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parallel-talks-deduplicated

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We live in in a remarkable time, the age of genomics.
Живеем в забележително време, ерата на генетиката.
en-bg
Your genome is the entire sequence of your DNA.
Az Önök genomja a DNS-ük teljes sorozata.
en-hu
Your sequence and mine are slightly different.
ان. ای. شماست. توالی شما و توالی من اندکی از هم متفاوت اند.
en-fa
That's why we look different.
Саме тому ми по-різному виглядаємо.
en-uk
I've got brown eyes; you might have blue or gray.
Benim gözlerim kahverengi. Sizinki mavi ya da gri olabilir.
en-tr
But it's not just skin-deep.
Aber dies ist nich nur äußerlich.
en-de
The headlines tell us that genes can give us scary diseases, maybe even shape our personality, or give us mental disorders.
هر روز از اخبار میشنویم که ژن ها میتوانند منجر به بیماری های خطرناکی در ما شوند، یا حتی در شکل گیری شخصیت ما نقش داشته باشند، یا موجب اختلالات روانی در ما شوند.
en-fa
Our genes seem to have awesome power over our destinies.
ราวกับว่า พันธุกรรมของเรา จะมีอำนาจเหนือชะตาของเรา
en-th
And yet, I would like to think that I am more than my genes.
Tuy nhiên, tôi nghĩ rằng Không phải chỉ có những bộ gen mới làm nên con người tôi
en-vi
Are you more than your genes?
Ste viac ako svoje gény?
en-sk
(Audience: Yes.) Yes?
(Публиката: Да.)
en-bg
I think some people agree with me.
Igen? Azt hiszem, néhány ember egyetért velem.
en-hu
I think we should make a statement.
我認為我們應該宣示一下
en-zh-tw
I think we should say it all together.
Eu acho que devemos dizer todos juntos.
en-pt-br
All right: "I'm more than my genes" -- all together.
بسیار خوب: "من چیزی بیش از ژن هایم هستم" -- همه باهم.
en-fa
Everybody: I am more than my genes.
Всички: Аз съм повече от моите гени.
en-bg
(Cheering) Sebastian Seung: What am I?
(เสียงเฮ) เซบาสเตียน: แล้วผมเป็นอะไรหล่ะ
en-th
(Laughter) I am my connectome.
(Gelächter) Ich bin mein Connectome.
en-de
Now, since you guys are really great, maybe you can humor me and say this all together too.
Siete un pubblico grandioso, quindi forse potete accontentarmi e dire tutti insieme anche questo.
en-it
(Laughter) Right. All together now.
(Gülüşmeler) Pekala. Şimdi hep birlikte.
en-tr
Everybody: I am my connectome.
Mój konektom to ja.
en-pl
SS: That sounded great.
سباستین سونگ: عالی بود.
en-fa
You know, you guys are so great, you don't even know what a connectome is, and you're willing to play along with me.
Vous savez quoi, vous êtes vraiment supers, parce que vous n'avez aucune idée de ce qu'est un connectome mais vous jouez quand même le jeu avec moi.
en-fr
I could just go home now.
Още сега мога да си отида вкъщи.
en-bg
Well, so far only one connectome is known, that of this tiny worm.
Наразі досліджено лише один конектом, цього крихітного черв’яка.
en-uk
Its modest nervous system consists of just 300 neurons.
Jego układ nerwowy składa się z tylko 300 neuronów.
en-pl
And in the 1970s and '80s, a team of scientists mapped all 7,000 connections between the neurons.
Κατά τις δεκαετίες του 1970 και 1980, μία ομάδα επιστημόνων χαρτογράφησε και τις 7.000 συνδέσεις μεταξύ των νευρώνων.
en-el
In this diagram, every node is a neuron, and every line is a connection.
Na tomto nákresu každý uzel představuje neuron a každá čára spojení mezi nimi.
en-cs
This is the connectome of the worm C. elegans.
Và đây chính là hệ kết nối của loài giun C.elegans
en-vi
Your connectome is far more complex than this because your brain contains 100 billion neurons and 10,000 times as many connections.
Vaš konektom mnogo je složeniji, jer vaš mozak ima 100 milijardi neurona i 10,000 puta više veza.
en-hr
There's a diagram like this for your brain, but there's no way it would fit on this slide.
Можно составить подобную диаграмму и для вашего мозга, но она никаким образом не сможет поместиться на этот слайд.
en-ru
Your connectome contains one million times more connections than your genome has letters.
