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Cryptovirology | deniable password snatching cryptovirus installs cryptotrojan asymmetrically encrypts host data covertly broadcasts it.makes available everyone noticeable one except attacker decipherable attacker.attacker caught installing cryptotrojan claims virus victim.attacker observed receiving covert asymmetric broadcast one tho... |
Cryptovirology | covert asymmetric broadcast victims data.cryptovirology also encompasses use private information retrieval pir allow cryptoviruses search steal host data without revealing data searched even cryptotrojan constant surveillance.definition cryptovirus carries within coding sequence query attacker necessary pir logic apply... |
Cryptovirology | malware prompts user send asymmetric ciphertext attacker decipher return symmetric decryption key contains fee.victim needs symmetric key decrypt encrypted files way recover original files e.g.backups.ieee paper predicted cryptoviral extortion attackers would one day demand emoney long bitcoin even existed.many years l... |
Cryptovirology | cryptovirology attacks healthcare providers reached epidemic levels prompting u.s. department health human services issue fact sheet ransomware andhipaa.the fact sheet states electronic protected health information encrypted ransomware breach occurred attack therefore constitutes disclosure permitted hipaa rationale ad... |
Cryptovirology | though cryptography assist cases enhance longevity virus capabilities cryptography used payload.onehalf virus amongst first viruses known encrypted affected files.troransom.a virus example virus informs owner infected machine pay ransom virus nicknamed troransom.a.virus asks owner infected machine send .given account w... |
Cryptovirology | virus partially uses version bit rsa encrypts files many different extensions.instructs owner machine email given mail id owner desires decryptor.contacted email user asked pay certain amount ransom return decryptor.capi demonstrated using different calls microsofts cryptographic api capi cryptovirus satisfy encryption... |
File system | references external links cryptovirology labs site maintained adam young moti yungcryptography cryptovirology articles vx heavens archived wayback machine computer virusescryzip trojan encrypts files demands ransomcan virus lead enterprise courta student report entitled superworms cryptovirologynext virus generation ov... |
File system | file systems designed used specific applications.example iso file system designed specifically optical discs.file systems used numerous different types storage devices use different kinds media.hard disk drives key storage devices projected remain foreseeable future.kinds media used include ssds magnetic tapes optical ... |
File system | file systems virtual meaning supplied files called virtual files computed request procfs sysfs merely mapping different file system used backing store.file system manages access content files metadata files.responsible arranging storage space reliability efficiency tuning regard physical storage medium important design... |
File system | general use.architecture file system consists two three layers.sometimes layers explicitly separated sometimes functions combined.the logical file system responsible interaction user application.provides application program interface api file operations — open close read etc.passes requested operation layer processing. |
File system | logical file system manages open file table entries perprocess file descriptors.layer provides file access directory operations security protection.the second optional layer virtual file system.interface allows support multiple concurrent instances physical file systems called file system implementation.the third layer... |
File system | processes physical blocks read written.handles buffering memory management responsible physical placement blocks specific locations storage medium.physical file system interacts device drivers channel drive storage device.aspects file systems space management note applies file systems used storage devices.file systems ... |
File system | example apple dos early byte sectors kilobyte floppy disk used tracksector map.this results unused space file exact multiple allocation unit sometimes referred slack space.byte allocation average unused space bytes.kb clusters average unused space kb.size allocation unit chosen file system created.choosing allocation s... |
File system | frequently default allocation may provide reasonable usage.choosing allocation size small results excessive overhead file system contain mostly large files.file system fragmentation occurs unused space single files contiguous.file system used files created modified deleted.file created file system allocates space data.... |
File system | files deleted space allocated eventually considered available use files.creates alternating used unused areas various sizes.free space fragmentation.file created area contiguous space available initial allocation space must assigned fragments.file modified becomes larger may exceed space initially allocated another all... |
File system | filenames filename file name used identify storage location file system.file systems restrictions length filenames.file systems filenames case sensitive i.e.names myfile myfile refer file directory others filenames case sensitive i.e.names myfile myfile myfile refer three separate files directory.most modern file syste... |
