Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
Incident management	describes response following response encompasses actions taken deal immediate effects emergency.many scenarios likely relatively short last matter hours days – rapid implementation arrangements collaboration coordination communication therefore vital.response encompasses effort deal direct effects emergency eg fighting fires rescuing individuals also indirect effects eg disruption media interest.international organization standardization iso worlds largest developer international standards also makes point description risk management principles guidelines document iso using iso help organizations increase likelihood achieving objectives improve identification opportunities threats effectively allocate use resources risk treatment.shows importance good planning effective allocation resources treat risk.computer security incident management today important role played computer security incident response team csirt due rise internet crime common example incident faced companies developed nations across world.
Incident management	example organization discovers intruder gained unauthorized access computer system csirt would analyze situation determine breadth compromise take corrective action.computer forensics one task included process.currently half worlds hacking attempts trans national corporations tncs take place north america .attempts take place europe.wellrounded computer security incident response team integral providing secure environment organization becoming critical part overall design many modern networking teams.
Incident management	roles incidents within structured organization normally dealt either incident response team irt incident management team imt.often designated beforehand event placed control organization whilst incident dealt restore normal functions.usually part wider management process private organizations incident management followed postincident analysis determined incident happened despite precautions controls.analysis normally overseen leaders organization view preventing repetition incident precautionary measures often changes policy.information used feedback develop security policy andor practical implementation.united states national incident management system developed department homeland security integrates effective practices emergency management comprehensive national framework.
Incident management	often results higher level contingency planning exercise training well evaluation management incident.root cause analysis human factors root cause analysis human factors assessed.james reason conducted study understanding adverse effects human factors.study found major incident investigations piper alpha kings cross underground fire made clear causes accidents distributed widely within outside organization.two types events active failure—an action immediate effects likelihood cause accident—and latent delayed action—events take years effect usually combined triggering events cause accident.latent failures created result decisions taken higher echelons organisation.
Incident management	damaging consequences may lie dormant long time becoming evident combine local triggering factors e.g.spring tide loading difficulties zeebrugge harbour etc.breach systems defences.decisions taken higher echelons organization trigger events towards accident becoming likely planning scheduling forecasting designing policy making etc.slow burning effect.
Incident management	actual unsafe act triggers accident traced back organization subsequent failures exposed showing accumulation latent failures within system whole led accident becoming likely ultimately happening.better improvement action applied reduce likelihood event happening again.see also national incident management system united statescoordinated regional incident management netherlands netherlands references external links national incident management system consortium united statesunited kingdom government legislation civil contingencies act cca .federal emergency management agency fema.reading adam krug incident management software system case studies case studies – wearne h whitehunt k managing urgent unexpected gower publishing – case studies
Very large database	definition vague adjectives large allow broad subjective interpretation attempts defining metric threshold made.early metrics size database canonical form via database normalization time full database operation like backup.technology improvements continually changed considered large.one definition suggested database become vldb large maintained within window opportunity… time database quiet.sizes vldb database absolute amount data cited.example one cannot say database tb data considered vldb.
Very large database	absolute amount data varied time computer processing storage backup methods become better able handle larger amounts data.said vldb issues may start appear tb approached likely appeared tb exceeded.vldb challenges key areas vldb may present challenges include configuration storage performance maintenance administration availability server resources.configuration careful configuration databases lie vldb realm necessary alleviate reduce issues raised vldb databases.– administration complexities managing vldb increase exponentially database administrator database size increases.
Very large database	availability maintenance dealing vldb operations relating maintenance recovery database reorganizations file copies quite practical nonvldb take significant amounts time resources vldb database.particular typically infeasible meet typical recovery time objective rto maximum expected time database expected unavailable due interruption methods involve copying files disk storage archives.overcome issues techniques clustering clonedreplicatedstandby databases filesnapshots storage snapshots backup manager may help achieve rto availability although individual methods may limitations caveats license infrastructure requirements may risk data loss meet recovery point objective rpo.many systems geographically remote solutions may acceptable.backup recovery best practice backup recovery architectured terms overall availability business continuity solution.
Very large database	performance given infrastructure may typically decrease performance increase response time database size increases.accesses simply data process scan take proportionally longer linear time indexes used access data may grow slightly height requiring perhaps extra storage access reach data sublinear time.effects caching becoming less efficient proportionally less data cached indexes b automatically sustain well growth others hash table may need rebuilt.should increase database size cause number accessors database increase server network resources may consumed risk contention increase.solutions regaining performance include partitioning clustering possibly sharding use database machine.partitioning partitioning may able assist performance bulk operations vldb including backup recovery.
Very large database	bulk movements due information lifecycle management ilm – reducing contention – well allowing optimization query processing.– storage order satisfy needs vldb database storage needs low access latency contention high throughput high availability.server resources increasing size vldb may put pressure server network resources bottleneck may appear may require infrastructure investment resolve.relationship big data vldb big data however storage aspect big data may involve vldb database.said storage solutions supporting big data designed start support large volumes data database administrators may encounter vldb issues older versions traditional rdbmss might encounter.
Outsourcing	see also xldb referencesconcept economist says made presence felt since time second world war often involves contracting business process e.g.payroll processing claims processing operational andor noncore functions manufacturing facility management call centrecall centre support.the practice handing control public services private enterprises even shortterm limited basis may also described outsourcing.outsourcing includes foreign domestic contracting sometimes includes offshoring relocating business function distant country nearshoring transferring business process nearby country.offshoring outsourcing mutually inclusive one without other.intertwined offshore outsourcing individually jointly partially completely reversed involving terms reshoring inshoring insourcing.terminology offshoring moving work distant country.distant workplace foreign subsidiaryowned company offshore operation captive sometimes referred inhouse offshore.offshore outsourcing practice hiring external organization perform business functions outsourcing country one products services actually performed developed manufactured offshore.insourcing entails bringing processes handled thirdparty firms inhouse sometimes accomplished via vertical integration.nearshoring refers outsource nearby country.farmshoring refers outsourcing companies rural locations within country.homeshoring also known homesourcing form itenabled transfer service industry employment offices homebased ... appropriate telephone internet facilities.
Outsourcing	telecommuting positions may customerfacing backoffice workers may employees independent contractors.inhousing refers hiring employees using existing employeesresources undo outsourcing.an intermediary business provides contract service another organization contracting service.make buy decision refers organizations decision whether outsource process service deliver itself.acronyms acronyms related bpo business process outsourcing overview motivations global labor arbitrage provide major financial savings lower international labor rates could major motivation offshoring.cost savings economies scale specialization also motivate outsourcing even offshoring.since indirect revenue benefits increasingly become additional motivators.another motivation speed market.make work new process developed outsource outsourcing process.
