Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
Loran-C	retained phase master signal long enough secondary signal arrive.gating secondary signal compared master signal phase detector varying voltage produced depending difference phase.voltage represented finepositioning measurement.the system generally successful testing concerns raised signal power long range possibility jamming.led modifications basic signal.first broadcast series pulses instead one broadcasting energy given time improving ability receivers tune useful signal.
Loran-C	also added fixed ° phase shift every pulse simple continuouswave jamming signals could identified rejected.the cytac system underwent enormous series tests across united states offshore.given potential accuracy system even minor changes groundwave synchronization found cause errors could eliminated — issues number rivers signal crossed caused predictable delays could measured factored navigation solutions.led series correction contours could added received signal adjust concerns printed cytac charts.using prominent features dams target points series tests demonstrated uncorrected signals provided accuracy order yards adding correction contour adjustments reduced order ten yards.loranb c moment united states air force taken efforts moving united states army air forces dropped interest project.
Loran-C	although reasons well recorded appears idea fully automated bombing system using radio aids longer considered possible.aaf involved missions covering km distance london berlin cytac system would work well ranges mission changed transpolar missions km even cytac offer range accuracy needed.turned attention use inertial platforms doppler radar systems cancelling work cytac well competing system known navarho.around period united states navy began work similar system using combined pulse phase comparison based existing loran frequency khz.time united states navy handed operational control loran system coast guard assumed arrangement would true new system well.thus united states coast guard given choice naming systems decided rename existing system lorana new system loranb.with cytac fully developed test system east coast united states mothballed united states navy also decided recommission cytac tests longrange role.
Loran-C	extensive series tests across atlantic carried uscgc androscoggin starting april .meanwhile loranb proved serious problems keeping transmitters phase work abandoned.minor changes made cytac systems simplify including reduction pulsechain spacing µs pulse rate changed pps match existing lorana system phaseshifting pulses alternating degree shift instead degrees every pulse within chain.the result loranc.testing new system intensive overwater flights around bermuda demonstrated fixes lay within foot circle dramatic improvement original lorana meeting accuracy gee system much greater range.first chain set using original experimental cytac system second one mediterranean .
Loran-C	chains covering north atlantic large areas pacific followed.time global charts printed shaded sections representing area mile .km accurate fix could obtained operational conditions.loranc operated khz frequency range.improving systems loranc originally designed highly automated allowing system operated rapidly original lorans multiminute measurement.
Loran-C	also operated chains linked stations allowing fix made simultaneously comparing two secondaries single master.downside approach required electronic equipment built using sera tube technology large.looking companies knowledge seaborne multichannel phasecomparison electronics led ironically decca built anspn first widely used loranc receiver.anspn weighed pounds kg controls.airborne units followed adapted anspn tested avro vulcan .mids units transistorization becoming common chain set vietnam support united states war efforts there.
Loran-C	number commercial airline operators experimented system well using navigation great circle route north america europe.however inertial platforms ultimately became common role.in decca sued united states navy patent infringement producing ample documentation work basic concept early along missing f frequency khz set aside experiments using system.decca initial suit judgement overturned appeal navy claimed wartime expediency.lorand f loranc became widespread united states air force became interested using guidance system.proposed new system layered top loranc provide even higher accuracy using loranc fix coarse guidance signal much way loranc extracted coarse location pulse timing remove ambiguity fine measurement.
Loran-C	provide extrafine guidance signal lorand interleaved another train eight pulses immediately signals one existing loranc stations folding two signals together.technique became known supernumary interpulse modulation sim.broadcast lowpower portable transmitters offering relatively shortrange service high accuracy.lorand used experimentally wargames transmitter set uk.system also used limited fashion vietnam war combined pave spot laser designator system combination known pave nail.using mobile transmitters anarn loran navigation receiver could achieve accuracy order feet spot laser improved feet .
Loran-C	m. sim concept later became system sending additional data.at time motorola proposed new system using pseudorandom pulsechains.mechanism ensures two chains within given period order many seconds pattern making easy determine signal groundwave recent transmission multihop signal previous one.system multiuser tactical navigation systems mutns used briefly found lorand met requirements added advantage standard loranc signal well.although mutns unrelated loran systems sometimes referred loranf.decline spite many advantages high cost implementing loranc receiver made uneconomical many users.
Loran-C	additionally military users upgraded lorana loranc large numbers surplus lorana receivers dumped market.made lorana popular spite less accurate fairly difficult operate.early introduction integrated circuits combining complete radio receiver began greatly reduce complexity lorana measurements fully automated units size stereo receiver became common.users requiring higher accuracy decca considerable success decca navigator system produced units combined receivers using loran eliminate ambiguities decca.the rapid development microelectronics made lorana easy operate worked equally well loranc signals obvious desire longrange system could also provide enough accuracy lake harbour navigation led opening loranc system public use .civilian receivers quickly followed dualsystem ac receivers also common time.
Loran-C	switch c extremely rapid due largely rapidly falling prices led many users first receiver loranc.late coast guard decided turn lorana favour adding additional loranc stations cover gaps coverage.original lorana network shut units used pacific time.given widespread availability lorana charts many loranc receivers included system converting coordinates c units.one reasons lorancs opening public move loran new forms navigation including inertial navigation systems transit omega meant security loran longer stringent primary form navigation.newer systems gave way gps process repeated time military able separate gpss signals way could provide secure military insecure civilian signals time.
Loran-C	gps difficult receive decode required electronics already small inexpensive loranc leading rapid adoption become largely universal.loranc st century although loranc largely redundant universally disappeared due number concerns.one gps system jammed variety means.although true loranc transmitters closeathand adjusted necessary.importantly effects might cause gps system become unusable wide areas notably space weather events potential emp events.
Loran-C	loran located entirely atmosphere offers resilience issues.considerable debate relative merits keeping loranc system operational result considerations.in november united states coast guard announced loranc needed u.s. maritime navigation.decision left fate loran eloran united states secretary department homeland security.per subsequent announcement us coast guard accordance dhs appropriations act terminated transmission u.s. loranc signals february .august u.s. transmission russian american signal terminated august canadian signals shut uscg ccg.the european union decided potential security advantages loran worthy keeping system operational upgrading adding new stations.
Loran-C	part wider eurofix system combines gps galileo nine loran stations single integrated system.in norway france announced remaining transmitters make significant part eurofix system would shut december .two remaining transmitters europe anthorn uk sylt germany would longer able sustain positioning navigation loran service result uk announced trial eloran service would discontinued date.description hyperbolic navigation conventional navigation measuring ones location taking fix accomplished taking two measurements well known locations.optical systems typically accomplished measuring angle two landmarks drawing lines nautical chart angles producing intersection reveals ships location.radio methods also use concept aid radio direction finder due nature radio propagation instruments subject significant errors especially night.
