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Emergency management	emi independent study program webbased distance learning program open public delivers extensive online training approximately courses.trained .million individuals.emi web site receives .million visitors day.
Emergency management	see also civil defensecomputer emergency response teambusiness continuity planningdisaster medicinedisaster responsedisaster risk reductionemergency communication systememergency sanitationfire fightinghuman capital flightmass fatality incidentpublic health emergency united statesrohn emergency scalesearch rescuengos references reading disaster nursing emergency preparedness isbn .springer publishing.fourth edition international journal emergency management issn electronic issn paper inderscience publishersjournal homeland security emergency management issn bepressaustralian journal emergency management electronic issn paper emergency management australiakaranasios s. .new emergent icts climate change developing countries.r. heeks a. ospina eds.. manchester centre development informatics university manchesterthe aladdin project consortium universities developing automated disaster management toolsemergency management australia community developments recovering disaster commonwealth australia canberraplan preparation surviving zombie apocalypse paperback createspace introductory concepts planning preparing emergencies disasters kind.
System Center Data Protection Manager	external links emergency preparedness response office national institute occupational safety healthfao emergenciesresilient livelihoods disaster risk reduction food nutrition security – edition published faocenters disease control preventions information specific types emergenciesemergency preparedness response resources national institute occupational safety healthfema community emergency response team cert training materials program manager trainer participant...part microsoft system center family products microsofts first entry nearcontinuous backup data recovery.uses shadow copy technology continuous backups.overview data protection manager delivers centralized backup branch offices within data center nearcontinuously protecting changed files bytelevel secondary disk backed tape.also enables rapid reliable recovery easily accessible disk instead waiting locate mount tapes.data protection manager released september storage decisions new york.current version data protection manager supports protection windows file servers exchange server microsoft sql server sharepoint microsoft virtual server.
System Center Data Protection Manager	features baremetal restore.supported workloads dpm offers support variety microsoft workloads.support varies versions old operating systems removed new versions.see also microsoft serversmicrosoft system center references reading ganger devin ryan femling march .mastering system center data protection manager .
System Center Data Protection Manager	isbn .buchanan steve.microsoft data protection manager .isbn .buffington jason.data protection virtual data centers.isbn .robert hedblom steve buchanan islam gomaa flemming riis.
Granular configuration automation	microsoft system center data protection manager .isbn .external links official websitedata protection manager blogall backed – dpm product managers blogdpm version service pack information updated dpmdata protect manager microsoft technetframework focuses improving stability environments analyzing granular information.responds requirement determine threat level environment risk allow organizations focus risks highest impact performance.granular configuration automation combines two major trends configuration management move collect detailed comprehensive environment information growing utilization automation tools.driving factors personnel systems grown complexity supporting wider growing range technologies platforms.application release schedules accelerating requiring greater attention information.
Granular configuration automation	average global firm thousand applications organization deploys supports.new technology platforms like cloud virtualization offer benefits less server space energy savings complicate configuration management issues like sprawl.need ensure high availability consistent delivery business services led many companies develop automated configuration change release management processes.downtime system outages undermine environments professionals manage.despite advances infrastructure robustness occasional hardware software database downtime occurs.dun bradstreet reports fortune companies experience least .
Granular configuration automation	hours downtime per week translating hours annually.growing costs downtime provided organizations ample evidence need improve processes.conservative estimate gartner pegs hourly cost downtime computer networks company suffers worse average downtime hours year lose million per year.the demands complexity incident investigation put strain professionals current experience cannot address incidents scale environments organizations.incident may captured monitored results reported using standardized forms time even using helpdesk trouble tickets software system automate sometimes even formal process methodology like itil.core activity still handled technical specialist “nosing around” system trying “figure out” wrong based previous experience personal expertise.
Rubric	potential applications release validation — validating releases mitigating risk production outagesincident prevention — identifying alerting undesired changes hence avoiding costly environment incidentsincident investigation — pinpointing rootcause incident significantly cutting time effort spent investigationdisaster recovery verification — accurate validation disaster recovery plans eliminating surprises vulnerable timessecurity — identifying deviations security policy bestpracticescompliance — discovering noncompliant situations providing detailed audit trail see also configuration managementrelease managementchange managementinformation technologyitilvirtualizationcloud computingbusiness continuityit service continuityseven tiers disaster recovery referencesword derives latin rubrica meaning red ochre red chalk originates medieval illuminated manuscripts th century earlier.red letters used highlight initial capitals particularly psalms section headings names religious significance practice known rubrication separate stage production manuscript.rubric also mean red ink paint used make rubrics pigment used make it.although red often used colours came use late middle ages onwards word rubric used also.medievalists use patterns rubrication help identify textual traditions.various figurative senses word extended original meaning.usually senses used within set phrase whatever rubric example rubric x true x done rubric y. senses include authoritative rule title statute something thing classed explanatory introductory commentary established rule tradition custom guide listing specific criteria grading scoring academic assignments.
Rubric	liturgical instructions instructions priest explaining must liturgy also rubricated missals liturgical books texts spoken aloud black.rubric secondary denotation instruction text regardless actually inscribed.oldest recorded definition english found .less formally rubrics may refer liturgical action customarily performed whether pursuant written instruction.history status authority content rubrics significant sometimes controversial among liturgical scholars.
Rubric	past theologians distinguished rubrics considered divine origin merely human origin.rubrics probably originally verbal written separate volumes.earliest extant liturgical books contain references texts first millennium appears written versions existed.full rubrics regarding matters vesture appearance altar timing specific liturgies similar matters still may published separately.modern liturgical books e. g. catholic roman missal lengthy general rubrics probably printed black pertain matters preface actual order liturgies contain shorter specific rubrics still usually rubricated.
Rubric	red also often used distinguish words spoken celebrant congregation specific persons involved liturgy e. g. marrying.development printing arrival printing typographic effects italic type bolded type different sizes type used emphasize section text printing two colours expensive time consuming rubrication tended reserved sacred liturgical books luxury editions works.william morriss medievally inspired typography kelmscott press end th century included chapter titles accents red rarely blue ink influential small press art typography associated arts crafts movement england united states particularly work ashendene doves roycroft presses.around rubrication incorporated red letter edition king james version bible distinguish dominical words i. e. spoken jesus christ corporeal life earth translation lacked quotation marks.versions bible since adopted popular practice.rubrics education rubric explicit set criteria used assessing particular type work performance provides details single grade mark.rubrics therefore help teachers grade objectively.
Rubric	see also code rubricsrubricationscriptorium references external links rubric .encyclopædia britannica.vol.th ed.. .p. .rubrics anglican low mass full set rubrics normal service book would include perversely words spoken shown red rubrics black.catholic order mass rubrics showing speaks red others small italics.kelmscott press examples kelmscott press pages showing use red accents.so preachment entitled chicago tongue flip book presentation roycroft press edition c. illustrating use rubrics arts crafts tradition.good recipes cookbook published womans society winnetka congregational church shows influence arts crafts rubrics everyday typography early th century.