Outsourcing	details managing duponts cio cinda hallmans billion year outsourcing contract computer sciences corporation andersen consulting outsourced thus avoiding inventing process wed done inhouse.term subsequently developed describe midsourcing.outsourcing offer greater budget flexibility control allowing organizations pay services business functions need need them.often perceived reduce hiring training specialized staff make available specialized expertise decrease capital operating expenses risk.do best outsource rest become internationally recognized business tagline first coined developed management consultant peter drucker.slogan primarily used advocate outsourcing viable business strategy.drucker began explaining concept outsourcing early wall street journal article entitled sell mailroom.sometimes effect looks like outsourcing one side insourcing side unexpected new york times reported .
Outsourcing	million americans .. worked foreign companies jobs outsourced reverse.agreements two organizations may enter contractual agreement involving exchange services expertise payments.outsourcing said help firms perform well core competencies fuel innovation mitigate shortage skill expertise areas want outsource.history th century following adding management layers support expansion sake economy scale corporations found agility added profits could obtained focusing core strengths beginnings later named outsourcing.kodaks outsourcing information technology systems followed others s.in international association outsourcing professionals gave recognition electronic data systems corporations morton h. meyerson proposed business model eventually became known outsourcing.
Outsourcing	itenabled services offshore outsourcing growth offshoring itenabled services although universally accepted subsidiaries outside companies offshore outsourcing linked availability large amounts reliable affordable communication infrastructure following telecommunication internet expansion late s. services making use lowcost countries includedbackoffice administrative functions finance accounting hr legalcall centers customerfacing departments marketing sales servicesit infrastructure application developmentknowledge services including engineering support product design research development analytics.early st century early st century businesses increasingly outsourced suppliers outside country sometimes referred offshoring offshore outsourcing.options subsequently emerged nearshoring crowdsourcing multisourcing strategic alliancesstrategic partnerships strategic outsourcing.from druckers perspective company seek subcontract areas demonstrated special ability.business strategy outlined slogan recommended companies take advantage specialist providers knowledge economies scale improve performance achieve service needed.in way recognition peter drucker posthumously received significant honor inducted outsourcing hall fame outstanding work field.limitations due growth inflation high domestic interest rates economic growth pushed indias salaries making jobs relatively expensive compared offshoring destinations.
Outsourcing	areas advancing within value chain included research development equity analysis taxreturn processing radiological analysis medical transcription.offshore alternatives japanese companies outsourced china particularly formerly japaneseoccupied cities.german companies outsourced eastern european countries germanlanguage affiliation poland romania.french companies outsource north africa similar reasons.for australian companies indonesia one major choice offshoring destination.nearshore location common time zone adequate work force reasons offshoring services indonesia.
Outsourcing	growth whitecollar outsourcing although offshoring initially focused manufacturing whitecollar offshoringoutsourcing grown rapidly since early st century.digital workforce countries like india china paid fraction would minimum wage us.average software engineers getting paid rupees us us india opposed – countries us canada.closer us costa rica become big source advantages highly educated labor force large bilingual population stable democratic government similar time zones united states.takes hours travel costa rica us.
Outsourcing	companies intel procter gamble hp gensler amazon bank america big operations costa rica.unlike outsourced manufacturing outsourced white collar workers choose working hours companies work.clients benefit telecommuting reduced office space management salary employee benefits individuals contracted workers.however ending government oursourcing arrangement difficulties too.reasons outsourcing u.s. companies outsource reduce high top level executive managerial costs primarily outsource reduce peripheral noncore business expenses.reasons higher taxes high energy costs excessive government regulation mandates.mandated benefits like social security medicare safety protection osha regulations also motivators.contrast executive pay united states could exceed times average workers — gap times bigger factor.other reasons include reducing controlling operating costs improving company focus gaining access worldclass capabilities tax credits freeing internal resources purposes streamlining increasing efficiency timeconsuming functions maximizing use external resources.
Outsourcing	small businesses contractingsubcontractingoutsourcing might done improve worklife balance outsourcing models many outsourcing models variations country year industry.another approach differentiate tactical strategic outsourcing models.tactical models includestaff augmentationprojectbasedto gain expertise available inhouse.strategic consultancy includes business process improvement.innovation outsourcing offshore outsourcing knowledge work firms heavily rely availability technical personnel offshore locations.one challenges offshoring engineering innovation reduction quality.cosourcing cosourcing hybrid internal staff supplemented external service provider.
Outsourcing	cosourcing minimize sourcing risks increase transparency clarity lend toward better control fully outsourced.cosourcing services supplement internal audit staff specialized skills information risk management integrity services help peak periods similarly areas software development human resources.identity management cosourcing identity management cosourcing onsite hardware interacts outside identity services.this contrasts inthecloud service scenario identity service built hosted operated service provider externally hosted cloud computing infrastructure.offshore software rd cosourcing offshore software rd provision software development services supplier whether external internal located different country one software used.global software rd services market contrasted information technology outsourcing ito bpo rather young currently relatively early stage development.countries involved outsourced software rd canada india ireland israel four leading countries .
Outsourcing	although many countries participated offshore outsourcing software development involvement cosourced outsourced research development rd somewhat limited.canada second largest top three deemed one researchbased policy analysis commentary leading economists china india israel.gartner group adds russia make clear whether pure rd runofthemill outsourcing.usability issues offshore development main driver offshoring development work greater availability developers lower cost home country.however rise offshore development taken place parallel increased awareness importance usability user experience software.outsourced development poses special problems development i.e.
Outsourcing	formal contractual relationship supplier client geographical separation place greater distance developers users makes harder reflect users needs final product.problem exacerbated development offshore.complications arise cultural differences apply even development carried inhouse offshore team.historically offshore development concentrated back office functions offshoring grown wider range applications developed.offshore suppliers respond commercial pressures arising usability issues building usability expertise.indeed problem presented attractive opportunity suppliers move market offer higher value services.
Outsourcing	legal issues offshore software rd means company turns responsibility whole part inhouse software development company b whose location outside company national jurisdiction.maximizing economic value offshore software development asset critically depends understanding best use available forms legal regulations protect intellectual rights.vendor cannot trusted protect trade secrets risks offshoring software development may outweigh potential benefits.hence critical review intellectual property policy potential offshoring supplier.intellectual property protection policy offshore software development company must reflected crucial documents general agreement nondisclosure agreement employee confidentiality contract.
Outsourcing	rd forecast rd outsourced.ownership intellectual property outsourcing company despite outside development goal.defend taxmotivated costshifting us government passed regulations make outsourcing research harder.despite many rd contracts given indian universities labs research solutions patented.while pfizer moved rd uk india forbes article suggested increasingly dangerous offshore ip sensitive projects india indias continued ignorance patent regulations.turn companies pfizer novartis lost rights sell many cancer medications india lack ip protection.
