenland man working highly secure international seed vault vanished without trace.upon arrival team finds dead body one packet seeds missing north korean crate seeds pea pod whose plant synthesized deadly poison.in season tv series scorpion titled dirty seeds done dirt cheap protagonists travel greenland simple job repairing malfunctioning system granse world seed vault.see also arctic policy norwayarctic world archiveaustralian grains genebankcenter originfrozen zoo similar concept animalsnational ice core laboratoryamphibian arkcoral reef organizationsrosetta projectindian seed vaultmillennium seed bank partnershiporthodox seedrecalcitrant seedsurvivalism references external links official website svalbard global seed vault norwegian ministry agriculture foodsvalbard global seed vault crop trustsvalbard global seed vault nordic genetic resource center nordgenonline searchable database deposits nordgeninside svalbard seed vault youtubegraphical operating environment personal computers developed microsoft.microsoft worked apple computer develop applications apples original macintosh first massproduced personal computer graphical userinterface gui enabled users see userfriendly icons screen.microsoft released windows .november first version microsoft windows line.type software runs graphical bit multitasking shell top existing msdos installation providing environment run graphical programs designed windows well existing msdos software.
Windows 1.0x	microsofts founder bill gates spearheaded development windows .saw demonstration similar software suite visi comdex .despite positive responses early presentations support number hardware softwaremakers critics received windows .poorly feeling meet expectations.particular raised concerns lack resources new users performance issues especially systems lower hardware specifications.despite criticisms windows .proved important milestone microsoft introduced microsoft windows line.on december microsoft declared windows .
Windows 1.0x	obsolete stopped providing support updates system.windows .released united states november european version released windows .january .history microsoft began developing graphical user interface gui .development windows began microsoft founder bill gates saw demonstration comdex visicorps visi gui software suite ibm pc compatible computers.
Windows 1.0x	microsoft learned apples gui software—also bitmapped based part research xerox parc—was much advanced microsoft decided needed differentiate offering.august gates recruited scott mcgregor one key developers behind parcs original windowing system developer team lead windows ..microsoft first presented windows public november .requiring two floppy disk drives kb ram microsoft described software device driver msdos .. supporting cooperative multitasking tiled windows using wellbehaved applications used dos system calls permitting nonwellbehaved applications run full screen windows differed visi apple computers lisa immediately offering many applications.unlike visi windows developers need use unix develop ibm pc applications microsoft planned encourage companies including competitors develop programs windows requiring microsoft user interface applications.many manufacturers msdos computers compaq zenith dec promised provide support software companies ashtontate lotus.previewing windows byte magazine stated december seems offer remarkable openness reconfigurability transportability well modest hardware requirements pricing … barring surprise product introduction another company microsoft windows first largescale test desktop metaphor hands intended users.from early windows history gates viewed microsofts future.
Windows 1.0x	told infoworld magazine april strategies energies company totally committed windows way committed operatingsystem kernels like msdos xenix.also saying applications take advantage windows competitive long run.ibm notably absent microsofts announcement late press reported war windows windows ibm topview digital researchs graphics environment manager gem.microsoft promised november ship windows april subsequently denied announced release date predicted windows would ship june .development windowing system developed briefly referred codename interface manager.deemphasizing multitasking company stated windows purpose unlike topview turn computer graphicsrich environment using less memory.
Windows 1.0x	microsoft persuaded ibm latter needed gui april two companies announced introduction os graphical os presentation manager supposed ultimately replace msdos windows.release versions windows .–.first retail release windows .released november united states.windows version .
Windows 1.0x	released january european market.windows version .released august included enhancements made consistent international release like drivers european keyboards additional screen printer drivers superseded version .us version .europe.
Windows 1.0x	windows version .released april added support new ibm ps computers although support ps mice new vga graphics modes provided.however may oem version released ibm added vga support ps mouse support mcga support support display driver.ibm released version three .inch k floppies offered part personal publishing system collegiate kit bundles.microsoft supported windows .
Windows 1.0x	years december – longest versions windows.succession windows .december windows .succeeded windows .. features windows .offers limited multitasking existing msdos programs concentrates creating interaction paradigm cf.
Windows 1.0x	message loop execution model stable api native programs future.due microsofts extensive support backward compatibility possible execute windows .binary programs current versions albeit bit windows large extent also recompile source code equally functional modern application limited modifications.windows .often regarded frontend msdos operating system description also applied subsequent versions windows.
Windows 1.0x	windows .msdos program.windows .programs call msdos functions gui programs run .exe files like msdos programs.however windows .exe files new executable ne file format windows could process example allowed demandloading code data.
Windows 1.0x	applications supposed handle memory windows memory management system implemented softwarebased virtual memory scheme allowing applications larger available ram.because graphics support msdos extremely limited msdos applications go bare hardware sometimes bios get work done.therefore windows .included original device drivers video cards mouse keyboards printers serial communications applications supposed invoke apis built upon drivers.however extended apis file system management functions.sense windows .
Windows 1.0x	designed extended fullfledged operating system rather graphics environment used applications.indeed windows .dos frontend cannot operate without dos environment uses example filehandling functions provided dos.level replacement increases subsequent versions.system requirements windows .

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