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Dhruva	commissioner shall promulgate rules necessary implementation subsection i.in los angeles city councilman greig smith announced intention make reversepin system mandatory atms city.references external links snopes.com reverse pin panic codepin number reversal use reverse pin contact police urban legendsatm security advise message enter pin reverse call policeatm pin number reverse outlook express tipsnarrative dhruva born son king uttānapāda son svayambhuva manu wife suniti.king also another son uttama born second queen suruchi preferred object affection.dhruva child five years age saw younger brother uttama sitting fathers lap kings throne.suruchi jealous older son first wife since dhruva would heir throne suruchis son cruelly scolded young dhruva efforts sit fathers lap.dhruva protested asked could allowed sit fathers lap suruchi berated saying go ask god born womb.
Dhruva	privilige.suniti gentle nature lesser favorite wife tried console distraught child dhruva determined hear fate lord himself.seeing firm resolve mother bade farewell set lonely journey forest.dhruva determined seek rightful place noticing resolve divine sage narada appeared tried desist assuming severe austerity upon early age.dhruvas fierce determination knew bounds astonished sage guided towards goal teaching rituals mantras meditate seeking lord vishnu.one mantra narada taught effectively used dhruva om namo bhagavate vasudevaya.
Dhruva	advised dhruva started meditation went without food water six months.austerity tapasya shook heavens vishnu appeared child would open eyes still merged inner vision vishnus form described narada.vishnu adopt strategy causing inner vision disappear.immediately dhruva opened eyes seeing outside seeing along mental vision bowed vishnu.could utter single word.
Dhruva	vishnu touched dhruvas right cheek divine conch sparked speech.poured forth beautiful poem praising vishnu powerful verses together called dhruvastuti.vishnu purana gives slightly different account here.vishnu pleased dhruvas tapasya penance asked ask varadāna grant wishes asked varadāna knowledge stuti hymn.persons would asked worldly heavenly pleasures moksha dhruva personal desire.renunciation desires regarded essential eternal peace hinduism meaning dhruvapada.
Dhruva	reason saptarshis decided give dhruva revered seat star pole star.having spent long time vishnus remembrance even forgot objective tapasya asked life memory vishnu.pleased tapasya vishnu granted wish decreed would attain dhruvapada state would become celestial body would even touched maha pralaya.dhruva returned kingdom warmly received family attained crown age six.ruled many decades fair manner.see also nachiketasaptarshidru yoga references sources mani vettam .puranic encyclopaedia comprehensive dictionary special reference epic puranic literature.
Dhruva	delhi motilal banarsidass.pp.–.isbn .external links dhruvas story vishnu puranadhruvas story bhagavatamabridged translation vishnu purana
Verizon Communications	company headquartered avenue americas midtown manhattan new york city incorporated delaware.in united states department justice mandated att corporation break bell system seven companies regional bell operating company rboc commonly referred baby bells.bell atlantic one baby bells came existence year.headquartered philadelphia became parent new jersey bell bell pennsylvania diamond state telephone cp telephone companies trading area new jersey virginia.as part rebranding baby bells mids bell atlantics operating companies assumed holding companys name.bell atlantic expanded new york new england states merging fellow baby bell nynex.bell atlantic surviving company merged company moved headquarters philadelphia nynexs old headquarters new york city.
Verizon Communications	bell atlantic acquired gte operated telecommunications companies across rest country already bell atlantics footprint.bell atlantic surviving entity changed name verizon portmanteau veritas latin truth horizon.in verizon expanded content ownership acquiring aol two years later acquired yahoo.aol yahoo amalgamated new division named oath inc. rebranded verizon media january spun rebranded yahoo sale apollo global management.as verizon one three remaining companies roots former baby bells.two like verizon exist result mergers among fellow former baby bell members.sbc communications bought bells former parent att corporation took att name centurylink acquired qwest formerly us west later became lumen technologies .verizons mobile network largest wireless carrier united states .
Verizon Communications	million subscribers end q .verizon publicly traded telecommunications company two stock listings home country nyse principal nasdaq secondary.also second largest telecommunications company revenue att.history bell atlantic – bell atlantic corporation created one original regional bell operating companies rbocs breakup bell system.bell atlantics original roster operating companies includedthe bell telephone company pennsylvanianew jersey belldiamond state telephonecp telephone comprising four subsidiariesbell atlantic originally operated states new jersey pennsylvania delaware maryland west virginia virginia well washington d.c.in ceo chairman raymond w. smith orchestrated bell atlantics merger nynex.
Verizon Communications	merged moved corporate headquarters philadelphia new york city.nynex consolidated name .merger equals – bell atlantic changed name verizon communications june federal communications commission approved us.billion merger telephone company gte nearly two years deal proposed july .approval came stipulations preserve competition local phone carriers including investing new markets broadband technologies.
Verizon Communications	new entity headed coceos charles lee former ceo gte bell atlantic ceo ivan seidenberg.verizon became largest local telephone company united states operating million telephone lines states.company also inherited million mobile phone customers.additionally verizon offered internet services longdistance calling new york expanding longdistance operations states.the name verizon derives combination words veritas latin truth horizon.name chosen candidates company spent million marketing new brand.two months fcc gave final approval formation verizon communications bell atlantic formed verizon wireless joint venture british telecommunications company vodafone april .companies established verizon wireless business operated bell atlantic owned venture.