Outsourcing	future trends future outsourcing report began future outsourcing digital.best outsource rest approach means integration retained systems new transition challenge people training still exists merely also.there complexity especially outside company may integrator.while number technically skilled labor grows india indian offshore companies increasingly tapping skilled labor already available eastern europe better address needs western european rd market.changed government outsourcing focus forbes considered us presidential election disruptive change agent outsourcing industry especially renewed invest america goal highlighted campaigning magazine tepidly reversed direction outcome employment.furthermore growing legal requirements data protection obligations implementation details must understood sides.includes dealing customer rights.implications performance measurement focusing software quality metrics good way maintain track well project performing.
Outsourcing	management processes globalization complex supply chains along greater physical distance higher management productionfloor employees often requires change management methodologies inspection feedback may direct frequent internal processes.often requires assimilation new communication methods voice ip instant messaging issue tracking systems new time management methods time tracking software new cost scheduleassessment tools cost estimation software.the term transition methodology describes process migrating knowledge systems operating capabilities two sides.communications customer service area call center outsourcing especially combined offshoring agents may speak different linguistic features accents word use phraseology may impede comprehension.governance nobel laureate oliver e. williamson wrote governance structure framework within integrity transaction decided.adding contracts varied complex governance structures vary nature transaction.
Outsourcing	university tennessee researchers studying complex outsourcing relationships since .emerging thinking regarding strategic outsourcing focusing creating contract structure parties vested interest managing often highly complex business arrangements collaborative aligned flexible credible way.security reduced security sometimes related lower loyalty may occur even outsourced staff change legal status desk.security compliance issues supposed addressed contract client suppliers fraud cases reported.in april highprofile case involved theft four citibank customers callcenter workers acquired passwords customer accounts transferred money accounts opened fictitious names.citibank find problem american customers noticed discrepancies accounts notified bank.
Outsourcing	information technology richard baldwins great unbundling work followed globalizations second acceleration second unbundling great convergence information technology new globalization.rather manufacturing bits economy advance ways economy atoms things cant early newsweek half page cartoon showing someone ordered pizza online seeking help download it.stepin rights sides contract clause permitting stepin rights right though obligation take task going well even entire project.issues reversals number outsourcings offshorings deemed failures led reversals signaled use terms insourcing reshoring.new york times reported ibm plans hire workers united states next four years overlapping indiabased infosyss workers united states next two years.
Outsourcing	clue tipping point reached short essay titled maybe shouldnt outsource everything longer job sent india may go indiana.among problems encountered supplyanddemand induced raises salaries lost benefits similartimezone.issues differences language culture.another reason decrease outsourcing many jobs subcontracted abroad replaced technological advances.according deloitte consulting survey quarter companies outsourced tasks reversed strategy.these reversals however undo damage.new factories oftenwere different locationsneeded different skill setsused automation.public opinion us western powers opposing outsourcing particularly strengthened drastic increase unemployment result – financial crisis.us experienced net loss jobs due outsourcing primarily computers electronics sector.
Outsourcing	public disenchantment outsourcing stirred political responses seen us presidential campaigns also made companies reluctant outsource offshore jobs.a counterswing depicted deloitte survey suggested companies longer reluctant outsource.deloittes survey identified three trendscompanies broadening approach outsourcing begin view simple costcutting playorganizations redefining ways enter outsourcing relationships manage ensuing risks.organizations changing way managing relationships outsourcing providers maximize value relationships.insourcing insourcing process reversing outsourcing possibly using help currently part inhouse staff.outsourcing gone many iterations reinventions outsourcing contracts partially fully reversed.often reason maintain control critical production competencies insourcing used reduce costs taxes labor transportation.regional insourcing related term company assigns work subsidiary within country.differs onshoring reshoring may either inside outside company.
Outsourcing	regional insourcing regional insourcing process company establishes satellite locations specific entities business making use advantages one state may another concept focuses delegating reassigning procedures functions jobs production within business one location another internal entity specializes operation.allows companies streamline production boost competency increase bottom line.this competitive strategy applies classical argument adam smith posits two nations would benefit one another trading goods proficient manufacturing.net effect jobs concerned nations may losing net number jobs due outsourcing point insourcing also occurs.study united states united kingdom many industrialized countries jobs insourced outsourced.new york times disagreed wrote free trade lowwage countries winlose many employees find jobs offshored stagnating wages.the impact offshore outsourcing according two estimates published economist showed unequal effect period studied ranging high jobs lost per year.in group manufacturers started reshoring initiative focusing bringing manufacturing jobs american companies back country.
Outsourcing	data indicated american jobs lost due offshoring.eleven years later united states recovered offshored positions marked highest net gain years.jobs american companies offshored outsourced manufacturing low cost countries china malaysia vietnam return.insourcing crossbreeds fluctuation prefixes names give rise many crossbreeds insourcing.example offshore insourcing companies set captive process centers overseas sometimes called captive service taking advantage cheaper surroundings maintaining control backoffice work business processes.
Outsourcing	remote insourcing refers hiring developers work inhouse virtual remote facilities.united states series articles atlantic magazine highlighted turning tide parts usas manufacturing industry.specific causes identified include rising thirdworld wages recognition hidden offshoring costs innovations designmanufactureassemblytimetomarket increasing fuel transportation costs falling energy costs us increasing us labor productivity union flexibility.hiring ges giant appliance park louisville increased .standpoint labor standpoint labor outsourcing may represent new threat contributing worker insecurity reflective general process globalization economic polarization.lowskilled work outsourced lowskilled work contractors tend employ migrant labor causing revival radical trade union activity.
Outsourcing	uk major hospitals universities ministries corporations pressured outsourced workers often earn minimum wage lack sick pay annual leave pensions entitlements enjoyed directly employed staff workplaces.inhousing january tim orchard ceo imperial college healthcare trust stated inhousing sodexo cleaners caterers porters across five nhs hospitals london create additional cost pressures next year confident also benefits unlock arising better team working coordinated planning improved quality.usa base june jeff immelt ceo general electric called united states increase manufacturing base employment workforce commenting u.s. outsourced much longer rely consumer spending drive demand.standpoint government western governments may attempt compensate workers affected outsourcing various forms legislation.europe acquired rights directive attempts address issue.directive implemented differently different nations.united states trade adjustment assistance act meant provide compensation workers directly affected international trade agreements.
Outsourcing	whether policies provide security fair compensation promise debatable.government response response recession president obama launched selectusa program .january president obama issued call action invest america white house insourcing american jobs forum.obama met representatives companies otis elevator apple dupont master lock recently brought jobs back made significant investments united states.policymaking strategy main feature outsourcing influencing policymaking unpredictability generates regarding future particular sector skillgroup.
