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Information security	building layering overlapping security measures called defense depth.contrast metal chain famously strong weakest link defense depth strategy aims structure one defensive measure fail measures continue provide protection.recall earlier discussion administrative controls logical controls physical controls.three types controls used form basis upon build defense depth strategy.approach defense depth conceptualized three distinct layers planes laid one top other.additional insight defense depth gained thinking forming layers onion data core onion people next outer layer onion network security hostbased security application security forming outermost layers onion.
Information security	perspectives equally valid provides valuable insight implementation good defense depth strategy.classification important aspect information security risk management recognizing value information defining appropriate procedures protection requirements information.information equal information requires degree protection.requires information assigned security classification.first step information classification identify member senior management owner particular information classified.
Information security	next develop classification policy.policy describe different classification labels define criteria information assigned particular label list required security controls classification.some factors influence classification information assigned include much value information organization old information whether information become obsolete.laws regulatory requirements also important considerations classifying information.information systems audit control association isaca business model information security also serves tool security professionals examine security systems perspective creating environment security managed holistically allowing actual risks addressed.the type information security classification labels selected used depend nature organization examples beingin business sector labels public sensitive private confidential.in government sector labels unclassified unofficial protected confidential secret top secret nonenglish equivalents.in crosssectoral formations traffic light protocol consists white green amber red.all employees organization well business partners must trained classification schema understand required security controls handling procedures classification.classification particular information asset assigned reviewed periodically ensure classification still appropriate information ensure security controls required classification place followed right procedures.
Information security	access control access protected information must restricted people authorized access information.computer programs many cases computers process information must also authorized.requires mechanisms place control access protected information.sophistication access control mechanisms parity value information protected sensitive valuable information stronger control mechanisms need be.foundation access control mechanisms built start identification authentication.access control generally considered three steps identification authentication authorization.
Information security	identification identification assertion someone something is.person makes statement hello name john doe making claim are.however claim may may true.john doe granted access protected information necessary verify person claiming john doe really john doe.typically claim form username.
Information security	entering username claiming person username belongs to.authentication authentication act verifying claim identity.john doe goes bank make withdrawal tells bank teller john doe claim identity.bank teller asks see photo id hands teller drivers license.bank teller checks license make sure john doe printed compares photograph license person claiming john doe.
Information security	photo name match person teller authenticated john doe claimed be.similarly entering correct password user providing evidence heshe person username belongs to.there three different types information used authenticationsomething know things pin password mothers maiden namesomething drivers license magnetic swipe cardsomething biometrics including palm prints fingerprints voice prints retina eye scansstrong authentication requires providing one type authentication information twofactor authentication.username common form identification computer systems today password common form authentication.usernames passwords served purpose increasingly inadequate.usernames passwords slowly replaced supplemented sophisticated authentication mechanisms timebased onetime password algorithms.
Information security	authorization person program computer successfully identified authenticated must determined informational resources permitted access actions allowed perform run view create delete change.called authorization.authorization access information computing services begins administrative policies procedures.policies prescribe information computing services accessed conditions.access control mechanisms configured enforce policies.
Information security	different computing systems equipped different kinds access control mechanisms.may even offer choice different access control mechanisms.access control mechanism system offers based upon one three approaches access control may derived combination three approaches.the nondiscretionary approach consolidates access control centralized administration.access information resources usually based individuals function role organization tasks individual must perform.discretionary approach gives creator owner information resource ability control access resources.
Information security	mandatory access control approach access granted denied basing upon security classification assigned information resource.examples common access control mechanisms use today include rolebased access control available many advanced database management systems simple file permissions provided unix windows operating systems group policy objects provided windows network systems kerberos radius tacacs simple access lists used many firewalls routers.to effective policies security controls must enforceable upheld.effective policies ensure people held accountable actions.u.s. treasurys guidelines systems processing sensitive proprietary information example states failed successful authentication access attempts must logged access information must leave type audit trail.also needtoknow principle needs effect talking access control.principle gives access rights person perform job functions.principle used government dealing difference clearances.
Information security	even though two employees different departments topsecret clearance must needtoknow order information exchanged.within needtoknow principle network administrators grant employee least amount privilege prevent employees accessing supposed to.needtoknow helps enforce confidentialityintegrityavailability triad.needtoknow directly impacts confidential area triad.cryptography information security uses cryptography transform usable information form renders unusable anyone authorized user process called encryption.
Information security	information encrypted rendered unusable transformed back original usable form authorized user possesses cryptographic key process decryption.cryptography used information security protect information unauthorized accidental disclosure information transit either electronically physically information storage.cryptography provides information security useful applications well including improved authentication methods message digests digital signatures nonrepudiation encrypted network communications.older less secure applications telnet file transfer protocol ftp slowly replaced secure applications secure shell ssh use encrypted network communications.wireless communications encrypted using protocols wpawpa older less secure wep.wired communications itu‑t g.hn secured using aes encryption x. authentication key exchange.
Information security	software applications gnupg pgp used encrypt data files email.cryptography introduce security problems implemented correctly.cryptographic solutions need implemented using industryaccepted solutions undergone rigorous peer review independent experts cryptography.length strength encryption key also important consideration.key weak short produce weak encryption.keys used encryption decryption must protected degree rigor confidential information.