Verizon Communications	vodafone retained company.deal valued approximately billion created mobile carrier million customers.verizon wireless merged bell atlantics wireless network vodafones airtouch primeco holdings wireless division gte.due size verizon wireless able offer national coverage competitive rates giving advantage regional providers typical time.during first operational year verizon wireless released mobile web internet service allowed customers access partner sites etrade abc news espn amazon.com ticketmaster msn well new every two program gave customers free phone every twoyear service contract program shut .another partnership msn verizon wireless launched mobile content service vzw msn phone utilized microsoft windows operating system.in august approximately verizon workers went day labor strike union contracts expired.
Verizon Communications	strike affected quarterly revenues resulting verizon wireless postponement companys initial public offering ipo ipo ultimately cancelled company longer needed raise revenue verizon wireless due increased profits created backlog repairs.strike involve company employees mostly line technicians user technicians company union.verizon launched g service doubled internet speed time kb per second.august verizon began offering local longdistance mobile calling well internet service bundle.initially available customers new york massachusetts.– june verizon wireless backed fccissued portability requirement permitted consumers take phone numbers across carriers.
Verizon Communications	company gained .million new subscribers following quarter partially due rule change.april dow jones industrial average added verizon communications stock market index.verizon replaced telecom competitor att part index since great depression.on december mail servers verizon.net configured accept connections europe default attempt reduce spam email originating region.individual domains would unblocked upon request.in verizon launched fios internet service transmits data fiber optic cables keller texas.
Verizon Communications	company launched fios tv september also keller.twenty percent qualified homes signed end .january fios offered channels eight states including highdefinition television channels video demand.in verizon launched v cast multimedia service allowed people download apps music ringtones videos.mci acquisition verizon began negotiations purchase longdistance carrier mci accepted companys initial .billion offer february received higher offer qwest communications.
Verizon Communications	verizon increased bid .billion .share mci accepted march .acquisition gave company access mcis million corporate clients international holdings expanding verizons presence global markets.result verizon business established new division serve companys business government customers.
Verizon Communications	fcc approved deal november valuing .billion.verizons revenues rose much following purchase.– may usa today reported verizon well att bellsouth given national security agency landline phone records following september attacks.month billion lawsuit filed two lawyers behalf verizon subscribers privacy violations prevent company releasing additional records without consent warrant.
Verizon Communications	protesters staged national day outrage due part controversy.verizon stated fulfilled lawful demands information also acknowledged surrendering customer information government agencies without court orders warrants times .in february verizon added new service v cast called v cast mobile tv took advantage verizons multiple cellular technologies evdo allowing people highend devices watch tv device.in march verizon lawsuit vonage patent infringement.three patents named filed bell atlantic relate conversion ip addresses phone numbers key technology vonages business.company awarded us million damages future royalties.vonage later lost appeal ordered pay verizon million.in may verizon acquired cybertrust privately held provider global information security services.in september verizon wireless reversed controversial decision deny naral prochoice america short code organization could text consumers signed messaging group.
Verizon Communications	company initially refused group access code reserving right block controversial unsavory messages.in november verizon opened networks third party apps devices first time decision allowed participate fccs mhz auction open access spectrum.auction company bid .billion bulk national local licenses airwaves reaching approximately million people.verizon utilized increased spectrum g service.in june verizon wireless purchased wireless carrier alltel .billion.
Verizon Communications	acquisition included million customers allowed verizon wireless surpass att number customers reach new markets rural areas.in october verizon wireless paid .million refunds fcc penalties overcharging million customers data services.company stated overcharges accidental amounted dollars per customer.on february chan began receiving reports verizon wireless customers difficulties accessing sites image boards.administrators site found traffic port boards.chan.org domain affected leading believe block intentional.february verizon wireless confirmed chan.org explicitly blocked verizons security external experts detected sweep attacks coming ip address associated chan network.
Verizon Communications	traffic restored several days later.in august chairmen verizon google agreed network neutrality defined limited.in december verizon introduced g lte network markets well airports seven additional cities.company planned threeyear continuous expansion g service.selling wirelines – verizon divested wireline operations several states order focus wireless fios internet fios tv businesses.sold lines hawaii spun lines maine new hampshire vermont january purchased fairpoint communications .billion.
Verizon Communications	verizon also shed telephone directory business .in may company spun wirelines arizona idaho illinois indiana michigan nevada north carolina ohio oregon south carolina washington west virginia wisconsin company merged frontier communications deal valued .billion.verizon sold wireline operations texas florida california frontier.–present january verizon acquired terremark information technology services company .billion.
Verizon Communications	ivan seidenberg retired verizons ceo august succeeded lowell mcadam.in december nonpartisan organization public campaign criticized verizon tax avoidance procedures spent .million lobbying collecting million tax rebates making profit .billion.report also criticized verizon increasing executive pay top five executives laying workers .however form k filed sec february verizon reported paid .
Verizon Communications	billion taxes including income employment property taxes .addition company reported k drop employment since due voluntary retirement offer.in june verizon purchased hughes telematics producer wireless features automobiles million part strategy expand new growth areas wireless business.month verizons e service failed aftermath june derecho storm several northern virginia suburbs washington d.c. problems lasting several days.fcc conducted investigation released report detailing problems led failure january .verizon reported already addressed addressing number issues related fcc report including causes generator failures conducting audits backup systems making monitoring systems less centralized although fcc indicated verizon still needed make additional improvements.in july fcc ruled verizon must stop charging users added fee using g smartphones tablets wifi hotspots known tethering.
