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LulzSec	hacked website also contained webcomic depicting lulzsec deciding carrying attack.group later redirected sun website twitter feed.news international released statement regarding attacks page statement appeared also redirected lulzsec twitter page eventually taken offline.group also released names phone numbers reporter sun two others associated newspaper encouraged supporters call them.recent times novacygni antisec openly touted news channel russian television rt openly stated support anonymous movement least one reporter active member anonymous.
LulzSec	included old email address password former news international executive rebekah brooks.news corporation took websites offline precaution later day.denied attacks media reported number attacks originally attributed lulzsec group later denied involvement in.june someone claiming group posted pastebin stolen entire database united kingdom census .lulzsec responded saying obtained data whoever posted notice group.
LulzSec	british officials said investigating incident found evidence databases compromised information taken.british government upon concluding investigation called claims information census taken hoax.in june assets belonging newspaper publisher news international attacked apparently retaliation reporting sun arrest ryan cleary associate group.newspapers website computer used publishing process times attacked.however lulzsec denied involvement stating didnt attack sun times way kind ddos attack.members antisec based essex england claimed responsibility attack.
LulzSec	hacker actions lulzsec number different hackers targeted lulzsec members response activities.june fox news reported rival hacker group teampison responsible outing web designer sven slootweg said used online nickname joepie intentions every member.pastebin post june hacker killercube identified lulzsec leader sabu hector xavier monsegur identification later shown accurate.a group calling team web ninjas appeared june saying angry lulzsec release email addresses passwords thousands normal internet users.attempted publicly identify online real world identities lulzsec leadership claimed behalf groups victims.group claimed identified given law enforcement names number groups members including someone claimed united states marine.the jester hacker generally went leetspeak handle thjtr vowed find expose members lulzsec.
LulzSec	claiming perform hacks sense american patriotism attempted obtain publish real world personally identifiable information key members described childish.june claimed revealed identity lulzsec leader sabu information technology consultant possibly new york city.june hacker allegedly going name oneiroi briefly took lulzsec website labelled operation supernova.twitter page group also briefly became unavailable.on june guardian published leaked logs one groups irc channels.logs originally assumed leaked disillusioned former member group went nickname mnerva yet fellow hacker michael major known handle hann later claimed responsibility.
LulzSec	confirming leaked logs indeed logs revealed personal information two members recently left group due implications attacking fbi website lulzsec went threaten mnerva twitter feed.lulzsec claimed logs one core chatting channels rather secondary channel used screen potential backups gather research.a short time lulzsec claimed disbanding group calling ateam posted claimed full list lulzsec members online along numerous chat logs group communicating other.rival hacker going name trick also claimed working reveal groups identities claimed efforts part rival hackers pushed group disband fear caught.law enforcement response june london metropolitan police announced arrested yearold man wickford essex named lulzsec locally ryan cleary part operation carried cooperation fbi.suspect arrested charges computer misuse fraud later charged five counts computer hacking criminal law act computer misuse act.
LulzSec	news reports described alleged member lulzsec.lulzsec denied man arrested member.member lulzsec claimed suspect part group host one irc channels server.british police confirmed questioned regarding alleged involvement lulzsec attacks serious organized crime agency soca targets.also questioned regarding attack international federation phonographic industry november .
LulzSec	june court released cleary bail conditions leave house without mother use device connected internet.diagnosed previous week asperger syndrome.in june cleary together another suspected lulzsec member yearold jake davis pleaded guilty conspiring attack government law enforcement media websites .at around time clearys arrest federal bureau investigation agents raided reston virginia facility swiss web hosting service digitalone.raid took several legitimate websites offline hours agency looked information undisclosed target.media reports speculated raid may related lulzsec investigation.a days lulzsec disbanded fbi executed search warrant iowa home rented laurelai bailey.authorities interviewed five hours confiscated hard drives camera electronic equipment charges filed.
LulzSec	bailey denied member group admitted chatting members lulzsec online later leaking chats.fbi interested infiltrate group bailey claimed members hated would never let in.questioning fbi led local technical support company fire laurelai claiming embarrassed company.on june fbi executed another search warrant hamilton ohio.local media connected raid lulzsec investigation however warrant sealed name target revealed fbi office cincinnati refused comment possible connection group raid.one charged crime fbi served warrant.
LulzSec	reports suggested house may belonged former lulzsec member mnerva originally suspected leaking number groups logs press information leading warrant supplied ryan cleary.on july london metropolitan police announced arrest lulzsec member tflow.yearold male arrested south london charges violating computer misuse act part operation involving arrest several hackers affiliated anonymous united states united kingdom.lulzsec denied membership arrested stating seven us still here.on day fbi arrested yearold lance moore las cruces new mexico accusing stealing thousands documents applications att lulzsec published part called final release.the police central ecrime unit arrested yearold man shetland july suspected lulzsec member topiary.also searched house yearold lincolnshire possibly connected investigation interviewing him.scotland yard later identified man arrested yell shetland resident jake davis.
LulzSec	charged unauthorized access computer computer misuse act encouraging assisting criminal activity serious crime act conspiracy launch denialofservice attack serious organised crime unit contrary criminal law act criminal conspiracy also criminal law act .police confiscated dell laptop gigabyte hard drive ran different virtual machines.details relating attack sony hundreds thousands email addresses passwords found computer.london court released davis bail conditions live curfew parents access internet.lawyer gideon cammerman stated client help publicize lulzsec anonymous attacks lacked technical skills anything sympathizer.in early september scotland yard made two arrests relating lulzsec.
LulzSec	police arrested yearold male mexborough south yorkshire yearold male warminster wiltshire.two accused conspiring commit offenses computer misuse act police said arrests related investigations lulzsec member kayla.on september fbi arrested cody kretsinger yearold phoenix arizona indicted charges conspiracy unauthorized impairment protected computer.suspected using name recursion assisting lulzsec early hack sony pictures entertainment though allegedly erased hard drives used carry attack.kretsinger released recognizance conditions access internet except work travel states arizona california illinois.case filed los angeles sony pictures located.
