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parallel-talks-deduplicated

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It can only get there if it's carried out by ice.
הדרך היחידה שהוא יכול להגיע לשם היא אם קרח מוביל אותו החוצה.
en-he
So we know there's an ice shelf overhead.
Така знаем, че има леден шелф отгоре.
en-bg
And that alternates with a sediment that looks like this.
そしてこの堆積物と交互になっています
en-ja
This is absolutely beautiful stuff.
Ez igazán gyönyörű anyag.
en-hu
This sediment is 100 percent made up of the shells of microscopic plants.
這些沉積物是百分之百 由微小植物的外皮所形成的。
en-zh-tw
And these plants need sunlight, so we know when we find that sediment there's no ice overhead.
הצמחים הללו זקוקים לאור שמש, אז כשאנו מוצאים את המשקע הזה אנחנו יודעים שמלמעלה אין קרח.
en-he
And we saw about 35 alternations between open water and ice-covered water, between gravels and these plant sediments.
Y vimos unas 35 alteraciones entre el agua abierta y el agua cubierta por el hielo entre las gravas y estos sedimentos de plantas.
en-es
So what that means is, what it tells us is that the Ross Sea region, this ice shelf, melted back and formed anew about 35 times.
Tehát ez azt jelenti, hogy a Ross-tenger területén a selfjég 35-ször olvadt el, majd formálódott újra. És mindez
en-hu
And this is in the past four million years.
Questo, in 4 milioni di anni.
en-it
This was completely unexpected.
这完全出人意料。
en-zh-cn
Nobody imagined that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet was this dynamic.
Niemand stelde zich voor dat de West-Antarctische ijskap zo dynamisch was.
en-nl
In fact, the lore for many years has been, "The ice formed many tens of millions of years ago, and it's been there ever since."
Thực tế, học thuyết trong nhiều năm qua là, "Băng đã được hình thành hàng chục triệu năm về trước, và nó đã như thế từ khi đó."
en-vi
And now we know that in our recent past it melted back and formed again, and sea level went up and down, six meters at a time.
A teraz wiemy, że w niezbyt odległej przeszłości topniał i powstawał ponownie, że poziom morza wzrastał i malał, za każdym razem o 6 metrów.
en-pl
What caused it?
Care este cauza?
en-ro
Well, we're pretty sure that it's very small changes in the amount of sunlight reaching Antarctica, just caused by natural changes in the orbit of the Earth.
呃，我们非常确信到达南极洲的太阳光量 变化非常小， 它由地球轨道上的自然环境变化引发。
en-zh-cn
But here's the key thing: you know, the other thing we found out is that the ice sheet passed a threshold, that the planet warmed up enough -- and the number's about one degree to one and a half degrees Centigrade -- the planet warmed up enough that it became ...
Nhưng điều then chốt là đây: bạn biết đấy, những thứ khác mà chúng tôi tìm thấy là lớp băng đó vược qua cái ngưỡng mà hành tinh này đủ nóng lên và những con số về một độ cho tới một độ rưỡi bách phân--- hành tinh đủ nóng lên để
en-vi
that ice sheet became very dynamic and was very easily melted.
대륙빙하가 매우 역동적이 되었고 그 덕에 상당히 쉽게 녹게 되어버린 겁니다.
en-ko
We've actually changed the temperature in the last century just the right amount.
لقد غيرنا فعلاً درجة الحرارة في القرن الماضي فقط بالقدر المطلوب.
en-ar
So many of us are convinced now that West Antarctica, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, is starting to melt.
Така че много от нас са убедени сега, че западна Антарктика, че западно-антарктическата ледена обвивка започва да се топи.
en-bg
We do expect to see a sea-level rise on the order of one to two meters by the end of this century.
Esperamos ver un aumento en el nivel del mar del orden de 1 ó 2 metros para finales de este siglo.
en-es
And it could be larger than that.
Và nó có thể lớn hơn thế.
en-vi
This is a serious consequence for nations like Kiribati, you know, where the average elevation is about a little over a meter above sea level.
هذه النتيجة الخطيرة على دول مثل كيريباتي، كما تعلمون، أن متوسط الإرتفاع حوالي ما يزيد قليلاً عن متر فوق مستوى سطح البحر.
en-ar
Okay, the second story takes place here in Galapagos.