File system | however may restrictions use certain special characters disallowing within filenames characters might used indicate device device type directory prefix file path separator file type.directories file systems typically directories also called folders allow user group files separate collections.may implemented associating... |
File system | first file system support arbitrary hierarchies directories used multics operating system.native file systems unixlike systems also support arbitrary directory hierarchies example apples hierarchical file system successor hfs classic mac os fat file system msdos .later versions msdos microsoft windows ntfs file system ... |
File system | time file last modified may stored files timestamp.file systems might store file creation time time last accessed time files metadata changed time file last backed up.information include files device type e.g.block character socket subdirectory etc.owner user id group id access permissions file attributes e.g. |
File system | whether file readonly executable etc..a file system stores metadata associated file—including file name length contents file location file folder hierarchy—separate contents file.most file systems store names files one directory one place—the directory table directory—which often stored like file.many file systems put ... |
File system | file system abstract user interface cases file system may make use storage device used organize represent access data whether stored dynamically generated e.g.procfs.utilities file systems include utilities initialize alter parameters remove instance file system.include ability extend truncate space allocated file syst... |
File system | may able truncate data truncate extend space allocation append move modify files inplace.depending underlying structure file system may provide mechanism prepend truncate beginning file insert entries middle file delete entries file.utilities free space deleted files file system provides undelete function also belong c... |
File system | restricting permitting access several mechanisms used file systems control access data.usually intent prevent reading modifying files user group users.another reason ensure data modified controlled way access may restricted specific program.examples include passwords stored metadata file elsewhere file permissions form... |
File system | effective since need file system utilities know encryption seed effectively manage data.risks relying encryption include fact attacker copy data use brute force decrypt data.additionally losing seed means losing data.maintaining integrity one significant responsibility file system ensure file system structures secondar... |
File system | may include updating metadata directory entry handling data buffered yet updated physical storage media.other failures file system must deal include media failures loss connection remote systems.in event operating system failure soft power failure special routines file system must invoked similar individual program fai... |
File system | runtime library routine may sometimes allow user program define record based library call specifying length.user program reads data library retrieves data via file system returns record.some file systems allow specification fixed record length used writes reads.facilitates locating nth record well updating records.an i... |
File system | efficient algorithms developed pyramid structures locating records.using file system utilities language specific runtime libraries user programs use file system apis make requests file system.include data transfer positioning updating metadata managing directories managing access specifications removal.multiple file sy... |
File system | keeps activity creating deleting files typical browser activity narrow area disk interfere file allocations.another partition might created storage audio video files relatively large block size.yet another may normally set readonly periodically set writable.a third approach mostly used cloud systems use disk images hou... |
File system | includes virus destruction system partition even system boot.file system utilities require dedicated access effectively completed piecemeal.addition defragmentation may effective.several system maintenance utilities virus scans backups also processed segments.example necessary backup file system containing videos along... |
File system | image files one easily spin differential images contain new data written master original image.differential images used safety concerns disposable system quickly restored destroyed contaminated virus old image removed new image created matter seconds even without automated procedures quick virtual machine deployment si... |
File system | file systems early home computers kb kb storage would reasonable choice modern storage systems hundreds gigabytes capacity.likewise modern file systems would reasonable choice early systems since complexity modern file system structures would quickly consume even exceed limited capacity early storage systems.types file... |
File system | permits multiple users processes access various data disk without regard sequential location data.examples include fat fat fat fat exfat ntfs hfs hfs hpfs apfs ufs ext ext ext xfs btrfs files veritas file system vmfs zfs reiserfs scoutfs.disk file systems journaling file systems versioning file systems.optical discs is... |