Il nostro connettoma contiene un milione di volte più connessioni di quante lettere abbia il nostro genoma.
en-it
That's a lot of information.
Das ist eine Menge Information.
en-de
What's in that information?
در این انبوه اطلاعات چه چیزی نهفته ست؟
en-fa
We don't know for sure, but there are theories.
Chúng ta chắc chắn không biết rồi nhưng có một số giả thuyết
en-vi
Since the 19th century, neuroscientists have speculated that maybe your memories -- the information that makes you, you -- maybe your memories are stored in the connections between your brain's neurons.
Od 19. století neurobiologové spekulují, že je možné, že vaše vzpomínky -- informace, které vás tvoří tím, kým jste -- že vaše vzpomínky jsou uloženy ve spojeních mezi neurony ve vašem mozku.
en-cs
And perhaps other aspects of your personal identity -- maybe your personality and your intellect -- maybe they're also encoded in the connections between your neurons.
И може би други аспекти на вашата идентичност - може би вашата личност и вашият интелект - може би те също са кодирани™ във връзките между вашите неврони.
en-bg
And so now you can see why I proposed this hypothesis: I am my connectome.
Nu wordt het duidelijk waarom ik deze hypothese heb voorgesteld: ik ben mijn connectoom.
en-nl
I didn't ask you to chant it because it's true; I just want you to remember it.
Je ne vous ai pas demandé de le scander parce que c'est vrai, je veux juste que vous vous en rappeliez.
en-fr
And in fact, we don't know if this hypothesis is correct, because we have never had technologies powerful enough to test it.
Na realidade, não sabemos se está hipótese está correcta, devido ao facto de nunca termos tido tecnologias poderosas o suficiente para testá-la.
en-pt
Finding that worm connectome took over a dozen years of tedious labor.
線虫のコネクトームを解明するだけでも 10年以上かかる厄介な作業でした
en-ja
And to find the connectomes of brains more like our own, we need more sophisticated technologies, that are automated, that will speed up the process of finding connectomes.
Żeby odkryć konektom w mózgach jak nasze potrzebujemy wyrafinowanych technologii, które zautomatyzują i przyśpieszą ten proces.
en-pl
And in the next few minutes, I'll tell you about some of these technologies, which are currently under development in my lab and the labs of my collaborators.
A v nasledujúcich pár minútach vám poviem o niektorých z týchto technológií, ktorých vývoj momentálne prebieha v mojom laboratóriu a v laboratóriách mojich spolupracovníkov.
en-sk
Now you've probably seen pictures of neurons before.
الآن، ربما قد رأيتم صورا للخلايا العصبية من قبل.
en-ar
You can recognize them instantly by their fantastic shapes.
Îi puteți recunoaște imediat după formele lor fantastice.
en-ro
They extend long and delicate branches, and in short, they look like trees.
Те имат дълги и деликатни отклонения, и накратко, те изглеждат като дървета.
en-bg
But this is just a single neuron.
Ale toto je pouze jeden samotný neuron.
en-cs
In order to find connectomes, we have to see all the neurons at the same time.
ในการจะค้นหาคอนเนกโตม เราต้องดูเซลล์ประสาททั้งหมดในเวลาเดียวกัน
en-th
So let's meet Bobby Kasthuri, who works in the laboratory of Jeff Lichtman at Harvard University.
Vamos a conocer a Bobby Kasthuri del laboratorio de Jeff Lichtman de la Universidad de Harvard.
en-es
Bobby is holding fantastically thin slices of a mouse brain.
บ๊อบบี้กำลังถือแผนสไลด์บางๆ จากสมองของหนู
en-th
And we're zooming in by a factor of 100,000 times to obtain the resolution, so that we can see the branches of neurons all at the same time.
Wir vergrößern um einen Faktor größer als 100.000, um die Auflösung zu erhalten, so dass wir die Verzweigungen der Nervenzellen gleichzeitig sehen können.
en-de
Except, you still may not really recognize them, and that's because we have to work in three dimensions.
除了﹐你可能認不出它來 因為我們需要在三維度裡看
en-zh-tw
If we take many images of many slices of the brain and stack them up, we get a three-dimensional image.
якщо візьмемо багато картинок багатьох зрізів мозку і накладемо їх, отримаємо тривимірне зображення.
en-uk
And still, you may not see the branches.
