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Windows Vista I/O technologies	superfetch attempts load commonly used libraries application components memory required.continually analyzing application behavior usage patterns e.g.applications typically used morning logon.cache memory marked low priority meaning another process needs memory given up.by default necessary files loaded main memory using feature called readyboost windows vista windows use alternative storage usb flash drives thereby freeing main memory.although hard disks usually higher sequential data transfer rates flash drives faster small files nonsequential io short random seek times.readyboot feature complements superfetch analysing core boot processes drivers order speed computer startup.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	offline files offline files feature windows introduced windows maintains clientside cache files shared network.locally caches shared files marked offline access uses cached copy whenever network connection remote files interrupted.windows vista business enterprise ultimate editions contain significant improvements offline files.beginning windows vista whenever connection restored open file handles cached copy redirected remote version without waiting cached files synchronized.transition online offline back transparent clients using file.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	local copy automatically synchronized remote copy reflect changes made either copy file.file caching sync algorithm also completely rewritten determine differences faster.synchronizing changes cached copy remote version bitmap differential transfer protocol used changed blocks cached version transferred.also improves support caching large files.entire file still downloaded retrieving changes remote copy.files synchronized pershare basis encrypted peruser basis users force windows work offline mode online mode work offlineonline button explorer sync manually sync center.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	sync center also report sync errors resolve sync conflicts.property page file folder offline files tab provides status allows control offline status file folder.moreover even single file unavailable files share shares available transition share level instead server level.offline files configurable group policy provide better interoperability dfs.also comprehensive offline files management api available via com objects scriptability wmi.windows vista also supports ghosting online files folders.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	users make files directory available offline windows vista creates ghosted entries remaining unavailable items preserve online context.offline files also feature slowlink mode enabled group policy always reads writes local cache improve performance slow network connection.also possible windows vista specify limit total size local cache another sublimit space used automatically cached files.manually cached files never removed local cache even cache limit reached.in windows xp offline files could enabled fast user switching enabled.restriction applied offline files synchronized log fast user switching completely log users.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	windows vista restriction longer applies offline files runs windows service performs synchronization user opportune times logon offline online transitions.synchronization occur continuously background occur log off.transactional ntfs transactional ntfs abbreviated txf brings concept atomic transactions ntfs file system allowing windows application developers write file output routines guaranteed either completely succeed completely fail.transactional ntfs allows files directories created renamed deleted atomically.using transaction ensures correctness operation series file operations done transaction operation committed operations succeed.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	case failure entire operation roll back fail.shadow copy number microsoft windows components updated make use shadow copy.backup restore center windows vista later performs blockbased backups full system backups.file backup feature also uses shadow copy stores files inside zip files.beginning windows vista shadow copy also used system protection component creates maintains periodic copies system user data local volume similar shadow copies shared folders feature windows server allows locally accessed system restore.system restore allows reverting entire previous set shadow copies called restore point.
Windows Vista I/O technologies	prior windows vista system restore based filebased filter watched changes certain set file extensions copied files overwritten.additionally property sheet shell extension called previous versions allows restoring individual files folders locally restore point existed time snapshot thus retrieving earlier version file recovering file deleted mistake.the shadow copy created every time file changed backup copies created automatically per day manually triggered backup utility installer applications create restore point.previous versions feature available business enterprise ultimate editions windows vista.folder redirection windows vista introduces ability independently redirect user profile subfolders network location.also management console snapin windows vista allow users configure folder redirection clients running windows vista windows xp windows .exfat windows vista service pack introduced support exfat file system.
Face book	see also features new windows vistabitlocker drive encryptionprotected media pathacid referencesparticular denotes publications type distributed university administrations start academic year intention helping students get know other.history colleges universities united states often published official unofficial books listing students faculty staff together pictures limited biographical data.early face books published online offering number new features including password protection detailed information advanced indexing searching ability people upload enter information photographs.in early mark zuckerberg sophomore harvard university created unofficial online face book website thefacebook.com forerunner facebook service frustration universitys official online face book project taking long.development campuswide face book previously stalled privacy concerns many became prominent november zuckerberg accused breaching security violating copyrights individual privacy.zuckerberg created website used photos taken without authorization harvard housebased face books using photos system rate attractiveness students.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	see also callbookmug shottelephone directory referencesinitially designed ryan aeronautical part northrop grumman known tier ii development.rq provides broad overview systematic surveillance using highresolution synthetic aperture radar sar electroopticalinfrared eoir sensors long loiter times target areas.survey much square miles km terrain per day area size south korea iceland.the global hawk operated united states air force usaf.used highaltitude long endurance platform covering spectrum intelligence collection capability support forces worldwide military operations.according usaf superior surveillance capabilities aircraft allow precise weapons targeting better protection friendly forces.cost overruns led original plan acquire aircraft cut proposal mothball block signals intelligence variants.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	initial flyaway cost first aircraft us million .risen us.million .million flyaway cost .u.s. navy developed global hawk mqc triton maritime surveillance platform.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	development origins air force developing uncrewed aerial intelligence platforms.one stealthy rq dark star another one global hawk.due budget cuts one programs could survive.decided proceed global hawk range payload rather go stealth dark star.the global hawk took first flight february .first seven aircraft built advanced concept technology demonstration actd program sponsored darpa order evaluate design demonstrate capabilities.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	demand rqs abilities high middle east thus prototype aircraft actively operated usaf war afghanistan.unusual move aircraft entered initial lowrate production still engineering manufacturing development.nine production block aircraft sometimes referred rqa produced two sold us navy additional two deployed iraq support operations there.final block aircraft delivered june .to increase aircrafts capabilities airframe redesigned nose section wings stretched.modified aircraft designated rqb block carry lb kg internal payload.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	changes introduced first block aircraft th global hawk produced rolled ceremony august .first flight block usaf plant palmdale california edwards air force base took place march .developmental testing block took place .united states navy version united states navy took delivery two block aircraft evaluate maritime surveillance capabilities designated n buno n buno .initial navalised example tested edwards air force base briefly moving nas patuxent river march global hawk maritime demonstration ghmd program operated navy squadron vx.in july ghmd aircraft flew rim pacific rimpac exercise first time.