Information security	must protected unauthorized disclosure destruction must available needed.public key infrastructure pki solutions address many problems surround key management.process terms reasonable prudent person due care due diligence used fields finance securities law many years.recent years terms found way fields computing information security.u.s. federal sentencing guidelines make possible hold corporate officers liable failing exercise due care due diligence management information systems.in business world stockholders customers business partners governments expectation corporate officers run business accordance accepted business practices compliance laws regulatory requirements.
Information security	often described reasonable prudent person rule.prudent person takes due care ensure everything necessary done operate business sound business principles legal ethical manner.prudent person also diligent mindful attentive ongoing due care business.in field information security harrisoffers following definitions due care due diligencedue care steps taken show company taken responsibility activities take place within corporation taken necessary steps help protect company resources employees.due diligence continual activities make sure protection mechanisms continually maintained operational.attention made two important points definitions.first due care steps taken show means steps verified measured even produce tangible artifacts.
Information security	second due diligence continual activities means people actually things monitor maintain protection mechanisms activities ongoing.organizations responsibility practicing duty care applying information security.duty care risk analysis standard docra provides principles practices evaluating risk.considers parties could affected risks.docra helps evaluate safeguards appropriate protecting others harm presenting reasonable burden.increased data breach litigation companies must balance security controls compliance mission.
Information security	security governance software engineering institute carnegie mellon university publication titled governing enterprise security ges implementation guide defines characteristics effective security governance.includean enterprisewide issueleaders accountableviewed business requirementriskbasedroles responsibilities segregation duties definedaddressed enforced policyadequate resources committedstaff aware traineda development life cycle requirementplanned managed measurable measuredreviewed audited incident response plans incident response plan irp group policies dictate organizations reaction cyber attack.security breach identified plan initiated.important note legal implications data breach.knowing local federal laws critical.
Information security	every plan unique needs organization involve skill sets part team.example lawyer may included response plan help navigate legal implications data breach.as mentioned every plan unique plans include following preparation good preparation includes development incident response team irt.skills need used team would penetration testing computer forensics network security etc.team also keep track trends cybersecurity modern attack strategies.training program end users important well modern attack strategies target users network.
Information security	identification part incident response plan identifies security event.end user reports information admin notices irregularities investigation launched.incident log crucial part step.members team updating log ensure information flows fast possible.identified security breach occurred next step activated.
Information security	containment phase irt works isolate areas breach took place limit scope security event.phase important preserve information forensically analyzed later process.containment could simple physically containing server room complex segmenting network allow spread virus.eradication threat identified removed affected systems.could include using deleting malicious files terminating compromised accounts deleting components.
Information security	events require step however important fully understand event moving step.help ensure threat completely removed.recovery stage systems restored back original operation.stage could include recovery data changing user access information updating firewall rules policies prevent breach future.without executing step system could still vulnerable future security threats.
Information security	lessons learned step information gathered process used make future decisions security.step crucial ensure future events prevented.using information train admins critical process.step also used process information distributed entities experienced security event.change management change management formal process directing controlling alterations information processing environment.
Information security	includes alterations desktop computers network servers software.objectives change management reduce risks posed changes information processing environment improve stability reliability processing environment changes made.objective change management prevent hinder necessary changes implemented.any change information processing environment introduces element risk.even apparently simple changes unexpected effects.one managements many responsibilities management risk.
Information security	change management tool managing risks introduced changes information processing environment.part change management process ensures changes implemented inopportune times may disrupt critical business processes interfere changes implemented.not every change needs managed.kinds changes part everyday routine information processing adhere predefined procedure reduces overall level risk processing environment.creating new user account deploying new desktop computer examples changes generally require change management.however relocating user file shares upgrading email server pose much higher level risk processing environment normal everyday activity.
Information security	critical first steps change management defining change communicating definition b defining scope change system.change management usually overseen change review board composed representatives key business areas security networking systems administrators database administration application developers desktop support help desk.tasks change review board facilitated use automated work flow application.responsibility change review board ensure organizations documented change management procedures followed.change management process followsrequest anyone request change.person making change request may may person performs analysis implements change.
Information security	request change received may undergo preliminary review determine requested change compatible organizations business model practices determine amount resources needed implement change.approve management runs business controls allocation resources therefore management must approve requests changes assign priority every change.management might choose reject change request change compatible business model industry standards best practices.management might also choose reject change request change requires resources allocated change.plan planning change involves discovering scope impact proposed change analyzing complexity change allocation resources developing testing documenting implementation backout plans.need define criteria decision back made.test every change must tested safe test environment closely reflects actual production environment change applied production environment.backout plan must also tested.schedule part change review boards responsibility assist scheduling changes reviewing proposed implementation date potential conflicts scheduled changes critical business activities.communicate change scheduled must communicated.
Information security	communication give others opportunity remind change review board changes critical business activities might overlooked scheduling change.communication also serves make help desk users aware change occur.another responsibility change review board ensure scheduled changes properly communicated affected change otherwise interest change.implement appointed date time changes must implemented.part planning process develop implementation plan testing plan back plan.implementation change fail post implementation testing fails drop dead criteria met back plan implemented.document changes must documented.