Loran-C	accurate radio navigation made using pulse timing phase comparison techniques rely timeofflight signals.comparison angle measurements remain fairly steady time effects change values fixed objects like rivers lakes accounted charts.timing systems reveal absolute distance object case radar.problem navigational case receiver know original signal sent.theory one could synchronize accurate clock signal leaving port use compare timing signal voyage.however suitable system available could hold accurate signal time span operational mission.instead radio navigation systems adopted multilateration concept.
Loran-C	based difference times phase instead absolute time.basic idea relatively easy synchronize two ground stations using signal shared phone line instance one sure signals received sent exactly time.received exactly time however receiver receive signal closer station first.timing difference two signals easily accomplished first physically measuring cathoderay tube simple electronics case phase comparison.the difference signal timing reveal location itself.instead determines series locations timing possible.
Loran-C	instance two stations km apart receiver measures difference two signals implies receiver somewhere along line equidistant two.signal one received exactly µs receiver kilometres mi closer one station other.plotting locations one station km closer produces curved line.taking fix accomplished making two measurements different pairs stations looking curves navigational chart.curves known lines position lop.in practice radio navigation systems normally use chain three four stations synchronized master signal broadcast one stations.
Loran-C	others secondaries positioned lops cross acute angles increases accuracy fix.instance given chain might four stations master center allowing receiver pick signals two secondaries currently close right angles possible given current location.modern systems know locations broadcasters automate stations pick.loran method case loran one station remains constant application principle primary paired separately two secondary stations.given two secondary stations time difference td primary first secondary identifies one curve time difference primary second secondary identifies another curve intersections determine geographic point relation position three stations.
Loran-C	curves referred td lines.in practice loran implemented integrated regional arrays chains consisting one primary station least two often secondary stations uniform group repetition interval gri defined microseconds.amount time transmitting next set pulses defined distance start transmission primary next start transmission primary signal.the secondary stations receive pulse signal primary wait preset number milliseconds known secondary coding delay transmit response signal.given chain secondarys coding delay different allowing separate identification secondarys signal.practice however modern loran receivers rely secondary identification.loran chains gris every loran chain world uses unique group repetition interval number multiplied ten gives many microseconds pass pulses given station chain.
Loran-C	practice delays many chains multiples microseconds.loran chains often referred designation e.g.gri designation loran chain serving northeastern united states.due nature hyperbolic curves particular combination primary two secondary stations possibly result grid grid lines intersect shallow angles.ideal positional accuracy desirable operate navigational grid grid lines closer right angles orthogonal other.receiver travels chain certain selection secondaries whose td lines initially formed nearorthogonal grid become grid significantly skewed.
Loran-C	result selection one secondaries changed td lines new combination closer right angles.allow nearly chains provide least three many five secondaries.loran charts available common marine nautical charts include visible representations td lines regular intervals water areas.td lines representing given primarysecondary pairing printed distinct colors note specific time difference indicated line.nautical chart denotation line position receiver relative axis color found bottom chart.
Loran-C	color official charts stations timedlines position follow specific conformance purpose international hydrographic organization iho.however local chart producers may color specific conformance standard.always consult chart notes administrations chart reference information given chart accurate information regarding surveys datum reliability.there three major factors considering signal delay propagation relation lorancprimary phase factor pf – allows fact speed propagated signal atmosphere slightly lower vacuum.secondary phase factor sf – allows fact speed propagation signal slowed traveling seawater greater conductivity seawater compared land.additional secondary factors asf – loranc transmitters mainly land based signal travel partly land partly seawater.asf may treated land water segments uniform conductivity depending whether path land water.the chart notes indicate whether asf corrections made canadian hydrographic service chs charts example include them.otherwise appropriate correction factors must obtained use.due interference propagation issues suffered land features artificial structures tall buildings accuracy loran signal degraded considerably inland areas see limitations.
Loran-C	result nautical charts show td lines areas prevent reliance loranc navigation.traditional loran receivers display time difference pairing primary one two selected secondary stations used find appropriate td line chart.modern loran receivers display latitude longitude coordinates instead time differences advent time difference comparison electronics provide improved accuracy better position fixing allowing observer plot position nautical chart easily.using coordinates datum used receiver usually wgs must match chart manual conversion calculations must performed coordinates used.timing synchronization loran station equipped suite specialized equipment generate precisely timed signals used modulate drive transmitting equipment.three commercial cesium atomic clocks used generate mhz pulse per second hz signals used timing equipment generate various gridependent drive signals transmitting equipment.while u.s.operated loran station supposed synchronized within ns coordinated universal time utc actual accuracy achieved within ns.
Loran-C	transmitters antennas loranc transmitters operate peak powers – kilowatts comparable longwave broadcasting stations.use – metre tall mast radiators insulated ground.masts inductively lengthened fed loading coil see electrical length.well knownexample station using antenna rantum.freestanding tower radiators height range also used.
Loran-C	carolina beach uses freestanding antenna tower.loranc transmitters output powers kw higher used extremely tall metre mast radiators see below.high power loranc stations like george used four tantennas mounted four guyed masts arranged square.all loranc antennas designed radiate omnidirectional pattern.unlike longwave broadcasting stations loranc stations cannot use backup antennas exact position antenna part navigation calculation.slightly different physical location backup antenna would produce lines position different primary antenna.
Loran-C	limitations loran suffers electronic effects weather ionospheric effects sunrise sunset.accurate signal groundwave follows earths surface ideally seawater.night indirect skywave bent back surface ionosphere problem multiple signals may arrive via different paths multipath interference.ionospheres reaction sunrise sunset accounts particular disturbance periods.geomagnetic storms serious effects radio based system.loran uses groundbased transmitters cover certain regions.
Loran-C	coverage quite good north america europe pacific rim.the absolute accuracy loranc varies ..nmi m. repeatable accuracy much greater typically ft m. loran data channel ldc loran data channel ldc project underway faa united states coast guard send low bit rate data using loran system.messages sent include station identification absolute time position correction messages.data similar wide area augmentation system waas gps correction messages sent part test alaskan loran chain.
Loran-C	november test messages using ldc broadcast several u.s. loran stations.in recent years loranc used europe send differential gps messages employing similar method transmission known eurofix.a system called sps saudi positioning system similar eurofix use saudi arabia.gps differential corrections gps integrity information added loran signal.combined gpsloran receiver used gps fix available automatically switches loran.future loran loran systems maintained operated governments continued existence subject public policy.evolution electronic navigation systems satellite navigation systems funding existing systems always assured.critics called elimination system state loran system users lacks costeffectiveness global navigation satellite system gnss signals superior loran.