Verizon Communications	verizon charging customers even unlimited plans per month tethering.part settlement verizon made voluntary payment .million u.s. treasury.in august department justice approved verizons purchase advanced wireless services aws spectrum consortium cable companies including comcast time warner cable bright house networks .billion.verizon began expanding lte network utilizing extra airwaves october .in december verizon officially shut v cast components.
Verizon Communications	following verizon introduced viewdini tv movie streaming app.also made deal nfl app people could watch live nfl events.deal expired .on june guardian reported obtained order federal bureau investigation fbi approved united states foreign intelligence surveillance court required verizon provide nsa telephone metadata calls originating u.s. verizon wireless part nsa data collection wireless accounts due foreign ownership issues.in september verizon purchased stake verizon wireless previously owned vodafone billion.deal closed february became third largest corporate deal ever signed giving verizon communications sole ownership verizon wireless.on january dc circuit court appeals struck fccs net neutrality rules verizon filed suit january .june page ruling united states court appeals district columbia circuit upheld – vote fccs net neutrality rules fccs determination broadband access public utility rather luxury.
Verizon Communications	att telecom industry said would seek appeal decision supreme court.on january wall street journal reported verizon received requests information subscribers national security grounds via national security letters.total verizon received requests federal state local law enforcement u.s. customer information.may verizon agreed pay million settle federal state investigations allegations mobile customers improperly billed premium text messages.in late october verizon wireless launched technology news website sugarstring.publication attracted controversy reported writers forbidden publishing articles related net neutrality domestic surveillance.although verizon denied case site described pilot project shuttered december.in august verizon launched hum service device offering vehicle diagnostic monitoring tools vehicles.
Verizon Communications	august verizon announced acquisition fleetmatics fleet telematics system company dublin ireland .billion build products offers enterprises logistics mobile workforces.september verizon announced acquisition sensity startup led sensors effort bolster iot portfolio.in october verizon accused communications workers america deliberately refusing maintain copper telephone service.organization released internal memos documents stating verizon workers pennsylvania instructed areas network problems migrate voiceonly customers voicelink system delivers telephone service verizon wireless network instead repairing copper lines.voicelink limitations including incompatibility services devices require transmission data telephone line dependency battery backup case power failure.
Verizon Communications	memo warned technicians follow procedure would subject disciplinary action including dismissal.verizon spokesperson responded allegations stating companys top priority restore service customers quickly possible voicelink means event larger repairs done infrastructure.spokesperson stated hard argue disciplining someone intentionally leaves customer without service.in november verizon acquired mapping startup socialradar whose technology would integrated mapquest.on january washington post reported verizon talks merge charter communications.in verizon partnered alley develop number coworking spaces name alley powered verizon.on march verizon sued new york city violating cable franchise agreement required provider pass fiberoptic network households city june .verizon disputed claims citing landlords granting permission install equipment properties understanding government fiber network would follow routes copper lines necessarily mean would pass lines front every property.on april verizon invested million renovo auto autonomous vehicle company based campbell california.verizon connect created combining individual telematics fleetmatics telogis units.on december verizon announced managers agreed leave company part voluntary separation program offered employees resulting cut around workforce.time company announced .
Verizon Communications	billion writeoff media division citing increased competitive market pressures throughout resulted lowerthanexpected revenues earning.on january verizon announced would offer antispam robocalling features free charge customers beginning march.in april verizon began rolling g mobile network active cities end year.unlike u.s. carriers verizon uses millimeterwave mmwave spectrum g network.capable high speeds mmwave limited range poor building penetration.on january verizon announced launch privacyfocused search engine onesearch.on may verizon acquired videoconferencing service bluejeans order expand business portfolio offerings particularly unified communications offerings.price acquisition announced believed sub million range.transaction expected close second quarter .in september verizon announced plans acquire tracfone wireless business unit mexican telecom business america movil .
Verizon Communications	billion.deal approved fcc november closed following day.in october verizon collaborated apple bring g connectivity apples iphone lineup.acquisition aol yahoo may verizon announced would acquire aol per share deal valued around .billion.following year verizon announced would acquire core internet business yahoo .
Verizon Communications	billion.following completion acquisitions verizon created new division called oath includes aol yahoo brands.sale include yahoos stakes alibaba group yahoo japan.on march verizon announced would discontinue email services provided internet subscribers migrate aol mail.on may verizon ceo lowell mcadam confirmed companys plan launch streaming tv service.integrated aolyahoo operation housed newly created oath division would organized around key contentbased pillars.on june verizon completed acquisition yahoo .billion.in may verizon announced media group including aol yahoo would sold apollo global management billion verizon retaining stake division.
Verizon Communications	finances fiscal year verizon reported earnings us.billion annual revenue us.billion increase .previous fiscal cycle.verizons shares traded per share market capitalization valued us.
Verizon Communications	billion october .years verizon top fortune listings corporations united states total revenue.states company offers internet traditional landline phone voip home security premium television web hosting wholesale data nine states footprint across eastern united states.marketing campaigns since inception verizon communications run several marketing campaigns including hear hear campaign created newly formed verizon wireless started running featured actor paul marcarelli role test man character based verizon network tester travels country asking hear now.campaign originally conceived new york agency bozell ran early september .
Verizon Communications	data technology tracking firm yankee group showed early years campaign net customers grew .million .million .addition customer turnover dropped ..
Verizon Communications	.marcarelli parted ways verizon spokesperson sprint.theres map theres map campaign launched late designed parody atts theres app campaign.ads depicted sidebyside comparison verizon att network coverage maps.early november att filed lawsuit atlanta federal court claiming coverage maps used ads misleading.