LulzSec	kretsinger pleaded guilty april one count conspiracy one count unauthorized impairment protected computer.april kretsinger sentenced unauthorized impairment protected computers one year federal prison one year home detention following completion prison sentence fine restitution sony pictures hours community service.on august raynaldo rivera age known online moniker neuron chandler arizona sentenced one year one day federal prison united states district judge john a. kronstadt.addition prison sentence judge kronstadt ordered rivera serve months home detention perform hours community service pay restitution sony pictures.on march two men great britain one united states two ireland charged connection alleged involvement lulzsec.fbi revealed supposed lulzsec leader hector xavier monsegur went username sabu aiding law enforcement since pleading guilty twelve counts including conspiracy computer hacking august part plea deal.exchange cooperation federal prosecutors agreed prosecute monsegur computer hacking also prosecute two attempts sell marijuana possession illegal handgun purchasing stolen property charging former employers credit card case identity theft directing people buy prescription drugs illegal sources.
LulzSec	still faces misdemeanor charge impersonating federal agent.five suspects charged conspiracy jake davis accused hacker topiary previously arrested ryan ackroyd london accused kayla darren martyn ireland accused pwnsauce donncha o’cearrbhail ireland accused palladium jeremy hammond chicago accused anarchaos.member lulzsec authorities suspect hammond member anonymous charged access device fraud hacking relation supposed involvement december attack intelligence company stratfor part operation antisec.on april jake topiary davis three lulzsec members pleaded guilty charges computer hacking southwark crown court london.on april australian federal police arrested yearold matthew flannery point clare boasted facebook i’m leader lulzsec.flannery went username aushk arrested alleged hacking narrabri shire council website homepage sexually explicit text image left.august flannery entered guilty pleas five charges making unauthorised modification data cause impairment dishonestly obtaining commonwealth bank details woman.
Channel Tunnel	flannery said reference lulzsec joke lost job computer technician security company.october sentenced months house arrest continues midapril alongside months good behaviour bond.see also anonymous grouphacktivismlulzraftmalsecoperation antisecoperation payback playstation network outagesecurax references external links lulzsec wayback machine archive indexlulz security twitterlulzsecurity.org current website referencing latest attacks group lulzsecrebornmi railway tunnel connects folkestone kent england uk coquelles hautsdefrance france beneath english channel strait dover.fixed link island great britain european mainland.lowest point metres ft deep sea bed metres ft sea level..kilometres .
Channel Tunnel	mi tunnel longest underwater section tunnel world third longest railway tunnel world.speed limit trains tunnel kilometres per hour mph.channel tunnel owned operated company getlink formerly groupe eurotunnel.the tunnel carries highspeed eurostar passenger trains eurotunnel shuttle road vehicles international freight trains.tunnel connects endtoend highspeed railway lines lgv nord france high speed england.rail services carried .
Channel Tunnel	million passengers .million tonnes freight shuttle carried .million passengers .million cars coaches .million lorries equivalent .
Channel Tunnel	million tonnes freight.compares .million passengers .million lorries .million cars sea port dover.plans build crosschannel fixed link appeared early british political media pressure compromising national security disrupted attempts build tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	early unsuccessful attempt building tunnel made late th century english side hope forcing hand english government.eventual successful project organised eurotunnel began construction opened .valued £.billion time expensive construction project ever proposed.cost finally amounted £ billion equivalent £ billion well predicted budget.since construction tunnel experienced mechanical problems.
Channel Tunnel	fires cold weather temporarily disrupted operation.since least aggregations migrants around calais seek irregular undocumented andor otherwise illegal entry united kingdom tunnel prompted deterrence countermeasures alongside looking practical supports relieve lands fleeing seeking better life from.origins earlier proposals albert mathieufavier french mining engineer put forward proposal tunnel english channel illumination oil lamps horsedrawn coaches artificial island positioned midchannel changing horses.mathieufaviers design envisaged bored twolevel tunnel top tunnel used transport bottom one groundwater flows.in aimé thomé de gamond frenchman performed first geological hydrographical surveys channel calais dover.thomé de gamond explored several schemes presented proposal napoleon iii mined railway tunnel cap grisnez east wear point portairshaft varne sandbank cost million francs less £ million.in deputation led george ward hunt proposed idea tunnel chancellor exchequer day william ewart gladstone.in henry marc brunel made survey floor strait dover.results prove floor still chalk thus feasibility underground tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	survey invented gravity corer still used geology.around william low sir john hawkshaw promoted ideas apart preliminary geological studies none implemented.an official anglofrench protocol established crosschannel railway tunnel.in british railway entrepreneur sir edward watkin alexandre lavalley french suez canal contractor anglofrench submarine railway company conducted exploratory work sides channel.english side .metre ft diameter beaumontenglish boring machine dug metre ft pilot tunnel shakespeare cliff.french side similar machine dug ft sangatte.project abandoned may owing british political press campaigns asserting tunnel would compromise britains national defences.early works encountered century later tml project.a film tunnelling english channel pioneer filmmaker georges méliès depicts king edward vii president armand fallières dreaming building tunnel english channel.in paris peace conference british prime minister david lloyd george repeatedly brought idea channel tunnel way reassuring france british willingness defend another german attack.
Channel Tunnel	french take idea seriously nothing came lloyd georges proposal.in winston churchill advocated channel tunnel using exact name essay entitled strategists veto tunnel essay published july weekly dispatch argued vehemently idea tunnel could used continental enemy invasion britain.churchill expressed enthusiasm project article daily mail february channel tunnelthere another proposal nothing came discussion idea shelved.proponents estimated construction cost us million.engineers addressed concerns nations military leaders designing two sumps—one near coast country—that could flooded block tunnel.appease military leaders concerns hordes tourists would disrupt english life.
