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September 11 attacks	reports indicated hijackers stabbed killed pilots flight attendants one passengers.according commissions final report hijackers recently purchased multifunction hand tools assorted leathermantype utility knives locking blades forbidden passengers time found among possessions left behind hijackers.flight attendant flight passenger flight passengers flight said hijackers bombs one passengers said thought bombs fake.fbi found traces explosives crash sites commission concluded bombs probably fake.three buildings world trade center collapsed due fireinduced structural failure.south tower collapsed a.m. burned minutes fire caused impact united airlines flight explosion fuel.
September 11 attacks	north tower collapsed a.m. burning minutes.north tower collapsed debris fell nearby world trade center building wtc damaging building starting fires.fires burned nearly hours compromising buildings structural integrity wtc collapsed p.m. west side pentagon sustained significant damage.at a.m. federal aviation administration faa grounded civilian aircraft within continental u.s. civilian aircraft already flight told land immediately.international civilian aircraft either turned back redirected airports canada mexico banned landing united states territory three days.attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations air traffic controllers.
September 11 attacks	among unconfirmed often contradictory news reports aired throughout day one prevalent said car bomb detonated u.s. state departments headquarters washington d.c. another jet delta air lines flight suspected hijacked aircraft responded controllers landed safely cleveland ohio.in april interview khalid sheikh mohammed ramzi bin alshibh believed organized attacks said flight intended target united states capitol white house.planning stage attacks mohamed atta flight ’s hijacker pilot thought white house might tough target sought assessment hani hanjour hijacked piloted flight .mohammed said alqaeda initially planned target nuclear installations rather world trade center pentagon decided fearing things could get control.final decisions targets according mohammed left hands pilots.pilot could reach intended target crash plane.
September 11 attacks	casualties attacks deadliest terrorist attacks world history causing deaths people including hijackers injuring others.death toll included four planes survivors world trade center surrounding area pentagon.died civilians rest included firefighters law enforcement officers military personnel terrorists.new york new jersey lost state citizens.countries lost citizens attacks example britons died terrorist attack anywhere.in arlington county virginia pentagon workers died flight crashed building’s western side.
September 11 attacks	civilians military personnel many worked united states army united states navy.army lost civilian employees six civilian contractors soldiers navy lost six civilian employees three civilian contractors sailors.seven defense intelligence agency dia civilian employees died one office secretary defense osd contractor.lieutenant general timothy maude army deputy chief staff highestranking military official killed pentagon.in new york city workers visitors died towers points impact.north tower people point impact trapped died smoke inhalation fell jumped tower escape smoke flames killed buildings collapse.
September 11 attacks	destruction three staircases tower flight hit made impossible anyone impact zone escape.people point impact died.in south tower one stairwell stairwell left intact flight hit allowing people located floors impact including one man saw plane coming four floors escape.new york city operators received calls people inside tower well informed situation rapidly unfolded result told callers descend tower own.total people died south tower fewer half number killed north tower.casualties south tower significantly reduced occupants decided leave building soon north tower struck rick rescorla head security morgan stanley defied order remain place evacuated almost companys employees south tower safety flight struck north tower.
September 11 attacks	failure order full evacuation south tower first jet crash north tower described usa today one days great tragedies.at least people fell jumped deaths burning towers exemplified photograph falling man landing streets rooftops adjacent buildings hundreds feet below.occupants tower point impact made way toward roof hope helicopter rescue roof access doors locked.plan existed helicopter rescues combination roof equipment thick smoke intense heat prevented helicopters approaching.a total emergency workers died tried rescue people fight fires.new york city fire department fdny lost firefighters including chaplain two paramedics.new york city police department nypd lost officers.
September 11 attacks	port authority police department papd lost officers.eight emergency medical technicians emts paramedics private emergency medical services ems units killed.cantor fitzgerald l.p. investment bank north tower’s st–th floors lost employees considerably employer.marsh inc. located immediately cantor fitzgerald floors – lost employees employees aon corporation also killed.national institute standards technology nist estimated civilians world trade center complex time attacks.turnstile counts port authority suggest people typically twin towers a.m. people impact zone safely evacuated buildings.weeks attack death toll estimated twice number deaths eventually confirmed.
September 11 attacks	city able identify remains world trade center victims.medical examiners office collected unidentified bone tissue fragments cannot matched list dead.bone fragments still found workers preparing demolish damaged deutsche bank building.in team anthropologists archaeologists searched human remains personal items fresh kills landfill human remains recovered bringing total found .dna profiling continues attempt identify additional victims.remains held storage memorial park outside new york city medical examiners facilities.
September 11 attacks	expected remains would moved repository behind wall museum.in july team scientists office chief medical examiner still trying identify remains hope improved technology allow identify victims.august st victim identified result newly available dna technology nd july .three victims identified two .september victims yet identified.damage along floor twin towers numerous buildings world trade center site destroyed badly damaged including wtc buildings st. nicholas greek orthodox church.
September 11 attacks	north tower south tower marriott hotel wtc wtc destroyed.u.s. customs house world trade center world trade center world trade center pedestrian bridges connecting buildings severely damaged.deutsche bank building still popularly referred bankers trust building liberty street partially damaged demolished years later starting .two buildings world financial center also suffered damage.last fires world trade center site extinguished december exactly days attacks.the deutsche bank building across liberty street world trade center complex later condemned uninhabitable toxic conditions inside office tower deconstructed.
September 11 attacks	borough manhattan community colleges fiterman hall west broadway condemned due extensive damage attacks reopened .other neighboring buildings including west street verizon building suffered major damage restored.world financial center buildings one liberty plaza millenium hilton church street moderate damage since restored.communications equipment top north tower also destroyed wcbstv maintaining backup transmitter empire state building media stations quickly able reroute signals resume broadcasts.the path train systems world trade center station located complex.result entire station demolished completely towers collapsed tunnels leading exchange place station jersey city new jersey flooded water.station rebuilt billion world trade center transportation hub reopened march .
September 11 attacks	cortlandt street station new york city subways irt broadway–seventh avenue line also close proximity world trade center complex entire station along surrounding track reduced rubble.latter station rebuilt reopened public september .the pentagon severely damaged impact american airlines flight ensuing fires causing one section building collapse.airplane approached pentagon wings knocked light poles right engine hit power generator crashing western side building.plane hit pentagon firstfloor level.front part fuselage disintegrated impact mid tail sections kept moving another fraction second.