Verizon Communications	suit dropped later month conjunction verizon dropping similar suit att.thats cool verizon joined ad council partnership family violence prevention fund office violence women create thats cool public service advertising campaign.designed help teens recognize prevent digital dating abuse ads run wireless mobile web service verizon fios internet tv.powerful answers january verizon launched powerful answers campaign designed agency mcgarrybowen.campaign centered around contest million prizes offered individuals finding solutions worlds biggest challenges making use verizons cloud broadband wireless networks.
Verizon Communications	winners inaugural competition announced consumer electronics show.israelbased tinytap education category smart vision labs newport rhode island healthcare category mosaic inc. oakland california sustainability category.inspire mind june verizon launched inspire mind campaign created agency akqa.designed encourage girls interest science technology engineering math aimed address findings national science foundation whose research showed percent fourthgrade girls said interested science math yet percent college students engineering math women.flipside stories neversettle february verizon launched flipside stories ad campaign featuring neversettle hashtag.
Verizon Communications	ads showed dramatized testimonials people without verizon wireless verizon fios services.better matters verizon started using slogan better matters reference networks.humanability campaign verizon launched humanability campaign .company aimed ads showcase consumers investors diversification revenue sources technology beyond smartphones.include online advertising data collection internet things smart cities telematics media.
Verizon Communications	corporate governance executives hans vestberg chairman ceomanon brouillette executive vice president group ceo verizon consumertami erwin executive vice president group ceo verizon business corporate responsibility verizon foundation philanthropic arm verizon communications donates million per year nonprofit organizations focus education domestic violence prevention energy management.verizons educational initiatives focused stem fields including national competition students develop mobile application concepts verizon innovative learning schools program providing professional development teachers underserved areas providing students wireless hardware services part president obamas connected program.company also runs hopeline provided mobile phones approximately victims domestic violence program offers grants victims domestic violence start grow homebased businesses.part initiative reduce companys carbon intensity metrics percent verizon announced planned investment solar panels natural gas fuel cells facilities.increased capacity would make verizon leading solar power producer among u.s. communications companies.on february verizon first entered green bond market issue billion.
Verizon Communications	sale oversubscribed meaning investors bids billion.verizon plans invest money renewable energy instance developing solar wind energy energyefficient projects involving technology equipment replacement deployment g wireless technologies allowing realtime response energy demand smart building management city systems green buildings sustainable water management also biodiversity conservation.according cbonds newly issued green bonds .coupon rate mature august .goldman sachs bank america merrill lynch bookrunners deal.criticism security concerns according google project zero researcher tavis ormandy verizon applies simplistic certification methodology give excellence information security testing award e.g.
Verizon Communications	comodo group.focuses gui functions instead testing security relevant features.detected chromodo browser disabling sameorigin policy vncdelivered default weak authentication enabling address space layout randomization aslr scanning using access control lists acls throughout product.net neutrality verizon comcast actively lobbying current changes fccs regulations require internet service providers offer content one internet speed regardless type content since early s. verizon unsuccessfully sued fcc powers.verizon admitted throttling content competitors including netflix youtube.
Verizon Communications	deceptive advertising g may better business bureau criticized verizon claiming building powerful g experience america recommended company make clear conspicuous disclosures consumers limited actual availability g network.verizon cited better business bureau march ads convey message verizon achieved important milestone deploying first mobile wireless g network prior g availability falsely conveying technology currently available.privacy verizon onestar privacy rating electronic frontier foundation.sponsorships venues verizon title sponsor several large performance sports venues well sponsor many major sporting organizations.national hockey league january verizon secured exclusive marketing promotional rights national hockey league.
Verizon Communications	deal extended another three years included new provisions league provide exclusive content verizons gamecenter app.motorsports verizon sponsored justin allgaier nascar nationwide series chose opt twoyearold nascar team sponsorship penske racing order pursue expanded presence indycar series.march verizon became title sponsor series .verizon also sponsored race nascar cup series season verizon brickyard indianapolis motor speedway.national football league late verizon communications joined vodafone group joint partnership replace sprint official wireless telecommunications partner national football league.fouryear deal estimated million.
Verizon Communications	june verizon announced fouryear extension nfl deal reportedly valued billion.new agreement gave verizon right stream every nfl regularseason playoff game.usa team handball january verizon became founding partner usa team handball year option extend deal .jersey sponsor mens womens national handball team mens womens national beach handball teams.presenter usa team handball college nationals.in usa team handball ceo barry siff planning create american professional team handball league sponsored verizon.
Verizon Communications	planning owners end .planning launch league teams team initially worth million million want cooperate nba nhl owners onetenant arena situations.create multisports clubs like fc barcelona paris saintgermain.venues main home concert hall philadelphia orchestra kimmel center performing arts named verizon hall.verizon former sponsor number sporting entertainment arenas including simmons bank arena formerly verizon arena north little rock arkansas mayo clinic health system event center formerly verizon center mankato minnesota snhu arena manchester new hampshire originally known verizon wireless arena september southern new hampshire university acquired naming rights period least years.verizon also title sponsor entertainment amphitheaters locations throughout united states including four individually referred verizon wireless amphitheatre irvine california maryland heights missouri selma texas alpharetta georgia.verizon former sponsor capital one arena washington dc.