Channel Tunnel	military fears continued second world war.fall france britain prepared expected german invasion royal navy officer directorate miscellaneous weapons development calculated hitler could use slave labour build two channel tunnels months.estimate caused rumours germany already begun digging.a british film gaumont studios tunnel also called transatlantic tunnel released futuristic science fiction project concerning creation transatlantic tunnel.referred briefly protagonist mr. mcallan completed british channel tunnel successfully five years future films release.by defence arguments become less relevant due dominance air power british french governments supported technical geological surveys.workings cleared preparation £ geological survey channel tunnel study group.
Channel Tunnel	funding came channel tunnel co ltd largest shareholder british transport commission successor south eastern railway.detailed geological survey carried .although two countries agreed build tunnel phase initial studies signing second agreement cover phase took .construction work governmentfunded project create two tunnels designed accommodate car shuttle wagons either side service tunnel started sides channel .on january dismay french partners thengoverning labour party britain cancelled project due uncertainty eec membership doubling cost estimates general economic crisis time.time british tunnel boring machine ready ministry transport able ft experimental drive.short tunnel reused starting access point tunnelling operations british side.
Channel Tunnel	cancellation costs estimated £ million.french side tunnel boring machine installed underground stub tunnel.lay years sold dismantled refurbished shipped turkey used drive moda tunnel istanbul sewerage scheme designed supervised british civil engineers binnie partners officially opened margaret thatcher .initiation project mousehole project suggested conservatives came power britain.concept singletrack rail tunnel service tunnel without shuttle terminals.
Channel Tunnel	british government took interest funding project british prime minister margaret thatcher object privately funded project although said assumed would cars rather trains.thatcher french president françois mitterrand agreed establish working group evaluate privately funded project.june francobritish study group favoured twin tunnel accommodate conventional trains vehicle shuttle service.april promoters invited submit scheme proposals.four submissions shortlistedchannel tunnel rail proposal based scheme presented channel tunnel groupfrance–manche ctgf–m.eurobridge kilometre mi suspension bridge series km .
Channel Tunnel	mi spans roadway enclosed tube.euroroute kilometre mi tunnel artificial islands approached bridges.channel expressway set largediameter road tunnels midchannel ventilation towers.the crosschannel ferry industry protested name flexilink.campaign protesting fixed link one largest ferry operators sealink stateowned.flexilink continued rousing opposition throughout .public opinion strongly favoured drivethrough tunnel concerns ventilation accident management driver mesmerisation led shortlisted rail submission ctgfm awarded project january .reasons given selection included caused least disruption shipping channel least environmental disruption best protected terrorism likely attract sufficient private finance.
Channel Tunnel	arrangement british channel tunnel group consisted two banks five construction companies french counterparts france–manche consisted three banks five construction companies.role banks advise financing secure loan commitments.july groups formed channel tunnel groupfrance–manche ctgf–m.submission british french governments drawn project including volumes substantial environmental impact statement.anglofrench treaty channel tunnel signed governments canterbury cathedral.treaty canterbury prepared concession construction operation fixed link privately owned companies.
Channel Tunnel	outlines methods used arbitration event dispute.sets intergovernmental commission igc responsible monitoring matters associated construction operation tunnel behalf british french governments together safety authority advise igc.it draws land frontier two countries middle channel tunnel—the first kind.the design construction done ten construction companies ctgfm group.french terminal boring sangatte done five french construction companies joint venture group gie transmanche construction.english terminal boring shakespeare cliff done five british construction companies translink joint venture.two partnerships linked binational project organisation called transmanche link tml.
Channel Tunnel	maître doeuvre supervisory engineering body employed eurotunnel terms concession monitored project reported governments banks.in france long tradition infrastructure investment project widespread approval.french national assembly approved unanimously april public inquiry senate approved unanimously june.britain select committees examined proposal making history holding hearings away westminster kent.february third reading channel tunnel bill took place house commons passed votes .channel tunnel act gained royal assent passed law july.
Channel Tunnel	parliamentary support project came partly provincial members parliament basis promises regional eurostar train services never materialised promises repeated contract construction channel tunnel rail link awarded.cost tunnel buildownoperatetransfer boot project concession.tml would design build tunnel financing separate legal entity eurotunnel.eurotunnel absorbed ctgfm signed construction contract tml british french governments controlled final engineering safety decisions hands channel tunnel safety authority.british french governments gave eurotunnel year operating concession extended years years repay loans pay dividends.
Channel Tunnel	railway usage agreement signed eurotunnel british rail sncf guaranteeing future revenue exchange railways obtaining half tunnels capacity.private funding complex infrastructure project unprecedented scale.initial equity £ million raised ctgfm increased £ million private institutional placement £ million raised public share offer included press television advertisements syndicated bank loan letter credit arranged £ billion.privately financed total investment costs prices £.billion.completion actual costs prices £.
Channel Tunnel	billion cost overrun.cost overrun partly due enhanced safety security environmental demands.financing costs higher forecast.construction working english french sides channel eleven tunnel boring machines tbms cut chalk marl construct two rail tunnels service tunnel.vehicle shuttle terminals cheriton part folkestone coquelles connected english french motorways respectively.tunnelling commenced tunnel began operating .
Channel Tunnel	prices total construction cost £.billion equivalent £ billion cost overrun.peak construction people employed daily expenditure £ million.ten workers eight british killed construction first months boring.completion mm diameter pilot hole allowed service tunnel break without ceremony october .
Channel Tunnel	december englishman graham fagg frenchman phillippe cozette broke service tunnel media watching.eurotunnel completed tunnel time.bbc tv television commentator called graham fagg first man cross channel land years.two tunnelling efforts met offset .cm.the tunnel officially opened one year later originally planned queen elizabeth ii french president françois mitterrand ceremony held calais may .
Channel Tunnel	queen travelled tunnel calais eurostar train stopped nose nose train carried president mitterrand paris.following ceremony president mitterrand queen travelled le shuttle similar ceremony folkestone.full public service start several months.first freight train however ran june carried rover mini cars exported italy.the channel tunnel rail link ctrl called high speed runs miles km st pancras railway station london tunnel portal folkestone kent.cost £.