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	although vicinity hawaii aircraft operated nbvc point mugu requiring flights approximately mi km way area.four flights performed resulting hours persistent maritime surveillance coordinated uss abraham lincoln uss bonhomme richard.ghmd program global hawk tasked maintaining maritime situational awareness contact tracking imagery support exercise operations.images transmitted nas patuxent river processing forwarded fleet hawaii.northrop grumman entered rqb variant us navys broad area maritime surveillance bams uav competition.april announced northrop grummans rqn navy awarded us.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	billion contract.september rqn officially designated mqc.the navy mqc differs air force rq mainly wing.global hawk remains high altitude conduct surveillance triton climbs ft see wide area drop ft get identification target.tritons wings specially designed take stresses rapidly decreasing altitude.though similar appearance global hawks wings tritons internal wing structure much stronger additional features including antiicing capabilities impact lightning strike protection.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	cost increases procurement development cost overruns placed global hawk risk cancellation.mid perunit costs baseline estimates caused need correct design deficiencies well increase capabilities.caused concern possible congressional termination program national security benefits could justified.however june program restructured.completion operational assessment report usaf delayed due manufacturing development delays.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	operational assessment report released march production air vehicles planned extended two years .in february usaf reduced planned purchase rq block aircraft order cut costs.june u.s. defense departments director operational test evaluation dote found rqb operationally effective due reliability issues.june global hawk certified secretary defense critical national security following breach nunnmccurdy amendment secretary stated global hawk essential national security alternatives global hawk provide acceptable capability less cost global hawk costs less per year u operate comparable mission u cannot simultaneously carry sensors global hawk funding must reduced global hawk higher priority programs.on january pentagon announced plans end global hawk block procurement type found expensive operate less capable sensors existing u. plans increase procurement block variant also announced.air forces fiscal year budget request said resolved divest block variant however national defense authorization act fiscal year mandated operations block fleet end .usaf plans procure rqb global hawks .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	retiring acc commander general mike hostage said us replacement drone combatant commanders going suffer eight years best they’re going get percent.during – costs flying rq fell .cost per flight hour contractor logistic support making per flight hour figure.mid cost per flight hour dropped contractor logistic support dropped per flight hour.part due higher usage spreading logistics support costs higher number flight hours.eurohawk german air force luftwaffe ordered variant rqb equipped customized sensor suite designated eurohawk.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	aircraft based rqb block equipped eadsbuilt sigint package intended fulfill germanys requirement replace aging dassaultbreguet atlantique electronic surveillance aircraft marineflieger german naval air arm.eads sensor package composed six wingmounted pods reportedly sensor pods could potentially used platforms including crewed aircraft.the eurohawk officially rolled october first flight took place june .underwent several months flight testing edwards air force base.july first eurohawk arrived manching germany scheduled receive sigint sensor package undergo testing pilot training first quarter .luftwaffe planned station type reconnaissance wing .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	german ministry defence aware difficulties certification use within european airspace.flight trials problems eurohawks flight control system found german certification process also complicated northrop grumman refusing share technical data aircraft perform evaluations.on may german media reported eurohawk would certifiable icao rules without anticollision system thus preventing operations within european airspace airspace icao member.additional cost certification reported € million us million.may german government announced immediate termination program attributing cancellation certification issue.reportedly additional cost develop eurohawk standards needed certification may guaranteed final approval certification.german defense minister thomas de maizière stated eurohawk important germany referred project horror without end statement bundestag.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	total cost project canceled € million.northrop grumman eads described reports flight control problems high costs certification inaccurate stated intention provide affordable plan complete first eurohawks flight testing produce remaining four aircraft.on august eurohawk set endurance record flying continuously european airspace .hours reaching altitude feet m. longest flight unrefueled uas weighing lb kg european skies.october german minister defence ursula von der leyen reportedly considering reactivating eurohawk program test reconnaissance abilities long period altitudes ft. attempting test recon system airbus aircraft israeli drone alternate platforms proven unsuccessful.the bundeswehr would use detect decrypt potentially interfere enemy communications signals.tests prove successful carrier would purchased likely similar u.s. global hawk.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	germany considering installing eurohawks sigint payloads onto u.s. navy mqc triton global hawk derivative electronic communications intelligence sensors would difficult place substitute aircraft.already icing lightningstrike protection built certification civilian airspace mind meeting stanag requirements ended eurohawk program.as march germany plans put single rqe aircraft display bundeswehr military history museum .universal payload adapter new payloads january president obama signed budget included million study adapting us superior sensors rq.april northrop grumman reportedly installed us optical bar camera obc senior year electrooptical reconnaissance system syersbc sensors onto rq using universal payload adapter upa.successful testing indicated rqs could similarly retrofitted.on july northrop grumman usaf signed agreement demonstrate rqb fitted us obc syersc sensors.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	two global hawks fitted upa involving installation payload adapter fixtures new payload bay cover well software mission system changes sensor.upa support lb kg sensors create canoeshaped sensor bay fuselages underside.northrop grumman also expects receive contract integrate utc aerospace systems ms multispectral sensor used ec jstars onto rq.ms replace syers includes modernized optronics gimbaled rotation device increase field view percent.rqb flew syers february .raytheon developed analr selfprotection suite consisting anavr laser warning receiver anapr radar warning receiver jamming system along ale towed decoy global hawk.design overview global hawk uav system comprises rq air vehicle outfitted various equipment sensor packages communication systems ground element consisting launch recovery element lre mission control element mce ground communications equipment.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	rq air vehicle powered allison rollsroyce aeh turbofan engine lbf .kn thrust carries payload pounds kilograms.fuselage uses aluminum semimonocoque construction vtail wings made composite materials.there several iterations global hawk different features capabilities.first version used operationally rqa block performed imagery intelligence imint lb kg payload synthetic aperture radar sar electrooptical eo infrared ir sensors.seven amodel block delivered retired .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	rqb block first bmodel global hawks greater lb kg payload employs upgraded sar eoir sensors.four block converted communications relays battlefield airborne communications node bacn payload.the rqb block capable multiintelligence multiint collecting sar eoir sensors along airborne signals intelligence payload asip widespectrum sigint sensor.rqb block equipped multiplatform radar technology insertion program mprtip active electronically scanned array aesa radar provides sar moving target indication mti data widearea surveillance stationary moving targets.since rq capable conducting sorties lasting hours long scheduled maintenance performed sooner aircraft less endurance.however since flies higher altitudes normal aircraft experiences less wear flight.system ground facilities raytheons integrated sensor suite iss consists synthetic aperture radar sar electrooptical eo thermographic camera ir sensors.