Information security	documentation includes initial request change approval priority assigned implementation testing back plans results change review board critique datetime change implemented implemented whether change implemented successfully failed postponed.postchange review change review board hold postimplementation review changes.particularly important review failed backed changes.review board try understand problems encountered look areas improvement.change management procedures simple follow easy use greatly reduce overall risks created changes made information processing environment.good change management procedures improve overall quality success changes implemented.accomplished planning peer review documentation communication.isoiec visible ops handbook implementing itil practical auditable steps full book summary itil provide valuable guidance implementing efficient effective change management program information security.
Information security	business continuity business continuity management bcm concerns arrangements aiming protect organizations critical business functions interruption due incidents least minimize effects.bcm essential organization keep technology business line current threats continuation business usual.bcm included organizations risk analysis plan ensure necessary business functions need keep going event type threat business function.it encompassesanalysis requirements e.g.identifying critical business functions dependencies potential failure points potential threats hence incidents risks concern organizationspecification e.g.maximum tolerable outage periods recovery point objectives maximum acceptable periods data lossarchitecture design e.g.
Information security	appropriate combination approaches including resilience e.g.engineering systems processes high availability avoiding preventing situations might interrupt business incident emergency management e.g.evacuating premises calling emergency services triagesituation assessment invoking recovery plans recovery e.g.rebuilding contingency management generic capabilities deal positively whatever occurs using whatever resources availableimplementation e.g.configuring scheduling backups data transfers etc.
Information security	duplicating strengthening critical elements contracting service equipment supplierstesting e.g.business continuity exercises various types costs assurance levelsmanagement e.g.defining strategies setting objectives goals planning directing work allocating funds people resources prioritization relative activities team building leadership control motivation coordination business functions activities e.g.facilities human resources risk management information risk security operations monitoring situation checking updating arrangements things change maturing approach continuous improvement learning appropriate investmentassurance e.g.testing specified requirements measuring analyzing reporting key parameters conducting additional tests reviews audits greater confidence arrangements go plan invoked.whereas bcm takes broad approach minimizing disasterrelated risks reducing probability severity incidents disaster recovery plan drp focuses specifically resuming business operations quickly possible disaster.
Information security	disaster recovery plan invoked soon disaster occurs lays steps necessary recover critical information communications technology ict infrastructure.disaster recovery planning includes establishing planning group performing risk assessment establishing priorities developing recovery strategies preparing inventories documentation plan developing verification criteria procedure lastly implementing plan.laws regulations partial listing governmental laws regulations various parts world significant effect data processing information security.important industry sector regulations also included significant impact information security.the uk data protection act makes new provisions regulation processing information relating individuals including obtaining holding use disclosure information.european union data protection directive eudpd requires e.u.
Information security	members adopt national regulations standardize protection data privacy citizens throughout e.u.the computer misuse act act u.k. parliament making computer crime e.g.hacking criminal offense.act become model upon several countries including canada republic ireland drawn inspiration subsequently drafting information security laws.the e.u.s data retention directive annulled required internet service providers phone companies keep data every electronic message sent phone call made six months two years.the family educational rights privacy act ferpa u.s.c.§ g cfr part u.s. federal law protects privacy student education records.law applies schools receive funds applicable program u.s. department education.
Information security	generally schools must written permission parent eligible student order release information students education record.the federal financial institutions examination councils ffiec security guidelines auditors specifies requirements online banking security.the health insurance portability accountability act hipaa requires adoption national standards electronic health care transactions national identifiers providers health insurance plans employers.additionally requires health care providers insurance providers employers safeguard security privacy health data.the gramm–leach–bliley act glba also known financial services modernization act protects privacy security private financial information financial institutions collect hold process.section sarbanes–oxley act sox requires publicly traded companies assess effectiveness internal controls financial reporting annual reports submit end fiscal year.chief information officers responsible security accuracy reliability systems manage report financial data.act also requires publicly traded companies engage independent auditors must attest report validity assessments.the payment card industry data security standard pci dss establishes comprehensive requirements enhancing payment account data security.developed founding payment brands pci security standards council — including american express discover financial services jcb mastercard worldwide visa international — help facilitate broad adoption consistent data security measures global basis.
Information security	pci dss multifaceted security standard includes requirements security management policies procedures network architecture software design critical protective measures.state security breach notification laws california many others require businesses nonprofits state institutions notify consumers unencrypted personal information may compromised lost stolen.the personal information protection electronics document act pipeda canada supports promotes electronic commerce protecting personal information collected used disclosed certain circumstances providing use electronic means communicate record information transactions amending canada evidence act statutory instruments act statute revision act.greeces hellenic authority communication security privacy adae law establishes describes minimum information security controls deployed every company provides electronic communication networks andor services greece order protect customers confidentiality.include managerial technical controls e.g.log records stored two years.greeces hellenic authority communication security privacy adae law concentrates around protection integrity availability services data offered greek telecommunication companies.law forces related companies build deploy test appropriate business continuity plans redundant infrastructures.culture describing simply security aware employees information security culture ideas customs social behaviors organization impact information security positive negative ways.