Loran-C	supporters continued improved loran operation note loran uses strong signal difficult jam loran independent dissimilar complementary system forms electronic navigation helps ensure availability navigation signals.on february u.s. office management budget released first blueprint fiscal year budget.document identified loranc system outdated supported termination estimated savings million million five years.on april u.s. senate committee commerce science transportation committee homeland security governmental affairs released inputs fy concurrent budget resolution backing continued support loran system acknowledging investment already made infrastructure upgrades recognizing studies performed multidepartmental conclusion eloran best backup gps.senator jay rockefeller chairman committee commerce science transportation wrote committee recognized priority maintaining loranc transitioning eloran means enhancing national security marine safety environmental protection missions coast guard.senator collins ranking member committee homeland security governmental affairs wrote presidents budget overview proposal terminate loranc system inconsistent recent investments recognized studies mission u.s. coast guard.committee also recognizes million investment already made toward upgrading loranc system support full deployment eloran.further committees also recognize many studies evaluated gps backup systems concluded need back gps identified eloran best viable backup.proposal inconsistent recently released january federal radionavigation plan frp jointly prepared dhs departments defense dod transportation dot.frp proposed eloran program serve position navigation timing pnt backup gps global positioning system.on may president barack obama proposed cutting funding approx.
Loran-C	millionyear loran citing redundancy alongside gps.regard pending congressional bill h.r.subsequently announced administration supports committees aim achieve orderly termination phased decommissioning beginning january requirement certifications provided document loranc termination impair maritime safety development possible gps backup capabilities needs.also may u.s. general accounting office gao investigative arm congress released report citing real potential gps system degrade fail light program delays resulted scheduled gps satellite launches slipping three years.on may march independent assessment team iat report loran released public.report ita stated unanimously recommends u.s. government complete eloran upgrade commit eloran national backup gps years.release report followed extensive freedom information act foia battle waged industry representatives federal government.
Loran-C	originally completed march presented cosponsoring department transportation department homeland security dhs executive committees report carefully considered existing navigation systems including gps.unanimous recommendation keeping loran system upgrading eloran based teams conclusion loran operational deployed sufficiently accurate supplement gps.team also concluded cost decommission loran system would exceed cost deploying eloran thus negating stated savings offered obama administration revealing vulnerability u.s. gps disruption.in november u.s. coast guard announced loranc stations control would closed budgetary reasons january provided secretary department homeland security certified loran needed backup gps.on january homeland security published notice permanent discontinuation loranc operation.effective utc february united states coast guard terminated operation broadcast loranc signals united states.united states coast guard transmission russian american chayka signal terminated august .
Loran-C	transmission canadian loranc signals terminated august .eloran potential vulnerability gnss systems propagation reception limitations renewed interest loran applications development appeared.enhanced loran also known eloran eloran comprises advancement receiver design transmission characteristics increase accuracy usefulness traditional loran.reported accuracy good ± meters system becomes competitive unenhanced gps.eloran also includes additional pulses transmit auxiliary data differential gps dgps corrections well ensure data integrity spoofing.eloran receivers use view reception incorporating signals stations range solely single gri incorporating time signals data forty stations.
Loran-C	enhancements loran make adequate substitute scenarios gps unavailable degraded.in recent years united states coast guard reported several episodes gps interference black sea.south korea claimed north korea jammed gps near border interfering airplanes ships.united states build new eloran system complement backup gps system.south korean government already pushed plans three eloran beacons active enough provide accurate corrections shipments region north korea anyone else tries block gps again.november eloran system deployed.
Loran-C	united kingdom eloran implementation may uk department transport dft via general lighthouse authorities awarded year contract provide stateoftheart enhanced loran eloran service improve safety mariners uk western europe.service contract operate two phases development work focus european agreement eloran service provision full operation eloran service .first eloran transmitter situated anthorn radio station cumbria uk operated babcock international previously babcock communications.the uk government granted approval seven differential eloran shippositioning technology stations built along south east coasts uk help counter threat jamming global positioning systems.set reach initial operational capability summer .general lighthouse authorities uk ireland announced october initial operational capability uk maritime eloran.
Loran-C	seven differential reference stations provided additional position navigation timing pnt information via lowfrequency pulses ships fitted eloran receivers.service help ensure could navigate safely event gps failure one busiest shipping regions world expected annual traffic vessels .despite plans light decision france norway cease loran transmissions december uk announced start month eloran service would discontinued day.however allow research pnt development eloran timing signal still active government facility anthorn.list loranc transmitters list loranc transmitters.stations antenna tower taller metres feet shown bold.
Loran-C	see also alpha navigation russian counterpart omega navigation system still use .chayka russian counterpart lorandecca navigator system british system used phase difference instead time difference.gee navigationgeeh navigationglobal positioning systemlocal positioning systemoboe navigationomega navigation system western counterpart alpha navigation system longer use.shorantactical air navigation systemvhf omnidirectional range notes references citations bibliography department transportation department defense february .federal radionavigation plan pdf.retrieved february .hefley gifford .development loranc navigation timing.national bureau standards.blanchard w. f. september .
Loran-C	hyperbolic airborne radio navigation aids.journal navigation –.doi.s.l.e. gatterer development loranc navigation timing national bureau standards october conant jennet .tuxedo park wall street tycoon secret palace science changed course world war ii.
Loran-C	new york simon schuster.pp.–.isbn .halford john alvin davidson d. waldschmitt j. a. .history loran pdf.
Loran-C	pierce john alvin mckenzie alexander anderson woodward richard horace eds.. loran long range navigation.office scientific research development national defence research committee.mit radiation laboratory series.vol..
Loran-C	new york mcgraw hill.pp.–.external links united states national institute standards technology site using loran c timekeeping.european loranc network websiteloranc transmitter rantum structuraehellissandur transmission tower structurae former loranc transmitter mast used longwave broadcastingloranc facility antenna gillette wyoming structuraeloranc facility antenna port clarence alaska structuraejerry proc vefab hyperbolic radionavigation systemsindepth discussion lorana system.histories loranb floranc introduction eloranintegrated gpsloran prototypes aviation applicationsthe migration enhanced elorangnsseloran timing frequency locus inc.lorans capability mitigate impact gps outage gps position navigation time applications locus inc.new potential lowfrequency radionavigation st century phd dissertationloranc chains servicelist active loranc transmitterssdr action last loranc receiver technical description using softwaredefined radio decode loranc signalsnew uk eloran service provision news article news article uk leading way eloran service provision.eloran vs loranc inside gnss—short article describing innovations eloranhistory lorandr.g. linn roth october .