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	either eo ir sensors operate simultaneously sar.sensor provides wide area search imagery highresolution spot mode.sar ground moving target indicator gmti mode provide text message providing moving targets position velocity.sar eoir imagery transmitted aircraft mce individual frames reassembled ground processing.onboard inertial navigation system supplemented global positioning system updates comprises navigational suite.the global hawk capable operating autonomously untethered.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	military satellite system x band satellite communication used sending data aircraft mce.common data link also used direct link imagery uav within lineofsight compatible ground stations.dense flight areas autonomous navigation switched rq remote controlled via satellite link pilots ground supplied instrument data carry responsibilities pilots crewed planes.the ground segment consists mission control element mce launch recovery element lre provided raytheon.mce used mission planning command control image processing dissemination lre controlling launch recovery associated ground support equipment.lre provides precision differential gps corrections navigational accuracy takeoff landings precision coded gps supplemented inertial navigation system used mission execution.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	separable elements ground segment mce lre operate geographically separate locations mce deployed supported commands primary exploitation site.ground segments contained military shelters external antennas lineofsight satellite communications air vehicles.sensor packages radar global hawk carries hughes integrated surveillance reconnaissance hisar sensor system.hisar lowercost derivative asars package hughes developed u. also fitted us armys rcb airborne reconnaissance low multifunction arlm crewed aircraft sold international market.hisar integrates sarmti system along optical thermography imager.all three sensors controlled outputs filtered common processor transmitted real time mbits ground station.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	sarmti system operates x band various operational modes widearea mti mode radius mi km combined sarmti strip mode provides ft .resolution mi km wide sections sar spot mode providing ft .resolution .square miles .square kilometers.in july usaf began testing global hawk block upgrades benefield anechoic facility edwards afb.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	upgrades include advanced signals intelligence payload extremely sensitive sigint processor.specialist aesa radar system multiplatform radar technology insertion program mprtip.northrop disclosed sensor capabilities new block aircraft including mprtip radar emphasising surveillance reconnaissance.on april block global hawk completed first maritime modes program riskreduction flight enhance air forces maritime surveillance capabilities.maritime modes made maritime moving target indicator maritime inverse synthetic aperture radar misar function together provide isr information vessels traveling waters surface..hour flight california coast misar collected data items interest.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	maritime modes planned integrated rqbs existing mprtip radar detect produce synthetic aperture radar imagery ground vehicles.in november northrop grumman selected garmin international gsx weather radar installed air force global hawks.gsx designed provide operators realtime weather information offering horizontal scan angles degrees better visibility strength intensity convective activity vertical scanning mode analyze storm tops gradients cell buildup activity.also turbulence detection feature identify turbulence air containing precipitation airborne particulates ground clutter suppression removes ground returns display operators focus weather.installation expected begin early .installation weather radars global hawk fleet completed late .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	visible lightinfrared visible infrared imagers share gimballed sensor package use common optics providing telescopic closeup capability.optionally fitted auxiliary sigint package.operational history u.s. air force following september th attacks normal acquisition process bypassed almost immediately early developmental global hawk models employed overseas contingency operations beginning november .global hawk actd prototypes used war afghanistan iraq war.since april fly northern route beale air force base canada southeast asia back reducing flight time improving maintenance.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	datacollection capabilities praised program lost three prototype aircraft accidents one quarter aircraft used wars.the crashes reported due technical failures poor maintenance failure rate per hour flown times higher f fighter.northrop grumman stated unfair compare failure rates mature design prototype aircraft.june media report described global hawk mq predator mq reapers ... accidentprone aircraft air force fleet.february global hawks deployed central command aor accrued combat hours plus sorties.initial operational capability declared rq block august .usaf plan keep rqb block service past due u platforms less expensive role.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	congress sought keep service december .usaf rq block time passage national defense authorization act fiscal year directed three rqs procured part lot .usaf felt additional aircraft excess need likely become backup attrition reserve models.despite potential retirement block fleet due low reliability low mission readiness high costs usaf released presolicitation notice september lot aircraft.planning usafs fy budget pentagon reversed previous decision shifting billion u rq block become competitive u due increased flying hours.factors cost per flight hour cpfh information gathering rates mission readiness adverse weather operational capability distance targets onboard power still favored u.after tōhoku earthquake tsunami rqs flew hours affected areas japan.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	also plans survey no.reactor fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant.by november northrop grumman delivered global hawks usaf.march global hawks use around world use usaf.the usaf stated u pilot altitude advantages allow better functionality stormy weather airspace restrictions east asia region altitude sensor advantages allow see hostile territory.october u.s. secured basing rights deploy rqs japan first time basing rights type secured northeast asia.rqs stationed andersen air force base guam bad weather often curtailed flights.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	basing japan opposed guam enhances spying capabilities north korea eliminating range factor.two rqs moved anderson afb misawa air base mid types first deployment japan.speculated focused maritime patrol missions.two rqs successfully performed missions misawa ab sixmonth deployment none cancelled due poor weather.first time operated civilmilitary airport sharing airspace runways commercial aircraft safely without additional restrictions usually taking landing quieter periods air traffic.officials stated operated various places around pacific.on september rq block global hawk conducted first wartime flight grand forks air force base.in november usaf rq deployed philippines typhoon haiyan assist relief efforts.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	flew andersen air force base guam relay imagery afflicted areas response personnel ground commanders.in planning fy budget u retired favor rq made possible reductions rq operating costs would first time uncrewed aircraft would completely replace crewed aircraft.u continue fly without replacement.in may u.s. global hawk conducted surveillance mission nigeria part search kidnapped nigerian schoolgirls.global hawk joined mc crewed aircraft search.the global hawk used operation inherent resolve oir islamic state iraq levant isil.aircraft provide realtime imagery signals intelligence identify friendly enemy forces longterm target development track enemy equipment movement enabling combatant commanders act better information make key decisions.bacn version allows ground troops contact aircraft need assistance close air support.on november eq became first global hawk aircraft reach sorties.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	three eqs operation supporting oir.upon landing maintainers complete ground maintenance make aircraft mission ready within five hours.missions last hours aircraft getting day combat flights.april eq program completed continuous sorties without incurring single maintenance cancellation supporting oir.on april reported usaf global hawk completed third flight germany initiative european reassurance initiative reassure nato members concerned russian involvement conflict ukraine.germany opened airspace five global hawk flights month middle october .