Yine de belki dalları göremeyebilirsiniz.
en-tr
So we start at the top, and we color in the cross-section of one branch in red, and we do that for the next slice and for the next slice.
Więc, zaczynając od góry kolorujemy przekrój jednego z nich na czerwono i robimy to samo z kolejnymi. i robimy to samo z kolejnymi.
en-pl
And we keep on doing that, slice after slice.
A pokračujeme v tom plátok za plátkom.
en-sk
If we continue through the entire stack, we can reconstruct the three-dimensional shape of a small fragment of a branch of a neuron.
Ak budeme pokračovať cez celú kopu, môžeme zrekonštruovať trojrozmerný tvar malého fragmentu vetvy neurónu.
en-sk
And we can do that for another neuron in green.
És ezt megcsinálhatjuk egy másik neuronnal zöld színnel.
en-hu
And you can see that the green neuron touches the red neuron at two locations, and these are what are called synapses.
và thấy rằng nơron xanh chạm nơron đỏ tại 2 vị trí Và đó là cái ta gọi là khớp nối (synapse)
en-vi
Let's zoom in on one synapse, and keep your eyes on the interior of the green neuron.
دعونا نقوم تقريب أحد الإشتباكات. و دققوا النظر إلى داخل الخلية الخضراء.
en-ar
You should see small circles -- these are called vesicles.
Deverão ver pequenos círculos. Estes chamam-se vesículas.
en-pt
They contain a molecule know as a neurotransmitter.
ภายในพวกมันมีโมเลกุลที่เรียกว่า สารสื่อประสาท
en-th
And so when the green neuron wants to communicate, it wants to send a message to the red neuron, it spits out neurotransmitter.
Così quando il neurone verde vuole comunicare, se vuol mandare un messaggio al neurone rosso, sputa fuori neurotrasmettitori.
en-it
At the synapse, the two neurons are said to be connected like two friends talking on the telephone.
Na sinapse, diz-se que os dois neurônios estão conectados como dois amigos falando ao telefone.
en-pt-br
So you see how to find a synapse.
Takže vidíte, ako sa dá nájsť synapsia.
en-sk
How can we find an entire connectome?
Ako môžeme nájsť celý konektóm?
en-sk
Well, we take this three-dimensional stack of images and treat it as a gigantic three-dimensional coloring book.
Bem, pegamos numa pilha de imagens tridimensional e tratámo-la como um livro de colorir tridimensional gigantesco.
en-pt
We color every neuron in, in a different color, and then we look through all of the images, find the synapses and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each synapse.
โดยใช้สีต่างๆกัน แล้วเราก็มองไปยังทุกภาพ หาไซแนป แล้วจดสี ของเซลล์ประสาทสองเซลล์ที่เกี่ยวข้องกันในแต่ละไซแนป
en-th
If we can do that throughout all the images, we could find a connectome.
Ha ezt az összes képpel meg tudjuk csinálni, akkor fel tudnánk tárni egy konnektomot.
en-hu
Now, at this point, you've learned the basics of neurons and synapses.
А тут зупинимось: ми розібрались із основами нейронів і синапсів.
en-uk
And so I think we're ready to tackle one of the most important questions in neuroscience: how are the brains of men and women different?
Úgyhogy azt gondolom, készen állunk rá, hogy megvizsgáljuk az egyik legfontosabb kérdést az idegtudományban: mi a különbség a férfiak és a nők agya között?
en-hu
(Laughter) According to this self-help book, guys brains are like waffles; they keep their lives compartmentalized in boxes.
（众人笑） 这本自学书上说 男性的大脑像华孚饼 他们把自己的生活分别独立包装在盒子里
en-zh-cn
Girls' brains are like spaghetti; everything in their life is connected to everything else.
女性の脳はスパゲッティのように あらゆる物事がお互いにつながっています
en-ja
(Laughter) You guys are laughing, but you know, this book changed my life.
(Tiếng cười) Các bạn đang cười, nhưng này, cuốn sách này đã thay đổi cuộc đời tôi!
en-vi
(Laughter) But seriously, what's wrong with this?
(Risos) Mas, sério, o que há de errado nisso?
en-pt-br
You already know enough to tell me -- what's wrong with this statement?
Вы уже знаете достаточно, чтобы указать, что тут не так.
en-ru
It doesn't matter whether you're a guy or girl, everyone's brains are like spaghetti.