September 11 attacks	debris tail section penetrated furthest building breaking feet three outermost buildings five rings.rescue efforts new york city fire department deployed units half department world trade center.efforts supplemented numerous offduty firefighters emergency medical technicians.new york city police department sent emergency service units police personnel deployed aviation unit.scene fdny nypd papd coordinate efforts performed redundant searches civilians.as conditions deteriorated nypd aviation unit relayed information police commanders issued orders personnel evacuate towers nypd officers able safely evacuate buildings collapsed.
September 11 attacks	separate command posts set incompatible radio communications agencies warnings passed along fdny commanders.after first tower collapsed fdny commanders issued evacuation warnings.due technical difficulties malfunctioning radio repeater systems many firefighters never heard evacuation orders.dispatchers also received information callers passed along commanders scene.within hours attack substantial search rescue operation launched.months aroundtheclock operations world trade center site cleared end may .
September 11 attacks	aftermath aftermath attacks resulted immediate responses event including domestic reactions hate crimes muslimamerican responses event international responses attack military responses events.extensive compensation program quickly established congress aftermath compensate victims families victims attacks well.immediate response a.m. faa officials notified flight hijacked turn notified north american aerospace defense command norad.norad scrambled two fs otis air national guard base massachusetts airborne a.m. slow confused communication faa officials norad nine minutes notice notice flights crashed.after twin towers already hit fighters scrambled langley air force base virginia a.m. a.m. vice president dick cheney issued orders shoot commercial aircraft could positively identified hijacked.instructions relayed time fighters take action.
September 11 attacks	fighters took air without live ammunition knowing prevent hijackers striking intended targets pilots might intercept crash fighters hijacked planes possibly ejecting last moment.for first time u.s. history emergency preparedness plan called security control air traffic air navigation aids scatana invoked thus stranding tens thousands passengers across world.ben sliney first day national operations manager faa ordered american airspace would closed international flights causing flights turned back redirected countries.canada received diverted flights launched operation yellow ribbon deal large numbers grounded planes stranded passengers.the attacks immediate effects american people.police rescue workers around country took leave absence jobs traveled new york city help recover bodies twisted remnants twin towers.blood donations across u.s. surged weeks .the deaths adults attacks resulted children losing parent.
September 11 attacks	subsequent studies documented childrens reactions actual losses feared losses life protective environment attacks’ aftermath effects surviving caregivers.domestic reactions following attacks president george w. bushs approval rating soared .september addressed nation joint session congress regarding events september subsequent nine days rescue recovery efforts described intended response attacks.new york city mayor rudy giulianis highly visible role high praise new york nationally.many relief funds immediately set assist attacks’ victims task providing financial assistance survivors attacks victims’ families.deadline victims’ compensation september applications received families killed.contingency plans continuity government evacuation leaders implemented soon attacks.
September 11 attacks	congress told united states continuity government status february .in largest restructuring u.s. government contemporary history united states enacted homeland security act creating department homeland security.congress also passed usa patriot act saying would help detect prosecute terrorism crimes.civil liberties groups criticized patriot act saying allows law enforcement invade citizens’ privacy eliminates judicial oversight law enforcement domestic intelligence.in effort effectively combat future acts terrorism national security agency nsa given broad powers.nsa commenced warrantless surveillance telecommunications sometimes criticized since permitted agency eavesdrop telephone email communications united states people overseas without warrant.response requests various intelligence agencies united states foreign intelligence surveillance court permitted expansion powers u.s. government seeking obtaining sharing information u.s. citizens well nonu.s.
September 11 attacks	people around world.hate crimes shortly attacks president bush made public appearance washington d.c.s largest islamic center acknowledged incredibly valuable contribution millions american muslims made country called treated respect.numerous incidents harassment hate crimes muslims south asians reported days following attacks.sikhs also targeted sikh males usually wear turbans stereotypically associated muslims.reports attacks mosques religious buildings including firebombing hindu temple assaults people including one murder balbir singh sodhi sikh mistaken muslim fatally shot september mesa arizona.two dozen members osama bin ladens family urgently evacuated country private charter plane fbi supervision three days attacks.according academic study people perceived middle eastern likely victims hate crimes followers islam time.
September 11 attacks	study also found similar increase hate crimes people may perceived muslims arabs others thought middle eastern origin.report south asian american advocacy group known south asian americans leading together documented media coverage bias incidents americans south asian middle eastern descent september .various crimes vandalism arson assault shootings harassment threats numerous places documented.women wearing hijab also targeted.discrimination racial profiling poll arabamericans conducted may found personally experienced discrimination since september .
September 11 attacks	july poll muslim americans found believed lives changed worse since september experienced act bias discrimination.by may complaints employment discrimination reported u.s. equal employment opportunity commission eeoc.complaints people fired jobs.similarly june u.s. department transportation dot investigated september threlated complaints airline passengers purporting religious ethnic appearance caused singled security screenings.dot investigated additional complaints people alleged completely blocked boarding airplanes grounds.muslim american response muslim organizations united states swift condemn attacks called upon muslim americans come forward skills resources help alleviate sufferings affected people families.
September 11 attacks	organizations included islamic society north america american muslim alliance american muslim council council americanislamic relations islamic circle north america sharia scholars association north america.along monetary donations many islamic organizations launched blood drives provided medical assistance food shelter victims.interfaith efforts curiosity islam increased attacks.result many mosques islamic centers began holding open houses participating outreach efforts educate nonmuslims faith.first years attacks interfaith community service increased percent.
September 11 attacks	percentage us congregations involved interfaith worship doubled percent.international reactions attacks denounced mass media governments worldwide.across globe nations offered proamerican support solidarity.leaders middle eastern countries well libya afghanistan condemned attacks.iraq notable exception immediate official statement american cowboys reaping fruit crimes humanity.
September 11 attacks	government saudi arabia officially condemned attacks privately many saudis favored bin ladens cause.although palestinian authority pa president yasser arafat also condemned attacks reports celebrations disputed size west bank gaza strip east jerusalem.palestinian leaders discredited news broadcasters justified attacks showed celebrations authority claimed celebration represent palestinians sentiment adding would allow kids smear real face palestinians.footage cnn news outlets suggested report originating brazilian university later proven false accusation resulting statement issued cnn.united states aftermath attacks saw tensions increase countries muslims nonmuslims.united nations security council resolution condemned attacks expressed readiness take necessary steps respond combat forms terrorism accordance charter.numerous countries introduced antiterrorism legislation froze bank accounts suspected alqaeda ties.
