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I do not know, but I hope that I will live to see that day, because finding an entire human connectome is one of the greatest technological challenges of all time.
No lo sé, pero espero vivir para ver ese día. Porque hallar un conectoma humano entero es uno de los desafíos tecnológicos más grandes de todos los tiempos.
en-es
It will take the work of generations to succeed.
Generációk munkájára lesz szükség ahhoz, hogy sikerüljön.
en-hu
At the present time, my collaborators and I, what we're aiming for is much more modest -- just to find partial connectomes of tiny chunks of mouse and human brain.
Atualmente, os meus colaboradores e eu, aquilo a que almejamos é muito mais modesto - encontrar apenas conectomas parciais, provenientes de pequeníssimos blocos de cérebro de ratinho e humano.
en-pt
But even that will be enough for the first tests of this hypothesis that I am my connectome.
Ale i to postačí k tomu, abychom poprvé otestovali naši hypotézu -- že „Jsem můj konektom".
en-cs
For now, let me try to convince you of the plausibility of this hypothesis, that it's actually worth taking seriously.
สำหรับตอนนี้ ให้ผมได้พยายามโน้มน้าวคุณด้วยความน่าเชื่อถือของสมมติฐาน ว่า จริงๆแล้ว มันคุ้มค่า ที่จะเอาจริงเอาจังกับมัน
en-th
As you grow during childhood and age during adulthood, your personal identity changes slowly.
ขณะที่คุณเติบโตช่วยวัยเด็ก และแก่ตัวขึ้นช่วงเป็นผู้ใหญ่ บุคลิกของคุณเปลี่ยนไปอย่างช้าๆ
en-th
Likewise, every connectome changes over time.
به همین صورت، هر کانکتوم نیز در طول زمان دگرگون میشود.
en-fa
What kinds of changes happen?
Какви промени настъпват?
en-bg
Well, neurons, like trees, can grow new branches, and they can lose old ones.
نورون ها همانند درختانی، میتوانند شاخه های جدید بر آورند، و شاخه های کهنه را از دست بدهند.
en-fa
Synapses can be created, and they can be eliminated.
Може да се създадат нови синапси, а може и да се махнат.
en-bg
And synapses can grow larger, and they can grow smaller.
Synapse se mohou zvětšovat a mohou se zmenšovat.
en-cs
Second question: what causes these changes?
Второй вопрос: что приводит к этим изменениям?
en-ru
Well, it's true.
Uznávám:
en-cs
To some extent, they are programmed by your genes.
genlerimiz tarafından programlandıkları doğrudur.
en-tr
But that's not the whole story, because there are signals, electrical signals, that travel along the branches of neurons and chemical signals that jump across from branch to branch.
Dar asta nu e tot, pentru că sunt semnale, semnale electrice, care călătoresc de-a lungul ramurilor neuronilor și semnale chimice care sar de pe-o ramură pe cealaltă.
en-ro
These signals are called neural activity.
Tyto signály se nazývají nervová aktivita.
en-cs
And there's a lot of evidence that neural activity is encoding our thoughts, feelings and perceptions, our mental experiences.
A existuje mnoho důkazů, že nervová aktivita představuje naše myšlenky, pocity a vjemy, naše mentální prožitky.
en-cs
And there's a lot of evidence that neural activity can cause your connections to change.
Также есть много свидетельств, что нервная деятельность может быть причиной изменения соединений.
en-ru
And if you put those two facts together, it means that your experiences can change your connectome.
Và nếu bạn đặt 2 sự thật này lại với nhau nó có nghĩa là những trải nghiệm của bạn có thể thay đổi hệ kết nối của bạn
en-vi
And that's why every connectome is unique, even those of genetically identical twins.
Aus diesem Grund ist jedes Connectome einzigartig, sogar solche genetisch identischer Zwillinge.
en-de
The connectome is where nature meets nurture.
Het connectoom is waar 'nature' en 'nurture' elkaar ontmoeten.
en-nl
And it might true that just the mere act of thinking can change your connectome -- an idea that you may find empowering.
I moguće je kako sam misaoni proces može promijeniti vaš konektom -- moćna ideja, zar ne?
en-hr
What's in this picture?
사진에서 무엇이 있나요?
en-ko
A cool and refreshing stream of water, you say.
Студен и освежаващ поток вода, ще кажете.
en-bg
What else is in this picture?