Information security	cultural concepts help different segments organization work effectively work effectiveness towards information security within organization.way employees think feel security actions take big impact information security organizations.roer petric identify seven core dimensions information security culture organizationsattitudes employees’ feelings emotions various activities pertain organizational security information.behaviors actual intended activities risktaking actions employees direct indirect impact information security.cognition employees awareness verifiable knowledge beliefs regarding practices activities selfefficacy relation related information security.communication ways employees communicate sense belonging support security issues incident reporting.compliance adherence organizational security policies awareness existence policies ability recall substance policies.norms perceptions securityrelated organizational conduct practices informally deemed either normal deviant employees peers e.g.hidden expectations regarding security behaviors unwritten rules regarding uses informationcommunication technologies.responsibilities employees understanding roles responsibilities critical factor sustaining endangering security information thereby organization.andersson reimers found employees often see part organization information security effort often take actions ignore organizational information security best interests.research shows information security culture needs improved continuously.
Information security	information security culture analysis change authors commented never ending process cycle evaluation change maintenance.manage information security culture five steps taken preevaluation strategic planning operative planning implementation postevaluation.preevaluation identify awareness information security within employees analyze current security policystrategic planning come better awarenessprogram need set clear targets.clustering people helpful achieve itoperative planning create good security culture based internal communication management buyin security awareness training programsimplementation feature commitment management communication organizational members courses organizational members commitment employeespostevaluation better gauge effectiveness prior steps build continuous improvement sources standards international organization standardization iso consortium national standards institutes countries coordinated secretariat geneva switzerland.iso worlds largest developer standards.iso information technology – security techniques – framework security assurance isoiec information technology – security techniques – code practice information security management iso information technology – service management isoiec information technology – security techniques – information security management systems – requirements particular interest information security professionals.the us national institute standards technology nist nonregulatory federal agency within u.s. department commerce.
Information security	nist computer security divisiondevelops standards metrics tests validation programs well publishes standards guidelines increase secure planning implementation management operation.nist also custodian u.s. federal information processing standard publications fips.the internet society professional membership society organizations individual members countries.provides leadership addressing issues confront future internet organizational home groups responsible internet infrastructure standards including internet engineering task force ietf internet architecture board iab.isoc hosts requests comments rfcs includes official internet protocol standards rfc site security handbook.the information security forum isf global nonprofit organization several hundred leading organizations financial services manufacturing telecommunications consumer goods government areas.undertakes research information security practices offers advice biannual standard good practice detailed advisories members.the institute information security professionals iisp independent nonprofit body governed members principal objective advancing professionalism information security practitioners thereby professionalism industry whole.
Information security	institute developed iisp skills framework.framework describes range competencies expected information security information assurance professionals effective performance roles.developed collaboration private public sector organizations worldrenowned academics security leaders.the german federal office information security german bundesamt für sicherheit der informationstechnik bsi bsistandards – set recommendations including methods processes procedures approaches measures relating information security.bsistandard itgrundschutz methodology describes information security management implemented operated.standard includes specific guide baseline protection catalogs also known itgrundschutz catalogs.
Information security	catalogs formerly known baseline protection manual.catalogs collection documents useful detecting combating securityrelevant weak points environment cluster.collection encompasses september pages introduction catalogs.itgrundschutz approach aligned isoiec x family.the european telecommunications standards institute standardized catalog information security indicators headed industrial specification group isg isi.see also references reading external links dod ia policy chart archived wayback machine dod information assurance technology analysis center web site.patterns practices security engineering explainedopen security architecture controls patterns secure systemsiws – information security chapter archived wayback machineross andersons book security engineering
Early 1980s recession	widely considered severe recession since world war ii.key event leading recession energy crisis mostly caused iranian revolution caused disruption global oil supply saw oil prices rising sharply early .sharp rise oil prices pushed already high rates inflation several major advanced countries new doubledigit highs countries united states canada west germany italy united kingdom japan tightening monetary policies increasing interest rates order control inflation.g countries fact doubledip recessions involving short declines economic output parts followed short period expansion turn followed steeper longer period economic contraction starting sometime ending last half early .countries experienced stagflation situation high interest rates high unemployment rates.globally countries experienced downturns economic output andor broadest sharpest worldwide decline economic activity largest increase unemployment world bank naming recession global recession .
Early 1980s recession	even major economies united states japan exited recession relatively early many countries recession high unemployment would continue affect oecd nations least .longterm effects early recession contributed latin american debt crisis longlasting slowdowns caribbean subsaharan african countries us savings loans crisis general adoption neoliberal economic policies throughout s. north america canada canadian economy experienced overall weakness start end low yearly real gdp growth rates ..respectively steep .decline real gdp .
Early 1980s recession	g countries canada two separate economic contractions early s. shallow drop gdp slowing employment growth five months february june deeper month contraction gdp employment july october although contractions driven desire governments reduce inflation increasing interest rates.real canadian gdp declined month recession unemployment rate peaking .inbetween two downturns canada months economic growth growth october june relatively robust total gdp employment june actually surpassing prerecession peaks yearly increase real gdp ..canada higher inflation interest rates unemployment united states early recession.inflation accelerated across north america late higher canada us decision switch floating exchange rate lowered value canadian dollar us.made us imports expensive canadians purchase.
Early 1980s recession	canadas inflation rate .overall rising ..dropping ..to control inflation us introduced credit controls producing slump demand canadas housing auto industry exports early thereby triggering portion larger early recession canada.