September 11 attacks	law enforcement intelligence agencies number countries arrested alleged terrorists.british prime minister tony blair said britain stood shoulder shoulder united states.days later blair flew washington d.c. affirm british solidarity united states.speech congress nine days attacks blair attended guest president bush declared america truer friend great britain.subsequently prime minister blair embarked two months diplomacy rally international support military action held meetings world leaders traveled miles km.the u.s. set guantanamo bay detention camp hold inmates defined illegal enemy combatants.legitimacy detentions questioned european union human rights organizations.on september irans fifth president mohammad khatami meeting british foreign secretary jack straw said iran fully understands feelings americans terrorist attacks new york washington september .
September 11 attacks	said although american administrations best indifferent terrorist operations iran since iranians felt differently expressed sympathetic feelings bereaved americans tragic incidents two cities.also stated nations punished place terrorists.according radio fardas website news attacks released iranian citizens gathered front embassy switzerland tehran serves protecting power united states iran u.s. interestsprotecting office iran express sympathy lit candles symbol mourning.piece news radio fardas website also states anniversary attacks united states department state published post blog department thanked iranian people sympathy stated would never forget iranian peoples kindness harsh days.attacks president supreme leader iran condemned attacks.bbc time magazine published reports holding candlelit vigils victims iranian citizens websites.
September 11 attacks	according politico magazine following attacks sayyed ali khamenei supreme leader iran suspended usual death america chants friday prayers temporarily.in september shortly attacks greek soccer fans burned israeli flag unsuccessfully tried burn american flag.though american flag catch fire fans booed moment silence victims attacks.effects afghanistan afghan population already going hungry time september attacks.aftermath attacks tens thousands people attempted flee afghanistan due possibility military retaliation united states.pakistan already home many afghan refugees previous conflicts closed border afghanistan september .
September 11 attacks	thousands afghans also fled frontier tajikistan although denied entry.taliban leaders afghanistan pleaded military action saying appeal united states put afghanistan misery people suffered much.referring two decades conflict humanitarian crisis attached it.all united nations expatriates left afghanistan attacks national international aid workers post.workers instead preparing bordering countries like pakistan china uzbekistan prevent potential humanitarian catastrophe amid critically low food stock afghan population.world food programme stopped importing wheat afghanistan september due security risks.
September 11 attacks	wall street journal suggested creation buffer zone inevitable war similarly bosnian war.approximately one month attacks united states led broad coalition international forces overthrow taliban regime afghanistan harboring alqaeda.though pakistani authorities initially reluctant align united states taliban permitted coalition access military bases arrested handed u.s. suspected alqaeda members.in speech nizari ismaili imam nobel institute aga khan iv stated attack united states direct consequence international community ignoring human tragedy afghanistan time.military operations p.m. september secretary defense donald rumsfeld issuing rapid orders aides look evidence iraqi involvement.according notes taken senior policy official stephen cambone rumsfeld asked best info fast.judge whether good enough hit s.h.
September 11 attacks	saddam hussein time.ubl osama bin laden.cambones notes quoted rumsfeld saying need move swiftly – near term target needs – go massive – sweep up.things related not.in meeting camp david september bush administration rejected idea attacking iraq response .nonetheless later invaded country allies citing saddam husseins support terrorism.
September 11 attacks	time many seven ten americans believed iraqi president played role attacks.three years later bush conceded not.the nato council declared terrorist attacks united states attack nato nations satisfied article nato charter.marked first invocation article written cold war attack soviet union mind.australian prime minister john howard washington d.c. attacks invoked article iv anzus treaty.bush administration announced war terror stated goals bringing bin laden alqaeda justice preventing emergence terrorist networks.
September 11 attacks	goals would accomplished imposing economic military sanctions states harboring terrorists increasing global surveillance intelligence sharing.on september u.s. congress passed authorization use military force terrorists.still effect grants president authority use necessary appropriate force determined planned authorized committed aided september attacks harbored said persons groups.on october war afghanistan began u.s. british forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting taliban alqaeda camps later invaded afghanistan ground troops special forces.eventually led overthrow taliban’s rule afghanistan fall kandahar december u.s.led coalition forces.osama bin laden went hiding white mountains targeted u.s. coalition forces battle tora bora escaped across pakistani border would remain sight almost ten years.the philippines indonesia among nations internal conflicts islamic terrorism also increased military readiness.military forces united states america islamic republic iran cooperated overthrow taliban regime conflicts government iran.
September 11 attacks	irans quds force helped u.s. forces afghan rebels uprising herat.effects health issues hundreds thousands tons toxic debris containing contaminants including known carcinogens spread across lower manhattan due twin towers’ collapse.exposure toxins debris alleged contributed fatal debilitating illnesses among people ground zero.bush administration ordered environmental protection agency epa issue reassuring statements regarding air quality aftermath attacks citing national security epa determine air quality returned preseptember levels june .health effects extended residents students office workers lower manhattan nearby chinatown.several deaths linked toxic dust victims names included world trade center memorial.
September 11 attacks	approximately people estimated developed illnesses result toxic dust.also scientific speculation exposure various toxic products air may negative effects fetal development.notable childrens environmental health center currently analyzing children whose mothers pregnant wtc collapse living working nearby.study rescue workers released april found studied impaired lung functions – reporting little improvement persistent symptoms started within first year attack.years attacks legal disputes costs illnesses related attacks still court system.october federal judge rejected new york citys refusal pay health costs rescue workers allowing possibility numerous suits city.
September 11 attacks	government officials faulted urging public return lower manhattan weeks shortly attacks.christine todd whitman administrator epa attacks’ aftermath heavily criticized u.s. district judge incorrectly saying area environmentally safe.mayor giuliani criticized urging financial industry personnel return quickly greater wall street area.on december united states congress passed james l. zadroga health compensation act president barack obama signed law january .allocated .billion create world trade center health program provides testing treatment people suffering longterm health problems related attacks.