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	naval air station sigonella sicilybased global hawk flies italian french airspace air corridor germany sensors switched way area operations baltic sea.in usaf decided begin process training enlisted airmen fly rq due shortage pilots increased demand global hawks capabilities.rq currently aircraft enlisted pilots flying.on august global hawk assigned th reconnaissance squadron took beale afb california landed eielson air force base alaska red flag – alaska.first time rq landed alaska simulated combat training exercise.on april global hawk reported made reconnaissance flight airspace coast southern crimea russia temporarily closed metres ft sevastopol feodosiya issuing relevant notam.global hawk reportedly departed naval air station sigonella sicily.records april global hawk flew nonstop edwards afb raaf base edinburgh australia making history first pilotless aircraft cross pacific ocean.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	flight took hours set world record absolute distance flown uav .kilometers .mi.on march global hawk set endurance record fullscale operational uncrewed aircraft uavs flying .hours altitudes feet edwards afb.from first flight september combined global hawk fleet flew hours.percent flights conducted usaf rqs remaining hours flown nasa global hawks eurohawk navy bams demonstrator mqc triton.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	approximately percent flights combat zones rqs flew operations afghanistan iraq libya supported disaster response efforts haiti japan california.from september rq fleet flew total hours hours flown type single week.percent flights made usaf rqs rest flown navy bamsd nasa hurricane research aircraft.the longest global hawk combat sortie lasted .hours.downing iran june u.s. navy bamsd rqa flying persian gulf near strait hormuz shot rd khordad surfacetoair missile fired near garuk iran.iranian foreign minister javad zarif said drone iranian airspace united states maintained drone international airspace nautical miles km away iran.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	nasa december two global hawks transferred usaf nasas dryden flight research center edwards afb.initial research activities beginning second quarter supported nasas highaltitude longduration earth science missions.two global hawks first sixth aircraft built original darpa advanced concept technology demonstration program made available nasa air force need them.northrop grumman operational partner nasa use aircraft demonstrate new technologies develop new markets aircraft including possible civilian uses.it reported march issue scientific american nasas global hawks begin scientific missions month undergoing tests late .initial science applications included measurements ozone layer crosspacific transport air pollutants aerosols.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	author scientific american article speculates could used antarctic exploration based chile.august–september one two global hawks loaned nasas grip genesis rapid intensification program mission.its longterm station capabilities long range made suitable aircraft monitoring development atlantic basin hurricanes.modified equip weather sensors including kuband radar lightning sensors dropsondes.successfully flew hurricane earl united states east coast september .nato nato announced expected fleet eight global hawks equipped mprtip radar systems.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	nato budgeted us.billion € billion project letter intent signed.nato signed contract five block global hawks may .nato members participating purchase.january estonia revealed wanted participate nato global hawk usage.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	july usaf assigned mission designation series mds rqd nato ags air vehicle.the first rqd aircraft arrived sigonella air base november .time five aircraft undergoing developmental test flights.initial operational capability expected first half .in october italy certified five drones use sigonella sicily .however december regulatory issues global hawks concerning shared space germany italy.german government officials criticized new drones lack technology avoid collisions aircraft.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	south korea south koreas defense acquisition program administration dapa expressed interest acquiring least four rqbs increase intelligence capabilities following exchange wartime operational control u.s. republic korea.officials debated topic global hawks domestic uav programs.september us south korea discussed aircraft deployments near land border view north korea north korea–china border.in january dapa announced would proceed purchase due price rise usm usm platforms global observer phantom eye investigated.however december south korea notified congress possible foreign military sale rq block global hawks enhanced integrated sensor suite eiss estimated cost .billion.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	july korean national assembly advised government reevaluate rq purchase citing high costs.on december northrop grumman awarded million contract south korea four rqb block global hawks.first rq arrived december base near sacheon.remaining three rqs delivered first half .potential operators australia considered purchase number global hawks maritime land surveillance.global hawk assessed mq mariner trials .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	global hawk aircraft would operated conjunction crewed boeing p poseidon aircraft replacement aging apc orion aircraft.end australian government decided proceed canceled order.procurement effort seven uavs initiated.may australian government confirmed interest acquiring mqc triton maritime surveillance variant.canada also potential customer looking global hawk maritime land surveillance either replacement fleet cp aurora patrol aircraft supplement crewed patrols remote arctic maritime environments withdrawing joint effort august .spain similar requirement existing contacts northrop grumman.on august japan announced japan air selfdefense force planned operate one global hawk jointly u.s. .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	november japanese ministry defense officially decided procure global hawk beat general atomics guardian er japan also interested purchase three aircraft.the new zealand defence force studying global hawk range conduct surveillance southern ocean around antarctica pacific islands.acquisition process moved beyond expression interest.the indian navy expressed interest acquiring six eight mqc maritime surveillance unmanned aircraft systems.in september transport canada looking buying former german air force eurohawk surveillance missions arctic.eurohawk cannot currently fly equipment inside gps navigation tools.variants rqainitial production version usaf built.rqbimproved version increased payload wingspan increased .ft .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	length increased .ft .m. due increased size payload range reduced nmi km.rqdnato alliance ground surveillance ags.rqe euro hawkversion bundeswehr based rqb equipped eads reconnaissance payload sigint.germany canceled order may received one five euro hawks originally ordered.mqc tritonfor usn broad area maritime surveillance bams role previously known rqn ordered total planned.eqbequipped battlefield airborne communications node bacn system.kqxproposed autonomous tanker variant.model scaled composites northrop grumman also offered armed smaller version rqa known scaled composites model part usaf hunterkiller program.aircraft rejected favor mq reaper.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	operators south korearepublic korea air force – ordered .first aircraft delivered december .japanjapan air selfdefense force – ordered november delivered september .purchase made contract worth usd.billion.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	natoalliance ground surveillance – ordered aircraft first delivered november .united statesunited states air forceair combat commandth reconnaissance wing – grand forks air force base north dakotath operations groupth reconnaissance squadron – naval air station sigonella italyth reconnaissance squadron – beale air force base californiath og detachment – andersen air force base guamth reconnaissance squadron – grand forks air force base north dakotad wingd test evaluation groupst test evaluation squadron – edwards air force base californiaair force reserve commandth wing – beale air force base californiath operations groupth reconnaissance squadron – beale air force base californiath expeditionary operations group – al dhafra ab united arab emirates since early rqb block rqb block eqb bacn rqa bamsdnasadryden flight research center accidents march usaf rqa crashed china lake naval weapons center.dec usaf rqa crashed returning aldhafra air base uae.jul usaf rqa crashed near shamsi ab pakistan due engine failure.august usaf eqb crashed southeast jalalabad afghanistan.