Early 1980s recession	canadians also hit hard financially steady rise oil gas prices especially acceleration worldwide oil supply disrupted iranian revolution price oil reaching almost barrel compared barrel start decade.the bank canada raised prime interest rate throughout early attempt rein inflation deeper second portion early recession beginning july .bank canada interest rate peaked august kept high levels spring inflation rate still averaged .jobs also lost mechanization industry workforce downsizing many canadian firms order stay efficient complete internationally increasingly globalized economy alberta prime location canadas oil industry time experienced boom late early rapid employment growth attaining highest percentage persons aged – employed defined employment ratio provinces early .start however albertas oil boom ended due overexpansion deep global recession year caused oil prices plummet alberta suffering steepest drop .percentage points employment ratio provinces mid.
Early 1980s recession	yukons mining industry also particularly hard hit miners across country work end .canadas gdp increased markedly november officially ending recession although employment growth resume december faltering .average unemployment rates averaged .respectively steep rises ..slowdown productivity canada also emerged recession average output per worker slowed .
Early 1980s recession	lingering effects recession combined mechanization companies downsizing complete internationally kept canadas unemployment rates .despite canadas gdp growth rate among highest oecd countries – although growth far strongest ontario quebec.liberal prime minister pierre trudeau power start recession early low public opinion polls early february decided resign liberal party leader.successor prime minister john turner although leading opinion polls called election september ended resoundingly defeated progressive conservatives brian mulroney.united states like canada early recession united states technically consisted two separate downturns one commencing january yielded modest growth july deeper downturn july november .one cause federal reserves contractionary monetary policy sought rein high inflation.
Early 1980s recession	wake oil crisis energy crisis stagflation began afflict economy.unemployment unemployment risen .january high .may .although gradually declined .
Early 1980s recession	may unemployment began rising again.jumped sharply .april .may .mild recession january july kept unemployment high despite economic recovery remained historically high levels .
Early 1980s recession	end .mid rockford illinois highest unemployment metro areas .september michigan led nation .alabama second .west virginia third .. youngstown–warren metropolitan area .
Early 1980s recession	rate highest metro areas stamford connecticut lowest unemployment ..the peak recession occurred november december nationwide unemployment rate .highest since great depression.november west virginia michigan highest unemployment .alabama third .. south dakota lowest unemployment rate nation .. flint michigan highest unemployment rate metro areas .. march west virginias unemployment rate hit .. spring thirty states doubledigit unemployment.reagan reelected latest unemployment numbers august showed west virginia still highest rate nation .
Early 1980s recession	followed mississippi .alabama .. inflation inflation averaged .annually since world war ii doubled oil shock .annual rate.inflation reached .
Early 1980s recession	highest rate since .inflation declined .following year edged higher.inflation reached startling .soared ..a brief recession occurred .
Early 1980s recession	several key industries including housing steel manufacturing automobiles experienced downturn recover end next recession.many economic sectors supplied basic industries also hit hard.each period high unemployment saw federal reserve increase interest rates reduce high inflation.time inflation fell interest rates lowered unemployment slowly fell.determined wring inflation economy federal reserve chairman paul volcker slowed rate growth money supply raised interest rates.federal funds rate rose june .prime interest rate important economic measure eventually reached .
Early 1980s recession	june .financial industry crisis recession severe effect financial institutions savings loans banks.banks recession came particularly bad time banks recent wave deregulation.depository institutions deregulation monetary control act phased number restrictions financial practices broadened lending powers raised deposit insurance limit caused moral hazard.banks rushed real estate lending speculative lending ventures economy soured.by mid number bank failures rising steadily.
Early 1980s recession	bank failures reached highest since depression recession high interest rates took toll.end year federal deposit insurance corporation fdic spent million purchase bad loans effort keep various banks afloat.in july us congress enacted garn–st.germain depository institutions act deregulated banks deregulated savings loans.act authorized banks begin offering money market accounts attempt encourage deposit inflows also removed additional statutory restrictions real estate lending relaxed loanstooneborrower limits.encouraged rapid expansion real estate lending real estate market collapsing increased unhealthy competition banks savings loans encouraged many branches started.the recession affected banking industry long economic downturn technically ended november .
Early 1980s recession	another banks failed.fdic listed another banks problem banks verge failure.in continental illinois national bank trust company nations seventhlargest bank billion assets failed.fdic long known problems.bank first approached failure july penn square bank partnered continental illinois number highrisk lending ventures collapsed.however federal regulators reassured continental illinois executives steps taken ensure banks financial security.
Early 1980s recession	collapse federal regulators willing let bank fail reduce moral hazard banks would rein risky lending practices.members congress press however felt continental illinois big fail.may federal banking regulators finally offered .billion rescue package continental illinois.continental illinois may big fail collapse could caused failure largest banks.american banking system significantly weakened severe recession effects deregulation.
Early 1980s recession	banks forced write loans continental illinois institutions like manufacturers hanover trust company bank america perhaps citicorp would become insolvent.saving loan crisis recession also significantly exacerbated savings loan crisis.approximately state federally chartered savings loan institutions sls total assets billion.began losing money spiraling interest rates.net sl income totaled million fell loss .
Early 1980s recession	billion loss .billion .tangible net worth entire sl industry virtually zero.the federal home loan bank board fhlbb regulated inspected sls administered federal savings loan insurance corporation fslic insured deposits sls.fhlbbs enforcement practices significantly weaker federal banking agencies.savings loans limited lending powers fhlbb relatively small agency overseeing quiet stable industry.