Hardware virtualization	virtualization hides physical characteristics computing platform users presenting instead abstract computing platform.origins software controlled virtualization called control program terms hypervisor virtual machine monitor became preferred time.concept term virtualization coined refer virtual machine sometimes called pseudo machine term dates experimental ibm mx system.creation management virtual machines called platform virtualization server virtualization recently.platform virtualization performed given hardware platform host software control program creates simulated computer environment virtual machine vm guest software.guest software limited user applications many hosts allow execution complete operating systems.
Hardware virtualization	guest software executes running directly physical hardware several notable caveats.access physical system resources network access display keyboard disk storage generally managed restrictive level host processor systemmemory.guests often restricted accessing specific peripheral devices may limited subset devices native capabilities depending hardware access policy implemented virtualization host.virtualization often exacts performance penalties resources required run hypervisor well reduced performance virtual machine compared running native physical machine.reasons virtualization case server consolidation many small physical servers replaced one larger physical server decrease need costly hardware resources cpus hard drives.although hardware consolidated virtual environments typically oss not.
Hardware virtualization	instead os running physical server converted distinct os running inside virtual machine.thereby large server host many guest virtual machines.known physicaltovirtual pv transformation.in addition reducing equipment labor costs associated equipment maintenance consolidating servers also added benefit reducing energy consumption global footprint environmentalecological sectors technology.example typical server runs w vmware estimates hardware reduction ratio .a virtual machine vm easily controlled inspected remote site physical machine configuration vm flexible.useful kernel development teaching operating system courses including running legacy operating systems support modern hardware.a new virtual machine provisioned required without need upfront hardware purchase.a virtual machine easily relocated one physical machine another needed.
Hardware virtualization	example salesperson going customer copy virtual machine demonstration software laptop without need transport physical computer.likewise error inside virtual machine harm host system risk os crashing laptop.because ease relocation virtual machines readily used disaster recovery scenarios without concerns impact refurbished faulty energy sources.however multiple vms concurrently running physical host vm may exhibit varying unstable performance highly depends workload imposed system vms.issue addressed appropriate installation techniques temporal isolation among virtual machines.there several approaches platform virtualization.examples virtualization use casesrunning one applications supported host os virtual machine running required guest os could permit desired applications run without altering host os.evaluating alternate operating system new os could run within vm without altering host os.server virtualization multiple virtual servers could run single physical server order fully utilize hardware resources physical server.duplicating specific environments virtual machine could depending virtualization software used duplicated installed multiple hosts restored previously backedup system state.creating protected environment guest os running vm becomes damaged way costeffective repair may occur studying malware installing badly behaved software vm may simply discarded without harm host system clean copy used upon rebooting guest .full virtualization full virtualization virtual machine simulates enough hardware allow unmodified guest os designed instruction set run isolation.approach pioneered ibm cp cp predecessors vm family.
Hardware virtualization	hardwareassisted virtualization hardwareassisted virtualization hardware provides architectural support facilitates building virtual machine monitor allows guest oss run isolation.hardwareassisted virtualization first introduced ibm system use vm first virtual machine operating system.in intel amd provided additional hardware support virtualization.sun microsystems oracle corporation added similar features ultrasparc tseries processors .in firstgeneration bit x hardware support found rarely offer performance advantages software virtualization.paravirtualization paravirtualization virtual machine necessarily simulate hardware instead addition offers special api used modifying guest os.possible guest oss source code must available.
Hardware virtualization	source code available sufficient replace sensitive instructions calls vmm apis e.g.cli vmhandlecli recompile os use new binaries.system call hypervisor called hypercall trango xen implemented via diag diagnose hardware instruction ibms cms vm origin term hypervisor.. operatingsystemlevel virtualization operatingsystemlevel virtualization physical server virtualized operating system level enabling multiple isolated secure virtualized servers run single physical server.guest operating system environments share running instance operating system host system.thus operating system kernel also used implement guest environments applications running given guest environment view standalone system.
Hardware virtualization	hardware virtualization disaster recovery disaster recovery dr plan often considered good practice hardware virtualization platform.dr virtualization environment ensure high rate availability wide range situations disrupt normal business operations.situations continued operations hardware virtualization platforms important disaster recovery plan ensure hardware performance maintenance requirements met.hardware virtualization disaster recovery plan involves hardware software protection various methods including described below.tape backup software data longterm archival needsthis common method used store data offsite data recovery difficult lengthy process.tape backup data good latest copy stored.
Hardware virtualization	tape backup methods require backup device ongoing storage material.wholefile application replicationthe implementation method require control software storage capacity application data file storage replication typically site.data replicated different disk partition separate disk device scheduled activity servers implemented databasetype applications.hardware software redundancythis method ensures highest level disaster recovery protection hardware virtualization solution providing duplicate hardware software replication two distinct geographic areas.see also references external links introduction virtualization amit singhxen art virtualization acm group authorslinux virtualization softwarezoppis bruno august st pub.linuxdevices.using hypervisor reconcile gpl proprietary embedded code.
Hardware virtualization	linux gizmos.archived original december .virtualization hides physical characteristics computing platform users presenting instead abstract computing platform.origins software controlled virtualization called control program terms hypervisor virtual machine monitor became preferred time.concept term virtualization coined refer virtual machine sometimes called pseudo machine term dates experimental ibm mx system.creation management virtual machines called platform virtualization server virtualization recently.platform virtualization performed given hardware platform host software control program creates simulated computer environment virtual machine vm guest software.guest software limited user applications many hosts allow execution complete operating systems.
Hardware virtualization	guest software executes running directly physical hardware several notable caveats.access physical system resources network access display keyboard disk storage generally managed restrictive level host processor systemmemory.guests often restricted accessing specific peripheral devices may limited subset devices native capabilities depending hardware access policy implemented virtualization host.virtualization often exacts performance penalties resources required run hypervisor well reduced performance virtual machine compared running native physical machine.reasons virtualization case server consolidation many small physical servers replaced one larger physical server decrease need costly hardware resources cpus hard drives.although hardware consolidated virtual environments typically oss not.
Hardware virtualization	instead os running physical server converted distinct os running inside virtual machine.thereby large server host many guest virtual machines.known physicaltovirtual pv transformation.in addition reducing equipment labor costs associated equipment maintenance consolidating servers also added benefit reducing energy consumption global footprint environmentalecological sectors technology.example typical server runs w vmware estimates hardware reduction ratio .a virtual machine vm easily controlled inspected remote site physical machine configuration vm flexible.useful kernel development teaching operating system courses including running legacy operating systems support modern hardware.a new virtual machine provisioned required without need upfront hardware purchase.a virtual machine easily relocated one physical machine another needed.