La seconda storia ha luogo qui nelle Galapagos.
en-it
This is a bleached coral, coral that died during the 1982-'83 El Nino.
Das ist eine gebleichte Koralle, die während des El Nino 1982/83 gestorben ist.
en-de
This is from Champion Island.
Вот кораллы с острова Чемпиона,
en-ru
It's about a meter tall Pavona clavus colony.
C'est une colonie de Pavona clavus, d’environ un mètre de haut.
en-fr
And it's covered with algae. That's what happens.
ويندرج مع الطحالب. هذا ما يحدث.
en-ar
When these things die, immediately, organisms come in and encrust and live on that dead surface.
Cuando éstas mueren de inmediato vienen organismos se incrustan y viven en esa superficie muerta.
en-es
And so, when a coral colony is killed by an El Nino event, it leaves this indelible record.
Zodat, wanneer een koraalkolonie gedood is door een El Niño, dit een onuitwisbaar merkteken achterlaat.
en-nl
You can go then and study corals and figure out how often do you see this.
Vous pouvez ensuite aller étudier les coraux et déterminer à quelle fréquence vous voyez cela.
en-fr
So one of the things thought of in the '80s was to go back and take cores of coral heads throughout the Galapagos and find out how often was there a devastating event.
In den 80ern wollte ich zurückgehen und Bohrkerne von Korallen aus ganz Galapagos holen um zu sehen wie oft solch ein verheerendes Ereignis stattfand.
en-de
And just so you know, 1982-'83, that El Nino killed 95 percent of all the corals here in Galapagos.
ורק שתדעו, ה'אל ניניו' של 1982-83 הרג 95 אחוז מכל האלמוגים כאן בגלפגוס.
en-he
Then there was similar mortality in '97-'98.
Una simile moratlità si ripresentò '97-'98.
en-it
And what we found after drilling back in time two to 400 years was that these were unique events.
E ciò che scoprimmo, dopo aver trivellato da 2 a 400 anni indietro nel tempo, fu che questi erano eventi unici.
en-it
We saw no other mass mortality events.
我們沒有發現其他大量死亡的事件。
en-zh-tw
So these events in our recent past really are unique.
Estes acontecimentos, no nosso passado recente, são únicos.
en-pt
So they're either just truly monster El Ninos, or they're just very strong El Ninos that occurred against a backdrop of global warming.
所以這些聖嬰現象要不就是一個大怪獸， 又或者只是很強烈聖嬰現象 恰巧遇上了全球暖化。
en-zh-tw
Either case, it's bad news for the corals of the Galapagos Islands.
Her iki durumda Galapagos adasındaki mercanlar için kötü haber demek.
en-tr
Here's how we sample the corals.
כך אנו דוגמים את האלמוגים.
en-he
This is actually Easter Island. Look at this monster.
Това е всъщност Великденския остров. Погледнете това чудовище.
en-bg
This coral is eight meters tall, right.
Il corallo è alto 8 metri,
en-it
And it been growing for about 600 years.
Și a tot crescut timp de 600 de ani.
en-ro
Now, Sylvia Earle turned me on to this exact same coral.
Sekarang, Sylvia Earle meneliti karang yang sama
en-id
And she was diving here with John Lauret -- I think it was 1994 -- and collected a little nugget and sent it to me.
Dia menyelam bersama John Lauret -- kira-kira tahun 1994 -- mengumpulkan bongkahan kecil dan mengirimkannya kepada saya
en-id
And we started working on it, and we figured out we could tell the temperature of the ancient ocean from analyzing a coral like this.
Zaczęliśmy nad nim pracować i doszliśmy do tego, że możemy określić temperaturę pradawnego oceanu, analizując koral taki jak ten.
en-pl
So we have a diamond drill.
Wir haben einen Diamantbohrer.
en-de
We're not killing the colony; we're taking a small core sample out of the top.
אנחנו לא הורגים את המושבה - אנחנו לוקחים דגימת ליבה קטנה מלמעלה.
en-he
The core comes up as these cylindrical tubes of limestone.
Merkez bu kireç taşından olan silindirik tüpler halinde çıkıyor.
en-tr
And that material then we take back to the lab and analyze it.
İşte bu metaryali alıp laboratuvarda inceliyoruz.
en-tr
You can see some of the coral cores there on the right.
Bạn có thể thấy, một vài cái lõi san hô phía bên phải đây.
en-vi
So we've done that all over the Eastern Pacific.