September 11 attacks	wtc health program replaced preexisting related health programs medical monitoring treatment program wtc environmental health center program.economic attacks significant economic impact united states world markets.stock exchanges open september remained closed september .reopening dow jones industrial average djia fell points .recordsetting oneday point decline.
September 11 attacks	end week djia fallen .points .time largest oneweek point drop history.dollars u.s. stocks lost .trillion valuation week.in new york city jobmonths .
September 11 attacks	billion wages lost first three months attacks.economic effects mainly economys export sectors.citys gdp estimated declined .billion last three months .u.s. government provided .
September 11 attacks	billion immediate assistance government new york city september .billion early economic development infrastructure needs.also hurt small businesses lower manhattan near world trade center destroyed displaced resulting lost jobs consequent wages.assistance provided small business administration loans federal government community development block grants economic injury disaster loans.square feet lower manhattan office space damaged destroyed.many wondered whether jobs would return damaged tax base would recover.
September 11 attacks	studies ’s economic effects show manhattan office realestate market office employment less affected first feared financial services industrys need facetoface interaction.north american air space closed several days attacks air travel decreased upon reopening leading nearly cutback air travel capacity exacerbating financial problems struggling u.s. airline industry.the september attacks also led u.s. wars afghanistan iraq well additional homeland security spending totaling least trillion.cultural influence impact extends beyond geopolitics society culture general.immediate responses included greater focus home life time spent family higher church attendance increased expressions patriotism flying american flags.radio industry responded removing certain songs playlists attacks subsequently used background narrative thematic elements film television music literature.alreadyrunning television shows well programs developed reflected post cultural concerns.
September 11 attacks	conspiracy theories become social phenomena despite lack support expert scientists engineers historians.also major impact religious faith many individuals strengthened find consolation cope loss loved ones overcome grief others started question faith lose entirely could reconcile view religion.the culture america succeeding attacks noted heightened security increased demand thereof well paranoia anxiety regarding future terrorist attacks includes nation.psychologists also confirmed increased amount national anxiety commercial air travel.antimuslim hate crimes rose nearly tenfold subsequently remained roughly five times higher pre rate.government policies toward terrorism result attacks many governments across world passed legislation combat terrorism.
September 11 attacks	germany several terrorists resided taken advantage countrys liberal asylum policies two major antiterrorism packages enacted.first removed legal loopholes permitted terrorists live raise money germany.second addressed effectiveness communication intelligence law enforcement.canada passed canadian antiterrorism act first antiterrorism law.united kingdom passed antiterrorism crime security act prevention terrorism act .
September 11 attacks	new zealand enacted terrorism suppression act .in united states department homeland security created homeland security act coordinate domestic antiterrorism efforts.usa patriot act gave federal government greater powers including authority detain foreign terror suspects week without charge monitor terror suspects’ telephone communications email internet use prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions.faa ordered airplane cockpits reinforced prevent terrorists gaining control planes assigned sky marshals flights.further aviation transportation security act made federal government rather airports responsible airport security.law created transportation security administration inspect passengers luggage causing long delays concern passenger privacy.suspected abuses usa patriot act brought light june articles collection american call records nsa prism program see global surveillance disclosures –present representative jim sensenbrennerr wisconsin introduced patriot act said nsa overstepped bounds.criticism war terror focused morality efficiency cost.
September 11 attacks	according study conducted auspices watson institute international public affairs several post wars participated united states war terror caused displacement conservatively calculated million people afghanistan pakistan iraq libya syria yemen somalia philippines.study estimated wars caused deaths people cost trillion dollars.u.s. constitution u.s. law prohibits use torture yet human rights violations occurred war terror euphemism enhanced interrogation.washington post human rights watch hrw published revelations concerning cia flights black sites covert prisons operated cia.term torture proxy used critics describe situations cia u.s. agencies transferred suspected terrorists countries known employ torture.
September 11 attacks	investigations fbi immediately attacks federal bureau investigation started penttbom largest criminal inquiry united states history.height half fbis agents worked investigation followed halfmillion leads.fbi concluded clear irrefutable evidence linking alqaeda bin laden attacks.the fbi quickly able identify hijackers including leader mohamed atta luggage discovered bostons logan airport.atta forced check two three bags due space limitations seat commuter flight took boston.due new policy instituted prevent flight delays luggage failed make aboard american airlines flight planned.
September 11 attacks	luggage contained hijackers names assignments alqaeda connections.arablanguage sic papers amounted rosetta stone investigation said one fbi agent.within hours attacks fbi released names many cases personal details suspected pilots hijackers.abu jandal served bin laden’s chief bodyguard years confirmed identity eight hijackers interrogations fbi september .jailed yemeni prison since .
September 11 attacks	september photos hijackers released along information possible nationalities aliases.fifteen men saudi arabia two united arab emirates one egypt one lebanon.by midday u.s. national security agency german intelligence agencies intercepted communications pointing osama bin laden.two hijackers known traveled bin laden associate malaysia hijacker mohammed atta previously gone afghanistan.others part terrorist cell hamburg.one members hamburg cell germany discovered communication khalid sheik mohammed identified member alqaeda.authorities united states united kingdom also obtained electronic intercepts including telephone conversations electronic bank transfers indicated mohammed atef bin laden deputy key figure planning attacks.
September 11 attacks	intercepts also obtained revealed conversations took place days september bin laden associate pakistan.conversations two referred incident would take place america around september discussed potential repercussions.another conversation associate afghanistan bin laden discussed scale effects forthcoming operation.conversations specifically mention world trade center pentagon specifics.the fbi record deaths attacks annual violent crime index .disclaimer fbi stated number deaths great combining traditional crime statistics outlier effect falsely skews types measurements programs analyses.
September 11 attacks	new york city also include deaths annual crime statistics .cia john l. helgerson inspector general central intelligence agency cia conducted internal review agencys pre performance harshly critical senior cia officials everything possible confront terrorism.according philip giraldi american conservative helgerson criticized failure stop two hijackers nawaf alhazmi khalid almihdhar entered united states failure share information two men fbi.in may senators major u.s. political parties drafted legislation make review public.one backers senator ron wyden said american people right know central intelligence agency critical months .report released president barack obama.