Outsourcing	uncertainty future conditions influences governance approaches different aspects longterm policies.in particular distinction needed betweencyclical unemployment – pump solutions worked past andstructural unemployment – businesses industries employed longer exist skills longer value did.competitiveness governance attempts adapting changing environment facilitate growth stable transition new economic structures economic structures become detrimental social political cultural structures.automation increases output allows reduced cost per item.changes well synronized unemployment underemployment likely result.transportation costs remain unchanged negative effect may permanent jobs protected sectors may longer exist.usa outsourcings effect mexico studies suggest every increase us wages north mexico cities along border experienced wage rises ..
Outsourcing	higher inner cities.by contrast higher rates saving investment asian countries along rising levels education studies suggest fueled ‘asian miracle’ rather improvements productivity industrial efficiency.also increase patenting research development expenditures.industrial policy outsourcing results internationalization labor markets tasks become tradable.according leading economist greg mankiw labour market functions forces market goods underlying implication greater number tasks available moved better efficiency gains trade.technological progress tasks offshored different stages overall corporate process.the tradeoffs always balanced viewer situation said total number jobs realized united states insourcing far less lost outsourcing.
Outsourcing	environmental policy import competition caused de facto ‘racetothebottom’ countries lower environmental regulations secure competitive edge industries relative countries.as mexico competes china canadian american markets national commission environmental cooperation active enacting enforcing regulations prevent environmental damage increasingly industrialized export processing zones.similarly since signing nafta heavy industries increasingly moved us comparative advantage due abundant presence capital welldeveloped technology.example environmental deregulation objective protecting trade incentives numerous exemptions carbon taxes european countries s.although outsourcing influence environmental deregulatory trends added cost preventing pollution majorly determine trade flows industrialization.success stories companies et water systems jain irrigation systems company ge appliances caterpillar found increase labor costs japan china cost shipping custom fees cost manufacture america.advances technology automation printing technologies made bringing manufacturing back united states cost effective possible.
Outsourcing	adidas example plans producing highly customized shoes printers u.s. globalization socioeconomic implications industrialization outsourcing contributed levelling global inequalities led general trends industrialization global south deindustrialization global north.not manufacturing return u.s. rise middle class china india countries created markets products made countries.u.s. made u.s.a. program countries support products made countries well.localization process manufacturing products local market approach keeping manufacturing offshore bringing back.besides cost savings manufacturing closer market lead time adapting changes market faster.the rise industrial efficiency characterized development developed countries occurred result laborsaving technological improvements.although improvements directly reduce employment levels rather increase output per unit work indirectly diminish amount labor required fixed levels output.
Outsourcing	growth income suggested workers require education different skills working software rather drill presses rather rely limited growth labor requirements nontradable services.location united states protection data involved outsourcing patients hipaa one federal protections.outsourcing continuing political issue united states conflated offshoring u.s. presidential election.political debate centered outsourcings consequences domestic u.s. workforce.democratic u.s. presidential candidate john kerry called u.s. firms outsource jobs abroad incorporate overseas tax havens avoid paying fair share u.s. taxes benedict arnold corporations.a zogby international august poll found american voters believed outsourcing jobs overseas hurt economy another believed u.s. government impose legislative action companies possibly form increased taxes.president obama promoted bring jobs home act help reshore jobs using tax cuts credits moving operations back usa.
Outsourcing	bill reintroduced th united states congress bring jobs home act s. th congress.while labor advocates claim union busting one possible cause outsourcing another claim high corporate income tax rate u.s. relative oecd nations practice taxing revenues earned outside u.s. jurisdiction uncommon practice.counterclaim actual taxes paid us corporations may considerably lower official rates due use tax loopholes tax havens gaming system.sarbanesoxley also cited factor.europe council directive february protects employees rights event transfers undertakings businesses parts businesses amended june directive ec march directive .rights acquired employees former employer safeguarded together undertaking employed transferred another employer i.e.contractor.case subsequent european court justices christel schmidt v. spar und leihkasse der früheren ämter bordesholm kiel und cronshagen case c disputed whether particular contractingout exercise constituted transfer undertaking see example ayse süzen v. zehnacker gebäudereinigung gmbh krankenhausservice case c .
Outsourcing	principle employees may benefit protection offered directive.asia countries focus outsourcing include india pakistan philippines american european companies china vietnam japanese companies.the asian service market still infancy industry think tank nasscommckinsey predicted billion service industry india alone.a chinabased company lenovo outsourcedreshored manufacturing timecritical customized pcs u.s. since made china would spend six weeks ship.article japans employment security act implicitly bans domesticforeign workers supplied unauthorized companies regardless operating locations.law apply least one party suppliers clients labors reside japan labors integral part chain command client company supplier.no person shall carry labor supply business workers supplied person carries labor supply business work hisher directions orders except cases provided following article.a person falls following items shall punished imprisonment work one year fine one million yen.article unless permitted act person shall obtain profit intervening business employment another.victims lodge criminal complaint ceo suppliers clients.ceo risks arrest japanese company may face private settlement financial package range million jpy million usd.
Outsourcing	nearshoring new york times headlined near source supplies best policy main focus cost production.although transportation cost addressed choose amongtransporting supplies place productiontransporting finished goods places salecost availability labornearshoring nearsourcing business processes especially information technology processes application maintenance development testing nearby country often sharing border target country.commonalities usually include geographic temporal time zone cultural social linguistic economic political historical linkages.the term nearshoring derivative business term offshoring.hybrid term nearshore outsourcing sometimes used alternative nearshoring since nearshore workers employees company work performed.also reversal contracting development partner different country close proximity nearby time zone facilitating communication allowing frequent visits.business strategy place operations close products sold.
Outsourcing	typically contrasted trend outsource lowwage manufacturing operations developing nations offshoring reflects reversal trend.sometime work done outside contracted company rather internally insourcing unlike offshore outsourcing work done fairly close proximity either company headquarters target market.in europe nearshore outsourcing relationships clients larger european economies various providers smaller european nations.major centers poland ukraine belarus czech republic romania bulgaria hungary portugal slovakia baltic.attraction lowercost skilled labor forces less stringent regulatory environment crucially allow day day physical oversight.countries also strong cultural ties major economic centers europe part eu.example portugal considered trending outsourcing destination big companies like mercedes google jaguar sky news natixis bnp paribas opening development centers lisbon porto labor costs lower talent comes excellent universities theres availability skills time zone gmt london.in us american clients nearshore canada mexico well many nations central south america.