Database encryption	see also list united states telephone companies references external links official websitebell operating companies bell system memorialbusiness data verizon communications inctherefore said purpose database encryption protect data stored database accessed individuals potentially malicious intentions.act encrypting database also reduces incentive individuals hack aforementioned database meaningless encrypted data little use hackers.multiple techniques technologies available database encryption important detailed article.transparentexternal database encryption transparent data encryption often abbreviated tde used encrypt entire database therefore involves encrypting data rest.data rest generally defined inactive data currently edited pushed across network.
Database encryption	example text file stored computer rest opened edited.data rest stored physical storage media solutions tapes hard disk drives.act storing large amounts sensitive data physical storage media naturally raises concerns security theft.tde ensures data physical storage media cannot read malicious individuals may intention steal them.data cannot read worthless thus reducing incentive theft.
Database encryption	perhaps important strength attributed tde transparency.given tde encrypts data said applications need altered order tde run correctly.important note tde encrypts entirety database well backups database.transparent element tde fact tde encrypts page level essentially means data encrypted stored decrypted called systems memory.contents database encrypted using symmetric key often referred database encryption key.
Database encryption	columnlevel encryption order explain columnlevel encryption important outline basic database structure.typical relational database divided tables divided columns rows data.whilst tde usually encrypts entire database columnlevel encryption allows individual columns within database encrypted.important establish granularity columnlevel encryption causes specific strengths weaknesses arise compared encrypting entire database.firstly ability encrypt individual columns allows columnlevel encryption significantly flexible compared encryption systems encrypt entire database tde.
Database encryption	secondly possible use entirely unique separate encryption key column within database.effectively increases difficulty generating rainbow tables thus implies data stored within column less likely lost leaked.main disadvantage associated columnlevel database encryption speed loss thereof.encrypting separate columns different unique keys database cause database performance decrease additionally also decreases speed contents database indexed searched.fieldlevel encryption experimental work done providing database operations like searching arithmetical operations encrypted fields without need decrypt them.
Database encryption	strong encryption required randomized different result must generated time.known probabilistic encryption.fieldlevel encryption weaker randomized encryption allows users test equality without decrypting data.filesystemlevel encryption encrypting file system efs important note traditional database encryption techniques normally encrypt decrypt contents database.databases managed database management systems dbms run top existing operating system os.
Database encryption	raises potential security concern encrypted database may running accessible potentially vulnerable operating system.efs encrypt data part database system implies scope encryption efs much wider compared system tde capable encrypting database files.whilst efs widen scope encryption also decreases database performance cause administration issues system administrators require operating system access use efs.due issues concerning performance efs typically used databasing applications require frequent database input output.order offset performance issues often recommended efs systems used environments users.
Database encryption	full disk encryption bitlocker performance concerns associated efs.symmetric asymmetric database encryption symmetric database encryption symmetric encryption context database encryption involves private key applied data stored called database.private key alters data way causes unreadable without first decrypted.data encrypted saved decrypted opened given user knows private key.thus data shared database receiving individual must copy secret key used sender order decrypt view data.
Database encryption	clear disadvantage related symmetric encryption sensitive data leaked private key spread individuals access data.however given one key involved encryption process generally said speed advantage symmetric encryption.asymmetric database encryption asymmetric encryption expands symmetric encryption incorporating two different types keys encryption method private public keys.public key accessed anyone unique one user whereas private key secret key unique known one user.scenarios public key encryption key whereas private key decryption key.
Database encryption	example individual would like send message individual b using asymmetric encryption would encrypt message using individual bs public key send encrypted version.individual b would able decrypt message using private key.individual c would able decrypt individual message individual cs private key individual bs private key.asymmetric encryption often described secure comparison symmetric database encryption given private keys need shared two separate keys handle encryption decryption processes.performance reasons asymmetric encryption used key management rather encrypt data usually done symmetric encryption.
Database encryption	key management symmetric asymmetric database encryption section introduced concept public private keys basic examples users exchange keys.act exchanging keys becomes impractical logistical point view many different individuals need communicate eachother.database encryption system handles storage exchange keys.process called key management.encryption keys managed stored properly highly sensitive data may leaked.
Database encryption	additionally key management system deletes loses key information encrypted via said key essentially rendered lost well.complexity key management logistics also topic needs taken consideration.number application firm uses increases number keys need stored managed increases well.thus necessary establish way keys applications managed single channel also known enterprise key management.enterprise key management solutions sold great number suppliers technology industry.
Database encryption	systems essentially provide centralised key management solution allows administrators manage keys system one hub.thus said introduction enterprise key management solutions potential lessen risks associated key management context database encryption well reduce logistical troubles arise many individuals attempt manually share keys.hashing hashing used database systems method protect sensitive data passwords however also used improve efficiency database referencing.inputted data manipulated hashing algorithm.hashing algorithm converts inputted data string fixed length stored database.
Database encryption	hashing systems two crucially important characteristics outlined.firstly hashes unique repeatable.example running word cat hashing algorithm multiple times always yield hash however extremely difficult find word return hash cat does.secondly hashing algorithms reversible.relate back example provided would nearly impossible convert output hashing algorithm back original input cat.
Database encryption	context database encryption hashing often used password systems.user first creates password run hashing algorithm saved hash.user logs back website password enter run hashing algorithm compared stored hash.given fact hashes unique hashes match said user inputted correct password.one example popular hash function sha secure hash algorithm .