September 11 attacks	congressional inquiry february senate select committee intelligence house permanent select committee intelligence formed joint inquiry performance u.s. intelligence community.page report released december detailed failings fbi cia use available information including terrorists cia knew united states order disrupt plots.joint inquiry developed information possible involvement saudi arabian government officials nonclassified sources.nevertheless bush administration demanded related pages remain classified.december inquirys chair bob graham dfl revealed interview evidence foreign governments involved facilitating activities least terrorists united states.
September 11 attacks	september victim families frustrated unanswered questions redacted material congressional inquiry demanded independent commission.september victim families members congress saudi arabian government still seeking release documents.june cia chief john brennan said believes redacted pages congressional inquiry soon made public prove government saudi arabia involvement september attacks.in september congress passed justice sponsors terrorism act would allow relatives victims september attacks sue saudi arabia governments alleged role attacks.commission national commission terrorist attacks upon united states commission chaired thomas kean lee h. hamilton formed late prepare thorough account circumstances surrounding attacks including preparedness immediate response attacks.july commission issued commission report.
September 11 attacks	report detailed events found attacks carried members alqaeda examined security intelligence agencies inadequately coordinated prevent attacks.formed independent bipartisan group mostly former senators representatives governors commissioners explained believe attacks revealed four kinds failures imagination policy capabilities management.commission made numerous recommendations prevent future attacks dismayed several recommendations yet implemented.national institute standards technology u.s. national institute standards technology nist investigated collapses twin towers wtc.investigations examined buildings collapsed fire protection measures place evaluated fire protection systems might improved future construction.investigation collapse wtc wtc concluded october wtc completed august .nist found fireproofing twin towers steel infrastructures blown initial impact planes occurred towers likely would remained standing.
September 11 attacks	study north towers collapse published researchers purdue university determined since planes impact stripped much structures thermal insulation heat typical office fire would softened weakened exposed girders columns enough initiate collapse regardless number columns cut damaged impact.the director original investigation stated towers really amazingly well.terrorist aircraft didnt bring buildings fire followed.proven could take twothirds columns tower building would still stand.fires weakened trusses supporting floors making floors sag.sagging floors pulled exterior steel columns causing exterior columns bow inward.with damage core columns buckling exterior columns could longer support buildings causing collapse.
September 11 attacks	additionally report found towers stairwells adequately reinforced provide adequate emergency escape people impact zones.nist concluded uncontrolled fires wtc caused floor beams girders heat subsequently caused critical support column fail initiating fireinduced progressive collapse brought building down.alleged saudi role july obama administration released document compiled us investigators dana lesemann michael jacobson known file contains list naming three dozen people including suspected saudi intelligence officers attached saudi arabias embassy washington d.c. connects saudi arabia hijackers.in september congress passed justice sponsors terrorism act.practical effect legislation allow continuation longstanding civil lawsuit brought families victims september attacks saudi arabia governments alleged role attacks.march u.s. judge formally allowed suit move forward saudi arabia government brought survivors victims families.
September 11 attacks	rebuilding day attacks new york city mayor rudy giuliani stated rebuild.going come stronger politically stronger economically stronger.skyline made whole again.the damaged section pentagon rebuilt occupied within year attacks.temporary world trade center path station opened late construction new world trade center completed .work rebuilding main world trade center site delayed late leaseholder larry silverstein port authority new york new jersey agreed financing.
September 11 attacks	construction one world trade center began april reached full height may .spire installed atop building date putting wtcs height feet thus claiming title tallest building western hemisphere.one wtc finished construction opened november .on world trade center site three office towers built one block east original towers stood.wtc meanwhile opened november making second tower site open behind world trade center well first building port authority property.wtc opened june becoming fourth skyscraper site completed.
September 11 attacks	th anniversary attacks writer curbed new york said although world trade center finished wtc definite completion dates among things.port authority new york new jersey executive director christopher o. ward survivor attacks credited getting construction site back track.memorials days immediately following attacks many memorials vigils held around world photographs dead missing posted around ground zero.witness described unable get away faces innocent victims killed.pictures everywhere phone booths street lights walls subway stations.everything reminded huge funeral people quiet sad also nice.
September 11 attacks	new york gave cold feeling people reaching help other.one first memorials tribute light installation searchlights footprints world trade center towers.new york city world trade center site memorial competition held design appropriate memorial site.winning design reflecting absence selected august consists pair reflecting pools footprints towers surrounded list victims names underground memorial space.memorial completed september museum also opened site may .the sphere german sculptor fritz koenig worlds largest bronze sculpture modern times stood twin towers austin j. tobin plaza world trade center new york city terrorist attacks september .sculpture weighing tons remaining work art recovered largely intact ruins collapsed twin towers attacks.
September 11 attacks	since work art known usa sphere transformed important symbolic monument commemoration.dismantled stored near hangar john f. kennedy international airport sculpture subject documentary koenigs sphere filmmaker percy adlon.august work reinstated installed liberty park close new world trade center arial memorial.in arlington county pentagon memorial completed opened public seventh anniversary attacks .consists landscaped park benches facing pentagon.pentagon repaired – private chapel indoor memorial included located spot flight crashed building.in shanksville concreteandglass visitor center opened september situated hill overlooking crash site white marble wall names.
September 11 attacks	observation platform visitor center white marble wall aligned beneath path flight .temporary memorial located yards crash site.new york city firefighters donated cross made steel world trade center mounted top platform shaped like pentagon.installed outside firehouse august .many permanent memorials elsewhere.
Software-defined storage	scholarships charities established victims families many organizations private figures.on every anniversary new york city names victims died read background somber music.president united states attends memorial service pentagon asks americans observe patriot day moment silence.smaller services held shanksville pennsylvania usually attended first lady.see also references notes citations bibliography reading external links national commission terrorist attacks upon united states official commission websitelist victimsseptember documentary project u.s. library congress memory.loc.govseptember web archive u.s. library congress minervanational security archiveseptember digital archive saving histories september center history new media american social history projectcenter media learningdod khalid sheikh mohammed verbatim transcript combatant status review tribunal hearing wikisourcethe legacies project oriental institute czech academy sciences prague week reflection responsible statecraft quincy institutemultimediaa television news archivecnn.comremembering time.comscreenshotsnewspaper front pagessoftwaredefined storage typically includes form storage virtualization separate storage hardware software manages it.software enabling softwaredefined storage environment may also provide policy management features data deduplication replication thin provisioning snapshots backup.softwaredefined storage sds hardware may may also abstraction pooling automation software own.implemented software conjunction commodity servers internal disks may suggest software virtual global file system.software layered sophisticated large storage arrays suggests software storage virtualization storage resource management categories products address separate different problems.policy management functions also include form artificial intelligence automate protection recovery considered intelligent abstraction.