Channel Tunnel	billion.september prime minister tony blair opened first section high speed folkestone north kent.november queen officially opened high speed st pancras international station replacing original slower link waterloo international railway station.high speed trains travel kmh mph journey london paris taking hours minutes brussels hour minutes.in american society civil engineers elected tunnel one seven modern wonders world.american magazine popular mechanics published results.
Channel Tunnel	opening dates opening phased various services offered channel tunnel safety authority igc gave permission various services begin several dates period start dates days later.engineering surveying undertaken years construction confirmed earlier speculations tunnel could bored chalk marl stratum.chalk marl conducive tunnelling impermeability ease excavation strength.chalk marl runs along entire length english side tunnel french side length kilometres mi variable difficult geology.tunnel consists three bores two .metre ft diameter rail tunnels metres ft apart kilometres mi length .metre ft diameter service tunnel between.
Channel Tunnel	three bores connected crosspassages piston relief ducts.service tunnel used pilot tunnel boring ahead main tunnels determine conditions.english access provided shakespeare cliff french access shaft sangatte.french side used five tunnel boring machines tbms english side six.service tunnel uses service tunnel transport system stts light service tunnel vehicles ladogs.
Channel Tunnel	fire safety critical design issue.between portals beussingue castle hill tunnel .kilometres mi long .kilometres mi land french side .kilometres mi uk side .kilometres mi sea.
Channel Tunnel	thirdlongest rail tunnel world behind gotthard base tunnel switzerland seikan tunnel japan longest undersea section.average depth metres ft seabed.uk side expected million cubic metres .× cu yd spoil approximately million cubic metres .× cu yd used fill terminal site remainder deposited lower shakespeare cliff behind seawall reclaiming acres ha land.land made samphire hoe country park.environmental impact assessment identify major risks project studies safety noise air pollution overall positive.
Channel Tunnel	however environmental objections raised highspeed link london.geology successful tunnelling required sound understanding topography geology selection best rock strata dig.geology site generally consists northeasterly dipping cretaceous strata part northern limb wealdenboulonnais dome.characteristics includecontinuous chalk cliffs either side channel containing major faulting observed verstegan .four geological strata marine sediments laid – million years ago pervious upper middle chalk slightly pervious lower chalk finally impermeable gault clay.sandy stratum glauconitic marl tortia chalk marl gault clay.a –metre – ft layer chalk marl french craie bleue lower third lower chalk appeared present best tunnelling medium.
Channel Tunnel	chalk clay content – providing impermeability groundwater yet relatively easy excavation strength allowing minimal support.ideally tunnel would bored bottom metres ft chalk marl allowing water inflow fractures joints minimised gault clay would increase stress tunnel lining swell soften wet.on english side stratum dip less ° french side increases °.jointing faulting present sides.english side minor faults displacement less metres ft exist french side displacements metres ft present owing quenocs anticlinal fold.faults limited width filled calcite pyrite remoulded clay.
Channel Tunnel	increased dip faulting restricted selection route french side.avoid confusion microfossil assemblages used classify chalk marl.french side particularly near coast chalk harder brittle fractured english side.led adoption different tunnelling techniques two sides.the quaternary undersea valley fosse dangaered castle hill landslip english portal caused concerns.identified – geophysical survey fosse dangaered infilled valley system extending metres ft seabed metres ft south tunnel route midchannel.
Channel Tunnel	survey showed tributary crossed path tunnel tunnel route made far north deep possible.english terminal located castle hill landslip consists displaced tipping blocks lower chalk glauconitic marl gault debris.thus area stabilised buttressing inserting drainage adits.service tunnel acted pilot preceding main ones geology areas crushed rock zones high water inflow could predicted.exploratory probing took place service tunnel form extensive forward probing vertical downward probes sideways probing.
Channel Tunnel	surveying marine soundings samplings thomé de gamond carried – establishing seabed depth maximum metres ft continuity geological strata layers.surveying continued many years marine landdeep boreholes drilled linekilometres marine geophysical survey completed.surveys undertaken – – – –.the surveying – catered immersed tube bridge designs well bored tunnel thus wide area investigated.time marine geophysics surveying engineering projects infancy poor positioning resolution seismic profiling.– surveys concentrated northerly route left english coast dover harbour using boreholes area deeply weathered rock high permeability located south dover harbour.given previous survey results access constraints southerly route investigated – survey route confirmed feasible.
Channel Tunnel	information tunnelling project also came work cancellation.french side sangatte deep shaft adits made.english side shakespeare cliff government allowed metres ft .metre ft diameter tunnel driven.actual tunnel alignment method excavation support essentially attempt.– survey previous findings reinforced characteristics gault clay tunnelling medium chalk marl made route investigated.
Channel Tunnel	geophysical techniques oil industry employed.tunnelling tunnelling major engineering challenge precedent undersea seikan tunnel japan opened .serious health safety risk building tunnels underwater major water inflow due high hydrostatic pressure sea weak ground conditions.tunnel also challenge time privately funded early financial return paramount.the objective construct two .metrediameter ft rail tunnels metres ft apart kilometres mi length .metrediameter ft service tunnel two main ones pairs .metrediameter ft crosspassages linking rail tunnels service one metre ft spacing piston relief ducts metres ft diameter connecting rail tunnels metres ft apart two undersea crossover caverns connect rail tunnels service tunnel always preceding main ones least kilometre .mi ascertain ground conditions.
Channel Tunnel	plenty experience excavating chalk mining industry undersea crossover caverns complex engineering problem.french one based mount baker ridge freeway tunnel seattle uk cavern dug service tunnel ahead main ones avoid delay.precast segmental linings main tbm drives used two different solutions used.french side neoprene grout sealed bolted linings made cast iron highstrength reinforced concrete used english side main requirement speed bolting castiron lining segments carried areas poor geology.uk rail tunnels eight lining segments plus key segment used french side five segments plus key.french side metre ft diameter metre ft deep groutcurtained shaft sangatte used access.