Outsourcing	reasons nearshore culture cultural alignment business often readily achieved nearsourcing due similarities cultures business located services subcontracted including example proficiency language used culture.communication constraints imposed time zones complicate communication nearsourcing nearshoring offers solution.english language skills cornerstone nearshore services.collaboration universities industry government slowly produced improvements.proximity also facilitates inperson interaction regularly andor required.
Outsourcing	advantages software development nearshoring mainly due flexibility comes upscale downscale teams availability low cost skilled developers.nearshoring call centers shared services centers business process outsourcing rose offshore outsourcing seen relatively less valuable.the complexities offshoring stem language cultural differences travel distances workdaytime zone mismatches greater effort needed establishing trust longterm relationships.many nearshore providers attempted circumvent communication project management barriers developing new ways align organizations.result concepts remote insourcing created give clients control managing projects.nearshoring still hasnt overcome barriers proximity allows flexibility align organizations.
Outsourcing	visa requirements united states special visa hb enables american companies temporarily three years extension six hire foreign workers supplement employees replace holding existing positions.hearings matter united states senator called outsourcing visa.examples procter gamble outsourced facilities management support involve offshoring.dell offshored india reversed since customers happy prior arrangement ... print mail outsourcing print mail outsourcing outsourcing document printing distribution.the print services distribution association formed members provide services today might involve word outsource.similarly members direct mail marketing association outsourcers advertising agencies others mailings.dmma celebrated th anniversary .the term outsourcing became common print mail business later expanded broad inclusive process year .
Outsourcing	today web based print mail solutions small midsize companies allow user send one thousands documents mail stream directly desktop web interface.marketing outsourcing term outsource marketing used britain mean outsourcing marketing function.motivation beencost reduction.specialized expertise.speed executionshort term staff augmentationwhile much work bread butter specialized departments within advertising agencies sometimes specialist used guardian newspaper outsourced marketing design may .business process outsourcing business process outsourcing bpo subset outsourcing involves contracting operations responsibilities specific business process thirdparty service provider.originally associated manufacturing firms cocacola outsourced large segments supply chain.bpo typically categorized back office front office outsourcing.bpo offshore outsourcing nearshore outsourcing nearby country onshore outsource country.
Outsourcing	information technology enabled service itesbpo knowledge process outsourcing kpo legal process outsourcing lpo subsegments bpo.although bpo began costreducer changes specifically move servicebased rather productbased contracts companies choose outsource backoffice increasingly time flexibility direct quality control.business process outsourcing enhances flexibility organization different waysbpo vendor charges projectbased feeforservice using business models remote insourcing similar software development outsourcing models.help company become flexible transforming fixed variable costs.variable cost structure helps company responding changes required capacity require company invest assets thereby making company flexible.bpo also permits focusing companys core competencies.supply chain management effective use supply chain partners business process outsourcing increase speed several business processes.bpo caveats even various contractual compensation strategies may leave company new single point failure even fact payment enough offset complete failure customers business.
Outsourcing	unclear contractual issues risks theres also changing requirements unforeseen charges failure meet service levels dependence bpo reduces flexibility.latter called lockin flexibility may lost due penalty clauses contract terms.also selection criteria may seem vague undifferentiatedsecurity risks arise regarding physical communication privacy perspective.employee attitude may change company risks losing independence.risks threats outsourcing must therefore managed achieve benefits.order manage outsourcing structured way maximising positive outcome minimising risks avoiding threats business continuity management bcm model set up.
Outsourcing	bcm consists set steps successfully identify manage control business processes outsourced.analytical hierarchy process ahp framework bpo focused identifying potential outsourceable information systems.l. willcocks m. lacity g. fitzgerald identify several contracting problems companies face ranging unclear contract formatting lack understanding technical processes.technological pressures industry analysts identified robotic process automation rpa software particular enhanced selfguided rpaai based artificial intelligence potential threat industry speculate likely longterm impact.short term however likely little impact existing contracts run course reasonable expect demand cost efficiency innovation result transformative changes point contract renewals.average length bpo contract years – many contracts longer – hypothesis take time play out.on hand academic study london school economics pains counter socalled myth rpa bring back many jobs offshore.
Outsourcing	one possible argument behind assertion new technology provides new opportunities increased quality reliability scalability cost control thus enabling bpo providers increasingly compete outcomesbased model rather competing cost alone.core offering potentially changing lift shift approach based fixed costs qualitative service based outcomesbased model perhaps new opportunity grow bpo industry new offering.industry size one estimate worldwide bpo market bpo services global industry almanac puts size industry us billion.india china philippines major powerhouses industry.india bpo industry generated us billion revenue according national industry association.bpo industry small segment total outsourcing industry india.
Outsourcing	bpo industry workforce india expected shrink .the bpo industry services industry combination worth total us billion revenue .bpo industry philippines generated .billion revenues around thousand medium high skill jobs would created .in official statistics put size total outsourcing industry china including bpo industry also outsourcing services .billion.see also references reading james k. jackson .
Outsourcing	outsourcing insourcing jobs u.s. economy evidence based foreign investment data rl.digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu.congressional research service.retrieved .kate m. manuel jack maskell .insourcing functions performed federal contractors legal issues pdf.
Continuous Data Protection	fas.org.congressional research service.retrieved .external links quotations related outsourcing wikiquotetrue form allows user administrator restore data point time.technique patented british entrepreneur pete malcolm backup system copy editors emphasis every change made storage medium recorded change occurs editors emphasis.in ideal case continuous data protection recovery point objective—the maximum targeted period data transactions might lost service due major incident—is zero even though recovery time objective—the targeted duration time service level within business process must restored disaster disruption order avoid unacceptable consequences associated break business continuity—is zero.example period data transactions might lost major discount chain card readers checkout counters shut multiple locations close two hours month june .cdp runs service captures changes data separate storage location.multiple methods capturing continuous live data changes involving different technologies serve different needs.true cdpbased solutions provide fine granularities restorable objects ranging crashconsistent images logical objects files mail boxes messages database files logs.
Continuous Data Protection	isnt necessarily true nearcdp solutions.differences traditional backup true continuous data protection different traditional backup necessary specify point time recover ready restore.traditional backups restore data time backup made.true continuous data protection contrast snapshots backup schedules.data written disk also asynchronously written second location either another computer network appliance.
Continuous Data Protection	introduces overhead diskwrite operations eliminates need scheduled backups.allowing restoring data point time cdp gold standard—the comprehensive advanced data protection.near cdp technologies deliver enough protection many companies less complexity cost.example snapshots nearcdp clarification section provide reasonable nearcdplevel protection file shares letting users directly access data file share regular intervals—say every half hour minutes.thats certainly higher level protection tapebased diskbased nightly backups may need.nearcdp copying preset time intervals essentially incremental backup initiated—separately source machine—by timer instead script.