File system | series linux kernel since windows vista facilitates rewriting dvds.flash file systems flash file system considers special abilities performance restrictions flash memory devices.frequently disk file system use flash memory device underlying storage media much better use file system specifically designed flash device.ta... |
File system | file additions changes removals require updating directory usedfree maps.random access data regions measured milliseconds system works well disks.tape requires linear motion wind unwind potentially long reels media.tape motion may take several seconds several minutes move readwrite head one end tape other.consequently ... |
File system | data archiving software works tape storage store local copy tape catalog disk file system adding files tape done quickly without rescan tape media.local tape catalog copy usually discarded used specified period time point tape must rescanned used future.ibm developed file system tape called linear tape file system.ibm ... |
File system | many data tape technologies necessary format tape overwriting new data tape.due inherently destructive nature overwriting data sequential media.because time take format tape typically tapes preformatted tape user need spend time preparing new tape use.usually necessary write identifying media label tape use even automa... |
File system | technologies informally known fortress rochester basic aspects extended early mainframe technologies many ways advanced technological perspective.some projects arent pure database file systems use aspects database file systemmany web content management systems use relational dbms store retrieve files.example xhtml file... |
File system | writing fails software left partially installed updated software may broken unusable.incomplete update key system utility command shell may leave entire system unusable state.transaction processing introduces atomicity guarantee ensuring operations inside transaction either committed transaction aborted system discards... |
File system | number research prototypes transactional file systems unix systems including valor file system amino lfs transactional ext file system txos kernel well transactional file systems targeting embedded systems tffs.ensuring consistency across multiple file system operations difficult impossible without file system transact... |
File system | workaround database systems simply produce archived state file containing data point backup software backs interact directly active transactional databases all.recovery requires separate recreation database state file file restored backup software.network file systems network file system file system acts client remote ... |
File system | shared disk file systems shared disk file system one number machines usually servers access external disk subsystem usually san.file system arbitrates access subsystem preventing write collisions.examples include gfs red hat gpfs known spectrum scale ibm sfs dataplow cxfs sgi stornext quantum corporation scoutfs versit... |
File system | device file systems device file system represents io devices pseudodevices files called device files.examples unixlike systems include devfs linux .systems udev.nonunixlike systems tops operating systems influenced full filename pathname file include device prefix devices containing file systems referred device prefix ... |
File system | minimal file system audiocassette storage disk digital tape devices expensive early microcomputer users.inexpensive basic data storage system devised used common audio cassette tape.when system needed write data user notified press record cassette recorder press return keyboard notify system cassette recorder recording... |
File system | system would interpret subsequent sounds data.data read complete system would notify user press stop cassette recorder.primitive mostly worked.data stored sequentially usually unnamed format although systems commodore pet series computers allow files named.multiple sets data could written located fastforwarding tape ob... |
File system | user might listen sounds find right spot begin playing next data region.implementations even included audible sounds interspersed data.flat file systems flat file system subdirectories directory entries files stored single directory.when floppy disk media first available type file system adequate due relatively small a... |
File system | early apple macintosh also featured flat file system macintosh file system.unusual file management program macintosh finder created illusion partially hierarchical filing system top emfs.structure required every file unique name even appeared separate folder.ibm dos os store entries files disk pack volume directory pac... |
File system | advanced file management allowed able use nearly character including objects name ability select subsets buckets content based identical prefixes.file systems operating systems many operating systems include support one file system.sometimes os file system tightly interwoven difficult separate file system functions.the... |
File system | unix unixlike operating systems unixlike operating systems create virtual file system makes files devices appear exist single hierarchy.means systems one root directory every file existing system located somewhere.unixlike systems use ram disk network shared resource root directory.unixlike systems assign device name d... |