Early 1980s recession	unsurprisingly fhlbbs procedures staff inadequate supervise sls deregulation.also fhlbb unable add staff stringent limits number personnel could hire level compensation could offer.limitations placed agency office management budget routinely subject political whims agency political appointees executive office president.financial circles fhlbb fslic called doormats financial regulation.because weak enforcement powers fhlbb fslic rarely forced sls correct poor financial practices.fhlbb relied heavily persuasive powers us states enforce banking regulations.
Early 1980s recession	five enforcement lawyers fhlbb would poor position enforce law even wanted to.one consequence fhlbbs lack enforcement abilities promotion deregulation aggressive expanded lending forestall insolvency.november fhlbb lowered net worth requirements federally insured sls deposits .fhlbb lowered net worth requirements january .additionally agency required sls meet requirements years.rule meant sls less years old practically capital reserve requirements.
Early 1980s recession	encouraged extensive chartering new sls since million investment could leveraged .billion lending.congressional deregulation exacerbated sl crisis.economic recovery tax act led boom commercial real estate.passage depository institutions deregulation monetary control act garn–st.germain act expanded authority federally chartered sls make acquisition development construction real estate loans statutory limit loantovalue ratios eliminated.
Early 1980s recession	changes allowed sls make highrisk loans developers.beginning many sls rapidly shifted away traditional home mortgage financing new highrisk investment activities like casinos fastfood franchises ski resorts junk bonds arbitrage schemes derivative instruments.federal deregulation also encouraged state legislatures deregulate statechartered sls.unfortunately many states deregulated sls also soft supervision enforcement.cases statechartered sls close political ties elected officials state regulators weakened oversight.as risk exposure sls expanded economy slid recession.soon hundreds sls insolvent.
Early 1980s recession	sls billion assets failed.federal savings loan insurance corporation federal agency insured deposits sls spent .billion make depositors whole comparison sls .billion assets failed previous years costing fslic million.fslic pushed mergers way avoid insolvency.
Early 1980s recession	voluntary mergers forced mergers savings loans overseen agency.despite failures mergers still sls end insolvent.federal action initially caused problem allowing institutions get involved creating wealth unhealthy fractional reserve practices lending much money could ever afford pay back customers came withdraw money.ultimately led sls failure.later governments inaction worsened industrys problems.responsibility handling sl crisis lay cabinet council economic affairs ccea intergovernmental council located within executive office president.time ccea chaired treasury secretary donald regan.
Early 1980s recession	ccea pushed fhlbb refrain reregulating sl industry adamantly opposed governmental expenditures resolve sl problem.furthermore reagan administration want alarm public closing large number sls.actions significantly worsened sl crisis.the sl crisis lasted well beyond end economic downturn.crisis finally quelled passage financial institutions reform recovery enforcement act .estimated total cost resolving sl crisis billion.
Early 1980s recession	political fallout recession nearly year old president ronald reagan stated october economy slight recession.the recession termed reagan recession coupled budget cuts enacted began take effect led many voters believe reagan insensitive needs average citizens favored wealthy.january reagans popularity rating fell approaching levels experienced richard nixon jimmy carter unpopular periods.although approval rating fall low nixons watergate scandal reagans reelection seemed unlikely.pressured counteract increased deficit caused recession reagan agreed corporate tax increase .however refused raise income tax cut defense spending.tax equity fiscal responsibility act instituted threeyear billion tax hike largest tax increase since second world war.the us midterm elections largely viewed referendum reagan economic policies.
Early 1980s recession	election results proved setback reagan republicans.democrats gained seats us house representatives seats party election since watergate year .however net balance power us senate unchanged.recovery midterm elections low point reagans presidency.according keynesian economists combination deficit spending lowering interest rates would slowly lead economic recovery.many economists also insist significantlylower tax rates significantly contributed recovery.
Early 1980s recession	high .december unemployment gradually improved fell .election day .nearly two million people left unemployment rolls.inflation fell .
Early 1980s recession	..corporate income rose july–september quarter compared period .dramatic improvements came industries hardest hit recession paper forest products rubber airlines auto industry.by november voter anger recession evaporated reagans reelection certain.reagan subsequently reelected landslide electoral popular vote margin presidential election.
Early 1980s recession	immediately election dave stockman reagans omb manager admitted coming deficits much higher projections released campaign.united kingdom economic impact rest developed world recession hit united kingdom beginning s. followed string crises plagued british economy s. consequently unemployment gradually increased since mids.when conservative party led margaret thatcher general election may swept james callaghans labour party power country witnessed winter discontent numerous public sector workers staged strikes.inflation .million people unemployed compared million .thatcher set controlling inflation monetarist policies changing trade union legislation attempt reduce strikes publicsector workers.thatchers battle inflation raised exchange rate resulting closure many factories shipyards coal pits imports cheaper.
Early 1980s recession	inflation fell turn peaked spring fallen year low .strikes also lowest level since early wage growth rose ..however unemployment reached million .workforce january level seen years.unemployment rate would remain similarly high number years afterwards.
Early 1980s recession	northern ireland hardesthit region unemployment standing nearly .rate exceeded much scotland northern england.april britain known globally workshop world became net importer goods first time modern times.areas tyneside yorkshire merseyside south wales western scotland west midlands particularly hard hit loss industry subsequent sharp rise unemployment.southeast england unemployment remain .despite economic recovery followed early recession unemployment united kingdom barely fell second half decade.