Hardware virtualization	example salesperson going customer copy virtual machine demonstration software laptop without need transport physical computer.likewise error inside virtual machine harm host system risk os crashing laptop.because ease relocation virtual machines readily used disaster recovery scenarios without concerns impact refurbished faulty energy sources.however multiple vms concurrently running physical host vm may exhibit varying unstable performance highly depends workload imposed system vms.issue addressed appropriate installation techniques temporal isolation among virtual machines.there several approaches platform virtualization.examples virtualization use casesrunning one applications supported host os virtual machine running required guest os could permit desired applications run without altering host os.evaluating alternate operating system new os could run within vm without altering host os.server virtualization multiple virtual servers could run single physical server order fully utilize hardware resources physical server.duplicating specific environments virtual machine could depending virtualization software used duplicated installed multiple hosts restored previously backedup system state.creating protected environment guest os running vm becomes damaged way costeffective repair may occur studying malware installing badly behaved software vm may simply discarded without harm host system clean copy used upon rebooting guest .full virtualization full virtualization virtual machine simulates enough hardware allow unmodified guest os designed instruction set run isolation.approach pioneered ibm cp cp predecessors vm family.
Hardware virtualization	hardwareassisted virtualization hardwareassisted virtualization hardware provides architectural support facilitates building virtual machine monitor allows guest oss run isolation.hardwareassisted virtualization first introduced ibm system use vm first virtual machine operating system.in intel amd provided additional hardware support virtualization.sun microsystems oracle corporation added similar features ultrasparc tseries processors .in firstgeneration bit x hardware support found rarely offer performance advantages software virtualization.paravirtualization paravirtualization virtual machine necessarily simulate hardware instead addition offers special api used modifying guest os.possible guest oss source code must available.
Hardware virtualization	source code available sufficient replace sensitive instructions calls vmm apis e.g.cli vmhandlecli recompile os use new binaries.system call hypervisor called hypercall trango xen implemented via diag diagnose hardware instruction ibms cms vm origin term hypervisor.. operatingsystemlevel virtualization operatingsystemlevel virtualization physical server virtualized operating system level enabling multiple isolated secure virtualized servers run single physical server.guest operating system environments share running instance operating system host system.thus operating system kernel also used implement guest environments applications running given guest environment view standalone system.
Hardware virtualization	hardware virtualization disaster recovery disaster recovery dr plan often considered good practice hardware virtualization platform.dr virtualization environment ensure high rate availability wide range situations disrupt normal business operations.situations continued operations hardware virtualization platforms important disaster recovery plan ensure hardware performance maintenance requirements met.hardware virtualization disaster recovery plan involves hardware software protection various methods including described below.tape backup software data longterm archival needsthis common method used store data offsite data recovery difficult lengthy process.tape backup data good latest copy stored.
Hardware virtualization	tape backup methods require backup device ongoing storage material.wholefile application replicationthe implementation method require control software storage capacity application data file storage replication typically site.data replicated different disk partition separate disk device scheduled activity servers implemented databasetype applications.hardware software redundancythis method ensures highest level disaster recovery protection hardware virtualization solution providing duplicate hardware software replication two distinct geographic areas.see also references external links introduction virtualization amit singhxen art virtualization acm group authorslinux virtualization softwarezoppis bruno august st pub.linuxdevices.using hypervisor reconcile gpl proprietary embedded code.
Email archiving	linux gizmos.archived original december .email archiving solutions capture email content either directly email application transport.messages typically stored magnetic disk storage indexed simplify future searches.addition simply accumulating email messages applications index provide quick searchable access archived messages independent users system using couple different technical methods implementation.reasons company may opt implement email archiving solution include protection mission critical data meet retention supervision requirements applicable regulations ediscovery purposes.predicted email archiving market grow nearly .
Email archiving	billion .billion .definition email archiving automated process preserving protecting inbound outbound email messages well attachments metadata accessed later date need arise.benefits email archiving include recovery lost accidentally deleted emails accelerated audit response preservation intellectual property contained business email attachments ediscovery case litigation internal investigations happened said what.overview email archiving process capturing preserving making easily searchable email traffic given individual organization service.
Email archiving	email archiving solutions capture email content either directly email server journaling message transit.email archive stored magnetic tape disk arrays often cloud.regardless location email archive gets indexed order speed future searches archive vendors provide search ui simplify query construction.in addition email attachments associated metadata email archiving applications also archive additional aspects mailbox including public folders .pst files calendars contacts notes instant messages context.objectives many motivations enterprises endusers invest email archiving solution includingdata preservationprotection intellectual propertyregulatory compliancelitigation legal discoveryemail backup disaster recoverymessaging system storage optimizationmonitoring internal external email contentrecords management email retention policiesbusiness email continuity regulatory compliance enterprises sizes grow reliant email business value content also growing.protect increasingly valuable information intellectual property numerous standards regulations enacted require records protection retention well timely response legal discovery information foia requests.
Email archiving	modern email archiving solutions allow companies meet regulatory requirements corporate policies securing preserving data providing flexible data management policies enable authorized users enact legal holds set retention purge policies conduct searches across multiple mailboxes complete various inquiries.some primary compliance requirements driving need secure email archiving alphabeticallycanada investment industry regulatory organization canada iiroc .mutual fund dealers association mfdapipedagermanygobdswitzerlandschweizerisches obligationenrecht article united kingdombritish standards institution bs bs iso bs iso bsi disc pd bsi disc pd bsi disc pddata protection act freedom information act united statesfda title cfr part federal rules civil procedure frcpfreedom information actgrammleachbliley acthfta hedge fund transparency acthipaainvestment advisors actfinra rule nyse rule sarbanesoxleycalifornia senate bill californiasecurities exchange commission rule sec rule apatriot actnote many compliance regulations require preservation electronic business communications consist email may include instant messaging file attachments bloomberg messaging reuters messaging pintopin sms text messages voip electronic messaging communications used business.litigation legal discovery legal discovery email archiving solutions lower overall risk spoliation greatly speed electronic discovery.messages indexed audit trails provided messages deduplicated legal holdpreservation applied.litigation support email retrieved quickly history email exists prove authenticity chain custody.compliance support email records stored archive according administrator defined retention policies.
Email archiving	retention periods expire email automatically deleted archiving application.order compliant organization intentionally destroy email messages long destruction done pursuant stated company policy destruction stops immediately incident occurs could give rise lawsuit.if organization multiple separate applications example ediscovery records information management email archiving application may separate database becomes difficult deduplicate messages ensure single retention policy applied.legal point view important retention periods expired message purged archive.messages purged still discoverable litigation arise later date.without unified archive difficult ensure one single retention policy.