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	june usn rqa assigned navys bams program crashed near naval air station patuxent river maryland us.june usaf rqb crashed near lone pine california us.june usaf rqb crashed sea naval station rota spainaugust usaf rqb crashed near grand forks air force base north dakota.specifications rqb block data northrop grumman usafgeneral characteristicscrew onboard remote launch recovery element lre pilot mission control element mce pilot sensor operatorcapacity lb kglength ft .mwingspan .
Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk	ft .mheight .ft .mempty weight lb kggross weight lb kgpowerplant × rollsroyce frr turbofan engine lbf kn thrustperformancemaximum speed mph kmh kncruise speed mph kmh knrange mi km nmiendurance hoursservice ceiling ft mlifttodrag see also kqxunmanned aerial vehicleunmanned combat aerial vehiclerelated developmentnorthrop grumman mqc tritonaircraft comparable role configuration erageneral atomics mq reaperguizhou soar dragonlockheed martin rq darkstareads talarionrelated listslist active united states military aircraft references article contains material originally came web article unmanned aerial vehicles greg goebel exists public domain.external links rq global hawk u.s. air force fact sheetrqa global hawk tier ii hae uav.
Outlook Express	federation american scientistsglobal hawk rqab high altitude long endurance uav.defense updateraytheon product page global hawk integrated sensor suiteluftwaffe euro hawk page bundeswehr euro hawk pageresults global hawk accident investigation boardrq global hawk profile air attack.. bundled several versions microsoft windows windows windows server available windows .x windows nt .windows mac system mac os mac os .windows vista outlook express superseded windows mail.outlook express different application microsoft outlook.two programs share common codebase share common architectural philosophy.similar names lead many people conclude incorrectly outlook express strippeddown version microsoft outlook.
Outlook Express	outlook express uses windows address book store contact information integrates tightly it.windows xp also integrates windows messenger.history version .released microsoft internet mail news following internet explorer release.addon precedes internet mail profile microsoft exchange .
Outlook Express	bundled windows .version .released end .internet mail news handled plain text rich text rtf email lacking html email.in program changed renamed outlook express bundled internet explorer .windows executable file outlook express msimn.exe holdover internet mail news era.
Outlook Express	like internet explorer outlook express run mac system os os .at one point later beta version outlook express outlook express contained sophisticated adaptive spam filtering system however feature removed shortly launch.speculated various websites newsgroups time feature stable enough mass market.nearly two years later similar system using similar method adaptive filtering appeared feature microsoft outlook.internet explorer required outlook express save web archive files see mhtml.outlook express last version software outlook branding.similar layout outlook express .included windows xp.
Outlook Express	supported file formats .dbx – outlook express email folder.email outlook express email message.eml email message.idx outlook express mailbox index file.mbx outlook express mailbox.mim multipurpose internet mail message file.mime multipurpose internet mail extension.mstnef ms transport neutral encapsulation format.nch outlook express folder file.ods outlook express mailbox confused opendocument spreadsheet file.oeb outlook express backup wizard file.pab personal address book.pst outlook personal information store file.sig signature file.vcf vcard file.wab windows address book versions windows microsoft internet mail news .released internet explorer .microsoft internet mail news .released later .outlook express .included windows june integrated internet explorer stored messages .mbx files similar mbox format used unixbased systems.outlook express .included windows second edition se june integrated internet explorer switched .dbx files separate file mailbox folder.outlook express .
Outlook Express	included windows february integrated internet explorer ..outlook express .included windows june integrated internet explorer ..outlook express .included windows xp october integrated internet explorer .versions mac outlook express .included microsoft office macintosh edition.outlook express .
Outlook Express	integrated internet explorer .outlook express .bundled internet explorer ..outlook express .bundled internet explorer .. replacements builds outlook express appeared early builds windows vista development longhorn.relied winfs management storage contacts data.the final version vista included successor outlook express known windows mail vista.criticism email standards beginning textbased unix mail command email traditionally used inline bottom posting styles replying messages.
Outlook Express	outlook express well lotus notes microsoft outlook toppost show replies newest oldest default.microsoft outlook microsoft exchange use proprietary email attachment format called transport neutral encapsulation format tnef handle formatting features specific outlook meeting requests.outlook express email clients unable read format.confusing outlook express users well use email clients receive attachments sent outlook.database corruption outlook express prone number problems corrupt files database especially database increases size due increasing number stored emails database compaction.led thriving market software back restore recover corrupted files.
Outlook Express	opensource project called undbx also created seems successful recovering corrupt databases.microsoft also released documentation may able correct nonsevere problems restore access email messages without resorting thirdparty solutions.however latest updates applied outlook express makes backup copies dbx files prior compaction.stored recycle bin.error occurs compaction messages lost dbx files copied recycle bin.security issues outlook express one earlier email clients support html email scripts.
Outlook Express	result emails commonly infected viruses.previously another security flaw script could automatically opened attachment.another bug outlook expresss attachment handling allowed executable appear harmless attachment graphics file.opening previewing email could cause code run without users knowledge consent.outlook express uses internet explorer render html email.
Outlook Express	internet explorer subjected many security vulnerabilities concerns.with outlook express sp part windows xp sp microsoft tried correct security holes.outlook express blocks images inside emails default.uses restricted security zone html email disables scripts imposes restrictions web content rendered.also warns opening potentially malicious attachments.handling pgpmime signed messages outlook express correctly handle mime display body signed messages inline.
Outlook Express	users get filled email one attachment one message text one signature therefore need open attachment see email.email forwarded several times users need open attached email messages one inside multiple times reach parent email message.bug still rectified.proper behavior described rfc .when replying forwarding message user digital signature outlook express gives error allow user continue digital signature installed sender.extensibility outlook express documented object model like microsoft outlook.
Outlook Express	programmatic access control outlook express custom messaging applications plugins officially documented supported microsoft.istorenamespace istorefolder interfaces documented related storage.some companies managed create plugins hacking interface using windows hooks.significant one pgp plugin example working plugin whose source code available licensed gpl.companies provided commercial solutions develop addins.office spell checker incompatibility outlook express dedicated spell checker.
Outlook Express	use spell checkers microsoft office office also installed.however office spell checkers except french spell checker incompatible outlook express.microsoft acknowledged problem provide sort remedy.solution install preoffice proofing tools use third party spellchecking app outlook express.windows live mail based windows mails source code contains builtin spell checking support us english numerous languages freely downloadable windows xp.