Database encryption	salting one issue arises using hashing password management context database encryption fact malicious user could potentially use input hash table rainbow table specific hashing algorithm system uses.would effectively allow individual decrypt hash thus access stored passwords.solution issue salt hash.salting process encrypting password database.information added string hashed difficult becomes collate rainbow tables.
Database encryption	example system may combine users email password single hash.increase complexity hash means far difficult thus less likely rainbow tables generated.naturally implies threat sensitive data loss minimised salting hashes.pepper systems incorporate pepper addition salts hashing systems.pepper systems controversial however still necessary explain use.
Database encryption	pepper value added hashed password salted.pepper often unique one website service important note pepper usually added passwords saved database.theory inclusion peppers password hashing systems potential decrease risk rainbow input hash tables given systemlevel specificity peppers however real world benefits pepper implementation highly disputed.applicationlevel encryption applicationlevel encryption process encrypting data completed application used generate modify data encrypted.essentially means data encrypted written database.
Database encryption	unique approach encryption allows encryption process tailored user based information entitlements roles application knows users.according eugene pilyankevich applicationlevel encryption becoming good practice systems increased security requirements general drift toward perimeterless exposed cloud systems.advantages applicationlevel encryption one important advantages applicationlevel encryption fact applicationlevel encryption potential simplify encryption process used company.application encrypts data writesmodifies database secondary encryption tool need integrated system.second main advantage relates overarching theme theft.given data encrypted written server hacker would need access database contents well applications used encrypt decrypt contents database order decrypt sensitive data.
Database encryption	disadvantages applicationlevel encryption first important disadvantage applicationlevel encryption applications used firm need modified encrypt data themselves.potential consume significant amount time resources.given nature opportunity cost firms may believe applicationlevel encryption worth investment.addition applicationlevel encryption may limiting effect database performance.data database encrypted multitude different applications becomes impossible index search data database.
Database encryption	ground reality form basic example would impossible construct glossary single language book written languages.lastly complexity key management increases multiple different applications need authority access encrypt data write database.risks database encryption discussing topic database encryption imperative aware risks involved process.first set risks related key management.private keys managed isolated system system administrators malicious intentions may ability decrypt sensitive data using keys access to.
LulzSec	fundamental principle keys also gives rise potentially devastating risk keys lost encrypted data essentially lost well decryption without keys almost impossible.referencesgroup also claimed responsibility taking cia website offline.security professionals commented lulzsec drawn attention insecure systems dangers password reuse.gained attention due high profile targets sarcastic messages posted aftermath attacks.one founders lulzsec computer security specialist hector monsegur used online moniker sabu.later helped law enforcement track members organization part plea deal.
LulzSec	least four associates lulzsec arrested march part investigation.prior british authorities announced arrests two teenagers alleged lulzsec members going pseudonyms tflow topiary.at midnight bst ut june lulzsec released days lulz statement claimed final release confirming lulzsec consisted six members website shut down.sudden disbandment group unexpected.final release included accounts passwords many different sources.despite claims retirement group committed another hack newspapers owned news corporation july defacing false reports regarding death rupert murdoch.
LulzSec	group also helped launch operation antisec joint effort involving lulzsec anonymous hackers.background history federal indictment members contends prior forming hacking collective known lulzsec six members part another collective called internet feds group rivalry anonymous.name group attacked websites belonging fine gael hbgary fox broadcasting company.includes alleged incident email messages stolen hbgary accounts.may following publicity surrounding hbgary hacks six members internet feds founded group lulzsec.the groups first recorded attack fox.coms website though still may using name internet feds time.
LulzSec	claimed responsibility leaking information including passwords altering several employees linkedin profiles leaking database x factor contestants containing contact information contestants.claimed rapper common referred vile air.lulzsec drew name neologism lulz lol laughing loud represents laughter sec short security.wall street journal characterized attacks closer internet pranks serious cyberwarfare group claimed possess capability stronger attacks.gained attention part due brazen claims responsibility lighthearted taunting corporations hacked.frequently referred internet memes defacing websites.
LulzSec	group emerged may successfully attacked websites several major corporations.specialized finding websites poor security stealing posting information online.used wellknown straightforward methods sql injection attack target websites.several media sources described tactics grey hat hacking.members group may involved previous attack security firm hbgary.the group used motto laughing security since website created june played theme love boat.
LulzSec	announced exploits via twitter website often accompanied lighthearted ascii art drawings boats.website also included bitcoin donation link help fund activities.ian paul pc world wrote name suggests lulzsec claims interested mocking embarrassing companies exposing security flaws rather stealing data criminal purposes.group also critical white hat hackers claiming many corrupted employers.some security community contended group raised awareness widespread lack effective security hackers.credited inspiring lulzraft group implicated several highprofile website hacks canada.in june group took suggestions sites hit denialofservice attacks.
LulzSec	group redirected telephone numbers different customer support lines including line world warcraft magnets.com fbi detroit office.group claimed sent five calls per second sources overwhelming support officers.june guardian released leaked logs one groups irc chats revealing core group small group hackers leader sabu exercised large control groups activities.also revealed group connections anonymous though formally affiliated it.lulzsec members prominent anonymous members including member topiary.at midnight utc june lulzsec released days lulz statement claimed final release confirming lulzsec consisted six members website taken down.
LulzSec	group claimed planned active fifty days beginning.quitting afraid law enforcement.press getting bored us getting bored us group member said interview associated press.members group reported joined anonymous members continue antisec operation.however despite claiming retire group remained communication attacked websites british newspapers times sun july leaving false story death owner rupert murdoch.