Email archiving	problem magnified large organizations manage tens millions emails per day.without email archiving email likely exists combination backup tapes end users’ local workstations.specific email needs found internal investigation response litigation take weeks find costs great deal.today’s legal discovery rules see frcp httpsweb.archive.orgwebhttp compliance legislations become necessary departments centrally manage archive organization’s email email searched found minutes days weeks.email backup disaster recovery email lifeblood many modern businesses enterprises today depend reliable email service.virtually enterprises implement messaging infrastructure connect workers enable business processes.
Email archiving	ecommerce arena employees may require access email close sales manage accounts.employees plus many others may choose keep emails indefinitely organizations may mandate emails days old deleted.setting kinds retention policies deserves careful consideration single email could help company win lawsuit avoid litigation altogether.email archiving also used business continuity individual employee level.one employee quits hisher replacement given access departed employees archived messages order preserve correspondence records enable accelerated onboarding.as part comprehensive disaster recovery plan email archive instrumental organizations effort get back business.
Email archiving	offsite online archive means secondary facilities spin messaging servers quickly get access last mails sentreceived well historical messaging data.offsite archives take form disk farms sans distant dr facilities email archives stored publicprivate cloud environments.although email archiving products capture copy messages mirrored copies messaging server therefore cannot help recreate user accountsgroups event disaster.messaging system storage optimization every email message takes space email systems hard drive permanent storage device e.g.network attached storage storage area network etc.. number messages increase simple operations retrieving searching indexing backup etc.
Email archiving	utilize information system resources.point older data must removed production email system maintain level performance primary use exchange email messages.email archiving solutions improve email server performance storage efficiency removing email attachments messaging server based administrator defined policies.archived email attachments remain accessible end users via existing email client applications.see also electronic message journalingelectronic discoveryfile archivelist email archive software references reading correspondence archives age email technology privacy policy challenges us andrew w. mellon foundation carcanet press email archive university manchester digital preservation awards uk digital preservation coalition future email archives report task force technical approaches email archives pdf council library information resources long keep emails external links best practices email archiving forrester research
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction	successor agreement hyogo framework action – encompassing international accord date disaster risk reduction.the sendai document emerged three years talks assisted united nations international strategy disaster reduction un member states ngos stakeholders made calls improved version existing hyogo framework set common standards comprehensive framework achievable targets legallybased instrument disaster risk reduction.member states also emphasized need tackle disaster risk reduction climate change adaptation setting sustainable development goals particularly light insufficient focus risk reduction resilience original millennium development goals.priority areas sendai framework sets four specific priorities actionunderstanding disaster riskstrengthening disaster risk governance manage disaster riskinvesting disaster risk reduction resilienceenhancing disaster preparedness effective response building back better recovery rehabilitation reconstruction.global targets support assessment global progress achieving outcome goal sendai framework seven global targets agreedsubstantially reduce global disaster mortality aiming lower average per global mortality compared –substantially reduce number affected people globally aiming lower average global figure per compared –reduce direct disaster economic loss relation global gross domestic product substantially reduce disaster damage critical infrastructure disruption basic services among health educational facilities including developing resilience substantially increase number countries national local disaster risk reduction strategies substantially enhance international cooperation developing countries adequate sustainable support complement national actions implementation framework substantially increase availability access multihazard early warning systems disaster risk information assessments people .see also business continuityemergency managementnatural disastersrisk managementunited nations international strategy disaster reductionvulnerabilityworld conference disaster risk reduction references external links official world conference disaster risk reduction siteun office disaster risk reductionsendai framework disaster risk reduction hyogo framework action sendai framework disaster risk reduction health lens
Asigra	company privately held headquartered toronto canada.history company founded david farajun harddrive failure caused loss companys data.decided develop technology back data secure location communication lines hence establishing asigra.the name asigra comes spanish infinitive asegurar meaning assure.business model asigra sells products value added resellers managed service providers telcos use software run cloud backup services consumers small medium businesses large enterprises.these service providers free structure business operations pricing cloud deployment models independently.choose sell software service saas either physical virtual appliance customers one cloud deployment models – public private hybrid.
Asigra	product asigra cloud backup companys product.contains various backup recovery modules based data sources need backed up.price product based amount data stored compressed deduplicated encrypted form backup repository.alliances netapp asigra sell data protection service dpaas cloud services providers.company also developed products cisco intel designed distributed remote offices small medium business spaces respectively.the asigra platform runs ibm smartcloud infrastructure service iaas platform back recover data machines ibm smartcloud.
Asigra	licensing models asigra introduced patent pending recovery license model® rlm july address rising storage costs stemming growing data volume.licensing model allows users pay based data recovered.the capacity license model clm introduced based amount data stored prevalent pricing model used market today vendors backup recovery industry.asigra provides organizations option choose current clm new rlm based organizations business needs.awards recognition asigra software featured gartner magic quadrant enterprise backup recovery software two years row.it various awards including north american new product innovation award cloudbased data management frost sullivan storage magazine gold product year enterprise backup category star rating channel partner program crn magazine.references external links asigra
Austrian business cycle theory	theory views business cycles consequence excessive growth bank credit due artificially low interest rates set central bank fractional reserve banks.austrian business cycle theory originated work austrian school economists ludwig von mises friedrich hayek.hayek nobel prize economics shared gunnar myrdal part work theory.proponents believe sustained period low interest rates excessive credit creation fractional reserve banks result volatile unstable imbalance saving investment.according theory business cycle unfolds following way low interest rates fractional reserve banks tend stimulate borrowing lead increase capital spending funded newly issued bank credit.proponents hold creditsourced boom results widespread malinvestment.
Austrian business cycle theory	correction credit crunch commonly called recession bust occurs credit creation run course.money supply contracts growth slows causing curative recession eventually allowing resources reallocated back towards former uses.the austrian explanation business cycle differs significantly mainstream understanding business cycles generally rejected mainstream economists theoretical empirical grounds.austrian school theorists continued contest conclusions.mechanism malinvestment boom according abct genuinely free market random bankruptcies business failures always occur margins economy cluster unless widespread mispricing problem economy triggers simultaneous cascading business failures.according theory period widespread synchronized malinvestment caused mispricing interest rates thereby causing period widespread excessive business lending banks credit expansion later followed sharp contraction period distressed asset sales liquidation purchased overleveraged debt.
Austrian business cycle theory	initial expansion believed caused fractional reserve banking encouraging excessive lending borrowing interest rates full reserve banks would demand.due availability relatively inexpensive funds entrepreneurs invest capital goods roundabout longer process production technologies “high tech” industries.borrowers take newly acquired funds purchase new capital goods thereby causing increase proportion aggregate spending allocated “high tech” capital goods rather basic consumer goods food.however shift inevitably unsustainable time due mispricing caused excessive credit creation banks must reverse eventually always unsustainable.longer distorting dislocation continues violent disruptive necessary readjustment process.austrian school theorists argue boom taking place circumstances actually period wasteful malinvestment.