Outlook Express	glitches unusual aspects cancelling sending email sent effectively prevent sent.similarly importing .pst files cancelling import progress merely cancels import current folder import resumes next folder.furthermore outlook express supports .dbx files smaller gb may performance problems dealing files approaching limit.see also list usenet newsreaderscomparison usenet newsreadersmicrosoft mailwindows messagingwindows mailwindows live mailapple mailwindows references external links differences outlook outlook express.support.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	microsoft.archived original april .yabo pablo march .reading writing messages outlook express.code project.much debate public access strong encryption.in apple inc. received objected challenged least orders issued united states district courts writs act .seek compel apple use existing capabilities extract data like contacts photos calls locked iphones running operating systems ios older order assist criminal investigations prosecutions.requests however involve phones extensive security protections apple current ability break.orders would compel apple write new software would let government bypass devices security unlock phones.the wellknown instance latter category february court case united states district court central district california.federal bureau investigation fbi wanted apple create electronically sign new software would enable fbi unlock workissued iphone c recovered one shooters december terrorist attack san bernardino california killed people injured .
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	two attackers later died shootout police first destroyed personal phones.work phone recovered intact locked fourdigit password set eliminate data ten failed password attempts common antitheft measure smartphones.apple declined create software hearing scheduled march .however day hearing supposed happen government obtained delay saying found third party able assist unlocking iphone.march government announced fbi unlocked iphone withdrew request.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	march los angeles times reported fbi eventually found farooks phone information work revealed nothing plot.in another case brooklyn magistrate judge ruled writs act could used compel apple unlock iphone.government appealed ruling dropped case april given correct passcode.background national security agency nsa introduced clipper chip encryption device acknowledged backdoor government access nsa proposed used phone encryption.proposal touched public debate known crypto wars clipper chip never adopted.it revealed part mass surveillance disclosures edward snowden nsa british government communications headquarters gchq access user data iphones blackberry android phones could read almost smartphone information including sms location emails notes.well leak stated apple part governments surveillance program since however apple per spokesman time never heard it.according new york times apple developed new encryption methods ios operating system versions later deep apple could longer comply government warrants asking customer information extracted devices.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	throughout prosecutors advocated u.s. government able compel decryption iphone contents.in september apple released white paper detailing security measures thennew ios operating system.iphone c model protected fourdigit pin code.ten incorrect attempts unlock phone wrong pin contents phone rendered inaccessible erasing aes encryption key protects stored data.according apple white paper ios includes device firmware upgrade dfu mode restoring device enters dfu mode returns known good state certainty unmodified applesigned code present.apple ordered assist fbi fbi recovered apple iphone c—owned san bernardino county california government—that issued employee syed rizwan farook one shooters involved december san bernardino attack.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	attack killed people seriously injured .two attackers died four hours attack shootout police previously destroyed personal phones.authorities able recover farooks work phone could unlock fourdigit passcode phone programmed automatically delete data ten failed password attempts.on february fbi announced unable unlock countyowned phone recovered due advanced security features including encryption user data.fbi first asked national security agency break phone unable since knowledge breaking devices commonly used criminals iphones.result fbi asked apple inc. create new version phones ios operating system could installed run phones random access memory disable certain security features apple refers govtos.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	apple declined due policy required never undermine security features products.fbi responded successfully applying united states magistrate judge sheri pym issue court order mandating apple create provide requested software.order subpoena rather issued writs act .court order called matter search apple iphone seized execution search warrant black lexus california license plate kgd filed united states district court central district california.the use writs act compel apple write new software unprecedented according legal experts likely prompt epic fight pitting privacy national security.also pointed implications legal precedent would established success action apple would go far beyond issues privacy.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	technical details order court order specified apple provide assistance accomplish followingit bypass disable autoerase function whether enabled userconfigurable feature ios automatically deletes keys needed read encrypted data ten consecutive incorrect attemptsit enable fbi submit passcodes subject device testing electronically via physical device port bluetooth wifi protocol availableit ensure fbi submits passcodes subject device software running device purposefully introduce additional delay passcode attempts beyond incurred apple hardwarethe order also specifies apples assistance may include providing software fbi coded apple unique identifier phone software would load execute subject devicethere much research analysis technical issues presented case since court order made available public.apples opposition order february order issued magistrate judge pym gave apple five days apply relief apple believed order unreasonably burdensome.apple announced intent oppose order citing security risks creation backdoor would pose towards customers.also stated government ever asked similar access.company given february fully respond court order.on day order issued chief executive officer tim cook released online statement apple customers explaining companys motives opposing court order.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	also stated respect fbi request made threatens data security establishing precedent u.s. government could use force technology company create software could undermine security products.said partthe united states government demanded apple take unprecedented step threatens security customers.oppose order implications far beyond legal case hand.moment calls public discussion want customers people around country understand stake.in response opposition february u.s. department justice filed new application urging federal judge compel apple comply order.new application stated company could install software phone premises fbi hacked phone via remote connection apple could remove destroy software.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	apple hired attorneys ted olson theodore j. boutrous jr. fight order appeal.the day apple revealed early january discussed fbi four methods access data iphone revealed footnote february application court one promising methods ruled mistake investigation attack.shooters phone recovered fbi asked san bernardino county owner phone reset password shooters icloud account order acquire data icloud backup.however rendered phone unable backup recent data icloud unless passcode entered.confirmed u.s. department justice added backup would insufficient would able recover enough information it.legal arguments government cited precedent united states v. new york telephone co. supreme court ruled writs act gave courts power demand reasonable technical assistance phone company accessing phone calling records.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	apple responded new york telephone already collecting data question course business something supreme court took note ruling.apple also asserts compelled write new software amounts compelled speech viewpoint discrimination violation first amendment.... stop government demanding apple write code turn microphone aid government surveillance activate video camera surreptitiously record conversations turn location services track phones user apple argued fbi made use governments tools employing resources nsa.hearing case scheduled march .san bernardino county district attorney michael ramos filed brief stating iphone may contain evidence lying dormant cyber pathogen could introduced san bernardino county computer network well identification possible third gunman alleged seen scene attack eyewitnesses.following day ramos told associated press know whether shooters compromised countys infrastructure way know sure gaining access iphone.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	statement criticized cybersecurity professionals improbable.tim cooks statements interview time magazine cover story cook said issue privacy versus security ... privacy security privacy safety versus security.cook also said golden age surveillance live in.information us much ten years ago five years ago.everywhere.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	leaving digital footprints everywhere.in march apple press conference cook talked ongoing conflict fbi saying responsibility protect data privacy.shrink responsibility.fbi withdrawal request march government requested granted delay saying third party demonstrated possible way unlock iphone question fbi needed time determine work.march fbi said unlocked iphone third partys help anonymous official said hacks applications limited department justice withdrew case.lawyer fbi stated using extracted information investigate case.on april fbi director james comey said tool used unlock iphone c like used san bernardino shooter well older iphone models lacking touch id sensor.