Software-defined storage	softwaredefined storage may implemented via appliances traditional storage area network san implemented networkattached storage nas using objectbased storage.march storage networking industry association snia began report softwaredefined storage.softwaredefined storage industry vmware used marketing term softwaredefined data center sddc broader concept wherein virtual storage server networking security resources required application defined software provisioned automatically.other smaller companies adopted term softwaredefined storage coraid owned coraid founders new company southsuite scality founded cleversafe acquired ibm openio.based similar concepts softwaredefined networking sdninterest sds rose vmware acquired nicira billion dollars .data storage vendors used various definitions softwaredefined storage depending productline.storage networking industry association snia standards group attempted multivendor negotiated definition examples.the softwaredefined storage industry projected reach billion .characteristics characteristics softwaredefined storage may include following featuresabstraction logical storage services capabilities underlying physical storage systems cases pooling across multiple different implementations.
Software-defined storage	since data movement relatively expensive slow compared computation services pooling approaches sometimes suggest leaving place creating mapping layer spans arrays.examples includestorage virtualization generalized category approaches historic products.externalcontroller based arrays include storage virtualization manage usage access across drives within pools.products exist independently manage across arrays andor server das storage.virtual volumes vvols proposal vmware transparent mapping large volumes vm disk images within allow better performance data management optimizations.reflect new capability virtual infrastructure administrators already use example nfs offer arrays using iscsi fibre channel path higher admin leverage crossarray management apps written virtual infrastructure.parallel nfs pnfs specific implementation evolved within nfs community expanded many implementations.openstack swift ceph cinder apis storage interaction applied opensource projects well vendor products.a number object storage platforms also examples softwaredefined storage implementations examples scality ring open source swift project.number distributed storage solutions like gluster good examples software defined storage.automation policydriven storage provisioning servicelevel agreements replacing technology details.
Software-defined storage	requires management interfaces span traditional storagearray products particular definition separating control plane data plane spirit openflow.prior industry standardization efforts included storage management initiative – specification smis began .commodity hardware storage logic abstracted software layer.also described clustered file system converged storage.storage hypervisor computing storage hypervisor software program run physical server hardware platform virtual machine inside hypervisor os storage network.may coreside virtual machine supervisors exclusive control platform.
Software-defined storage	similar virtual server hypervisors storage hypervisor may run specific hardware platform specific hardware architecture hardware independent.the storage hypervisor software virtualizes individual storage resources controls creates one flexible pools storage capacity.way separates direct link physical logical resources parallel virtual server hypervisors.moving storage management isolated layer also helps increase system uptime high availability.similarly storage hypervisor used manage virtualized storage resources increase utilization rates disk maintaining high reliability.the storage hypervisor centrallymanaged supervisory software program provides comprehensive set storage control monitoring functions operate transparent virtual layer across consolidated disk pools improve availability speed utilization.storage hypervisors enhance combined value multiple disk storage systems including dissimilar incompatible models supplementing individual capabilities extended provisioning data protection replication performance acceleration services.in contrast embedded software disk controller firmware confined packaged storage system appliance storage hypervisor functionality spans different models brands types storage including ssd solid state disks san storage area network das direct attached storage unified storagesan nas covering wide range price performance characteristics tiers.underlying devices need explicitly integrated bundled together.a storage hypervisor enables hardware interchangeability.
Software-defined storage	storage hardware underlying storage hypervisor matters generic way regard performance capacity.underlying features may passed hypervisor benefits storage hypervisor underline ability present uniform virtual devices services dissimilar incompatible hardware thus making devices interchangeable.continuous replacement substitution underlying physical storage may take place without altering interrupting virtual storage environment presented.the storage hypervisor manages virtualizes controls storage resources allocating providing needed attributes performance availability services automated provisioning snapshots replication either directly storage network required serve needs individual environment.the term hypervisor within storage hypervisor named goes beyond supervisor conceptually level higher supervisor therefore acts next higher level management intelligence sits spans control devicelevel storage controllers disk arrays virtualization middleware.a storage hypervisor also defined higher level storage virtualization software providing consolidation cost storage pooling increases utilization decreases costs.business availability data mobility virtual volumes improve availability.application support tiered storage optimization aligns storage costs required application service levels.
Software-defined storage	term also used reference use cases including reference role storage virtualization disaster recovery limited way defined volume migration capability across sans.server vs. storage hypervisor analogy drawn concept server hypervisor concept storage hypervisor.virtualizing servers server hypervisors vmware esx microsoft hyperv citrix hypervisor linux kvm xen increased utilization rates server resources provided management flexibility decoupling servers hardware.led cost savings server infrastructure since fewer physical servers needed handle workload provided flexibility administrative operations like backup failover disaster recovery.a storage hypervisor storage resources server hypervisor server resources.storage hypervisor changes server hypervisor handles storage io get performance existing storage resources increases efficiency storage capacity consumption storage provisioning snapshotclone technology.
Novabackup	storage hypervisor like server hypervisor increases performance management flexibility improved resource utilization.see also hypervisorsoftwaredefined networkingsoftwaredefined data center referencesnovabackup designed work microsoft windows operating systems offering local online file backups disaster recovery image backups.overview file formats novabackup uses proprietary file format uses .nbd file extension backwards compatible meaning backups older versions novabackup version restored latest version software.version backups still restored file extensions need updated .nbd so.editions multiple novabackup editions available.versions built smb users support backups pcs laptops servers including support exchangesql virtual machines.
Novabackup	novabackup software includes novacare premium support emailphonein technical support maintenance upgrades.partnerships novastor partnered buffalo offering novabackup software included linkstation family consumer nas solutions terastation family businessclass nas solutions.history release change log novabackup starting version .. current novabackup release log references reading williams mike.novabackup professional .. pc advisor.retrieved september .novastor online backup data protection review.