Austrian business cycle theory	real savings would required higher interest rates encourage depositors save money term deposits invest longerterm projects stable money supply.artificial stimulus caused bank lending causes generalized speculative investment bubble justified longterm factors market.bust crisis credit crunch arrives consumers come reestablish desired allocation saving consumption prevailing interest rates.recession depression actually process economy adjusts wastes errors monetary boom reestablishes efficient service sustainable consumer desires.continually expanding bank credit keep artificial creditfueled boom alive help successively lower interest rates central bank.postpones day reckoning defers collapse unsustainably inflated asset prices.the monetary boom ends bank credit expansion finally stops i.e.
Austrian business cycle theory	investments found provide adequate returns speculative borrowers prevailing interest rates.longer false monetary boom goes bigger speculative borrowing wasteful errors committed longer severe necessary bankruptcies foreclosures depression readjustment.government policy error austrian business cycle theory argue fiscal restraint austerity necessarily increase economic growth result immediate recovery.rather argue alternatives generally involving central government bailing banks companies individuals favoured government day make eventual recovery difficult unbalanced.attempts central governments prop asset prices bail insolvent banks stimulate economy deficit spending make misallocations malinvestments acute economic distortions pronounced prolonging depression adjustment necessary return stable growth especially stimulus measures substantially increase government debt long term debt load economy.
Austrian business cycle theory	austrians argue policy error rests governments central banks weakness negligence allowing false unsustainable creditfueled boom begin first place end fiscal monetary austerity.debt liquidation debt reduction therefore solution debtfueled problem.opposite getting even debt spend economys way crisis cannot logically solution crisis caused much debt.government private debt solving debtrelated problem logically impossible.according ludwig von mises means avoiding final collapse boom brought credit expansion.alternative whether crisis come sooner result voluntary abandonment credit expansion later final total catastrophe currency system involved.
Austrian business cycle theory	role central banks austrian school theorists generally argue inherently damaging ineffective central bank policies including unsustainable expansion bank credit fractional reserve banking predominant cause business cycles tend set artificial interest rates low long resulting excessive credit creation speculative bubbles artificially low savings.fiat monetary systems central bank creates new money lends member banks money multiplied many times money creation process private banks.new bankcreated money enters loan market provides lower rate interest would prevail money supply stable.history similar theory appeared last pages misess theory money credit .early development austrian business cycle theory direct manifestation misess rejection concept neutral money emerged almost incidental byproduct exploration theory banking.
Austrian business cycle theory	david laidler observed chapter theory origins lie ideas knut wicksell.nobel laureate hayeks presentation theory criticized many economists including john maynard keynes piero sraffa nicholas kaldor.piero sraffa argued hayeks theory explain forced savings induced inflation would generate investments capital inherently less sustainable induced voluntary savings.sraffa also argued hayeks theory failed define single natural rate interest might prevent period growth leading crisis.others responded critically hayeks work business cycle included john hicks frank knight gunnar myrdal.hayek reformulated theory response objections.austrian school economist roger garrison explains origins theory grounded economic theory set carl mengers principles economics built vision capitalusing production process developed eugen von böhmbawerks capital interest austrian theory business cycle remains sufficiently distinct justify national identification.
Austrian business cycle theory	even earliest rendition misess theory money credit subsequent exposition extension f. a. hayeks prices production theory incorporated important elements swedish british economics.knut wicksells interest prices showed prices respond discrepancy bank rate real rate interest provided basis austrian account misallocation capital boom.market process eventually reveals intertemporal misallocation turns boom bust resembles analogous process described british currency school international misallocations induced credit expansion subsequently eliminated changes terms trade hence specie flow.ludwig von mises friedrich hayek two economists gave warning major economic crisis great crash .february hayek warned coming financial crisis unavoidable consequence reckless monetary expansion.austrian school economist peter j. boettke argued wake great recession federal reserve making mistake allowing consumer prices fall.according feds policy reducing interest rates belowmarketlevel chance deflation early together government policy subsidizing homeownership resulted unwanted asset inflation.
Austrian business cycle theory	financial institutions leveraged increase returns environment market interest rates.boettke argues government regulation credit rating agencies enabled financial institutions act irresponsibly invest securities would perform prices housing market continued rise.however interest rates went back market level prices housing market began fall soon afterwards financial crisis ensued.boettke attributed failure policy makers assumed necessary knowledge make positive interventions economy.austrian school view government attempts influence markets prolong process needed adjustment reallocation resources productive uses.
Austrian business cycle theory	view bailouts serve distribute wealth wellconnected longterm costs borne majority illinformed public.economist steve h. hanke identifies – global financial crises direct outcome federal reserve banks interest rate policies predicted austrian business cycle theory.financial analyst jerry tempelman also argued predictive explanatory power abct relation global financial crisis reaffirmed status perhaps cast question utility mainstream theories critiques.empirical research empirical economic research findings inconclusive different economic schools thought arriving different conclusions.nobel laureate milton friedman found theory inconsistent empirical evidence.twenty five years later reanalyzed question using newer data reached conclusion.
Austrian business cycle theory	however austrian school economist james p. keeler argued theory consistent empirical evidence.economists francis bismans christelle mougeot arrived conclusion .according economic historians economies experienced less severe boombust cycles world war ii governments addressed problem economic recessions.many argued especially true since central banks granted independence started using monetary policy stabilize business cycle event known great moderation.however austrian economists argue opposite boombust cycles following creation federal reserve frequent severe prior .reactions economists policymakers according nicholas kaldor hayeks work austrian business cycle theory first fascinated academic world economists attempts fill gaps theory led gaps appearing larger instead smaller ultimately one driven conclusion basic hypothesis theory scarcity capital causes crises must wrong.lionel robbins embraced austrian theory business cycle great depression later regretted written book accepted many keynesian counterarguments.the nobel prize winner maurice allais proponent austrian business cycle theory perspective great depression often quoted ludwig von mises murray n. rothbard.when league nations examined causes solutions business cycles austrian business cycle theory alongside keynesian marxian theory three main theories examined.
Austrian business cycle theory	similar theories austrian theory considered one precursors modern credit cycle theory emphasized postkeynesian economists economists bank international settlements.two emphasize asymmetric information agency problems.henry george another precursor emphasized negative impact speculative increases value land places heavy burden mortgage payments consumers companies.a different theory credit cycles debtdeflation theory irving fisher.in barry eichengreen laid credit boom theory cycle loans increase economy expands particularly regulation weak loans money supply increases.however inflation remains low either pegged exchange rate supply shock thus central bank tighten credit money.increasingly speculative loans made diminishing returns lead reduced yields.