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	comey also confirmed tool purchased third party would reveal source later indicating tool cost .million purchase rights technical details tool functions.although fbi able use technological means access cellphone data san bernardino shooters iphone c without aid apple law enforcement still expresses concern encryption controversy.some news outlets citing anonymous sources identified third party israeli company cellebrite.however washington post reported according anonymous people familiar matter fbi instead paid professional hackers used zeroday vulnerability iphones software bypass tentry limitation need cellebrites assistance.april washington post reported australian company azimuth security white hat hacking firm one help fbi.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	writs act cases involving iphones apple previously challenged u.s. department justices authority compel unlock iphone drug case united states district court eastern district new york brooklyn order requiring apple inc. assist execution search warrant issued court case number mc magistrate judge case james orenstein requested apples position issuing order.february judge orenstein denied governments request saying writs act cannot used force company modify products implications governments position farreaching – terms would allow today implies congressional intent – produce impermissibly absurd results.orenstein went criticize governments stance writing would absurd posit authority government sought anything obnoxious law.justice department appealed ruling district court judge margot brodie.apple requested delay fbi attempted access san bernardino iphone without apples help.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	april fbi succeeded justice department told brooklyn court intended press forward demand assistance april government withdrew request telling court individual suspect according press reports provided correct passcode.in addition san bernardino case brooklyn case apple received least nine different requests federal courts writs act iphone ipad products.apple objected requests.fact revealed apple court filings brooklyn case made request judge case.requests call upon apple use existing capabilities extract data like contacts photos calls locked iphones running operating systems ios older brooklyn case others involve phones extensive encryption apple cannot break presumably seek order apple design new software let government circumvent devices security protocols unlock phone san bernardino case.reactions national reactions apples opposition order mixed.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	cbs news poll sampled americans found respondents supported fbis stance supported apples stance.also surveyed americans smartphones divided two sides apples decision supported stance.support apple reform government surveillance coalition includes major tech firms microsoft facebook yahoo twitter linkedin indicated opposition order.march deadline large number amicus curiae briefs filed court numerous technology firms supporting apples position including joint brief amazon.com box cisco systems dropbox evernote facebook google lavabit microsoft mozilla nest labs pinterest slack technologies snapchat whatsapp yahoo.briefs american civil liberties union electronic frontier foundation access center democracy technology also supported apple.the think tank niskanen center suggested case doorintheface technique designed gain eventual approval encryption backdoors viewed revival crypto wars.u.s.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	representative mike honda democrat represented silicon valley region voiced support apple.on february series proapple protests organized fight future held outside apples stores locations.zeid raad alhussein united nations high commissioner human rights warned fbi potential extremely damaging implications human rights risk unlocking pandoras box investigation.general michael hayden former director nsa central intelligence agency march interview maria bartiromo fox business network supported apples position noting cia considers cyberattacks number one threat u.s. security saying may case weve got give things law enforcement even counter terrorism order preserve aspect cybersecurity.salihin kondoker whose wife shot attack survived filed friend court brief siding apple brief said understands software government wants use used millions innocent people.share fear.edward snowden said fbi already technical means unlock apples devices said global technological consensus fbi.mcafee founder libertarian party presidential primary candidate john mcafee publicly volunteered decrypt iphone used san bernardino shooters avoiding need apple build backdoor.later indicated method would employ extracting unique id inside processor chip difficult risks permanently locking phone seeking publicity.ron wyden democratic senator oregon noted privacy encryption advocate questioned fbis honesty concerning contents phone.said statement real questions whether fbi straight public apple case.support fbi families victims survivors attack indicated would file brief support fbi.the national sheriffs association suggested apples stance putting profit safety nothing privacy.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	federal law enforcement officers association association prosecuting attorneys national sheriffs association filed brief supporting fbi.with apples privacy policy customers way getting phone without persons master password.policy backdoor access phone law enforcement access persons private information.caused great dispute fbi apples encryption.apple closed backdoor law enforcement believe creating backdoor would make easier law enforcement also make easier criminal hackers gain access peoples personal data phone.former fbi director james comey says drifting place country zones beyond reach law.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	believes backdoor access crucial investigations without many criminals convicted.senator dianne feinstein california democrat vice chairman senate intelligence committee voiced opposition apple.candidates republican nomination u.s. presidential election dropped race february supported fbis position though several expressed concerns adding backdoors mobile phones.on february financial times reported bill gates founder microsoft sided fbi case.however gates later said interview bloomberg news doesnt state view this.added thought right balance safeguards need found courts congress debate provoked case valuable.san bernardino police chief jarrod burguan said interviewill honest think reasonably good chance nothing value phone.hoping might phone would potential contacts would obviously want talk to.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	effort leave stone unturned investigation.allow phone sit make effort get information data may inside phone simply fair victims families.manhattan district attorney cyrus vance jr. said wants apple unlock iphones offices cybercrime lab unable access adding apple directed able unlock phones court order independent judge proving demonstrating theres relevant evidence phone necessary individual case.fbi director comey testifying house judiciary committee compared apples iphone security guard dog saying asking apple take vicious guard dog away let us pick lock.apples ios later encryption mechanisms make difficult government get through.apple provided backdoor surveillance without companys discretion.however comey stated want backdoor method surveillance want use front door clarity transparency clear guidance provided law.believes special access required order stop criminals terrorists child molesters.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	many companies apple would give u.s. access due policies apple place users confidentiality.calls compromise democratic presidential candidates—former secretary state hillary clinton senator bernie sanders—suggested compromise found.u.s.defense secretary ashton carter called silicon valley federal government work together.squarely behind strong data security strong encryption question said.carter also added believer back doors.in address south southwest conference march president barack obama stated could comment specific case cannot take absolutist view encryption.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	view strong encryption matter create black boxes strike balance weve lived years.fetishizing phones every value.cant right answer.proposed legislation april u.s. senators richard burr dianne feinstein republican chair senior democrat senate intelligence committee respectively released draft legislation would authorize state federal judges order person provides product method facilitate communication processing storage data provide data intelligible form technical assistance unlocking encrypted data person distributes software devices must ensure capable complying order.freedom information act lawsuit september associated press vice media gannett owner usa today filed freedom information act foia lawsuit fbi seeking compel agency reveal hired unlock farooks iphone much paid.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	september federal court ruled media organizations granted summary judgment governments favor.court ruled company hacked iphone amount paid fbi national security secrets intelligence sources methods exempt disclosure foia court additionally ruled amount paid reflects confidential law enforcement technique procedure also falls foia exemption.inspector general investigation background august amy hess fbis executive assistant director raised concerns office inspector general alleging disagreement units operational technology division otd capability access farooks iphone namely cryptographic electronic analysis unit ceau remote operations unit rou.also alleged otd officials indifferent fbi leadership included giving possibly misleading testimony congress court orders capability.findings ultimately inspector generals march report found evidence otd withheld knowledge ability unlock farooks iphone time director comeys congressional testimony february march .