File system | example access files cdrom one must tell operating system take file system cdrom make appear suchandsuch directory.directory given operating system called mount point – might example media.media directory exists many unix systems specified filesystem hierarchy standard intended specifically use mount point removable me... |
File system | root user may authorize mounting file systems.unixlike operating systems often include software tools assist mounting process provide new functionality.strategies coined automounting reflection purpose.in many situations file systems root need available soon operating system booted.unixlike systems therefore provide fa... |
File system | common examples include usb flash drives cdroms dvds.utilities therefore developed detect presence availability medium mount medium without user intervention.progressive unixlike systems also introduced concept called supermounting see example linux supermountng project.example floppy disk supermounted physically remov... |
File system | system automatically notices disk changed updates mount point contents reflect new medium.an automounter automatically mount file system reference made directory atop mounted.usually used file systems network servers rather relying events insertion media would appropriate removable media.linux linux supports numerous f... |
File system | solaris solaris earlier releases defaulted nonjournaled nonlogging ufs bootable supplementary file systems.solaris defaulted supported extended ufs.support file systems significant enhancements added time including veritas software corp. journaling vxfs sun microsystems clustering qfs sun microsystems journaling ufs su... |
File system | multiple operating systems including solaris may use veritas volume manager.modern solaris based operating systems eclipse need volume management leveraging virtual storage pools zfs.macos macos formerly mac os x uses apple file system apfs replaced file system inherited classic mac os called hfs plus hfs.apple also us... |
File system | due unix roots macos unix permissions added hfs plus.later versions hfs plus added journaling prevent corruption file system structure introduced number optimizations allocation algorithms attempt defragment files automatically without requiring external defragmenter.filenames characters.hfs plus uses unicode store fil... |
File system | high sierra announced june apples wwdc event uses apple file system solidstate drives.macos also supported ufs file system derived bsd unix fast file system via nextstep.however mac os x leopard macos could longer installed ufs volume preleopard system installed ufs volume upgraded leopard.mac os x lion ufs support com... |
File system | mac os x .snow leopard later allow writing ntfs file systems nontrivial system setting change third party software exists automates this.finally macos supports reading writing exfat file system since mac os x snow leopard starting version ... os os .introduced high performance file system hpfs.hpfs supports mixed case ... |
File system | pcbsd pcbsd desktop version freebsd inherits freebsds zfs support similarly freenas.new graphical installer pcbsd handle root zfs raidz pool installs disk encryption using geli right start easy convenient gui way.current pcbsd .isotope edition zfs filesystem version zfs storage pool version .plan plan bell labs treats ... |
File system | ioctl mmap networking graphics debugging authentication capabilities encryption services accessed via io operations file descriptors.p protocol removes difference local remote files.file systems plan organized help private perprocess namespaces allowing process different view many file systems provide resources distrib... |
File system | example path cwindows represents directory windows partition represented letter c. drive c commonly used primary hard disk drive partition windows usually installed boots.tradition become firmly ingrained bugs exist many applications make assumptions drive operating system installed c. use drive letters tradition using... |
File system | drdos based digital researchs concurrent dos successor cpm.fat file systems therefore wellsuited universal exchange format computers devices type age.the fat file system traces roots back incompatible bit fat precursor standalone disk basic shortlived mdosmidas project.over years file system expanded fat fat fat.variou... |
File system | commonly referred .filename limit.vfat optional extension fat fat fat introduced windows windows nt .allowed long file names lfn stored fat file system backwards compatible fashion.ntfs ntfs introduced windows nt operating system allowed aclbased permission control. |
File system | features also supported ntfs include hard links multiple file streams attribute indexing quota tracking sparse files encryption compression reparse points directories working mountpoints file systems symlinks junctions remote storage links.exfat exfat certain advantages ntfs regard file system overhead.exfat backward c... |
File system | openvms mvs prior introduction vsam os systems implemented hybrid file system.system designed easily support removable disk packs information relating files one disk volume ibm terminology stored disk flat system file called volume table contents vtoc.vtoc stores metadata file.later hierarchical directory structure imp... |
File system | user requests access dataset offline volume suitable privileges system attempt mount required volume.cataloged noncataloged datasets still accessed using information vtoc bypassing catalog required volume id provided open request.still later vtoc indexed speed access.conversational monitor system ibm conversational mon... |