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Group Policy	windows windows windows server controls working environment user accounts computer accounts.group policy provides centralized management configuration operating systems applications users settings active directory environment.set group policy configurations called group policy object gpo.version group policy called local group policy lgpo localgpo allows group policy object management without active directory standalone computers.active directory servers disseminate group policies listing ldap directory objects class grouppolicycontainer.refer fileserver paths attribute gpcfilesyspath store actual group policy objects typically smb share domain.comsysvol shared active directory server.
Group Policy	group policy registry settings associated file share file registry.pol registry settings client needs apply.the policy editor gpedit.msc provided home versions windows xpvista.. operation group policies part control users cannot computer system.example group policy used enforce password complexity policy prevents users choosing overly simple password.examples include allowing preventing unidentified users remote computers connect network share blockrestrict access certain folders.set configurations called group policy object gpo.as part microsofts intellimirror technologies group policy aims reduce cost supporting users.intellimirror technologies relate management disconnected machines roaming users include roaming user profiles folder redirection offline files.
Group Policy	enforcement accomplish goal central management group computers machines receive enforce gpos.gpo resides single machine applies computer.apply gpo group computers group policy relies active directory thirdparty products like zenworks desktop management distribution.active directory distribute gpos computers belong windows domain.by default microsoft windows refreshes policy settings every minutes random minutes offset.domain controllers microsoft windows every five minutes.
Group Policy	refresh discovers fetches applies gpos apply machine loggedon users.settings automated software installation drive mappings startup scripts logon scripts apply startup user logon.since windows xp users manually initiate refresh group policy using gpupdate command command prompt.group policy objects processed following order top bottomlocal settings computers local policy.prior windows vista one local group policy stored per computer.windows vista later windows versions allow individual group policies per user accounts.site group policies associated active directory site computer resides.
Group Policy	active directory site logical grouping computers intended facilitate management computers based physical proximity.multiple policies linked site processed order set administrator.domain group policies associated windows domain computer resides.multiple policies linked domain processed order set administrator.organizational unit group policies assigned active directory organizational unit ou computer user placed.ous logical units help organizing managing group users computers active directory objects.multiple policies linked ou processed order set administrator.the resulting group policy settings applied given computer user known resultant set policy rsop.
Group Policy	rsop information may displayed computers users using gpresult command.in networking run gpedit.msc command inheritance policy setting inside hierarchical structure ordinarily passed parent children children grandchildren forth.termed inheritance.blocked enforced control policies applied level.higher level administrator enterprise administrator creates policy inheritance blocked lower level administrator domain administrator policy still processed.where group policy preference settings configured also equivalent group policy setting configured value group policy setting take precedence.filtering wmi filtering process customizing scope gpo choosing windows management instrumentation wmi filter apply.
Group Policy	filters allow administrators apply gpo example computers specific models ram installed software anything available via wmi queries.local group policy local group policy lgp localgpo basic version group policy standalone nondomain computers existed least since windows xp applied domain computers.prior windows vista lgp could enforce group policy object single local computer could make policies individual users groups.windows vista onward lgp allow local group policy management individual users groups well also allows backup importing exporting policies standalone machines via gpo packs – group policy containers include files needed import policy destination machine.group policy preferences group policy preferences way administrator set policies mandatory optional user computer.there set group policy setting extensions previously known policymaker.
Group Policy	microsoft bought policymaker integrated windows server .microsoft since released migration tool allows users migrate policymaker items group policy preferences.group policy preferences adds number new configuration items.items also number additional targeting options used granularly control application setting items.group policy preferences compatible x x versions windows xp windows server windows vista addition client side extensions also known cse.client side extensions included windows server windows windows server r. group policy management console originally group policies modified using group policy edit tool integrated active directory users computers microsoft management console mmc snapin later split separate mmc snapin called group policy management console gpmc.gpmc user component windows server windows server r provided download part remote server administration tools windows vista windows .advanced group policy management microsoft also released tool make changes group policy called advanced group policy management a.k.a.
Group Policy	agpm.tool available organization licensed microsoft desktop optimization pack a.k.a.mdop.advanced tool allows administrators check inout process modification group policy objects track changes group policy objects implement approval workflows changes group policy objects.agpm consists two parts server client.the server windows service stores group policy objects archive located computer network share.the client snapin group policy management console connects agpm server.configuration client performed via group policy.
Group Policy	security group policy settings enforced voluntarily targeted applications.many cases merely consists disabling user interface particular function.alternatively malevolent user modify interfere application cannot successfully read group policy settings thus enforcing potentially lower security defaults even returning arbitrary values.windows enhancements windows introduced new feature called group policy update.feature allows administrator force group policy update computers accounts particular organizational unit.creates scheduled task computer runs gpupdate command within minutes adjusted random offset avoid overloading domain controller.
Plain text	group policy infrastructure status introduced report group policy objects replicated correctly amongst domain controllers.group policy results report also new feature times execution individual components group policy update.see also administrative templatesgroup policy improvements windows vistaworkgroup manager references reading external links official websitegroup policy team bloggroup policy settings reference windows windows serverforce gpupdatefile contents represent characters readable material graphical representation objects floatingpoint numbers images etc.. may also include limited number whitespace characters affect simple arrangement text spaces line breaks tabulation characters although tab characters mean many different things hardly plain.plain text different formatted text style information included structured text structural parts document paragraphs sections like identified binary files portions must interpreted binary objects encoded integers real numbers images etc..the term sometimes used quite loosely mean files contain readable content files nothing speaker doesnt prefer.example could exclude indication fonts layout markup markdown even tabs characters curly quotes nonbreaking spaces soft hyphens em dashes andor ligatures things.in principle plain text encoding occasionally term taken imply ascii.unicodebased encodings utf utf become common usage may shrinking.plain text also sometimes used exclude binary files least parts file cannot correctly interpreted via character encoding effect.example file string consisting hello whatever encoding following bytes express binary integer characters binary file plain text even loosest common usages.
Plain text	put another way translating plain text file character encoding uses entirely different numbers represent characters change meaning long know encoding use binary files conversion change meaning least parts file.plain text rich text according unicode standardplain text pure sequence character codes plain unencoded text therefore sequence unicode character codes.in contrast styled text also known rich text text representation containing plain text plus added information language identifier font size color hypertext links on.sgml rtf html xml tex examples rich text fully represented plain text streams interspersing plain text data sequences characters represent additional data structures.according definitions however files contain markup metadata generally considered plain text long markup also directly humanreadable form html xml on.thus representations sgml rtf html xml wiki markup tex well nearly programming language source code files considered plain text.particular content irrelevant whether file plain text.example svg file express drawings even bitmapped graphics still plain text.the use plain text rather binary files enables files survive much better wild part making largely immune computer architecture incompatibilities.