男女の性別に関係なく ヒトの頭脳はスパゲッティみたいなのです
en-ja
Or maybe really, really fine capellini with branches.
أو ربما كمعكرونة شعرية دقيقة للغاية و بها تفرعات.
en-ar
Just as one strand of spaghetti contacts many other strands on your plate, one neuron touches many other neurons through their entangled branches.
Също както една спагета докосва много други спагети във вашата чиния, един неврон докосва много други неврони чрез своите заплетени разклонения.
en-bg
One neuron can be connected to so many other neurons, because there can be synapses at these points of contact.
Ένας νευρώνας μπορεί να επικοινωνεί με τόσους πολλούς νευρώνες, λόγω της δημιουργίας συνάψεων στα σημεία επαφής.
en-el
By now, you might have sort of lost perspective on how large this cube of brain tissue actually is.
Inzwischen haben Sie vielleicht ein wenig die Perspektive verloren wie groß dieser Würfel Hirngewebe wirklich ist.
en-de
And so let's do a series of comparisons to show you.
Для порівняння -
en-uk
I assure you, this is very tiny. It's just six microns on a side.
אני אראה לכם. זה זעיר ביותר. זה רק 6 מיקרונים מהצד.
en-he
So, here's how it stacks up against an entire neuron.
אז כך זה נבנה לנוירון שלם.
en-he
And you can tell that, really, only the smallest fragments of branches are contained inside this cube.
E sabem com certeza que neste cubo existem apenas pequeníssimos fragmentos de ramificações
en-pt
And a neuron, well, that's smaller than brain.
И един неврон, той е по-малък от един мозък.
en-bg
And that's just a mouse brain -- it's a lot smaller than a human brain.
Αλλά αυτός είναι ένας εγκέφαλος ποντικιού-- πολύ μικρότερος από έναν ανθρώπινο εγκέφαλο.
en-el
So when show my friends this, sometimes they've told me, "You know, Sebastian, you should just give up.
Du coup quand j'ai montré ça à mes amis ils m'ont parfois dit "Tu sais, Sebastian, tu devrais simplement abandonner.
en-fr
Neuroscience is hopeless."
Neuroznanost je beznadna."
en-hr
Because if you look at a brain with your naked eye, you don't really see how complex it is, but when you use a microscope, finally the hidden complexity is revealed.
Patrząc na mózg gołym okiem nie widzimy jak bardzo jest złożony. Ale kiedy patrzy się przez mikroskop odkrywa się jego złożoność.
en-pl
In the 17th century, the mathematician and philosopher, Blaise Pascal, wrote of his dread of the infinite, his feeling of insignificance at contemplating the vast reaches of outer space.
През 17-ти век, математика и философ Блез Паскал е написал за своя страх от безкрайността, неговото чуство за нищожност при съзерцаване на необятните граници на далечния космос.
en-bg
And, as a scientist, I'm not supposed to talk about my feelings -- too much information, professor.
És, mint tudós, elvileg nem beszélhetek az érzéseimről. Túl sok az információ, professzor úr!
en-hu
(Laughter) But may I?
(ضحك) أيمكنني التحدث عنها؟؟
en-ar
(Laughter) (Applause) I feel curiosity, and I feel wonder, but at times I have also felt despair.
(웃음) (박수) 저는 호기심을 느꼈고, 궁금했었죠, 하지만 그 당시 저는 또한 좌절했었습니다.
en-ko
Why did I choose to study this organ that is so awesome in its complexity that it might well be infinite?
De ce am ales să studiez acest organ atât de minunat în complexitatea sa care ar putea la fel de bine să fie infinit?
en-ro
How could we even dare to think that we might ever understand this?
Como nos podemos sequer atrever a pensar que um dia talvez o compreendamos?
en-pt
And yet, I persist in this quixotic endeavor.
No entanto, insisto nesta investida quixotesca.
en-pt
And indeed, these days I harbor new hopes.
실제로, 요즘에 저는 새로운 희망을 품고 있습니다.
en-ko
Someday, a fleet of microscopes will capture every neuron and every synapse in a vast database of images.
В один прекрасный день армия микроскопов совместит каждый нейрон и каждый синапс в огромной базе данных фотографий.
en-ru
And some day, artificially intelligent supercomputers will analyze the images without human assistance to summarize them in a connectome.
И някой ден, суперкомпютри с изкуствен интелект ще анализират тези снимки без човешка намеса, за да ги обобщят в кънектом.
en-bg