Ние направихме това по цялата източна част на Тихия океан.
en-bg
We're starting to do it in the Western Pacific as well.
Nu zijn we ook in de Westelijke Stille Oceaan daarmee bezig.
en-nl
I'll take you back here to the Galapagos Islands.
Aqui vou levar vocês de volta às Ilhas Galápagos.
en-pt-br
And we've been working at this fascinating uplift here in Urbina Bay.
Și am lucrat la această falie de ridicare fascinantă din Golful Urbina.
en-ro
That the place where, during an earthquake in 1954, this marine terrace was lifted up out of the ocean very quickly, and it was lifted up about six to seven meters.
Dat is de plaats waar, tijdens een aardbeving in 1954, dit mariene terras in korte tijd uit de oceaan werd opgetild. Ongeveer zes tot zeven meter.
en-nl
And so now you can walk through a coral reef without getting wet.
Y ahora uno puede caminar a través de un arrecife de coral sin mojarse.
en-es
If you go on the ground there, it looks like this, and this is the grandaddy coral.
אם תלכו שם על הקרקע זה נראה ככה, והאלמוג הזה הוא גולת הכותרת.
en-he
It's 11 meters in diameter, and we know that it started growing in the year 1584.
Ele tem 11 metros de diâmetro, e sabemos que começou a crescer no ano de 1584.
en-pt-br
And that coral was growing happily in those shallow waters, until 1954, when the earthquake happened.
这块珊瑚在浅海中快乐地成长， 直到1954年，发生了地震。
en-zh-cn
Now the reason we know it's 1584 is that these corals have growth bands.
עכשיו, הסיבה שאנחנו יודעים שמדובר ב-1584 היא שלאלמוגים האלה יש פסי גדילה.
en-he
When you cut them, slice those cores in half and x-ray them, you see these light and dark bands.
산호들을 잘라 중심부를 반으로 자르고 엑스레이에 비추면 이러한 밝고 어두운 무늬를 보실 수 있습니다.
en-ko
Each one of those is a year.
Το καθένα είναι ένας χρόνος.
en-el
We know these corals grow about a centimeter and a half a year.
ونحن نعرف أن هذه الشعب المرجانية تنمو نحو سنتيمتر ونصف العام.
en-ar
And we just count on down to the bottom.
Et nous pouvons compter jusqu'à la base.
en-fr
Then their other attribute is that they have this great chemistry.
Освен това другият им атрибут е, че имат страхотен химически състав.
en-bg
We can analyze the carbonate that makes up the coral, and there's a whole bunch of things we can do.
Μπορούμε να αναλύσουμε το ανθρακικό άλας που φτιάχνει το κοράλλι και μπορούμε να κάνουμε πάρα πολλά πράγματα.
en-el
But in this case, we measured the different isotopes of oxygen.
Mas nesse caso, medimos os diferentes isótoppos de oxigênio.
en-pt-br
Their ratio tells us the water temperature.
Η αναλογία τους μας δείχνει τη θερμοκρασία του νερού.
en-el
In this example here, we had monitored this reef in Galapagos with temperature recorders, so we know the temperature of the water the coral's growing in.
În acest exemplu am monitorizat acest recif în Galapagos cu aparate care au înregistrat temperatura, așa că știm ce temperatură are apa în care cresc corali.
en-ro
Then after we harvest a coral, we measure this ratio, and now you can see, those curves match perfectly.
게다가 산호를 채취한 이후에 이 비율을 재었는데, 여기 보이는 것처럼 이 곡선이 완벽하게 일치합니다.
en-ko
In this case, at these islands, you know, corals are instrumental-quality recorders of change in the water.
Σε αυτήν την περίπτωση, σε αυτά τα νησιά, τα κοράλλια, ξέρετε, είναι καθοριστικά ποιοτικοί καταγραφείς των αλλαγών στο νερό.
en-el
And of course, our thermometers only take us back 50 years or so here.
E certo, i nostri termometri ci riportano indietro solo di 50 anni qui.
en-it
The coral can take us back hundreds and thousands of years.
Terumbu karang dapat membawa kita kembali ke ratusan dan ribuan tahun yang lalu.
en-id
So, what we do: we've merged a lot of different data sets.
A munkánk során sok forrásból érkező adatot kombinálunk.
en-hu
It's not just my group; there's maybe 30 groups worldwide doing this.