Channel Tunnel	english side marshalling area metres ft top shakespeare cliff new austrian tunnelling method natm first applied chalk marl here.english side land tunnels driven shakespeare cliff—same place marine tunnels—not folkestone.platform base cliff large enough drives despite environmental objections tunnel spoil placed behind reinforced concrete seawall condition placing chalk enclosed lagoon avoid wide dispersal chalk fines.owing limited space precast lining factory isle grain thames estuary used scottish granite aggregate delivered ship foster yeoman coastal super quarry glensanda loch linnhe west coast scotland.on french side owing greater permeability water earth pressure balance tbms open closed modes used.tbms closed nature initial kilometres mi operated open boring chalk marl stratum.
Channel Tunnel	minimised impact ground allowed high water pressures withstood also alleviated need grout ahead tunnel.french effort required five tbms two main marine machines one main land machine short land drives km mi allowed one tbm complete first drive reverse direction complete two service tunnel machines.english side simpler geology allowed faster openfaced tbms.six machines used commenced digging shakespeare cliff three marinebound three land tunnels.towards completion undersea drives uk tbms driven steeply downwards buried clear tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	buried tbms used provide electrical earth.french tbms completed tunnel dismantled.mm gauge railway used english side construction.in contrast english machines given technical names french tunnelling machines named women brigitte europa catherine virginie pascaline séverine.at end tunnelling one machine display side motorway folkestone eurotunnel sold ebay £ scrap metal merchant.another machine virginie still survives french side adjacent junction middle dede roundabout.words hommage aux bâtisseurs du tunnel meaning tribute builders tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	tunnel boring machines eleven tunnel boring machines designed manufactured joint venture robbins company kent washington united states markham co. chesterfield england kawasaki heavy industries japan.tbms service tunnels main tunnels uk side designed manufactured james howden company ltd scotland.railway design loading gauge loading gauge height .ft in.communications three communication systems concession radio cr mobile vehicles personnel within eurotunnels concession terminals tunnels coastal shafts tracktotrain radio ttr secure speech data trains railway control centre shuttle internal radio sir communication shuttle crew passengers car radios.
Channel Tunnel	power supply power delivered locomotives via overhead line catenary kv hz.normal overhead clearance .metres ft ⁄ in.tunnel services run electricity shared equally english french sources.two substations fed kv terminal emergency tunnels lighting light fittings plant powered solely either england france.the traditional railway south london uses v dc third rail deliver electricity since opening high speed longer need tunnel trains use third rail system.
Channel Tunnel	high speed tunnel lgv nord power provided via overhead catenary kv hz.railways classic lines belgium also electrified overhead wires v dc.signalling cab signalling system gives information directly train drivers display.train protection system stops train speed exceeds indicated incab display.tvm used lgv nord high speed used tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	tvm signalling interconnected signalling highspeed lines either side allowing trains enter exit tunnel system without stopping.maximum speed kmh.signalling tunnel coordinated two control centres main control centre folkestone terminal backup calais terminal staffed times take operations event breakdown emergency.track system conventional ballasted tunneltrack ruled owing difficulty maintenance lack stability precision.sonneville international corporations track system chosen based reliability costeffectiveness based good performance swiss tunnels worldwide.type track used known low vibration track lvt.
Channel Tunnel	like ballasted track lvt free floating type held place gravity friction.reinforced concrete blocks kg support rails every cm held mm thick closed cell polymer foam pads placed bottom rubber boots.latter separate blocks mass movements lean encasement concrete.ballastless track provides extra overhead clearance necessary passage larger trains.corrugated rubber walls boots add degree isolation horizontal wheelrail vibrations insulators track signal circuit humid tunnel environment.
Channel Tunnel	uic kgm rails grade rest mm .rail pads fit rnsonneville bolted dual leafsprings.rails lvtblocks boots pads assembled outside tunnel fully automated process developed lvt inventor mr. roger sonneville.sonneville blocks made sangatte site.maintenance activities less projected.initially rails ground yearly basis approximately mgt traffic.
Channel Tunnel	ride quality continues noticeably smooth low noise.maintenance facilitated existence two tunnel junctions crossover facilities allowing twoway operation six tunnel segments thereby created thus providing safe access maintenance one isolated tunnel segment time.two crossovers largest artificial undersea caverns ever built long high wide.english crossover km mi shakespeare cliff french crossover km mi sangatte.ventilation cooling drainage ventilation system maintains air pressure service tunnel higher rail tunnels event fire smoke enter service tunnel rail tunnels.
Channel Tunnel	two cooling water pipes rail tunnel circulate chilled water remove heat generated rail traffic.pumping stations remove water tunnels rain seepage on.during design stage tunnel engineers found aerodynamic properties heat generated highspeed trains passed would raise temperature inside tunnel °c °f.well making trains unbearably warm passengers also presented risk equipment failure track distortion.cool tunnel °c °f engineers installed kilometres mi .diameter cooling pipes carrying million litres million imperial gallons water.
Channel Tunnel	network—europes largest cooling system—was supplied eight york titan chillers running r hydrochlorofluorocarbon hcfc refrigerant gas.due rs ozone depletion potential odp high global warming potential gwp use phased developed countries since january illegal europe use hcfcs service airconditioning equipment—broken equipment used hcfcs must instead replaced equipment use it.trane selected provide replacement chillers tunnels cooling network.york chillers decommissioned four next generation trane series e centravac largecapacity kw kw chillers installed—two located sangatte france two shakespeare cliff uk.energyefficient chillers using honeywells nonflammable ultralow gwp rzde refrigerant maintain temperatures °c °f first year operation generated savings .gwh—approximately equating € —for tunnel operator getlink.
Channel Tunnel	rolling stock rolling stock used previously operators eurotunnel shuttle initially le shuttle locomotives commissioned one end shuttle train.car shuttle sets two separate halves single double deck.half two loadingunloading wagons carrier wagons.eurotunnels original order nine car shuttle sets.heavy goods vehicle hgv shuttle sets also two halves half containing one loading wagon one unloading wagon carrier wagons.club car behind leading locomotive drivers must stay journey.