File system | anchor record called master file directory mfd always located fourth block disk.originally cms used fixedlength byte blocks later versions used larger size blocks k. access data record requires two levels indirection files directory entry called file status table fst entry points blocks containing list addresses indivi... |
File system | file systems prospero file system file system based virtual system model.system created dr. b. clifford neuman information sciences institute university southern california.rsre flex file system written algol file system michigan terminal system mts interesting provides line files record lengths line numbers associated... |
File system | may performance reliability considerations.providing access another operating system support existing file system another reason.inplace conversion cases conversion done inplace although migrating file system conservative involves creating copy data recommended.windows fat fat file systems converted ntfs via convert.ex... |
File system | conversions possible due using format file data relocating metadata empty space cases using sparse file support.migrating different file system migration disadvantage requiring additional space although may faster.best case unused space media contain final file system.for example migrate fat file system ext file system... |
File system | long file paths long file names hierarchical file systems files accessed means path branching list directories containing file.different file systems different limits depth path.file systems also limit length individual filename.copying files long names located paths significant depth one file system another may cause ... |
Palm oil | archived original .cite web cs maint unfit url linkinteresting file system projectsoil used food manufacturing beauty products biofuel.palm oil accounted global oils produced oil crops .the use palm oil attracted concern environmental groups due deforestation tropics palms grown cited factor social problems due allegat... |
Palm oil | late archaeologists discovered substance concluded originally palm oil tomb abydos dating back bce.believed traders brought oil palm egypt.palm oil e. guineensis long recognized west central african countries used widely cooking oil.european merchants trading west africa occasionally purchased palm oil use cooking oil ... |
Palm oil | confused palm kernel oil derived kernel fruit coconut oil derived kernel coconut palm cocos nucifera.differences color raw palm kernel oil lacks carotenoids red saturated fat content palm mesocarp oil saturated palm kernel oil coconut oil saturated fats respectively.however crude red palm oil refined neutralized bleach... |
Palm oil | oil extraction rate bunch varies palm oil palm kernels.along coconut oil palm oil one highly saturated vegetable fats semisolid room temperature.palm oil common cooking ingredient tropical belt africa southeast asia parts brazil.use commercial food industry parts world widespread lower cost high oxidative stability sat... |
Palm oil | refining milling various palm oil products made using refining processes.first fractionation crystallization separation processes obtain solid palm stearin liquid olein fractions.melting degumming removes impurities.oil filtered bleached.physical refining removes smells coloration produce refined bleached deodorized pa... |
Palm oil | rbdpo basic palm oil product sold worlds commodity markets.many companies fractionate produce palm oil cooking oil process products.red palm oil since mids red palm oil coldpressed fruit oil palm bottled use cooking oil addition uses blended mayonnaise vegetable oil.oil produced palm fruit called red palm oil palm oil.... |
Palm oil | red palm oil also contains sterols vitamin e carotenoids alphacarotene betacarotene lycopene.white palm oil white palm oil result processing refining.refined palm oil loses deep red color.extensively used food manufacture found variety processed foods including peanut butter chips.often labeled palm shortening used rep... |
Palm oil | uses food highly saturated nature palm oil renders solid room temperature temperate regions making cheap substitute butter hydrogenated vegetable oils uses solid fat desirable making pastry dough baked goods.health concerns related trans fats hydrogenated vegetable oils may contributed increasing use palm oil food indu... |
Palm oil | biomass biofuels palm oil used produce methyl ester hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel.palm oil methyl ester created process called transesterification.palm oil biodiesel often blended fuels create palm oil biodiesel blends.palm oil biodiesel meets european en standard biodiesels.hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel produced direct hy... |
Palm oil | worlds largest palm oil biodiesel plant € million finnishoperated neste oil biodiesel plant singapore opened capacity tons per year produces hydrodeoxygenated nexbtl biodiesel palm oil imported malaysia indonesia.significant amounts palm oil exports europe converted biodiesel early indonesia malaysia .almost half palm ... |
Palm oil | indonesian government aiming produce palm oil biodiesel b transition using conventional diesel.indonesian government estimated would need establish approximately million hectares oil palm plantations meet future demands.the organic waste matter produced processing oil palm including oil palm shells oil palm fruit bunch... |