LulzSec	former members associates lulzsec consisted seven core members.online handles seven established various attempts hacking groups release personal information group members internet leaked irc logs published guardian confirmation group itself.sabu – one groups founders seemed act kind leader group sabu would often decide targets attack next could participate attacks.may part anonymous group hacked hbgary.various attempts release real identity claimed information technology consultant strongest hacking skills group knowledge python programming language.thought sabu involved media outrage cast using skype anonymous.sabu sabu arrested june identified yearold unemployed man new york’s lower east side.
LulzSec	august pleaded guilty several hacking charges agreed cooperate fbi.following seven months successfully unmasked members group.sabu identified backtrace security hector montsegur march pdf publication named namshub.topiary – topiary also suspected former member anonymous used perform media relations including hacking website westboro baptist church live interview.topiary ran lulzsec twitter account daily basis following announcement lulzsecs dissolution deleted posts twitter page except one stated cannot arrest idea.police arrested man shetland united kingdom suspected topiary july .
LulzSec	man later identified jake davis charged five counts including unauthorized access computer conspiracy.indicted conspiracy charges march .kaylakms – ryan ackroyd london another unidentified individual known lol shock.ofgod lulzsec chat logs.kayla owned botnet used group distributed denialofservice attacks.botnet reported consisted infected computer servers.kayla involved several highprofile attacks group gnsis.
LulzSec	kayla also may participated anonymous operation hbgary.kayla reportedly wiretapped cia agents anonymous operation.kayla also involved media outrage skype handle pastorhoudaille.kayla suspected something deputy sabu found vulnerabilities allowed lulzsec access united states senate systems.one men behind handle kayla identified ryan ackroyd london arrested indicted conspiracy charges march .tflow – real name mustafa albassam fourth founding member group identified chat logs attempts identify labelled php coder web developer performer scams paypal.
LulzSec	group placed charge maintenance security groups website lulzsecurity.com.london metropolitan police announced arrest yearold hacker going handle tflow july .avunit – one core seven members group founding member.left group selflabelled fuck fbi friday.also affiliated anonymous anonops hq.avunit one core seven members identified.pwnsauce – pwnsauce joined group around time avunit became one core members.
LulzSec	identified darren martyn ireland indicted conspiracy charges march .irish national worked local chapter leader open web application security project resigning one week arrest.palladium – identified donncha ocearbhaill ireland indicted conspiracy march .anarchaos – identified jeremy hammond chicago arrested access device fraud hacking charges.also charged hacking attack u.s. security company stratfor december .said member anonymous.ryan cleary sometimes used handle viral.cleary faced sentence months relation attacks us air force others.
LulzSec	ideology lulzsec appear hack financial profit claiming main motivation fun causing mayhem.things lulz focused possible comedic entertainment value attacking targets.group occasionally claimed political message.hacked pbs stated retaliation perceived unfair treatment wikileaks frontline documentary entitled wikisecrets.page inserted pbs website included title free bradley manning.
LulzSec	fuck frontline june announcement operation antisecurity contained justification attacks government targets citing supposed government efforts dominate control internet ocean accusing corruption breaching privacy.news media often described grey hat hackers.karim hijazi ceo security company unveillance accused group blackmailing offering attack company affiliates exchange money.lulzsec responded claiming hijazi offered pay attack business opponents never intended take money him.lulzsec denied responsibility misuse data breached released.instead placed blame users reused passwords multiple websites companies inadequate security place.in june group released manifesto outlining performed hacks website takedowns reiterating things find entertaining watching results priceless.
LulzSec	also claimed drawing attention computer security flaws holes.contended many hackers exploit steal user information without releasing names publicly telling people may possibly hacked.lulzsec said releasing lists hacked usernames informing public vulnerable websites gave users opportunity change names passwords elsewhere might otherwise exploited businesses would alarmed would upgrade security.the groups later attacks political tone.claimed want expose racist corrupt nature military law enforcement.also expressed opposition war drugs.
LulzSec	lulzsecs operation antisecurity characterized protest government censorship monitoring internet.question answer session bbc newsnight lulzsec member whirlpool aka topiary said politically motivated ethical hacking fulfilling.claimed loosening copyright laws rollback sees corrupt racial profiling practices groups goals.initial targets groups first attacks came may .first recorded target fox.com retaliated called common rapper entertainer vile fox news channel.
LulzSec	leaked several passwords linkedin profiles names x factor contestants.soon may released transaction logs automated teller machines united kingdom.may members lulz security gained international attention hacking american public broadcasting system pbs website.stole user data posted fake story site claimed tupac shakur biggie smalls still alive living new zealand.aftermath attack cnn referred responsible group lulz boat.lulz security claimed hacks including attack pbs motivated desire defend wikileaks chelsea manning.
LulzSec	fox news report group quoted one commentator brandon pike claimed lulz security affiliated hacktivist group anonymous.lulz security claimed pike actually hired hack pbs.pike denied accusation claimed leveled said lulz security splinter anonymous.in june members group claimed responsibility attack sony pictures took data included names passwords email addresses home addresses dates birth thousands people.group claimed used sql injection attack motivated sonys legal action george hotz jailbreaking playstation .group claimed would launch attack would beginning end sony.
LulzSec	compromised user information subsequently used scams.group claimed compromised accounts though sony claimed real number around .corporate attacks lulz security attempted hack nintendo group nintendo report particularly valuable information found hackers.lulzsec claimed mean harm nintendo declaring targeting nintendo.like n much — sincerely hope nintendo plugs gap.on june reports emerged lulzsec hacked stole user information pornography website obtained published around email addresses passwords.