Channel Tunnel	eurotunnel originally ordered six hgv shuttle sets.freight locomotives fortysix class locomotives hauling freight trains overnight passenger trains nightstar project abandoned commissioned running overhead ac thirdrail dc power.however rff let run french railways plans certify alstom prima ii locomotives use tunnel.international passenger thirtyone eurostar trains based french tgv built uk loading gauge many modifications safety within tunnel commissioned ownership split british rail french national railways sncf belgian national railways sncb.british rail ordered seven services north london.
Channel Tunnel	around eurostar ordered ten trains siemens based velaro product.class entered service operating channel tunnel ever since alongside current class .germany db since around tried get permission run train services london.end extensive fireproofing requirements dropped db received permission run german intercityexpress ice test trains tunnel.june db granted access tunnel plans ultimately dropped.in october renfe spanish state railway company expressed interest operating crosschannel route paris london using existing trains intention competing eurostar.details revealed trains would used.
Channel Tunnel	service locomotives diesel locomotives rescue shunting work eurotunnel class eurotunnel class .operation following chart presents estimated number passengers tonnes freight respectively annually transported channel tunnel since millions usage services transport services offered tunnel followseurotunnel le shuttle rollon rolloff shuttle service road vehicles drivers passengerseurostar passenger trainsthrough freight trains.both freight passenger traffic forecasts led construction tunnel overestimated particular eurotunnels commissioned forecasts overpredictions.although captured share channel crossings forecast correctly high competition especially budget airlines expanded rapidly reduced tariffs led low revenue.overall crosschannel traffic overestimated.with eus liberalisation international rail services tunnel high speed open competition since .number operators interested running trains tunnel along high speed london.
Channel Tunnel	june several years db obtained licence operate frankfurt – london trains expected run delivery delays custommade trains.plans service frankfurt seem shelved .passenger traffic volumes crosstunnel passenger traffic volumes peaked .million dropped .million increased substantially since then.at time decision building tunnel .million passengers predicted eurostar trains opening year.
Channel Tunnel	first full year actual numbers little .million growing .million dropping .million .eurostar initially limited lack highspeed connection british side.
Channel Tunnel	completion high speed two stages traffic increased.eurostar carried passengers increase previous year despite traffic limitations due channel tunnel fire.eurostar passenger numbers continued increase.freight traffic volumes freight volumes erratic major decrease due closure caused fire freight shuttle.freight crossings increased period indicating substitutability tunnel sea crossings.
Channel Tunnel	tunnel achieved market share close eurotunnels predictions eurotunnels predictions overestimates.for freight trains first year prediction .million tonnes actual figure .m tonnes.freight volumes peaked .m tonnes.fell back .m tonnes increasing slightly .m tonnes .together carried freight shuttles freight growth occurred since opening .m tonnes carried .m tonnes recorded .m tonnes .
Channel Tunnel	numbers fell back wake fire.eurotunnels freight subsidiary europorte .september ews uks largest rail freight operator announced owing cessation ukfrench government subsidies £ million per annum cover tunnel minimum user charge subsidy around £ per train traffic level trains per annum freight trains would stop running november.economic performance shares eurotunnel issued £.per share december .mid price risen £.. delays cost overruns led price dropping demonstration runs october reached alltime low.
Channel Tunnel	eurotunnel suspended payment debt september avoid bankruptcy.december british french governments extended eurotunnels operating concession years .financial restructuring eurotunnel occurred mid reducing debt financial charges.despite restructuring economist reported break even eurotunnel would increase fares traffic market share sustainability.cost benefit analysis tunnel indicated impacts wider economy developments associated project british economy would better constructed.under terms concession eurotunnel obliged investigate crosschannel road tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	december road rail tunnel proposals presented british french governments stressed enough demand second tunnel.threeway treaty united kingdom france belgium governs border controls establishment control zones wherein officers nation may exercise limited customs law enforcement powers.purposes either end tunnel french border controls uk side tunnel vice versa.citytocity trains train control zone.binational emergency plan coordinates uk french emergency activities.in eurostar posted first net profit made loss £m .
Channel Tunnel	eurotunnel described serious situation.operating profits rose percent £ million.security need full passport controls since border schengen area common travel area.juxtaposed controls meaning passports checked boarding first officials belonging departing country officials destination country.placed main eurostar stations french officials operate london st pancras ebbsfleet international ashford international british officials operate calaisfréthun lilleeurope marnelavallée–chessy brusselssouth parisgare du nord.
Channel Tunnel	security checks boarding well.shuttle roadvehicle trains juxtaposed passport controls boarding trains.for eurostar trains travelling places south paris passport security check departure trains must stop lille least minutes allow passengers checked.checks done board.plans services amsterdam frankfurt cologne london major reason cancel need stop lille.direct service london amsterdam started april following building checkin terminals amsterdam rotterdam intergovernmental agreement direct service two dutch cities london start april .
Channel Tunnel	terminals terminals sites cheriton near folkestone united kingdom coquelles near calais france.uk site uses motorway access.terminals organised frontier controls juxtaposed entry system allow travellers go onto motorway destination country immediately leaving shuttle.to achieve design output french terminal shuttles accept cars doubledeck wagons flexibility ramps placed inside shuttles provide access top decks.folkestone kilometres mi mainline track turnouts eight platforms.calais kilometres mi track turnouts.
Channel Tunnel	terminals shuttle trains traverse figure eight reduce uneven wear wheels.freight marshalling yard west cheriton dollands moor freight yard.regional impact report european commission predicted kent nordpas de calais face increased traffic volumes due general growth crosschannel traffic traffic attracted tunnel.kent highspeed rail line london would transfer traffic road rail.kents regional development would benefit tunnel close london restricts benefits.
Channel Tunnel	gains traditional industries largely dependent development ashford international railway station without kent would totally dependent londons expansion.nordpasdecalais enjoys strong internal symbolic effect tunnel results significant gains manufacturing.the removal bottleneck means like tunnel necessarily induce economic gains adjacent regions.image region connected european highspeed transport active political response important regional economic development.smallmedium enterprises located immediate vicinity terminal used opportunity rebrand profile business positive effect new inn etchinghill able commercially exploit unique selling point closest pub channel tunnel.tunnelinduced regional development small compared general economic growth.