Continuous Data Protection	continuous vs near continuous since true cdp backup write operations executed level basic inputoutput system bios microcomputer manner normal use computer unaffected true cdp backup must practice run conjunction virtual machine equivalent—ruling ordinary personal backup applications.therefore discussed enterprise clientserver backup article rather backup article.some solutions marketed continuous data protection may allow restores fixed intervals minutes one hour hours automatically take incremental backups intervals.nearcdp—short nearcontinuous data protection—schemes universally recognized true continuous data protection provide ability restore point time.interval shorter one hour nearcdp solutions—for example arq backup—are typically based periodic snapshots avoid downtime highavailability systems may instead perform backup ... readonly copy data set frozen point time—and allow applications continue writing data.there debate industry whether granularity backup must every write cdp whether nearcdp solution captures data every minutes good enough.latter sometimes called near continuous backup.
Continuous Data Protection	debate hinges use term continuous whether backup process must continuously automatically scheduled often sufficient achieve benefits cited whether ability restore backup also must continuous.storage networking industry association snia uses every write definition.there briefer subsubsection backup article renamed nearcdp avoid confusion.differences raid replication mirroring continuous data protection differs raid replication mirroring technologies protect one copy data recent.data becomes corrupted way immediately detected technologies simply protect corrupted data way restore uncorrupted version.continuous data protection protects effects data corruption allowing restoration previous uncorrupted version data.transactions took place corrupting event restoration lost however.
Continuous Data Protection	could recovered means journaling.backup disk size situations continuous data protection requires less space backup media usually disk traditional backup.continuous data protection solutions save byte blocklevel differences rather filelevel differences.means one byte gb file modified changed byte block backed up.traditional incremental differential backups make copies entire files however starting around enterprise clientserver backup applications implemented capability blocklevel incremental backup designed large files databases.
Cattle	risks disadvantages realtime edits—especially multimedia cad design environments—are backed offsite upstream channel installations broadband network network bandwidth throttling may needed reduce impact true cdp.alternative approach back separate fibrechannelconnected san appliance.see also quest appassurecofio softwaredisaster recoveryemc recoverpointfalconstorinmage drscoutlist backup softwarelist online backup servicessingle instance storagecloudendure referencesprominent modern member subfamily bovinae widespread species genus bos.adult females referred cows adult males referred bulls.cattle commonly raised livestock meat beef veal see beef cattle milk see dairy cattle hides used make leather.used riding animals draft animals oxen bullocks pull carts plows implements.another product cattle dung used create manure fuel.regions parts india cattle significant religious significance.
Cattle	cattle mostly small breeds miniature zebu also kept pets.different types cattle common different geographic areas.taurine cattle found primarily europe temperate areas asia america australia.zebus also called indicine cattle found primarily india tropical areas asia america australia.sanga cattle found primarily subsaharan africa.types sometimes classified separate species subspecies divided recognized breeds.around years ago taurine cattle domesticated wild aurochs progenitors central anatolia levant western iran.
Cattle	separate domestication event occurred indian subcontinent gave rise zebu.according food agriculture organization fao approximately .billion cattle world .cattle main source greenhouse gas emissions livestock responsible around global greenhouse gas emissions.cattle became one first livestock animals fully mapped genome.
Cattle	taxonomy cattle originally identified three separate species bos taurus european taurine cattle including similar types africa asia bos indicus indicine zebu extinct bos primigenius aurochs.aurochs ancestral zebu taurine cattle.later reclassified one species bos taurus aurochs zebu subspecies.however taxonomy contentious sources prefer separate species classification american society mammalogists mammal diversity database.complicating matter ability cattle interbreed closely related species.hybrid individuals even breeds exist taurine cattle zebu sanga cattle bos taurus africanus x bos indicus also one members genus bos – yaks dzo yattle banteng gaur.
Cattle	hybrids beefalo breed even occur taurine cattle either species bison leading authors consider part genus bos well.hybrid origin types may obvious – example genetic testing dwarf lulu breed taurinetype cattle nepal found mix taurine cattle zebu yak.however cattle cannot successfully hybridized distantly related bovines water buffalo african buffalo.the aurochs originally ranged throughout europe north africa much asia.historical times range became restricted europe last known individual died mazovia poland .breeders attempted recreate cattle similar appearance aurochs crossing traditional types domesticated cattle creating heck cattle breed.the pure african taurine breeds bos taurus africanus remaining ndama kuri varieties west african shorthorn.
Cattle	etymology cattle originate term bovine animals.borrowed anglonorman catel medieval latin capitale principal sum money capital derived turn latin caput head.cattle originally meant movable personal property especially livestock kind opposed real property land also included wild small freeroaming animals chickens—they sold part land.word variant chattel unit personal property closely related capital economic sense.term replaced earlier old english feoh cattle property survives today fee cf.
Cattle	german vieh dutch vee gothic faihu.the word cow came via anglosaxon cū plural cȳ common indoeuropean gʷōus genitive gʷowés bovine animal cf.persian gâv sanskrit go welsh buwch.plural cȳ became ki kie middle english additional plural ending often added giving kine kien also kies kuin others.origin archaic english plural kine.scots language singular coo cou plural kye.in older english sources king james version bible cattle refers livestock opposed deer refers wildlife.
Cattle	wild cattle may refer feral cattle undomesticated species genus bos.today used without qualifier modern meaning cattle usually restricted domesticated bovines.terminology general words used different parts world minor differences definitions.terminology described contrasts differences definition united kingdom britishinfluenced parts world canada australia new zealand ireland united states.an intact i.e.castrated adult male called bull.a father bull called sire reference offspring.an adult female calf two depending regional usage cow.a mother cow called dam reference offspring.
Cattle	often mentions dams imply cows kept herd repeated breeding opposed heifers cows sold sooner.a young female calf three years age called heifer hefər.young female one calf occasionally called firstcalf heifer.heiferettes either firstcalf heifers subset thereof without potential become lineage dams depending whose definition operative.young cattle sex intersex called calves weaned weaners year old areas areas particularly male beef cattle may known feeder calves simply feeders.referred yearlings stirks one two years age.feeder cattle store cattle young cattle soon either backgrounded sent fattening especially intended sold someone else finishing.regions distinction stockers feeders names distinction backgrounding versus immediate sale finisher.a castrated male called steer united states older steers often called bullocks parts world north america term refers young bull.