Youdao	case loran.international loran association.archived original january .retrieved july .featured search engine parent companys web portal .com lets users search web pages images news music blogs chinesetoenglish dictionary entries more.history youdao subsidiary netease developing mobile applications using big data technology.youdao launched youdao dictionary youdao cloud notes hui hui meaning affordable assistant youdao tuiguang meaning promotion.youdao uses searching engine product starting point goes areas largescale data storage.technological accumulation derived language translation application services years developing online dictionary products individual cloud applications services ecommerce.in december youdao desktop dictionary formally launched.
Youdao	january first mobile version youdao dictionary pushed onto market.youdao dictionary launched online dictionarylike software related services including wholeparagraph translation.translation based data youdao search engine massive web data generated data mining natural language processing.large number chinese parallel corpora foreign language including vocabulary example sentences excavated process displayed desktop mobile application network way users easily accomplish queries.end july netease youdao dictionary desktop mobile version million users globally.in june youdao developed launched cloud notes .
Youdao	beta using cloud storage technology.cloud storage technology aims help users build virtualized pools access data easily securely.solves crossplatform crosssite issues personal information data management.december cloud notes .beta formally upgraded full version changed name youdao cloud notes.
Youdao	june youdao cloud notes exceeded million users.youdao shopping products also developed.september original youdao shopping search engine youdao shopping assistant youdao shopping cash back fully integrated huihui assistant purpose speaking consumers.huihui assistant web browser extension compares products previous consumer ratings item historical price online shoppers.currently hui hui shopping assistant million users.as subsidiary netease youdao employees colleges universities domestically globally contribute rapid development.on august netease youdao search announced cooperated qihoo company search provide technical support services search engine.since netease formally abandoned search field competition focus services youdao dictionary etc.
Youdao	products youdao dictionary offline version youdao dictionary offline version uses huge number builtin vocabulary example sentences meet needs users unable access internet.desktop versionyoudao dictionary desktop version uses user interface offline version.however limited lexicon.application need identify word needed search processes logic controls order upload word server precisely.corresponding server maintained massive dictionary data addition intelligently translate words example sentences well wikipedia search.youdao dictionary compact size original interpretation feature using technology.
Youdao	typical acoustic translation smart screen word identification realtime synchronization network uptodate vocabulary word lookup features.youdao dictionary could also translate text picture using ocr technology.compatible windows xp os x. also provides extensions firefoxchromeie.youdao dictionary .integrated collins englishchinese dictionary makes youdao dictionary authoritative professional.mobile versionyoudao dictionary mobile version suitable various platform.
Youdao	supports symbian android windows phone ios java generic phones.youdao cloud note youdao cloud note originally youdao note launched june netease.cloud base online notebook software supports variety attachment formats initial free g storage capacity.youdao cloud note uses triple backup means storing data three times improve security protect users data.addition integrated online web clipping capabilities.
Youdao	early december youdao cloud note launched .version pc iphone android webside application.upgraded version adds todo feature multiple version restore feature improve management users schedule notes.huihui shopping assistant huihui shopping assistant netease product developed youdao.comparison tool online shopping browsing compares online items prices automatically multiple websites provides commodity price history.
SONAR (Symantec)	references external links official websiteunlike virus signatures sonar examines behavior applications decide whether malicious.sonar built upon technology symantec acquired late purchase wholesecurity developer behavioral antimalware antiphishing software solutions united states.works algorithm used evaluate hundreds attributes relating software running computer.various factors considered determining program malicious program adds shortcut desktop creates windows addremove programs entry.factors would indicate program malware.
SONAR (Symantec)	main use sonar enhance detection zero day threats.symantec claims sonar also prevent attackers leveraging unpatched software vulnerabilities.ed kim director product management symantec expressed confidence sonar weve done extensive testing emerging threats catches early threats variants existing threats.history symantec already behavior analysis security tool enterprises known critical system protection.sonar introduced serve consumer antivirus market.sonar sonar first offered addon norton antivirus norton internet security subsequent annual editions norton line sonar well.
SONAR (Symantec)	sonar sonar part norton norton v. antivirus software.according company version leverages data sources including reputation data program.therefore sonar able accurately detect security risks before.sonar sonar came norton public beta.available norton customers legitimate subscriptions updates norton customers norton v. public beta users.
SONAR (Symantec)	according company sonar finetuned better detect fake antivirus software better integrated network component.advise sonar enhanced integration network component order classify convict remediate malware basis malicious network activity.feature place continue block remove many new variants malware leave network footprint unchanged.according symantec monitoring aspects application determine whether safe harmful.sonar sonar introduced beta versions.
SONAR (Symantec)	according norton protection blog post norton community titled whats new norton internet security introducing sonar policy enforcement – ability convict suspicious process based behavioral “profile.” create profiles analyst looks attributes sonar tracks make series associations.example let’s say particular process tried access system folder tried call home running ui.also downloaded files previous day.one things alone may “bad” taken whole behavioral profile bad.analyst therefore make rule says see string behaviors stop process executing.
SONAR (Symantec)	big deal—we aren’t looking process computer also looking communication characteristicssonar .also introduces protection non process threats npts.name suggests threats active processes inject legitimate active processes.sonar .technology able much aggressively remove threats preinfected machines.
Thin client	referencesserver work include launching software programs performing calculations storing data.contrasts rich client conventional personal computer former also intended working client–server model significant local processing power latter aims perform function mostly locally.thin clients occur components broader computing infrastructure many clients share computations server server farm.serverside infrastructure uses cloud computing software application virtualization hosted shared desktop hsd desktop virtualization vdi.combination forms known cloudbased system desktop resources centralized one data centers.
Thin client	benefits centralization hardware resource optimization reduced software maintenance improved security.example hardware resource optimization cabling bussing io minimized idle memory processing power applied user sessions need it.example reduced software maintenance software patching operating system os migrations applied tested activated users one instance accelerate rollout improve administrative efficiency.example improved security software assets centralized easily firewalled monitored protected.sensitive data uncompromised cases desktop loss theft.thin client hardware generally supports common peripherals keyboards mice monitors jacks sound peripherals open ports usb devices e.g.printer flash drive webcam.thin clients include legacy serial parallel ports support older devices receipt printers scales time clocks.thin client software typically consists graphical user interface gui cloud access agents e.g.