Palm oil | wound care although palm oil applied wounds supposed antimicrobial effects research confirm effectiveness.production – world production palm oil .million metric tons .million short tons.annual production palm oil projected reach million metric tons million short tons . |
Palm oil | indonesia indonesia worlds largest producer palm oil surpassing malaysia producing .million metric tons .million short tons number since risen .million metric tons .million short tons output. |
Palm oil | indonesia expects double production end .number .million metric tons .million short tons.end output exported form crude palm oil. |
Palm oil | fao data shows production increased .million metric tons .million short tons.malaysia malaysia worlds second largest producer palm oil.response concerns deforestation government malaysia pledged limit expansion palm oil plantations retaining minimum half nations land forest cover.in country produced . |
Palm oil | million metric tons .million short tons crude palm oil roughly hectares sq mi land.though indonesia produces palm oil malaysia worlds largest exporter palm oil exported million metric tons million short tons palm oil products .india china pakistan european union united states primary importers malaysian palm oil produc... |
Palm oil | nigeria nigeria thirdlargest producer approximately .million hectares .million acres cultivation.nigeria worlds largest producer.small largescale producers participated industry. |
Palm oil | thailand thailand worlds third largest producer crude palm oil producing approximately million metric tons .million short tons per year .global output.nearly thai production consumed locally.almost palm plantations extraction mills south thailand. |
Palm oil | yearend ..million rai hectares acres planted oil palms employing farmers mostly small landholdings rai .hectares .acres. |
Palm oil | asean region accounts .million metric tons .million short tons palm oil production world total global exports.indonesia accounts world exports.malaysian exports total . |
Palm oil | biggest consumers palm oil india european union china three consuming nearly world exports.thailands department internal trade dit usually sets price crude palm oil refined palm oil thai farmers relatively low yield compared malaysia indonesia.thai palm oil crops yield – oil compared around competing countries.addition... |
Palm oil | million metric tons .million short tons representing national agricultural gdp benefiting mainly smallholders colombias palm oil sector.according study environmental science policy colombia potential produce sustainable palm oil without causing deforestation.addition palm oil crops provide productive alternative illega... |
Palm oil | benin palm native wetlands western africa south benin already hosts many palm plantations.agricultural revival programme identified many thousands hectares land suitable new oil palm export plantations.spite economic benefits nongovernmental organisations ngos nature tropicale claim biofuels compete domestic food produ... |
Palm oil | fao additionally states peasants benin practice agroecology.harvest palm fruit small farms palm oil mostly used local consumption.cameroon cameroon production project underway initiated herakles farms us.however project halted pressure civil society organizations cameroon.project halted herakles left roundtable sustain... |
Palm oil | project controversial due opposition villagers location project sensitive region biodiversity.kenya kenyas domestic production edible oils covers third annual demand estimated around metric tons short tons.rest imported cost around us million year making edible oil countrys second important import petroleum.since new h... |
Palm oil | ghana ghana lot palm nut species may become important contributor agriculture region.although ghana multiple palm species ranging local palm nuts species locally called agric marketed locally neighboring countries.production expanding major investment funds purchasing plantations ghana considered major growth area palm... |
Palm oil | example processes resulted significant acreage losses natural habitat three surviving species orangutan.one species particular sumatran orangutan listed critically endangered habitat loss due palm oil cultivation.social addition environmental concerns palm oil development regions produce also led significant social con... |
Palm oil | palm oil production provides employment opportunities shown improve infrastructure social services reduce poverty.however cases oil palm plantations developed lands without consultation compensation indigenous people inhabiting land resulting social conflict.use illegal immigrants malaysia also raised concerns working ... |
Palm oil | known food versus fuel debate.according report published renewable sustainable energy reviews palm oil determined sustainable source food biofuel production palm oil biodiesel pose threat edible palm oil supplies.according study published environmental science policy journal palm oil biodiesel might increase demand pal... |
Palm oil | chemicals used pesticides paraquat glyphosate linked diseases parkinsons disease cancer.environmental worlds vegetable oil farmland used palm plantations palm cultivation produces worlds total vegetable oil supply.terms oil yield palm plantation times productive soybean sunflower rapeseed cultivation palm fruit kernel ... |
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