Cattle	piker bullocks micky bulls uncastrated young male bulls caught castrated later lost.australia term japanese ox used grainfed steers weight range kg destined japanese meat trade.north america draft cattle four years old called working steers.improper late castration bull results becoming coarse steer known stag australia canada new zealand.countries incompletely castrated male known also rig.a castrated male occasionally female areas bull kept draft riding purposes called ox plural oxen ox may also used refer carcass products adult cattle oxhide oxblood oxtail oxliver.a springer cow heifer close calving.in cattle species female twin bull usually becomes infertile partial intersex called freemartin.a wild young unmarked bull known micky australia.an unbranded bovine either sex called maverick us canada.neat horned oxen neatsfoot oil derived beef young ox beefing young animal fit slaughtering obsolete terms although poll pollard polled cattle still terms use naturally hornless animals areas also disbudded dehorned.cattle raised human consumption called beef cattle.
Cattle	within american beef cattle industry older term beef plural beeves still used refer animal either sex.australian canadian new zealand british people use term beast.cattle bred specifically milk production called milking dairy cattle cow kept provide milk one family may called house cow milker.fresh cow dairy term cow firstcalf heifer recently given birth freshened.the adjective applying cattle general usually bovine.terms bull cow calf also used extension denote sex age large animals including whales hippopotamuses camels elk elephants.various terms cattle types thereof historical include nowt nolt mart others.singular terminology issue cattle used plural singular plurale tantum.
Cattle	thus one may refer three cattle cattle one cattle.one head cattle valid though periphrastic way refer one animal indeterminate unknown age sex otherwise universally used singleword singular form cattle exists modern english sex agespecific terms cow bull steer heifer.historically ox sexspecific term adult cattle generally used working cattle especially adult castrated males.term also incorporated names species musk ox grunting ox yak used areas describe certain cattle products oxhide oxtail.cow general use singular collective cattle.word cow easy use singular needed sex unknown irrelevant—when cow road example.
Cattle	herd fully mature cattle near pasture statistically likely consist mostly cows term probably accurate even restrictive sense.bulls needed breeding vast majority male cattle castrated calves used oxen slaughtered meat age three years.thus pastured herd calves herd bulls usually clearly distinguishable cows due distinctively different sizes clear anatomical differences.merriamwebster oxford living dictionaries recognize sexnonspecific use cow alternate definition whereas collins oed not.colloquially general nonspecific terms may denote cattle singular form needed.head cattle usually used numeral.
Cattle	australian new zealand british farmers use term beast cattle beast.bovine also used britain.term critter common western united states canada particularly referring young cattle.areas american south particularly appalachian region dairy beef cattle present individual animal called beef critter though term becoming archaic.terminology cattle raised human consumption called beef cattle.
Cattle	within beef cattle industry parts united states term beef plural beeves still used archaic sense refer animal either sex.cows certain breeds kept milk give called dairy cows milking cows formerly milch cows.young male offspring dairy cows sold veal may referred veal calves.the term dogies used describe orphaned calves context ranch work american west keep dogies moving.places cow kept provide milk one family called house cow.obsolete terms cattle include neat use survives neatsfoot oil extracted feet legs cattle beefing young animal fit slaughter.an onomatopoeic term one common sounds made cattle moo also called lowing.
Cattle	number sounds made cattle including calves bawling bulls bellowing.bawling common cows weaning calf.bullroarer makes sound similar bulls territorial call.characteristics anatomy cattle large quadrupedal ungulate mammals cloven hooves.breeds horns large texas longhorn small like scur.
Cattle	careful genetic selection allowed polled hornless cattle become widespread.digestive system cattle ruminants meaning digestive system highly specialized allow consumption difficult digest plants food.cattle one stomach four compartments rumen reticulum omasum abomasum rumen largest compartment.the reticulum smallest compartment known honeycomb.omasums main function absorb water nutrients digestible feed.omasum known many plies.
Cattle	abomasum like human stomach known true stomach.cattle known regurgitating rechewing food known cud chewing like ruminants.animal feeding food swallowed without chewed goes rumen storage animal find quiet place continue digestion process.food regurgitated mouthful time back mouth food called cud chewed molars grinding coarse vegetation small particles.cud swallowed digested specialized microorganisms rumen.microbes primarily responsible decomposing cellulose carbohydrates volatile fatty acids cattle use primary metabolic fuel.
Cattle	microbes inside rumen also synthesize amino acids nonprotein nitrogenous sources urea ammonia.microbes reproduce rumen older generations die cells continue digestive tract.cells partially digested small intestines allowing cattle gain highquality protein source.features allow cattle thrive grasses tough vegetation.gestation size gestation period cow nine months long.
Cattle	newborn calfs size vary among breeds typical calf weighs kg lb.adult size weight vary significantly among breeds sex.steers generally slaughtered reaching kg lb.breeding stock may allowed longer lifespan occasionally living long years.oldest recorded cow big bertha died age .
Cattle	reproduction farms common use artificial insemination ai medically assisted reproduction technique consisting artificial deposition semen females genital tract.used cases spermatozoa reach fallopian tubes simply choice owner animal.consists transferring uterine cavity spermatozoa previously collected processed selection morphologically normal mobile spermatozoa.a cows udder contains two pairs mammary glands commonly referred teats creating four quarters.front ones referred fore quarters rear ones rear quarters.synchronization cattle ovulation benefit dairy farming may accomplished via induced ovulation techniques.the secondary sex ratio – ratio male female offspring birth – approximately although may influenced environmental factors.bulls become fertile seven months age.fertility closely related size testicles one simple test fertility measure circumference scrotum young bull likely fertile reaches centimetres fully adult bull may centimetres in.a bull fibroelastic penis.
Cattle	given small amount erectile tissue little enlargement erection.penis quite rigid nonerect becomes even rigid erection.protrusion affected much erection relaxation retractor penis muscle straightening sigmoid flexure.weight weight adult cattle varies depending breed.smaller kinds dexter jersey adults range kg lb.
Cattle	large continental breeds charolais marchigiana belgian blue chianina adults range kg lb.british breeds hereford angus shorthorn mature kg lb occasionally higher particularly angus hereford.bulls larger cows breed hundred kilograms.british hereford cows weigh – kg – lb bulls weigh – kg – lb.chianina bulls weigh kg lb british bulls angus hereford weigh little kg lb much kg lb.the world record heaviest bull kg lb chianina named donetto exhibited arezzo show .
Cattle	heaviest steer eightyearold old ben shorthornhereford cross weighing kg lb .in united states average weight beef cattle steadily increased especially since requiring building new slaughterhouses able handle larger carcasses.new packing plants stimulated large increase cattle weights.beef cattle averaged kg lb net thereafter weights climbed steadily.cognition laboratory studies young cattle able memorize locations several food sources retain memory least hours although declined hours.fifteenmonthold heifers learn quickly adult cows either one two calvings longerterm memory less stable.