Thin client	rdp ica pcoip local web browser terminal emulators cases basic set local utilities.characteristics architecture using cloudbased architecture server takes processing load several client sessions acting host endpoint device.client software narrowly purposed lightweight therefore host server server farm needs secured rather securing software installed every endpoint device although thin clients may still require basic security strong authentication prevent unauthorized access.one combined benefits using cloud architecture thin client desktops critical assets centralized better utilization resources.unused memory bussing lanes processor cores within individual user session example leveraged active user sessions.the simplicity thin client hardware software results low total cost ownership initial savings offset need robust cloud infrastructure required server side.an alternative traditional server deployment spreads infrastructure costs time cloudbased subscription model known desktop service allows organizations outsource cloud infrastructure third party.
Thin client	simplicity thin client computing known simplify desktop endpoints reducing clientside software footprint.lightweight readonly operating system os clientside setup administration greatly reduced.cloud access primary role thin client eliminates need large suite local user applications data storage utilities.architecture shifts software execution burden endpoint data center.user assets centralized greater visibility.
Thin client	data recovery desktop repurposing tasks also centralized faster service greater scalability.hardware server must robust enough handle several client sessions thin client hardware requirements minimal compared traditional pc desktop.thin clients low energy processors flash storage memory moving parts.reduces cost power consumption making affordable easy replace deploy.since thin clients consist fewer hardware components traditional desktop pc operate hostile environments.
Thin client	typically dont store critical data locally risk theft minimized little user data compromised.graphics modern thin clients come long way meet demands todays graphical computing needs.new generations low energy chipset cpu central processing unit combinations improve processing power graphical capabilities.minimize latency high resolution video sent across network host software stacks leverage multimedia redirection mmr techniques offload video rendering desktop device.video codecs often embedded thin client support various multimedia formats.
Thin client	host software stacks makes use user datagram protocol udp order accelerate fast changing pixel updates required modern video content.thin clients typically support local software agents capable accepting decoding udp.some graphically intense use cases remain challenge thin clients.use cases might include applications like photo editors drawing programs animation tools.addressed host server using dedicated gpu cards allocation vgpus virtual gpu workstation cards hardware acceleration cards.solutions allow administrators provide poweruser performance needed relatively generic endpoint device thin client.
Thin client	limitations achieve simplicity thin clients sometimes lag behind desktop pcs terms extensibility.example local software utility set device drivers needed order support locally attached peripheral device e.g.printer scanner biometric security device thin client operating system may lack resources needed fully integrate required dependencies although dependencies sometimes added identified.modern thin clients address limitation via port mapping usb redirection software.however methods cannot address scenarios.
Thin client	therefore good practice perform validation tests locally attached peripherals advance ensure compatibility.large distributed desktop environments printers often networked negating need device drivers every desktop.while running local productivity applications goes beyond normal scope thin client sometimes needed rare use cases.license restrictions apply thin clients sometimes prevent supporting applications.local storage constraints may also limit space required install large applications application suites.it also important acknowledge network bandwidth performance critical type cloudbased computing model.organizations must ensure network accommodate number users need serve.
Thin client	demand bandwidth exceeds network limits could result major loss end user productivity.a similar risk exists inside data center.servers must sized correctly order deliver adequate performance end users.cloudbased computing model servers also represent single point failure risk.server fails end users lose access resources supported server.risk mitigated building redundancies failover processes backups load balancing utilities system.
Thin client	redundancy provides reliable host availability add cost smaller user populations lack scale.providers popular providers thin clients include chip pc technologies chip pc wyse technology ncomputing dell acquired wyse hp clearcube technology igel technology zeetim lg samsung electronics.history thin clients roots multiuser systems traditionally mainframes accessed sort computer terminal.computer graphics matured terminals transitioned providing commandline interface full graphical user interface common modern advanced thin clients.prototypical multiuser environment along lines unix began support fully graphical x terminals i.e.
Thin client	devices running display server software .x terminals remained relatively popular even arrival thin clients midlate s. modern unix derivatives like bsd linux continue tradition multiuser remote displayinput session.typically x software made available nonxbased thin clients although technical reason exclusion would prevent it.windows nt became capable multiuser operations primarily efforts citrix systems repackaged windows nt .multiuser operating system winframe launched coordination wyse technologys winterm thin client.microsoft licensed technology back citrix implemented windows nt .
Thin client	terminal server edition project codenamed hydra.windows nt became basis windows windows xp.microsoft windows systems support graphical terminals via remote desktop services component.wyse winterm first windowsdisplayfocused thin client aka windows terminal access environment.the term thin client coined tim negris vp server marketing oracle corporation working company founder larry ellison launch oracle .time oracle wished differentiate serveroriented software microsofts desktoporiented products.
Thin client	ellison subsequently popularized negris buzzword frequent use speeches interviews oracle products.ellison would go founding board member thin client maker network computer inc nci later renamed liberate.the term stuck several reasons.earlier term graphical terminal chosen distinguish terminals textbased terminals thus put emphasis heavily graphics – became obsolete distinguishing characteristic textonly physical terminals became obsolete textonly computer systems existed longer manufactured.term thin client also conveys better viewed fundamental difference thin clients designed less expensive hardware reduced computational workloads.by thin clients desktop devices general purpose computing thin – sense small form factor relatively inexpensive.nettop form factor desktop pcs introduced nettops could run full feature windows linux tablets tabletlaptop hybrids also entered market.
Boot image	however little size difference thin clients retained key advantages competitors needing local drive.however thin client misnomer slim formfactor computers using flash memory compactflash sd card permanent flash memory hard disk substitute.see also client typesdumb terminal like thin clients zero local processing power support peripheralsrich client ample local processing power although heavily networkdependentdiskless node local storage e.g.hard disk drives may anything else full workstation hasrelated conceptscentralized computingdesktop virtualizationmultiseat configurationterminal servicestimesharingvdithin client softwarestratodesk notouchthinstationanywheretsopenthinclientothersaol tvblade pcsmart clientsun ray referencestransferred onto boot device allows associated hardware boot.the boot image usually includes operating system utilities diagnostics well boot data recovery information.also includes applications used organizationwide.specialized image particular type user department called typically departmental boot image.building image take days weeks involve complex decisions licensing permissions including passwords store boot image require users type requires experts software integration do.however built boot image simply copied onto devices patched within reasonable limits remains disposable case problems viruses particular.possible unlike hard drive images may contain data et al.
Boot image	pure boot images contain missioncritical data.definition pure boot image contains data cannot reproduced configurations offtheshelf executables.particular enduser data part boot image although operating systems require copy user preferences configuration files kept within boot image e.g.microsoft windows registry.utilities like norton ghost keep backup copy boot image quick reimaging often called reinstallation event problem thus avoiding need diagnose specific problem specific machine.