Early 1980s recession	late unemployment exceeded million fell figure following year.end fallen .million.social impact mass unemployment social discontent resulting recession widely seen major factors widespread rioting across britain parts towns cities including toxteth liverpool well number districts london.economy recession three years unemployment remained stubbornly high.
Early 1980s recession	another wave rioting occurred across numerous areas britain including several areas across london.poor employment opportunities social discontent seen factors rioting.political impact first three years thatchers premiership opinion polls gave government approval ratings low polls initially led labour opposition sdpliberal alliance latter formed liberal party social democratic party .however economic recovery combined falklands war led thatcherled conservative party winning .votes parliamentary majority general election .
Early 1980s recession	recovery uk economic growth reestablished end era mass unemployment far over.summer unemployment hit new record .million although great depression seen higher percentage workforce unemployed.remained million mark spring lawson boom seen consequence tax cuts chancellor nigel lawson sparked economic boom saw unemployment fall dramatically.early .
Early 1980s recession	million early fell million.end .million almost half figure three years earlier.however unemployment figures include benefit claimants placed employment training schemes adult variant controversial youth training scheme paid rate benefit working fulltime hours.incentives aided british economic recovery early recession included introduction enterprise zones deindustrialised land traditional industries replaced new industries well commercial developments.
Early 1980s recession	businesses given temporary tax breaks exemptions incentives set base areas.see also early recession crisis chilesupplyside economicsreaganomics references sources brunner karl.recession context postwar recessions.policy statement position papers.rochester n.y. bradley policy research center william e. simon graduate school business administration university rochester.
Early 1980s recession	march .day kathleen.sl hell politics created trillion dollar debacle.new york w.w. norton co. .isbn guell robert c. issues economics today.new york mcgraw hill professional .
Early 1980s recession	isbn meltzer allan h. .history federal reserve – volume book –.chicago university chicago press.pp.–.
Early 1980s recession	isbn .silber william l. .volcker triumph persistence.new york bloomsbury press.pp.–.
Early 1980s recession	isbn .u.s.federal reserve board.monetary policy report congress.washington d.c. u.s. government printing office february .accessed may .
Empirix	empirix offers enterprise carrier grade products well quality assurance products network equipment manufacturers.empirix headquartered billerica ma.april st empirix acquired infovista network automation software.infovista majority owned apax partners says deal “brings together team professionals serving customers across countries including top csps globally.” company history empirix’s hammer test technology originally developed hammer technologies inc. hammer technologies founded steve gladstone john kuenzig late .hammer originally called transaction environments inc. changed name hammer technologies based success initial hammer test products.
Empirix	company started developing test systems enhanced telecom services voice mail ivr later moved voip new communication technology.methodologies developed proved viable testing subsequently monitoring ip communications applications data video web mobile services.hammer technologies purchased teradyne part teradynes effort diversify softwareoriented test systems.on september hammer test technology spun teradyne became empirix inc. alex darbeloff cofounder teradyne appointed chairman board.on june empirix sold etest suite set web application testing products oracle.company focused developing products testing monitoring voice quality contact center equipment enterprise communications networks well carrier grade products mobile cable telecom operators.in empirix awarded global voip test monitoring equipment market leadership year award research firm frost sullivan.march empirix helped found network test automation forum ntaf promote interoperability develop test automation standards collaborative open transparent manner.the july acquisition mutina technology s.p.a. expanded company’s offerings cover mobile broadband mbb next generation networks ngn sssigtran signaling vodiptv ip core telecom enterprise networks.in november empirix acquired thoma bravo llc private equity partnership.
Empirix	technology company’s core hammer technology designed automate testing ip communications networks applications services.models realistic user behavior emulates associated sessionbased network traffic measure realtime voice video quality well performance underlying infrastructure.capability enables realworld load testing preproduction voip unified communications ims ngn mobile ipbased networks applications equipment.hammer testing predicts network traffic issues quality enduser customer experience.empirix adapted hammer test technology provide ongoing monitoring inproduction contact centers enterprise communications systems well telecommunications cable mobile operators.empirix patents patentspending.
Lockpath	applications notable deployments empirix technology include china mobile lastminute.com national society prevention cruelty children suddenlink amtrak.empirix’s partners include accenture avaya genesys ibm cisco systems intervoice nuance communications sonus.publications research empirix published book testing monitoring ims subsystems services entitled “ensuring quality ims experience practical guide testing monitoring ip multimedia subsystem services.” addition company sponsored dmg consulting research study entitled “business usual benchmarking study disaster recovery business continuity contact centers.”empirix also sponsored “companies unifying conversational contact center” survey report created opus research.board directors empirix board directors includes timothy barrows general partner matrix partners cynthia deysher president deysher advisory services paul ferri general founding partner matrix partners gregor n. ferguson empirix chairman board john d’anna empirix chief executive officer john guttag professor computer science engineering mit head electrical engineering computer science department.industry memberships european competitive telecommunications association referenceskeylight platform integrates business processes simplify risk management regulatory compliance challenges.common business areas lockpath target policy procedure management risk assessment incident management vulnerability management vendor management business continuity planning internal audit preparation.lockpath founded chris caldwell chris goodwin develop sell governance risk management compliance software.lockpath headquartered overland park kansas.lockpath purchased navex global .products keylight platform lockpath launched keylight platform first application compliance manager october .