Cattle	mature cattle perform well spatial learning tasks good longterm memory tests.cattle tested radial arm maze able remember locations highquality food least days.although initially learn avoid lowquality food memory diminishes duration.less artificial testing conditions young cattle showed able remember location feed least days.cattle make association visual stimulus food within day—memory association retained year despite slight decay.calves capable discrimination learning adult cattle compare favourably small mammals learning ability closedfield test.they also able discriminate familiar individuals among humans.
Cattle	cattle tell difference familiar unfamiliar animals species conspecifics.studies show behave less aggressively toward familiar individuals forming new group.calves also discriminate humans based previous experience shown approaching handled positively avoiding handled aversively.although cattle discriminate humans faces alone also use cues color clothes available.in audio playback studies calves prefer mothers vocalizations compared vocalizations unfamiliar mother.in laboratory studies using images cattle discriminate images heads cattle animal species.also able distinguish familiar unfamiliar conspecifics.
Cattle	furthermore able categorize images familiar unfamiliar individuals.when mixed individuals cloned calves donor form subgroups indicating kin discrimination occurs may basis grouping behaviour.also shown using images cattle artificially inseminated cloned calves similar cognitive capacities kin nonkin discrimination.cattle recognize familiar individuals.visual individual recognition complex mental process visual discrimination.requires recollection learned idiosyncratic identity individual previously encountered formation mental representation.using twodimensional images heads one cow face profiles ⁄ views tested heifers showed individual recognition familiar unfamiliar individuals breed.
Cattle	furthermore almost heifers recognized unknown individuals different breeds although achieved greater difficulty.individual recognition difficult visual features breed tested quite different breed image example breed tested spots whereas image spotted breed.cattle use visualbrain lateralisation visual scanning novel familiar stimuli.domestic cattle prefer view novel stimuli left eye i.e.using right brain hemisphere similar horses australian magpies chicks toads fish use right eye i.e.using left hemisphere viewing familiar stimuli.
Cattle	temperament emotions cattle temperament affect production traits carcass meat quality milk yield well affecting animals overall health reproduction.cattle temperament defined consistent behavioral physiological difference observed individuals response stressor environmental challenge used describe relatively stable difference behavioral predisposition animal related psychobiological mechanisms.generally cattle temperament assumed multidimensional.five underlying categories temperament traits proposedshyness–boldnessexploration–avoidanceactivityaggressivenesssociabilityin study holstein–friesian heifers learning press panel open gate access food reward researchers also recorded heart rate behavior heifers moving along race towards food.heifers made clear improvements learning higher heart rates tended move vigorously along race.
Cattle	researchers concluded indication cattle may react emotionally learning improvement.negative emotional states associated bias toward negative responses towards ambiguous cues judgement tasks.separation mothers holstein calves showed cognitive bias indicative low mood.similar study showed hotiron disbudding dehorning calves similar negative bias indicating postoperative pain following routine procedure results negative change emotional state.in studies visual discrimination position ears used indicator emotional state.cattle stressed cattle tell chemicals released urine.cattle gregarious even shortterm isolation considered cause severe psychological stress.aubrac friesian heifers isolated increase vocalizations experience increased heart rate plasma cortisol concentrations.
Cattle	physiological changes greater aubracs.visual contact reinstated vocalizations rapidly decline regardless familiarity returning cattle however heart rate decreases greater returning cattle familiar previouslyisolated individual.mirrors used reduce stress isolated cattle.senses cattle use five widely recognized sensory modalities.assist complex behavioural patterns example grazing behaviour.
Cattle	cattle eat mixed diets given opportunity show partial preference approximately clover grass.preference diurnal pattern stronger preference clover morning proportion grass increasing towards evening.vision vision dominant sense cattle obtain almost information visually.cattle prey animal assist predator detection eyes located sides head rather front.gives wide field view ° limits binocular vision therefore stereopsis ° ° compared ° humans.means blind spot directly behind them.
Cattle	cattle good visual acuity compared humans visual accommodation poor.cattle two kinds color receptors cone cells retinas.means cattle dichromatic nonprimate land mammals.two three rods per cone fovea centralis five six near optic papilla.cattle distinguish long wavelength colors yellow orange red much better shorter wavelengths blue grey green.calves able discriminate long red short blue medium green wavelengths limited ability discriminate short medium.
Cattle	also approach handlers quickly red light.whilst good color sensitivity good humans sheep.a common misconception cattle particularly bulls enraged color red something provocative often said like red flag bull.myth.bullfighting movement red flag cape irritates bull incites charge.taste cattle welldeveloped sense taste distinguish four primary tastes sweet salty bitter sour.
Cattle	possess around taste buds.strength taste perception depends individuals current food requirements.avoid bittertasting foods potentially toxic marked preference sweet high calorific value salty foods electrolyte balance.sensitivity sourtasting foods helps maintain optimal ruminal ph.plants low levels sodium cattle developed capacity seeking salt taste smell.cattle become depleted sodium salts show increased locomotion directed searching these.
Cattle	assist search olfactory gustatory receptors able detect minute amounts sodium salts increase sensitivity biochemical disruption develops sodium salt depletion.hearing cattle hearing ranges hz khz.frequency best sensitivity khz lowest threshold − db μnm− means hearing acute horses lowest threshold db.sound localization acuity thresholds average °.means cattle less able localise sounds compared goats ° dogs ° humans .°.
Cattle	cattle broad foveal fields view covering almost entire horizon may need accurate locus information auditory systems direct gaze sound source.vocalizations important mode communication amongst cattle provide information age sex dominance status reproductive status caller.calves recognize mothers using vocalizations vocal behaviour may play role indicating estrus competitive display bulls.olfaction gustation cattle range odiferous glands body including interdigital infraorbital inguinal sebaceous glands indicating olfaction probably plays large role social life.primary olfactory system using olfactory bulbs secondary olfactory system using vomeronasal organ used.latter olfactory system used flehmen response.
Cattle	evidence cattle stressed recognised cattle communicated alarm substances urine.odour dog faeces induces behavioural changes prior cattle feeding whereas odours urine either stressed nonstressed conspecifics blood effect.in laboratory cattle trained recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only.in general cattle use sense smell expand information detected sensory modalities.however case social reproductive behaviours olfaction key source information.touch cattle tactile sensations detected mainly mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors skin muscles.used frequently cattle explore environment.
Cattle	magnetoreception conflicting evidence magnetoreception cattle.one study reported resting grazing cattle tend align body axes geomagnetic north–south direction.followup study cattle exposed various magnetic fields directly beneath vicinity power lines trending various magnetic directions exhibited distinct patterns alignment.however group czech researchers reported failed attempt replicate finding using google earth images.behavior natural conditions calves stay mother weaning months.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.