LulzSec	among information stolen records two users subscribed using email addresses associated malaysian government three users subscribed using united states military email addresses users lulzsec claimed administrators adultoriented websites.following breach facebook locked accounts users used published email addresses also blocked new facebook accounts opened using leaked email addresses fearing users site would get hacked lulzsec encouraged people try see people used identical user name password combinations facebook well.lulzsec hacked bethesda game studios network posted information taken network onto internet though refrained publishing compromised accounts.lulzsec posted twitter regarding attack bethesda broke site two months ago.weve brink users weeks please fix junk thankson june lulzsec took four websites request fans part titanic takedown tuesday.websites minecraft league legends escapist security company finfisher.
LulzSec	also attacked login servers massively multiplayer online game eve online also disabled games frontfacing website league legends login servers.takedowns performed distributed denialofservice attacks.june lulzsec took main server games heroes newerth another phone request.claimed heroes newerth master login server down.need treatment.
LulzSec	also dota better.on june lulzsec posted random assortment emails passwords mediafire.lulzsec stated released return supporters flooding chan b board.group say websites combinations encouraged followers plug various sites gained access account.reported gaining access facebook accounts changing images sexual content others using amazon.com accounts others purchase several books.writerspace.com literary website later admitted addresses passwords came users site.
LulzSec	governmentfocused activities lulzsec claimed hacked local infragard chapter sites nonprofit organization affiliated fbi.group leaked infragard member emails database local users.group defaced website posting following message let flow stupid fbi battleships accompanied video.lulzsec postedit come unfortunate attention nato good friend barrack osamallama thcentury obama sic recently upped stakes regard hacking.treat hacking act war.
LulzSec	hacked fbi affiliated website infragard specifically atlanta chapter leaked user base.also took complete control site defaced it.on june lulzsec sent email administrators british national health service informing security vulnerability discovered nhs systems.lulzsec stated intend exploit vulnerability saying email mean harm want help fix tech issues.on june lulzsec released emails passwords number users senate.gov website united states senate.information released also included root directory parts website.lulzsec stated small justforkicks release internal data senate.gov – act war gentlemen problem referencing recent statement pentagon cyberattacks could considered act war.
LulzSec	highly sensitive information appears release.on june lulzsec launched attack cia.gov public website united states central intelligence agency taking website offline distributed denialofservice attack.website pm pm eastern time.on december offshoot lulzsec calling lulzsec portugal attacked several sites related government portugal.websites bank portugal assembly republic ministry economy innovation development became unavailable hours.operation antisecurity june group announced teamed anonymous operation antisecurity.encouraged supporters steal publish classified government information source leaving term antisec evidence intrusion.
LulzSec	also listed potential targets major banks.usa today characterized operation open declaration cyberwarfare big government corporations.first target operation serious organised crime agency soca national law enforcement agency united kingdom.lulzsec claimed taken website offline est june though remained minutes.attack appeared ddos attack lulzsec tweeted actual hacking taking place behind scenes.
LulzSec	pm est june socas website went yet again.socas website back online sometime june.website local district government jianhua district qiqihar china also knocked offline.early morning june revealed lulzsecs brazilian unit taken two brazilian government websites brasil.gov.br presidencia.gov.br.also brought website brazilian energy company petrobras.on june two members lulz boat reportedly leaked logs lulzsec going leak june.
LulzSec	also claimed two leaked information aided authorities locating arresting ryan cleary man loosely affiliated group.lulzsec posted various personal information two pastebin including ip addresses physical addresses.involved cybercrimes past one involved hacking game deus ex.after lulzsec encouragement began tagging public locations physical graffiti reading antisec part operation.numerous beachfronts mission beach san diego vandalized phrase.local news organizations mistook graffiti mission beach signs antisec movement.
LulzSec	many commenters local news websites corrected this.on june lulzsec released number documents pertaining arizona department public safety titled chinga la migra roughly translates fuck border patrol.leaked items included email addresses passwords well hundreds documents marked sensitive official use only.lulzsec claimed protest law passed arizona requiring aliens carry registration documents times.arizona officials confirmed intrusion.arizona police complained release officer identities method used combat gangs could endanger lives police officers.on june lulzsecbrazil published claimed access codes passwords used access petrobras website employee profile data taken using information.
LulzSec	petrobras denied data stolen lulzsecbrazil removed information twitter feed hours later.group also released personal information regarding president brazil dilma rousseff mayor são paulo gilberto kassab.on june lulzsec released described last data dump.release contained enormous amount information various sources.files contained half gigabyte internal information telecommunication company att including information relating release g lte details pertaining personal phones used ibm.ip addresses several large corporations including sony viacom disney emi nbc universal included.
LulzSec	also contained username password combinations several websites including email addresses usernames encrypted passwords hackforums.net names usernames passwords nato online bookshop half million usernames encrypted passwords players online game battlefield heroes usernames email addresses encrypted passwords various video game forum users users priority investigations irish private investigation company.also included internal manual aol engineering staff screencapture vandalized page navy.mil website united states navy.members group continued operation members anonymous disbanding.despite claiming retired july lulzsec hacked website british newspaper sun.group redirected newspapers website alsohacked redesign website another newspaper times altering site resemble sun posting fake story claiming rupert murdoch died ingesting fatal dose palladium.objected involvement news corporation murdochowned company publishes sun times large phone hacking scandal.

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