Boot image	virtual machine virtual machine infrastructure directly import export boot image direct installation bare metal i.e.disk.standard technique oems install identical copies operating system many identical machines boot image created virtual machine exported created one disk copied via boot image control infrastructure also makes virtual machine copies.vmware vcenter converter instance lets users convert physical machines virtual machines free part companys suite products make images easier back manage.equivalents exist xen vm systems.
Boot image	goals keeping boot image entirely separate disposable mandating boot image control organizations seek keep total cost operations including total cost ownership component low.often organizations look uptime service.one goal boot image control minimize number boot images used organization reduce support costs.includes leastspecifying machine hardware minimize unneeded machine diversity minimize resultant number boot images.upgrading new machine specifications low additional cost ensures remain useful long past normal life.extending life desktop machines reduce incursion offspec machines later lifecycle improving standardization reducing support costs minimizing ewaste.organizing network boot images efficiently supported independent data.data must dependent boot devices.
Security Vision	use networks store data secure servers.hardware acceptance testing new machine confirms fit use standardized boot image environment.boot image installation ensure supportable standardized boot images used.troubleshooting help desk functions employ standardized tests identify source problems boot software hardware.desktop system recovery tools procedures failed desktop units.would use backup copies boot image created utilities norton ghost.large organization many compatible machines rapid recovery replacing backup boot image may take minutes considerable cost savings.data backup recovery procedures ensure data stored right place recovered promptly crisis situations.installing services disabled single boot image manner ubiquitous cost effective meeting needs staff regardless disability available technology services.telework secure offsite system access procedures.facilitating worker transfer changing boots authorizations instead moving machines.using thin clients offspec machines eliminate need special boot images.many organizations use thin clients applications require high security involve unreliable users repurpose older machines continued use.a cascading strategy involves reimaging older offspec machines thin client boot images may continue use less demanding accesscontrolled applications.references see also disk imagedisk cloningel torito cdrom standardprotected area run time interface extension services partiesfloppy diskhard drivessdbootupfunctionality functionality security vision renders information security processes comprising information security management system organization automatic compliance international information security management standards isoiec .next security vision modules allow make automatic performance standard requirements following sectionsinformation assets managementinformation security regulatory documents managementinformation security entries logs managementinformation security standards compliance managementinformation security risk managementcomputer security incident managementknowledge managementcorporate system interaction managementcorporate information security awareness managementmonitoring audit managementvulnerability managementchange management fieldbusiness continuity managementdata storage device managementlimit management security objectphysical security managementbackup managementmobile client managementcloud information security system managementdata visualization information security status alert managementinformation security status reports management.architecture moment creation security vision software till creator system sticks threelevel architecture – core level collection level management level.core level – made collection analysis correlation events generated different sources events corporate network.collection level – meant forcollection standardization dispatch core level events coming home information security systemsinspection control hardware means integrity system application software located servers workstations.management level – made rendering information security management process automatic basically russianspeaking system management portal.supported systems security vision software collects events generated process following information security information technology functioninginformation security systemsfirewallintrusion detectionprevention systemcryptographic information security systemunauthorized access security systemantivirus security systemdata lossleak prevention systemcontentcontrol system proxy serverantispam systemvirtual infrastructure security systemdatabase security systemaccess control systemother iporiented systemsnetwork equipment – routers switches etc.technical security systemsinformation leakage technical channels security systemguard alarm systemfire alarm systemclosedcircuit television systemaccess control systemwarning systemsecurity alarm systemarea surveillance systemsecurity lighting systemsecurity smoke alarm systememergency power systemheating ventilation air conditioning systemother iporiented systemsinformation technology systemscustomer relationship management systementerprise content management systementerprise resource planning systemhuman resources management systementerprise asset management systembusiness process management systeminformation lifecycle management systemservice desk systemcorporate email server message transfer agentdatabase management systemworkstation management systemweb serverother iporiented systemsindustrial control systembuilding management systemit infrastructure engineering managementtraffic managementpower tracking managementcorporate energy management power management centercentral dispatcher unit situational center energy efficiencyoperation systems – server os workstation os.regulatory requirements regulatory requirements associated necessity system kind found mandatory legislation norms russian federation law well recommended international prescriptions economic sectors area.regulatory security requirementspersonally identifiable informationconfidential informationclassified informationkey systems information.industry standards forenergy industryfinance sectorpublic sectorcertificate authority.international standards forinformation security managementquality managementinformation security risk managementit service managementbusiness continuity planningoccupational safety health managementsustainable development managementsystem integration managementit management audit information security.
Security Vision	certification software core level comprises functionality stocktaking integrity control certified means level control absence nondeclared capabilities listed national catalog certified information security means federal office technical export control also usedin automatic systems class g included «management document.automated systems.unauthorized access security.automated systems classification information security requirements»in information systems security class included decree federal office technical export control dated .. № «mandatory regulations information security classified information held within national information systems»in personally identifiable information systems maintenance security level included decree federal office technical export control dated .. № «list contents organizational technical means provide information security personally identifiable information personally identifiable information systems».system requirements awards infobez award .
Security Vision	nomination «emc – creation powerful applications technology».infobez award .nomination «meteor – speed reaction quick right solutions»solution № russia monitoring enterprise security management based analysis results expert magazineprofessional award area information security «silver dagger».diploma medal nomination «realized projects information security».competition «product year » category «information security» based lan magazine votesinfosecurity russia .«award .itsec.award»national field award consolidation security russia «zubr».diploma gold medal.innovation competition cisco nomination «best solution «network without limits».
Immobiliser	prizewinning place.press «how automate measurement information security scale enterprise»«it co protected personally identifiable information «rostelekom j.s.c.» irkutsk subscribers»«virtual systems security illusion pointless fear»«managed security»«creation automatic information security management system»«the soc enterprise»«how automate information security management»«security vision see security»«security vision – information security management monitoring»«new version security vision information security»«security vision co»«it co presents new version complex information security system security vision»«centers operation information security management»«information security surfing… know».references external links official website security visionprevents vehicle hot wired entry achieved thus reduces motor vehicle theft.research shows uniform application immobilisers reduced rate car theft .description electric immobiliseralarm system invented st. george evans edward birkenbuel patented .developed x grid doublecontact switches panel mounted inside car ignition switch activated current battery magneto went spark plugs allowing engine start immobilizing vehicle sounding horn.system settings could changed time car driven.