Lockpath	initial launch consisted regulatory content controls library fully integrated unified compliance framework ucf workflow capabilities reporting engine.keylight .introduced threat manager vendor manager applications.keylight .launched dynamic content framework introduced two new applications incident manager risk manager.
Lockpath	se magazines peter stephenson described keylight ...family applications helps organizations manage enterprise risks demonstrate compliance providing visibility corporate risk security controls.readytouse toolset integrates applications single user interface unifies correlates amount security content exposes vulnerabilities throughout organization tracking recording key information secured assets creates ironclad audit history.keylight .introduced business continuity manager application gave users ability create business continuity plans conduct business impact analyses perform tabletop exercises test business continuity plans.keylight .
Lockpath	included integration health information trust alliance hitrust common security framework csf framework designed healthcare organizations.keylight .introduced audit manager application renamed threat manager security manager.keylight .included hybridcloud delivery method vendor manager anonymous incident portal.
Lockpath	keylight .added advanced analytics engine product portfolio.on october lockpath received u.s. patent number dynamic content framework dcf.keylight .introduced keylight ambassador.first grc platform allow saml ldap integration first perform bulk tasks data records including data edits workflow record deletion first create adhoc reports historical content.keylight .
Lockpath	also added support syslog data collection.blacklight platform lockpath launched blacklight blacklight brings automation configuration assessment servers corporate devices.platform utilizes agent technology continuously assesses devices systems center internet security cis configuration benchmarks well custom benchmarks detect misconfigurations put organizations risk breaches noncompliance.keylight ambassador launch keylight .november introduced keylight ambassador first hybrid connector market allow users securely automate data collection processes onpremise applications custom applications applications without apis applications adhoc data created.
Chief information security officer	referencesciso directs staff identifying developing implementing maintaining processes across enterprise reduce information information technology risks.respond incidents establish appropriate standards controls manage security technologies direct establishment implementation policies procedures.ciso also usually responsible informationrelated compliance e.g.supervises implementation achieve isoiec certification entity part it.ciso also responsible protecting proprietary information assets company including data clients consumers.
Chief information security officer	ciso works executives make sure company growing responsible ethical manner.typically cisos influence reaches entire organization.responsibilities may include limited tocomputer emergency response teamcomputer security incident response teamcybersecuritydisaster recovery business continuity managementidentity access managementinformation privacyinformation regulatory compliance e.g.us pci dss fisma glba hipaa uk data protection act canada pipeda europe gdprinformation risk managementinformation security information assuranceinformation security operations center isocinformation technology controls financial systemsit investigations digital forensics ediscoveryhaving ciso equivalent function organizations become standard practice business government nonprofits organizations.approximately large organizations security executive .
Chief information security officer	global state information security survey gsiss joint survey conducted cio cso pwc concluded businesses ciso equivalent.role ciso broadened encompass risks found business processes information security customer privacy more.result trend longer embed ciso function within group.cisos report chief information officer cio report directly chief executive officer ceo bypass ceo report board directors.embedding ciso function reporting structure cio considered suboptimal potential conflicts interest responsibilities role extend beyond nature responsibilities group.in corporations trend cisos strong balance business acumen technology knowledge.
Chief information security officer	cisos often high demand compensation comparable clevel positions also hold similar corporate title.a typical ciso holds nontechnical certifications like cissp cism although ciso coming technical background expanded technical skillset.typical training includes project management manage information security program financial management e.g.holding accredited mba manage infosec budgets softskills direct heterogeneous teams information security managers directors information security security analysts security engineers technology risk managers.recently given involvement ciso privacy matters certifications like cipp highly requested.a recent development area emergence virtual cisos vciso also called fractional ciso.cisos work shared fractional basis organizations may large enough support fulltime executive ciso may wish variety reasons specialized external executive performing role.
Chief information security officer	vcisos typically perform similar functions traditional cisos may also function interim ciso company normally employing traditional ciso searching replacement.key areas vcisos support organization includeadvising forms cyber risk plans address themboard management team security team coachingvendor product service evaluation selectionmaturity modeling operations engineering team processes capability skillsboard management team briefings updatesoperating capital budget planning review see also information securityinformation security governanceinformation security managementboard directorschief data officerchief executive officerchief information officerchief risk officerchief security officer references external links cert division.carnegie mellon university software engineering institute.retrieved .bird brad .chief information security officer.
Chief information security officer	office ciso.retrieved .managing information security risk organization mission information system view.nist.march .retrieved .
Incident management	incident management icm term describing activities organization identify analyze correct hazards prevent future reoccurrence.incidents within structured organization normally dealt either incident response team irt incident management team imt incident command system ics.without effective incident management incident disrupt business operations information security systems employees customers vital business functions.description incident event could lead loss disruption organizations operations services functions.incident management icm term describing activities organization identify analyze correct hazards prevent future reoccurrence.
Incident management	managed incident escalate emergency crisis disaster.incident management therefore process limiting potential disruption caused event followed return business usual.without effective incident management incident disrupt business operations information security systems employees customers vital business functions.physical incident management national fire protection association states incident management described ims incident management system combination facilities equipment personnel procedures communications operating within common organizational structure designed aid management resources incidents.the physical incident management real time response may last hours days longer.united kingdom cabinet office produced national recovery guidance nrg aimed local responders part implementation civil contingencies act cca.

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