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	however report also found poor communication coordination ceau rou meant relevant personnel engaged outset.the rou chief named vice eric chuang said became aware access problem february meeting digital forensics analysis section dfas rou member.otd directors frequent contact investigation including discussions farooks iphone asst.dir.stephen richardson chief dfas john f. bennett believed time court order alternative.chuang claimed ceau chief didnt ask help due line sand using classified security tools domestic criminal cases.ceau chief denied line existed using classified techniques merely preference.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	nevertheless perception line resulted rou getting involved john bennetts february meeting asking anyone bureau help.once chuang got word soon learned trusted vendor almost percent way solution many months work asked prioritize completion.unnamed vendor came forward solution march successfully demonstrated fbi leadership march .us attorneys office informed next day withdrew court action apple march .when asked rou involved earlier chief technical surveillance section tss eric chuangs superior initially said lane handled exclusively dfas mandate.later claimed farooks phone discussed outset instruct unit chiefs contact outside vendors february .either event neither rou asked request help vendors midfebruary.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	time attorneys office filed february court order rou begun contacting vendors.the ceau chief unable say certainty rou consulted beforehand february th meeting final mopup court action filed.ceaus search solutions within fbi undocumented handled informally senior engineer ceau chief personally trusted checked everybody.on hand possible hess asking questions prompted february mopup meeting.ceaus search hess became concerned wasnt getting straight answers otd unit chiefs didnt know capabilities others.inspector general stated further... ceau chief may interested researching possible solutions instead focused unclassified techniques could readily disclosed court otd partner agencies already inhand.both hess chuang stated ceau chief seemed want use classified techniques appeared agenda pursuing favorable ruling apple.chuang described ceau chief definitely happy undermined legal case apple vented frustration him.hess said ceau chief wanted use case poster child resolve larger problem encrypted devices known going dark challenge.
FBI–Apple encryption dispute	challenge defined fbi changes technology hinder law enforcements ability exercise investigative tools follow critical leads.los angeles times reported march fbi unable access data seized devices investigations.unidentified method used unlock farooks phone costing million obtain quit working apple updated operating system.conclusion inspector generals report found statements fbis testimony congress accurate relied assumptions otd units coordinating effectively beginning.also believe miscommunication delayed finding technical solution accessing farooks iphone.
Calyx Institute	fbi disputed since vendor working project independently time.however according chuang described relationship holder vendor actively working complete solution moved front burner request tss chief agreed.in response inspector generals report fbi intended add new otd section consolidate resources address going dark problem improve coordination units.notes see also bernstein v. united states‍—‌a case software speechkey disclosure lawlist united states supreme court cases involving first amendment § compelled speechriley v. california‍—‌holding unconstitutional warrantless search cellphone arrest noting cellphones unique privacy implicationsunited states v. new york telephone co.‍—‌holding law enforcement officials may obtain court order forcing telephone companies install pen registers order record numbers called particular telephone.universal city studios inc. v. reimerdes‍—‌another case holding software form speechcrypto wars references external links burr encryption bill discussion draft leaked versionburr encryption bill discussion draft official versionapple faq controversyfbi directors comments disputeonline source legal filings dispute cryptomepr statement united states attorney eileen m. decker government request vacate order directing apple help access iphonehardware hack defeats iphone passcode securityfounded nicholas merrill micah anderson kobi snitz.history calyx institute founded may filing new york department state.original office consisted single desk law firm manhattan.calyx described article new york times also entered congressional record new nonprofit aims study protect consumers privacy.year washington post described organization promotes best practices regard privacy freedom expression telecommunications industry april declan mccullagh cnet published indepth profile institute plans develop best practices proofofconcept software running privacyfocused internet service provider phone company.
Calyx Institute	following month security publication cso online described organizations plan showing market demand privacy calyx institute hopes nudge telecoms positive direction intends release software developed open source model well underlying policies network designs.on december calyx institute received c determination letter irs giving status public charity making donations tax deductible extent allowed law.in moved manhattan brooklyn renting office space industry city development.in calyx institute signer open letter asking google transparent regarding user data shared law enforcement.leadership calyx institutes board directors originally consisted nicholas merrill micah anderson kobi snitz attorney carey shenkman joined board.the institute also advisory board january consists enrique piracés isabela bagueros jonathan askin matt mitchell sandra ordoñez sascha meinrath.past advisors included brian snow susan n. herman john perry barlow bob barr.funding majority calyx institutes funding comes membership program.early years received minor funding internews wau holland foundation ford foundation nlnet.
Calyx Institute	duckduckgo donated support calyxs mission following year selected participating organization privacy challenge crowdfunding campaign raised .the calyx institute accepts donations bitcoin allows anonymity requires email address acknowledgement desired.grantmaking calyx institute given grants financial assistance number organizations projects including cryptoharlem muckrocks hacking history project surveillance technology oversight project.tools calyxos fork android open source project aims give users better privacy control personal data.seedvault opensource data backup application android.calyx institute credited lineageos including seedvault backup.datura opensource firewall application built calyxos controlling perapp network access.calyx institute runs calyxvpn free vpn service require email address personally identifiable information user.based opensource system called leap uses openvpn.in january calyx institute announced set new xmpp chat service calyx xmpp service time unique forcing use endtoend encryption using offtherecord messaging leveraging dnssec dane well making accessible tor hidden service.in coalition organizations consisting eff freedom press foundation nyu law calyx institute berkman center created website called canary watch order provide compiled list companies providing warrant canaries prompt updates changes canarys state.

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