Austrian business cycle theory	eventually inflation begins economy slows asset prices decline bubble pricked encourages macroeconomic bust.in william white argued financial liberalization increased likelihood boombust cycles austrian sort later argued near complete dominance keynesian economics postworld war ii era stifled debate research area.white conceded status quo policy successful reducing impacts busts commented view inflation perhaps longer term excesses time seemed dangerous.addition white believes austrian explanation business cycle might relevant environment excessively low interest rates.according theory sustained period low interest rates excessive credit creation results volatile unstable imbalance saving investment.related policy proposals economists jeffrey herbener joseph salerno peter g. klein john p. cochran testified congressional committee beneficial results moving either free banking system free fullreserve banking system based commodity money based insights austrian business cycle theory.
Austrian business cycle theory	criticisms according john quiggin economists believe austrian business cycle theory incorrect incompleteness problems.economists gottfried von haberler milton friedman gordon tullock bryan caplan paul krugman also criticized theory.theoretical objections economists argue austrian business cycle theory requires bankers investors exhibit kind irrationality theory requires bankers regularly fooled making unprofitable investments temporarily low interest rates.response historian thomas woods argues bankers investors familiar enough austrian business cycle theory consistently make sound investment decisions.austrian school economists anthony carilli gregory dempster argue banker firm loses market share borrow loan magnitude consistent current interest rates regardless whether rates natural levels.
Austrian business cycle theory	thus businesses forced operate though rates set appropriately consequence single entity deviating would loss business.austrian school economist robert murphy argues difficult bankers investors make sound business choices cannot know interest rate would set market.austrian economist sean rosenthal argues widespread knowledge austrian business cycle theory increases amount malinvestment periods artificially low interest rates.in interview milton friedman expressed dissatisfaction policy implications theoryi think austrian businesscycle theory done world great deal harm.go back key point austrians sitting london hayek lionel robbins saying let bottom drop world.you’ve got let cure itself.
Austrian business cycle theory	can’t anything it.make worse.rothbard saying great mistake let whole banking system collapse.think encouraging kind donothing policy britain united states harm.empirical objections jeffery rogers hummel argues austrian explanation business cycle fails empirical grounds.
Austrian business cycle theory	particular notes investment spending remained positive recessions data except great depression.argues casts doubt notion recessions caused reallocation resources industrial production consumption since argues austrian business cycle theory implies net investment zero recessions.response austrian school economist walter block argues misallocation booms preclude possibility demand increasing overall.in economist milton friedman examining history business cycles u.s. concluded austrian business cycle false.analyzed issue using newer data reached conclusion.austrian economist jesus huerta de soto claims friedman proven conclusion focuses contraction gdp high previous contraction theory establishes correlation credit expansion microeconomic malinvestment recession economic expansion recession measured aggregate gdp empirical record shows strong correlation.referring friedmans discussion business cycle austrian economist roger garrison stated friedmans empirical findings broadly consistent monetarist austrian views goes argue although friedmans model describes economys performance highest level aggregation austrian theory offers insightful account market process might underlie aggregates.
Austrian business cycle theory	see also americas great depression murray rothbardcriticism federal reservejesús huerta de soto references reading thomas woods .meltdown freemarket look stock market collapsed economy tanked government bailouts make things worse.washington dc regnery.isbn oclc evans a. j. austrian business cycle theory claim true.economic affairs –.
Austrian business cycle theory	doi .j....x onlineroger garrison .time money macroeconomics capital structure.new york ny routledge.isbn external links abct lecture audiomoney bank credit economic cycles jesús huerta de sotoamerica’s great depressionaustrian business cycle theory brief explanation dan mahoneycorrecting quiggin abct robert murphyexplaining japans recessionfall dot comsgarrison roger .austrian theory business cycle.
Rollbase	business cycles depressions.garland publishing co.founded eponymous software vendor based saratoga california previously owned progress software nasdaq prgs june .may rollbase acquired bc cloud business continuity disaster recovery application company formed new company infinite blue expanded offerings.founded rollbase platform allows users create software service saas business applications using point click drag drop tools standard web browser minimal programming.product rollbase provides software vendors isvs organizations multitenant software service platform use foundation saas application development delivery.serves business users professionals web developers.references
Rollbase	founded eponymous software vendor based saratoga california previously owned progress software nasdaq prgs june .may rollbase acquired bc cloud business continuity disaster recovery application company formed new company infinite blue expanded offerings.founded rollbase platform allows users create software service saas business applications using point click drag drop tools standard web browser minimal programming.product rollbase provides software vendors isvs organizations multitenant software service platform use foundation saas application development delivery.serves business users professionals web developers.references
IBM Global Mirror	adequate bandwidth exists global mirror provides recovery point objective rpo low – seconds two sites extended distances performance impact application primary site.replicates data asynchronously also forms consistency group regular interval allowing clean recovery application.the two sites separate continents simply different utility grids.ibm also provides synchronous data replication called metro mirror designed support replication metropolitan distances normally less km.global mirror based ibm copy services functions global copy flashcopy.global mirror periodically pauses updates primary volumes swaps change recording bitmaps.uses previous bitmap drain updates primary volumes secondaries.
IBM Global Mirror	primary updates drained secondary volumes used source flashcopy tertiary volumes recovery site.ensures tertiary copy volumes pointintime consistency.grouping many volumes one global mirror session multiple volumes may copied recovery site simultaneously maintaining pointintime consistency across volumes.global mirror combined wide area network clustering product like geographically dispersed parallel sysplex gdps hacmpxd ibm totalstorage continuous availability windows provide automated failover sites.combined solution provides lower recovery time objective rto allows applications automatically resume productive operation – seconds.the global mirror function available ibm storage devices including ds series ds ds ds ds ds ds enterprise storage server models midrange storage servers v ds family ibm san volume controller.references
Information security	part information risk management.typically involves preventing reducing probability unauthorizedinappropriate access data unlawful use disclosure disruption deletion corruption modification inspection recording devaluation information.also involves actions intended reduce adverse impacts incidents.protected information may take form e.g.electronic physical tangible e.g.
Information security	paperwork intangible e.g.knowledge.information securitys primary focus balanced protection confidentiality integrity availability data also known cia triad maintaining focus efficient policy implementation without hampering organization productivity.largely achieved structured risk management process involves identifying information related assets plus potential threats vulnerabilities impactsevaluating risksdeciding address treat risks i.e.avoid mitigate share accept themwhere risk mitigation required selecting designing appropriate security controls implementing themmonitoring activities making adjustments necessary address issues changes improvement opportunities.to standardize discipline academics professionals collaborate offer guidance policies industry standards password antivirus software firewall encryption software legal liability security awareness training forth.
Information security	standardization may driven wide variety laws regulations affect data accessed processed stored transferred destroyed.however implementation standards guidance within entity may limited effect culture continual improvement isnt adopted.definition various definitions information security suggested summarized different sourcespreservation confidentiality integrity availability information.note addition properties authenticity accountability nonrepudiation reliability also involved.isoiec protection information information systems unauthorized access use disclosure disruption modification destruction order provide confidentiality integrity availability.