Channel Tunnel	south east england likely benefit developmentally socially faster cheaper transport continental europe benefits unlikely equally distributed throughout region.overall environmental impact almost certainly negative.since opening tunnel small positive impacts wider economy felt difficult identify major economic successes directly attributed tunnel.eurotunnel operate profitably offering alternative transportation mode unaffected poor weather.high costs construction delay profitability however companies involved tunnels construction operation early operation relied government aid deal debts amounted.illegal immigration illegal immigrants wouldbe asylum seekers used tunnel attempt enter britain.
Channel Tunnel	problem attracted international press attention french red cross opened first migrant centre sangatte using warehouse used tunnel construction housed people time trying get uk.came afghanistan iraq iran african countries also represented.eurotunnel company operates crossing said migrants intercepted january july .approximately migrants mainly ethiopia eritrea sudan afghanistan living temporary camps erected calais time official count july .estimated migrants waiting calais chance get england.britain france operate system juxtaposed controls immigration customs investigations happen travel.france part schengen immigration zone removing border checks normal times eu member states britain republic ireland form separate common travel area immigration zone.most illegal immigrants wouldbe asylum seekers got britain found way ride freight train.
Channel Tunnel	trucks loaded onto freight trains.instances migrants stowed away liquid chocolate tanker managed survive spread across several attempts.although facilities fenced airtight security deemed impossible migrants would even jump bridges onto moving trains.several incidents people injured crossing others tampered railway equipment causing delays requiring repairs.eurotunnel said losing £m per month problem.in several riots broke sangatte groups migrants december incident stormed fences attempted enter en masse.other migrants seeking permanent uk settlement use eurostar passenger train.
Channel Tunnel	may purport visitors whether issued required visit visa deny falsify true intentions obtain maximum monthsinayear atport stamp purport someone else whose documents hold used forged counterfeit passports.breaches result refusal permission enter uk effected border force persons identity fully established assuming persist application enter uk.diplomatic efforts local authorities france uk called closure sangatte migrant camp eurotunnel twice sought injunction centre.united kingdom blamed france allowing sangatte open france blamed uk lax asylum ruleslaw eu uniform immigration policy.cause célèbre nature problem even included journalists detained followed migrants onto railway property.in european commission told france breach european union rules free transfer goods delays closures result poor security double fence built cost £ million reducing numbers migrants detected week reaching britain goods trains almost none.
Channel Tunnel	measures included cctv cameras increased police patrols.end sangatte centre closed uk agreed absorb migrants.on june striking workers associated myferrylink damaged sections track burning car tires leading trains cancelled backlog vehicles.hundreds seeking reach britain made use situation attempt stow away inside underneath transport trucks destined united kingdom.extra security measures included £ million upgrade detection technology £ million extra dog searches £ million three years towards joint fund france security surrounding port calais.illegal attempts cross deaths dozen migrants died crossing attempts.
Channel Tunnel	two months june july ten migrants died near french tunnel terminal period attempts evade security precautions made day.on july migrant died attempting climb onto freight train trying reach britain french side channel.previous month eritrean man killed similar circumstances.during night july one person aged – found dead night – migrants attempted enter eurotunnel terminal.on august sudanese migrant walked nearly entire length one tunnels.arrested close british side walked miles km tunnel.mechanical incidents fires three fires tunnel heavy goods vehicle hgv shuttles significant enough close tunnel well minor incidents.on december invitation testing phase fire broke ford escort car owner loading onto upper deck tourist shuttle.fire started shuttle train stationary folkestone terminal put minutes later passenger injuries.on november fire broke hgv shuttle wagon tunnel nobody seriously hurt.
Channel Tunnel	exact cause unknown although neither eurotunnel equipment rolling stock problem may due arson heavy goods vehicle.estimated heart fire reached °c °f tunnel severely damaged metres ft metres ft affected extent.full operation recommenced six months fire.on august tunnel closed several hours truck hgv shuttle train caught fire.on september fire occurred channel tunnel gmt.incident started hgv shuttle train travelling towards france.event occurred kilometres .
Channel Tunnel	mi french entrance tunnel.one killed several people taken hospitals suffering smoke inhalation minor cuts bruises.tunnel closed traffic undamaged south tunnel reopening limited services two days later.full service resumed february repairs costing € million.on november tunnel closed several hours truck hgv shuttle caught fire.on january tunnels closed following lorry fire filled midsection running tunnel north smoke.eurostar cancelled services.
Channel Tunnel	shuttle train heading folkestone coquelles stopped adjacent crosspassage cp utc.thirtyeight passengers four members eurotunnel staff evacuated service tunnel transported france using special stts road vehicles service tunnel.passengers crew taken eurotunnel fireemergency management centre close french portal.train failures night february passengers became trapped channel tunnel eurostar trains london broke owing failures electronic circuits caused snow ice deposited melting circuit boards.on august electrical failure lasting six hours caused passengers trapped tunnel shuttle.on evening december december european snowfall five londonbound eurostar trains failed inside tunnel trapping passengers approximately hours coldest temperatures eight years.eurotunnel spokesperson explained snow evaded trains winterisation shields transition cold air outside tunnels warm atmosphere melted snow resulting electrical failures.
Channel Tunnel	one train turned back reaching tunnel two trains hauled tunnel eurotunnel class diesel locomotives.blocking tunnel led implementation operation stack transformation motorway linear car park.the occasion first time eurostar train evacuated inside tunnel failing four described unprecedented.channel tunnel reopened following morning.nirj deva member european parliament south east england called eurostar chief executive richard brown resign incidents.independent report christopher garnett former ceo great north eastern railway claude gressier french transport expert december incidents issued february making recommendations.on january brussels–london eurostar broke tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	train passengers board towed ashford trains yet reached tunnel turned back.safety channel tunnel safety authority responsible aspects safety regulation tunnel reports intergovernmental commission igc.the service tunnel used access technical equipment crosspassages equipment rooms provide freshair ventilation emergency evacuation.service tunnel transport system stts allows fast access areas tunnel.service vehicles rubbertyred buried wire guidance system.stts vehicles used mainly maintenance also firefighting emergencies.