Immobiliser	modern immobiliser systems automatic meaning owner remember activate it.immobilisers mandatory new cars sold germany since january united kingdom since october finland since australia since canada since .early models used static code ignition key key fob recognised rfid loop around lock barrel checked vehicles engine control unit ecu match.code unrecognised ecu allow fuel flow ignition take place.later models use rolling codes advanced cryptography defeat copying code key ecu.the microcircuit inside key activated small electromagnetic field induces current flow inside key body turn broadcasts unique binary code read automobiles ecu.ecu determines coded key current valid ecu activates fuelinjection sequence.in vehicles attempts use unauthorised nonsequenced key cause vehicle activate timed nostart condition highly advanced systems even use satellite mobile phone communication alert security firm unauthorised attempt made code key.coincidentally information often recorded modern automobile ecus may record many variables including speed temperature driver weight geographic location throttle position yaw angle.
Immobiliser	information used insurance investigations warranty claims technical troubleshooting.availability addon immobilisers available older cars vehicles come equipped factory immobilisers.insurance approval selfarming immobiliser known thatcham motor insurance repair research centre thatcham england.approved immobilisers must intercept least two circuits typically lowvoltage ignition circuit fuel pump circuit.may also intercept lowcurrent starter motor circuit key switch relay.statistics australia show three four vehicle thefts older cars stolen joyriding transport commit another crime.
Immobiliser	immobilisers fitted around cars australia account cars stolen.many instances vehicle fitted immobiliser stolen thief access original key.around one four stolen vehicles stolen professional thieves.majority vehicles stolen opportunistic thieves relying finding older vehicles ineffective security none all.honda first motorcycle manufacturer include immobilisers products s.in september transport canada regulation mandated installation engine immobilisers new lightweight vehicles trucks manufactured canada.cracking numerous vulnerabilities found immobilisers designed protect modern cars theft.
Immobiliser	many vehicle immobilisers use megamoschip proven crackable.megamos transponder one many different transponders found todays immobiliser systems also comes many different versions.hacking immobiliser real world would performed vehicle key.would faster program new key vehicle try clone existing key especially modern vehicles.some immobiliser systems tend remember last key code long may even accept nontransponder key even original key removed ignition minutes.effectiveness study economic journal finds immobiliser lowered overall rate car theft .
Colin Percival	benefits terms prevented thefts least three times higher costs installing device.see also antitheft systemantihijack systemignition interlock deviceonboard diagnosticssecurity issuesvehicle theft protection programremote keyless systemsmart keykey lock references external links motor insurance repair research centre thatchamtheft deterrent program insurance bureau canadainstructions replace car keycompleted undergraduate education simon fraser university doctorate university oxford.university joined freebsd project achieved notoriety discovering security weakness intels hyperthreading technology.besides work delta compression introduction memoryhard functions also known developing tarsnap online backup service became fulltime job.education percival began taking mathematics courses simon fraser university sfu age student burnaby central secondary school.graduated burnaby central officially enrolled sfu .
Colin Percival	sfu studied number theory peter borwein competed william lowell putnam mathematical competition placing top putnam fellow top six .ran pihex project organizing contributors world help calculate specific bits pi.percival graduated sfu awarded commonwealth scholarship university oxford.in oxford percival set research distributed computing building experience pihex.serious illness interrupted work months turned attention problem building software update system freebsd operating system.time freebsd updates distributed source code patches making difficult keep systems updated.
Colin Percival	commenter mailing list suggested using xdelta reduce size files transferred percival began working efficient delta compression algorithm.new algorithm called bsdiff became new focus doctoral research later widelyused standard freebsdupdate became part freebsd.contributed portsnap uses bsdiff distribute snapshots freebsd ports tree.his doctoral thesis supervised william f. mccoll richard p. brent called matching mismatches assorted applications.describes improvements compression bsdiff.career joining freebsd security team percival analyzed behaviour hyperthreading implemented intels pentium cpus.
Colin Percival	discovered security flaw would allow malicious thread use timingbased sidechannel attack steal secret data another thread executing processor core sharing cache.months reporting problem intel operating system vendors suggestions mitigate system software made details public may .finished thesis returned sfu visiting researcher.went serve freebsd security officer august may .also elected freebsd core team – term.in released client tarsnap encrypted online backup service.
Colin Percival	already trying two years get freebsd running amazon ec platform increased efforts.building disk images debugging kernel crashes coordinating people amazon freebsd eventually overcame technical obstacles amazon announced official support freebsd ec november .percival continued support freebsd ec recognized aws community hero work enthusiasm.in percival uncovered fatal flaw aws use cryptographic signatures used authenticate ec simpledb sqs rest apis.year working add passphrase protection tarsnap keys became dissatisfied existing key derivation functions.drawing experience distributed computing percival modeled attacker using specialized hardware massively parallelize bruteforce search passphrase.
Colin Percival	concluded key derivation functions use vulnerable attack sought make attacks costprohibitive designing algorithm must use amount memory nearly proportional run time.defined memoryhard functions terms presented scrypt specific example used key derivation function tarsnap.memoryhard functions since become active area research cryptography scrypt used basis proof work litecoin cryptocurrencies.since part freebsds primary release engineering team.having left academia doctorate percival published papers.collaborated mathematicians peter borwein richard p. brent giving erdős number .past announced new work blog maintained since presented results bsd conferences.
Spoofing attack	personal life percival typei diabetes.referencesinternet spoofing tcpip many protocols tcpip suite provide mechanisms authenticating source destination message leaving vulnerable spoofing attacks extra precautions taken applications verify identity sending receiving host.ip spoofing arp spoofing particular may used leverage maninthemiddle attacks hosts computer network.spoofing attacks take advantage tcpip suite protocols may mitigated use firewalls capable deep packet inspection taking measures verify identity sender recipient message.domain name spoofing term domain name spoofing simply though less accurately domain spoofing used generically describe one class phishing attacks depend falsifying misrepresenting internet domain name.designed persuade unsuspecting users visiting web site intended opening email reality address shown apparently shown.
Spoofing attack	although website email spoofing attacks widely known service relies domain name resolution may compromised.referrer spoofing websites especially pornographic paysites allow access materials certain approved login pages.enforced checking referrer header http request.referrer header however changed known referrer spoofing reftar spoofing allowing users gain unauthorized access materials.poisoning filesharing networks spoofing also refer copyright holders placing distorted unlistenable versions works filesharing networks.
Spoofing attack	email address spoofing sender information shown emails field spoofed easily.technique commonly used spammers hide origin emails leads problems misdirected bounces i.e.email spam backscatter.email address spoofing done quite way writing forged return address using snail mail.long letter fits protocol i.e.stamp postal code simple mail transfer protocol smtp send message.