Information security	cnss ensures authorized users confidentiality access accurate complete information integrity required availability.isaca information security process protecting intellectual property organisation.pipkin ...information security risk management discipline whose job manage cost information risk business.mcdermott geer wellinformed sense assurance information risks controls balance.anderson j. information security protection information minimizes risk exposing information unauthorized parties.
Information security	venter eloff information security multidisciplinary area study professional activity concerned development implementation security mechanisms available types technical organizational humanoriented legal order keep information locations within outside organizations perimeter consequently information systems information created processed stored transmitted destroyed free threats.threats information information systems may categorized corresponding security goal may defined category threats.set security goals identified result threat analysis revised periodically ensure adequacy conformance evolving environment.currently relevant set security goals may include confidentiality integrity availability privacy authenticity trustworthiness nonrepudiation accountability auditability.cherdantseva hilton information information resource security using telecommunication system devices means protecting information information systems books unauthorized access damage theft destruction kurose ross .
Information security	overview core information security information assurance act maintaining confidentiality integrity availability cia information ensuring information compromised way critical issues arise.issues include limited natural disasters computerserver malfunction physical theft.paperbased business operations still prevalent requiring set information security practices enterprise digital initiatives increasingly emphasized information assurance typically dealt information technology security specialists.specialists apply information security technology often form computer system.worthwhile note computer necessarily mean home desktop.
Information security	computer device processor memory.devices range nonnetworked standalone devices simple calculators networked mobile computing devices smartphones tablet computers.security specialists almost always found major enterpriseestablishment due nature value data within larger businesses.responsible keeping technology within company secure malicious cyber attacks often attempt acquire critical private information gain control internal systems.the field information security grown evolved significantly recent years.offers many areas specialization including securing networks allied infrastructure securing applications databases security testing information systems auditing business continuity planning electronic record discovery digital forensics.
Information security	information security professionals stable employment.percent professionals change employer employment period year number professionals projected continuously grow percent annually .threats information security threats come many different forms.common threats today software attacks theft intellectual property theft identity theft equipment information sabotage information extortion.people experienced software attacks sort.
Information security	viruses worms phishing attacks trojan horses common examples software attacks.theft intellectual property also extensive issue many businesses information technology field.identity theft attempt act someone else usually obtain persons personal information take advantage access vital information social engineering.theft equipment information becoming prevalent today due fact devices today mobile prone theft also become far desirable amount data capacity increases.sabotage usually consists destruction organizations website attempt cause loss confidence part customers.
Information security	information extortion consists theft companys property information attempt receive payment exchange returning information property back owner ransomware.many ways help protect attacks one functional precautions conduct periodical user awareness.number one threat organisation users internal employees also called insider threats.governments military corporations financial institutions hospitals nonprofit organisations private businesses amass great deal confidential information employees customers products research financial status.confidential information business customers finances new product line fall hands competitor black hat hacker business customers could suffer widespread irreparable financial loss well damage companys reputation.business perspective information security must balanced cost gordonloeb model provides mathematical economic approach addressing concern.for individual information security significant effect privacy viewed differently various cultures.
Information security	responses threats possible responses security threat risk arereducemitigate – implement safeguards countermeasures eliminate vulnerabilities block threatsassigntransfer – place cost threat onto another entity organization purchasing insurance outsourcingaccept – evaluate cost countermeasure outweighs possible cost loss due threat history since early days communication diplomats military commanders understood necessary provide mechanism protect confidentiality correspondence means detecting tampering.julius caesar credited invention caesar cipher c. b.c.created order prevent secret messages read message fall wrong hands.however part protection achieved application procedural handling controls.sensitive information marked indicate protected transported trusted persons guarded stored secure environment strong box.
Information security	postal services expanded governments created official organizations intercept decipher read reseal letters e.g.u.k.s secret office founded .in midnineteenth century complex classification systems developed allow governments manage information according degree sensitivity.example british government codified extent publication official secrets act .section law concerned espionage unlawful disclosures information section dealt breaches official trust.public interest defense soon added defend disclosures interest state.
Information security	similar law passed india indian official secrets act associated british colonial era used crack newspapers opposed rajs policies.newer version passed extended matters confidential secret information governance.time first world war multitier classification systems used communicate information various fronts encouraged greater use code making breaking sections diplomatic military headquarters.encoding became sophisticated wars machines employed scramble unscramble information.the establishment computer security inaugurated history information security.need appeared world war ii.
Information security	volume information shared allied countries second world war necessitated formal alignment classification systems procedural controls.arcane range markings evolved indicate could handle documents usually officers rather enlisted troops stored increasingly complex safes storage facilities developed.enigma machine employed germans encrypt data warfare successfully decrypted alan turing regarded striking example creating using secured information.procedures evolved ensure documents destroyed properly failure follow procedures led greatest intelligence coups war e.g.capture u.various mainframe computers connected online cold war complete sophisticated tasks communication process easier mailing magnetic tapes back forth computer centers.
Information security	advanced research projects agency arpa united states department defense started researching feasibility networked system communication trade information within united states armed forces.arpanet project formulated dr. larry roberts would later evolve known internet.in important elements arpanet security found internet pioneer robert metcalfe many flaws vulnerability password structure formats lack safety procedures dialup connections nonexistent user identification authorizations aside lack controls safeguards keep data safe unauthorized access.hackers effortless access arpanet phone numbers known public.due problems coupled constant violation computer security well exponential increase number hosts users system network security often alluded network insecurity.the end twentieth century early years twentyfirst century saw rapid advancements telecommunications computing hardware software data encryption.availability smaller powerful less expensive computing equipment made electronic data processing within reach small business home users.
Information security	establishment transfer control protocolinternetwork protocol tcpip early enabled different types computers communicate.computers quickly became interconnected internet.the rapid growth widespread use electronic data processing electronic business conducted internet along numerous occurrences international terrorism fueled need better methods protecting computers information store process transmit.academic disciplines computer security information assurance emerged along numerous professional organizations sharing common goals ensuring security reliability information systems.basic principles key concepts cia triad confidentiality integrity availability heart information security.members classic infosec triad—confidentiality integrity availability—are interchangeably referred literature security attributes properties security goals fundamental aspects information criteria critical information characteristics basic building blocks.
Information security	however debate continues whether cia triad sufficient address rapidly changing technology business requirements recommendations consider expanding intersections availability confidentiality well relationship security privacy.principles accountability sometimes proposed pointed issues nonrepudiation fit well within three core concepts.the triad seems first mentioned nist publication .in revised oecds guidelines security information systems networks proposed nine generally accepted principles awareness responsibility response ethics democracy risk assessment security design implementation security management reassessment.building upon nists engineering principles information technology security proposed principles.derived guidelines practices.in donn parker proposed alternative model classic cia triad called six atomic elements information.elements confidentiality possession integrity authenticity availability utility.