Channel Tunnel	pods different purposes payload .– tonnes .–.tons inserted side vehicles.vehicles cannot turn around within tunnel driven either end.maximum speed kmh mph steering locked.fleet light service tunnel vehicles ladogs introduced supplement sttss.
Channel Tunnel	ladogs short wheelbase .ft turning circle allowing twopoint turns within service tunnel.steering cannot locked like stts vehicles maximum speed kmh mph.pods tonne .tons loaded onto rear vehicles.
Channel Tunnel	drivers tunnel sit right vehicles drive left.owing risk french personnel driving native right side road sensors vehicles alert driver vehicle strays right side.the three tunnels contain tonnes tons air needs conditioned comfort safety.air supplied ventilation buildings shakespeare cliff sangatte building capable providing standby capacity.supplementary ventilation also exists either side tunnel.event fire ventilation used keep smoke service tunnel move smoke one direction main tunnel give passengers clean air.
Channel Tunnel	tunnel first mainline railway tunnel special cooling equipment.heat generated traction equipment drag.design limit set °c °f using mechanical cooling system refrigeration plants sides run chilled water circulating pipes within tunnel.trains travelling high speed create piston effect pressure changes affect passenger comfort ventilation systems tunnel doors fans structure trains drag trains.piston relief ducts metre ft diameter chosen solve problem ducts per kilometre give close optimum results.unfortunately design led unacceptable lateral forces trains reduction train speed required restrictors installed ducts.the safety issue possible fire passengervehicle shuttle garnered much attention eurotunnel noting fire risk attracting attention safety case three reasons opposition ferry companies passengers allowed remain cars home office statistics indicating car fires doubled ten years long length tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	eurotunnel commissioned uk fire research station—now part building research establishment—to give reports vehicle fires liaised kent fire brigade gather vehicle fire statistics one year.fire tests took place french mines research establishment mock wagon used investigate cars burned.wagon door systems designed withstand fire inside wagon minutes longer transit time minutes.wagon air conditioning units help purge dangerous fumes inside wagon travel.wagon fire detection extinguishing system sensing ions ultraviolet radiation smoke gases trigger halon gas quench fire.
Channel Tunnel	since hgv wagons covered fire sensors located loading wagon tunnel.inch mm water main service tunnel provides water main tunnels metre ft intervals.ventilation system control smoke movement.special arrival sidings accept train fire train allowed stop whilst fire tunnel unless continuing journey would lead worse outcome.eurotunnel banned wide range hazardous goods travelling tunnel.
Channel Tunnel	two stts service tunnel transportation system vehicles firefighting pods duty times maximum delay minutes reach burning train.unusual traffic trains kosovo train life passed tunnel en route pristina kosovo.former f racing champion john surtees drove ginetta g ev electric sports car prototype england france using service tunnel part charity event.required keep kilometreperhour mph speed limit.celebrate tour de frances transfer opening stages britain france july year chris froome team sky rode bicycle service tunnel becoming first solo rider so.
Channel Tunnel	crossing took hour reaching speeds kilometres per hour mph—faster crosschannel ferries.mobile network coverage since french operators bouygues telecom orange sfr covered running tunnel south tunnel bore normally used travel france britain.in january uk operators ee vodafone signed tenyear contracts eurotunnel running tunnel north.agreements enable operators subscribers use g g services.ee vodafone planned offer lte services route ee said expected cover route lte connectivity summer .ee vodafone offer channel tunnel network coverage travellers uk france.
Channel Tunnel	eurotunnel said also held talks three uk yet reach agreement operator.in may eurotunnel announced installed equipment alcatellucent cover running tunnel north simultaneously provide mobile service gsm mhz umts mhz ee vodafone.service ee vodafone commenced date announcement.service expected available soon afterwards.in november ee announced previously switched lte earlier september .turned g g g services november whilst vodafones g due go live later.nontransport services tunnel also houses mw eleclink interconnector transfer power british french electricity networks.
Cryptovirology	night august september kmlong kv dc cable switched service first time.see also france–uk borderbritish rail class irish sea tunneljapan–korea undersea tunnellist transport megaprojectsmarmaray tunnelsamphire hoestrait gibraltar crossing references sources reading external links uk website eurotunnel.comfrench website eurotunnel.comfrtribute website archived may wayback machine chunnel.comchunnel tunnel attempt.ubbrit.org.uk.channel tunnel openstreetmap wikichannel tunnel.structurae.documents clippings channel tunnel th century press archives zbwfield born observation publickey cryptography used break symmetry antivirus analyst sees regarding malware attacker sees.antivirus analyst sees public key contained malware whereas attacker sees public key contained malware well corresponding private key outside malware since attacker created key pair attack.public key allows malware perform trapdoor oneway operations victims computer attacker undo.overview field encompasses covert malware attacks attacker securely steals private information symmetric keys private keys prng state victims data.examples covert attacks asymmetric backdoors.
Cryptovirology	asymmetric backdoor backdoor e.g.cryptosystem used attacker even found.contrasts traditional backdoor symmetric i.e.anyone finds use it.kleptography subfield cryptovirology study asymmetric backdoors key generation algorithms digital signature algorithms key exchanges pseudorandom number generators encryption algorithms cryptographic algorithms.
Cryptovirology	nist dual ec drbg random bit generator asymmetric backdoor it.ecdrbg algorithm utilizes discretelog kleptogram kleptography definition makes ecdrbg cryptotrojan.like ransomware ecdrbg cryptotrojan contains uses attackers public key attack host system.cryptographer ari juels indicated thatnsa effectively orchestrated kleptographic attack users dual ec drbg pseudorandom number generation algorithm although security professionals developers testing implementing kleptographic attacks since would hardpressed find one actual use now.due public outcry cryptovirology attack nist rescinded ecdrbg algorithm nist sp standard.covert information leakage attacks carried cryptoviruses cryptotrojans cryptoworms definition contain use public key attacker major theme cryptovirology.

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