Plain text	example problems endianness avoided encodings ucs rather utf endianness matters uniformly every character rather potentiallyunknown subsets it.usage purpose using plain text today primarily independence programs require special encoding formatting file format.plain text files opened read edited ubiquitous text editors utilities.a commandline interface allows people give commands plain text get response also typically plain text.many computer programs also capable processing creating plain text countless programs dos windows classic mac os unix kin well web browsers browsers lynx line mode browser produce plain text display etext readers.plain text files almost universal programming source code file containing instructions programming language almost always plain text file.plain text also commonly used configuration files read saved settings startup program.plain text used much email.a comment .txt file txt record generally contains plain text without formatting intended humans read.the best format storing knowledge persistently plain text rather binary format.encoding character encodings early computers mainly used numbercrunching rather text memory extremely expensive.
Plain text	computers often allocated bits character permitting characters—assigning codes az az would leave codes nowhere near enough.computers opted support lowercase letters.thus early text projects roberto busas index thomisticus brown corpus others resort conventions keying asterisk preceding letters actually intended uppercase.fred brooks ibm argued strongly going bit bytes someday people might want process text won.although ibm used ebcdic text came encoded ascii using values nonprinting control characters values graphic characters letters digits punctuation.machines stored characters bits rather ignoring remaining bit using checksum.the nearubiquity ascii great help failed address international linguistic concerns.
Plain text	dollarsign useful england accented characters used spanish french german portuguese many languages entirely unavailable ascii mention characters used greek russian eastern languages.many individuals companies countries defined extra characters needed—often reassigning control characters using values range .using values conflicts using th bit checksum checksum usage gradually died out.these additional characters encoded differently different countries making texts impossible decode without figuring originators rules.instance browser might display ¬a rather tried interpret one character set another.international organisation standardisation iso eventually developed several code pages iso accommodate various languages.
Plain text	first iso also known latin covers needs european languages use latinbased characters quite enough room cover all.iso provided conventions switching different character sets midfile.many organisations developed variations many years windows macintosh computers used incompatible variations.the textencoding situation became complex leading efforts iso unicode consortium develop single unified character encoding could cover known least currently known languages.conflict efforts unified.unicode currently allows code values assigns codes covering nearly modern text writing systems well many historical ones many nonlinguistic characters printers dingbats mathematical symbols etc.text considered plain text regardless encoding.
Plain text	properly understand process recipient must know able figure encoding used however need know anything computer architecture used binary structures defined whatever program created data.perhaps common way explicitly stating specific encoding plain text mime type.for email http default mime type textplain plain text without markup.another mime type often used email http texthtml charsetutf plain text represented using utf character encoding html markup.another common mime type applicationjson plain text represented using utf character encoding json markup.when document received without explicit indication character encoding applications use charset detection attempt guess encoding used.control codes ascii reserves first codes numbers – decimal control characters known c set codes originally intended represent printable information rather control devices printers make use ascii provide metainformation data streams stored magnetic tape.include common characters like newline tab character.in bit character sets latin iso sets first characters upper half also control codes known c set.rarely used directly turn documents ostensibly iso encoding code positions generally refer instead characters position proprietary systemspecific encoding windows mac os roman use codes instead provide additional graphic characters.unicode defines additional control characters including bidirectional text direction override characters used explicitly mark righttoleft writing inside lefttoright writing way around variation selectors select alternate forms cjk ideographs emoji characters.see also binary filesource codetext fileword wrap references
Windows Vista I/O technologies	intended shorten time taken boot system improve responsiveness system improve reliability data storage.io subsystem vista modifies behavior asynchronous io operations.new asynchronous io apis thread different one issued io request notified operation completes.single thread issue io requests switch different worker thread.thread one handles data io request completes threadswitch causes performance hit may avoided.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	windows vista also introduces synchronous io cancellation.synchronous io request application blocked request serviced fails.windows vista application may issue cancellation request.applications cancel operation user feedback may prefer enable user feedback time issuing thread suspended usability.windows vista also implements io scheduling prioritized io.disk io requests windows vista assigned priorities higher priority request given preferential treatment request lower priority execution request.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	windows vista defines five priority classes – low low normal high critical.default io requests assigned normal priority.windows vista also allows reservation bandwidth perapplication basis disk access aims guarantee required throughput rate application accesses disk.features used windows media player respect media playback.disk defragmenter superfetch windows defender windows search applications run startup use prioritized io.prior windows vista io requests capped kb thus larger operations completed chunks.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	windows vista limit size io requests.means entire io operation completed issuing fewer requests turn may lead higher performance.windows explorer command prompts copy command modified issue mb requests.readyboost readyboost makes pcs running windows vista responsive using flash memory usb drive usb ..
Windows Vista I/O technologies	sd card compact flash form flash memory order boost system performance.device plugged windows autoplay dialog offers additional option use speed system additional readyboost tab added drives properties dialog amount space used configured.windows readyboost also available windows windows .flash memory devices formatted fat format.need changed one wants properly utilize larger flash device readyboost.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	one activates readyboost using windows autoplay reformatting device become impossible readyboost device disabled.readydrive readydrive codenamed piton feature windows vista enables windows vista computers equipped hybrid drive flash memory caches intel turbo memory boot faster resume hibernation less time preserve battery power.hybrid hard drives type hard disk integrates nonvolatile flash memory traditional hard drive.driveside functionality expected standardized ata.hybrid hard drive installed windows vista machine operating system display new nv cache property tab part drives device properties within device manager.it reported eweek technology utilized full extent due lack hybrid drivespecific drivers hybrid drives instead delegated job device manufacturers.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	however microsoft rebuffed suggestion providing specialized drivers hybrid systems.also june david morgenstern wrote article eweek suggesting readydrive might sacrifice data integrity speed battery savings.documentation microsoft however claims copy data always maintained hard disk question data loss even flash cache fails.superfetch superfetch technology preloads commonly used applications memory reduce load times.based prefetcher function windows xp.

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