Nu doar grupul meu; în lume, există, poate 30 de grupuri care fac asta.
en-ro
But we get these instrumental- and near-instrumental-quality records of temperature change that go back hundreds of years, and we put them together.
Мы получили записи изменений температуры с инструментальной или близкой точностью за несколько сотен лет и наложили их друг на друга.
en-ru
Here's a synthetic diagram.
Вот итоговая диаграмма.
en-ru
There's a whole family of curves here.
Je ziet hier een hele familie van grafieken.
en-nl
But what's happening: we're looking at the last thousand years of temperature on the planet.
지금 일어나는 일은 이것입니다. 우리는 지난 천 년 동안 지구의 온도가 어떻게 변했는지 관찰하고 있습니다.
en-ko
And there's five or six different compilations there, But each one of those compilations reflects input from hundreds of these kinds of records from corals.
Y hay 5 ó 6 diferentes compilaciones allí. Cada una de estas compilaciones refleja la entrada de cientos de este tipo de registros de corales.
en-es
We do similar things with ice cores.
Benzerini buz merkezlerinede yapıyoruz.
en-tr
We work with tree rings.
Vagy pl. a fák évgyűrűivel.
en-hu
And that's how we discover what is truly natural and how different is the last century, right?
E é assim que descobrimos o que é verdadeiramente natural e como o século passado foi diferente, certo?
en-pt-br
And I chose this one because it's complicated and messy looking, right.
Et j'ai choisi celui-ci parce qu'il est compliqué et désordonné, d’accord.
en-fr
This is as messy as it gets.
この問題はそうなのです
en-ja
You can see there's some signals there.
你可以看見這兒傳遞出一些訊息。
en-zh-tw
Some of the records show lower temperatures than others.
Некоторые ряды содержат более низкие температуры, чем другие.
en-ru
Some of them show greater variability.
Alcuni mostrano maggior variabilità.
en-it
But they all tell us what the natural variability is.
그러나 이 모든 것이 우리에게 말해주는 것은 무엇이 자연적인 변동성이냐는 것입니다.
en-ko
Some of them are from the northern hemisphere; some are from the entire globe.
Alguns deles são do hemisfério norte; alguns são do globo como um todo.
en-pt-br
But here's what we can say: what's natural in the last thousand years is that the planet was cooling down.
Buradan çıkardığımız: Geçmiş binlerce yılda doğal olan şey gezegenin soğuyor olduğuydu.
en-tr
It was cooling down until about 1900 or so.
它从1900年左右就 开始冷却了。
en-zh-cn
And there is natural variability caused by the Sun, caused by El Ninos.
Y hay una variabilidad natural provocada por el sol y El Niño.
en-es
A century-scale, decadal-scale variability, and we know the magnitude; it's about two-tenths to four-tenths of a degree Centigrade.
вековые, одиннадцатилетние колебания. Их амплитуда известна: от двух десятых до четырех десятых градуса.
en-ru
But then at the very end is where we have the instrumental record in black.
A végén láthatóak a műszerrel mért adatok feketén.
en-hu
And there's the temperature up there in 2009.
И там горе е температурата през 2009 година.
en-bg
You know, we've warmed the globe about a degree Centigrade in the last century, and there's nothing in the natural part of that record that resembles what we've seen in the last century.
你知道我們在上一個世紀， 讓地球上升了一攝氏度， 而在自然界的紀錄中， 從未曾有過任何跡象顯示， 過去這個世紀的問題曾經發生過。
en-zh-tw
You know, that's the strength of our argument, that we are doing something that's truly different.
Знаете ли, това е силата на нашата теза, че ние правим нещо, което е наистина различно.
en-bg
So I'll close with a short discussion of ocean acidification.
Als letztes werde ich noch kurz über die Versauerung der Meere sprechen.
en-de
I like it as a component of global change to talk about, because, even if you are a hard-bitten global warming skeptic, and I talk to that community fairly often, you cannot deny the simple physics of CO2 dissolving in the ocean.
Lubię mówić o tej składowej globalnej zmiany, bo nawet jeśli jesteście twardogłowymi sceptykami globalnego ocieplenia, a mówię do takich grup dość często, to nie możecie zaprzeczyć prostej fizyce rozpuszczania się CO2 w oceanie.
en-pl