Information security	merits parkerian hexad subject debate amongst security professionals.in open group published information security management standard oism.standard proposed operational definition key concepts security elements called security objectives related access control availability data quality compliance technical .dod software protection initiative released three tenets cybersecurity system susceptibility access flaw capability exploit flaw.neither models widely adopted.confidentiality information security confidentiality property information made available disclosed unauthorized individuals entities processes.
Information security	similar privacy two words interchangeable.rather confidentiality component privacy implements protect data unauthorized viewers.examples confidentiality electronic data compromised include laptop theft password theft sensitive emails sent incorrect individuals.integrity security data integrity means maintaining assuring accuracy completeness data entire lifecycle.means data cannot modified unauthorized undetected manner.
Information security	thing referential integrity databases although viewed special case consistency understood classic acid model transaction processing.information security systems typically incorporate controls ensure integrity particular protecting kernel core functions deliberate accidental threats.multipurpose multiuser computer systems aim compartmentalize data processing user process adversely impact another controls may succeed however see incidents malware infections hacks data theft fraud privacy breaches.more broadly integrity information security principle involves humansocial process commercial integrity well data integrity.touches aspects credibility consistency truthfulness completeness accuracy timeliness assurance.availability information system serve purpose information must available needed.
Information security	means computing systems used store process information security controls used protect communication channels used access must functioning correctly.high availability systems aim remain available times preventing service disruptions due power outages hardware failures system upgrades.ensuring availability also involves preventing denialofservice attacks flood incoming messages target system essentially forcing shut down.in realm information security availability often viewed one important parts successful information security program.ultimately endusers need able perform job functions ensuring availability organization able perform standards organizations stakeholders expect.involve topics proxy configurations outside web access ability access shared drives ability send emails.
Information security	executives oftentimes understand technical side information security look availability easy fix often requires collaboration many different organizational teams network operations development operations incident response policychange management.successful information security team involves many different key roles mesh align cia triad provided effectively.nonrepudiation law nonrepudiation implies ones intention fulfill obligations contract.also implies one party transaction cannot deny received transaction party deny sent transaction.it important note technology cryptographic systems assist nonrepudiation efforts concept core legal concept transcending realm technology.instance sufficient show message matches digital signature signed senders private key thus sender could sent message nobody else could altered transit data integrity.
Information security	alleged sender could return demonstrate digital signature algorithm vulnerable flawed allege prove signing key compromised.fault violations may may lie sender assertions may may relieve sender liability assertion would invalidate claim signature necessarily proves authenticity integrity.sender may repudiate message authenticity integrity prerequisites nonrepudiation.risk management broadly speaking risk likelihood something bad happen causes harm informational asset loss asset.vulnerability weakness could used endanger cause harm informational asset.
Information security	threat anything manmade act nature potential cause harm.likelihood threat use vulnerability cause harm creates risk.threat use vulnerability inflict harm impact.context information security impact loss availability integrity confidentiality possibly losses lost income loss life loss real property.the certified information systems auditor cisa review manual defines risk management process identifying vulnerabilities threats information resources used organization achieving business objectives deciding countermeasures take reducing risk acceptable level based value information resource organization.there two things definition may need clarification.first process risk management ongoing iterative process.
Information security	must repeated indefinitely.business environment constantly changing new threats vulnerabilities emerge every day.second choice countermeasures controls used manage risks must strike balance productivity cost effectiveness countermeasure value informational asset protected.furthermore processes limitations security breaches generally rare emerge specific context may easily duplicated.thus process countermeasure evaluated vulnerabilities.
Information security	possible identify risks possible eliminate risk.remaining risk called residual risk.a risk assessment carried team people knowledge specific areas business.membership team may vary time different parts business assessed.assessment may use subjective qualitative analysis based informed opinion reliable dollar figures historical information available analysis may use quantitative analysis.research shown vulnerable point information systems human user operator designer human.isoiec code practice information security management recommends following examined risk assessmentsecurity policyorganization information securityasset managementhuman resources securityphysical environmental securitycommunications operations managementaccess controlinformation systems acquisition development maintenanceinformation security incident managementbusiness continuity managementregulatory compliance.in broad terms risk management process consists ofidentification assets estimating value.
Information security	include people buildings hardware software data electronic print supplies.conduct threat assessment.include acts nature acts war accidents malicious acts originating inside outside organization.conduct vulnerability assessment vulnerability calculate probability exploited.evaluate policies procedures standards training physical security quality control technical security.calculate impact threat would asset.use qualitative analysis quantitative analysis.identify select implement appropriate controls.provide proportional response.
Information security	consider productivity cost effectiveness value asset.evaluate effectiveness control measures.ensure controls provide required cost effective protection without discernible loss productivity.for given risk management choose accept risk based upon relative low value asset relative low frequency occurrence relative low impact business.leadership may choose mitigate risk selecting implementing appropriate control measures reduce risk.cases risk transferred another business buying insurance outsourcing another business.reality risks may disputed.
Information security	cases leadership may choose deny risk.security controls selecting implementing proper security controls initially help organization bring risk acceptable levels.control selection follow based risk assessment.controls vary nature fundamentally ways protecting confidentiality integrity availability information.isoiec defined controls different areas.
Information security	organizations implement additional controls according requirement organization.isoiec offers guideline organizational information security standards.administrative administrative controls also called procedural controls consist approved written policies procedures standards guidelines.administrative controls form framework running business managing people.inform people business run daytoday operations conducted.
Information security	laws regulations created government bodies also type administrative control inform business.industry sectors policies procedures standards guidelines must followed – payment card industry data security standard pci dss required visa mastercard example.examples administrative controls include corporate security policy password policy hiring policies disciplinary policies.administrative controls form basis selection implementation logical physical controls.logical physical controls manifestations administrative controls paramount importance.logical logical controls also called technical controls use software data monitor control access information computing systems.
Information security	passwords network hostbased firewalls network intrusion detection systems access control lists data encryption examples logical controls.an important logical control frequently overlooked principle least privilege requires individual program system process granted access privileges necessary perform task.blatant example failure adhere principle least privilege logging windows user administrator read email surf web.violations principle also occur individual collects additional access privileges time.happens employees job duties change employees promoted new position employees transferred another department.access privileges required new duties frequently added onto already existing access privileges may longer necessary appropriate.
Information security	physical physical controls monitor control environment work place computing facilities.also monitor control access facilities include doors locks heating air conditioning smoke fire alarms fire suppression systems cameras barricades fencing security guards cable locks etc.separating network workplace functional areas also physical controls.an important physical control frequently overlooked separation duties ensures individual complete critical task himself.example employee submits request reimbursement also able authorize payment print check.applications programmer also server administrator database administrator roles responsibilities must separated one another.
Information security	defense depth information security must protect information throughout lifespan initial creation information final disposal information.information must protected motion rest.lifetime information may pass many different information processing systems many different parts information processing systems.many different ways information information systems threatened.fully protect information lifetime component information processing system must protection mechanisms.

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