Spoofing attack	done using mail server telnet.geolocation geolocation spoofing occurs user applies technologies make device appear located somewhere actually located.common geolocation spoofing use virtual private network vpn dns proxy order user appear located different country state territory actually located.according study globalwebindex global vpn users utilize vpns primarily access territorially restricted entertainment content.type geolocation spoofing also referred geopiracy since user illicitly accessing copyrighted materials via geolocation spoofing technology.
Spoofing attack	another example geolocation spoofing occurred online poker player california used geolocation spoofing techniques play online poker new jersey contravention california new jersey state law.forensic geolocation evidence proved geolocation spoofing player forfeited winnings.telephony caller id spoofing public telephone networks often provide caller id information includes callers number sometimes callers name call.however technologies especially voice ip voip networks allow callers forge caller id information present false names numbers.gateways networks allow spoofing public networks forward false information.
Spoofing attack	since spoofed calls originate countries laws receivers country may apply caller.limits laws effectiveness use spoofed caller id information scam.global navigation satellite system spoofing global navigation satellite system gnss spoofing attack attempts deceive gnss receiver broadcasting fake gnss signals structured resemble set normal gnss signals rebroadcasting genuine signals captured elsewhere different time.spoofed signals may modified way cause receiver estimate position somewhere actually located different time determined attacker.one common form gnss spoofing attack commonly termed carryoff attack begins broadcasting signals synchronized genuine signals observed target receiver.
Spoofing attack	power counterfeit signals gradually increased drawn away genuine signals.suggested capture lockheed rq drone aircraft northeastern iran december result attack.gnss spoofing attacks predicted discussed gnss community previously known example malicious spoofing attack yet confirmed.proofofconcept attack successfully performed june luxury yacht white rose drachs misdirected spoofed gps signals group aerospace engineering students cockrell school engineering university texas austin.students aboard yacht allowing spoofing equipment gradually overpower signal strengths actual gps constellation satellites altering course yacht.
Spoofing attack	russian gps spoofing june approximately twenty ships black sea complained us gps anomalies showing vessels transpositioned miles actual location professor todd humphreys believed likely spoofing attack.gps anomalies around putins palace moscow kremlin led researchers believe russian authorities use gps spoofing wherever vladimir putin located affecting maritime traffic.there additional incidents involving russian gps spoofing including norway spoofing nato exercise lead ship collision unconfirmed authorities spoofing syria russian military affected israeli main airport tel aviv.gps spoofing sdr since advent software defined radio gps simulator applications made available general public.made gps spoofing much accessible meaning performed limited expense modicum technical knowledge.whether technology applies gns systems remains demonstrated.
Spoofing attack	preventing gnss spoofing various ways prevent gnss spoofing.hardware softwarebased systems already exist.a simplified approach improve resiliency gnss equipment spoofing attacks require changes hardware agnostic varying gps receivers architecture system using antispoofing software.an antispoofing software similar antivirus solution added part system gnss data processed.seamless antispoofing technology able detect false gnss signals warn stop system using fabricated input processing.softwarebased detection functionality prevent effects spoofing attacks without manually modifying gnss equipment hardware antennas.additionally connected software solution allows regular updates order stay uptodate like antivirus ever evolving attack methods.the department homeland security collaboration national cybersecurity communications integration center nccic national coordinating center communications ncc released paper lists methods prevent type spoofing.
Spoofing attack	important recommended use areobscure antennas.install antennas visible publicly accessible locations obscure exact locations introducing impediments hide antennas.add sensorblocker.sensors detect characteristics interference jamming spoofing signals provide local indication attack anomalous condition communicate alerts remote monitoring site collect report data analyzed forensic purposes.extend data spoofing whitelists sensors.existing data spoofing whitelists implemented government reference software also implemented sensors.use gnss signal types.modernized civil gps signals robust l signal leveraged increased resistance interference jamming spoofing.reduce latency recognition reporting interference jamming spoofing.
Spoofing attack	receiver misled attack attack recognized reported backup devices may corrupted receiver handover.these installation operation strategies development opportunities significantly enhance ability gps receivers associated equipment defend range interference jamming spoofing attacks.a system receiver agnostic detection software offers applicability crossindustry solution.software implementation performed different places within system depending gnss data used example part devices firmware operating system application level.a method proposed researchers department electrical computer engineering university maryland college park school optical electronic information huazhong university science technology aims help mitigate effects gnss spoofing attacks using data vehicles controller area network bus.information would compared received gnss data compared order detect occurrence spoofing attack reconstruct driving path vehicle using collected data.properties vehicles speed steering angle would amalgamated regression modeled order achieve minimum error position .meters.
Spoofing attack	similarly method outlined researchers ieee intelligent vehicles symposium conference paper discuss idea using cooperative adaptive cruise control cacc vehicle vehicle vv communications order achieve similar goal.method communication abilities cars radar measurements used compare supplied gnss position cars determine distance two cars compared radar measurements checked make sure match.two lengths match within threshold value spoofing occurred threshold user alarmed take action.voice spoofing information technology plays increasingly large role today’s world different authentication methods used restricting access informational resources including voice biometrics.examples using speaker recognition systems include internet banking systems customer identification call call center well passive identification possible criminal using preset ”blacklist”.technologies related synthesis modeling speech developing quickly allowing create voice recordings almost indistinguishable real ones.
Spoofing attack	services called texttospeech tts style transfer services.first one aimed creating new person.second one aimed identifies another voice identification systems.a large number scientists busy developing algorithms would able distinguish synthesized voice machine real one.hand algorithms need thoroughly tested make sure system really works.see also domain name spoofing – class phishing attacks depend falsifying misrepresenting internet domain namedns spoofing – cyberattack using corrupt dns dataemail spoofing – creating email spam phishing messages forged sender identity addressip address spoofingidn homograph attack – visually similar letters domain names mixing letters different alphabets trick unsuspecting user trusting clicking link also known script spoofing.website spoofing – creating website hoax intention misleading readersland attack – local area network denial service attack using spoofed network packetsmac spoofing – changing factoryassigned mac addressphishing – act attempting acquire sensitive information posing trustworthy entity often telephone email.stream cipher attacks – methods break stream cipher standard facilities might subverted protocol spoofing – benign simulation protocol order use another appropriate one.
Special Protection Group	referencesformed act parliament india.spg protects prime minister times india abroad well prime ministers immediate family members residing official residence.family members however may decline security.previously spgs mandate included protecting prime ministers parents wife sic children resident anywhere india term office five years leaving office.however special protection group amendment act reduced mandate.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.