Che altro c'è nell'immagine?
en-it
Do not forget that groove in the Earth called the stream bed.
Не оминайте і жолоба в землі, річища.
en-uk
Without it, the water would not know in which direction to flow.
Без него водата няма да знае на къде да върви.
en-bg
And with the stream, I would like to propose a metaphor for the relationship between neural activity and connectivity.
und mit dem Bach möchte ich eine Metapher vorschlagen: für die Beziehung zwischen neuronaler Aktivität und Verbindung.
en-de
Neural activity is constantly changing.
Az idegi aktivitás állandóan változik.
en-hu
It's like the water of the stream; it never sits still.
Het is zoals het water van de stroom; het zit nooit stil.
en-nl
The connections of the brain's neural network determines the pathways along which neural activity flows.
הקשרים ברשת העצבית במוח קובעים את הנתיבים בהם תזרום הפעילות החשמלית.
en-he
And so the connectome is like bed of the stream; but the metaphor is richer than that, because it's true that the stream bed guides the flow of the water, but over long timescales, the water also reshapes the bed of the stream.
Așadar, conectomul e ca o albie. Dar metafora e mult mai bogată. Pentru că e adevărat că albia ghidează curgerea apei, dar pe perioade îndelungate de timp, apa schimbă, de asemenea, forma albiei.
en-ro
And as I told you just now, neural activity can change the connectome.
و كما أخبرتكم منذ قليل، النشاط العصبي يستطيع أن يغير شكل الشبكة العصبية.
en-ar
And if you'll allow me to ascend to metaphorical heights, I will remind you that neural activity is the physical basis -- or so neuroscientists think -- of thoughts, feelings and perceptions.
Pozwólcie mi wznieść się na wyżyny liryki. Przypominam, że aktywność nerwowa to fizjologiczna podstawa naszych myśli, uczuć i doznań.
en-pl
And so we might even speak of the stream of consciousness.
これを意識の流れと 呼ぶこともできるのです
en-ja
Neural activity is its water, and the connectome is its bed.
La actividad neuronal es el agua y el conectoma el lecho del torrente.
en-es
So let's return from the heights of metaphor and return to science.
讓我們從文學的高度回到 科學上
en-zh-tw
Suppose our technologies for finding connectomes actually work.
Supponiamo che le tecnologie preposte a trovare i connettomi funzionino davvero.
en-it
How will we go about testing the hypothesis "I am my connectome?"
Πώς θα εξετάσουμε την υπόθεση «Είμαι το δικτύωμά μου»;
en-el
Well, I propose a direct test.
Προτείνω μία άμεση προσέγγιση.
en-el
Let us attempt to read out memories from connectomes.
Próbáljunk meg emlékeket kiolvasni a konnektomokból!
en-hu
Consider the memory of long temporal sequences of movements, like a pianist playing a Beethoven sonata.
想像記憶 是一連串綿長的短樂章 就像一個彈奏貝多芬夜曲的鋼琴家。
en-zh-tw
According to a theory that dates back to the 19th century, such memories are stored as chains of synaptic connections inside your brain.
Theo như một học thuyết vào khoảng thế kỷ thứ 19 những kí ức được bảo quản như những chuỗi liên kết tiếp hợp bên trong não của bạn
en-vi
Because, if the first neurons in the chain are activated, through their synapses they send messages to the second neurons, which are activated, and so on down the line, like a chain of falling dominoes.
เพราะว่า ถ้าเซลล์ประสาทแรกถูกกระตุ้น มันจะส่งสัญญาณออกไปยังเซลล์ที่สองผ่านไซแนป เซลล์นั้นก็จะถูกกระตุ้น แล้วก็ส่งต่อกันไป เหมือนโดมิโน่ที่ล้มตามๆกัน
en-th
And this sequence of neural activation is hypothesized to be the neural basis of those sequence of movements.
Ця послідовність активації нейронів, за гіпотезою, є нервовою основою згаданих рухових послідовностей.
en-uk
So one way of trying to test the theory is to look for such chains inside connectomes.
Então uma forma de testar a teoria é olhar para essas cadeias dentro dos conectomas.
en-pt-br
But it won't be easy, because they're not going to look like this.
但這並不容易﹐因為它們看起來不會像這樣
en-zh-tw
They're going to be scrambled up.
它們會全部纏在一起
en-zh-tw
So we'll have to use our computers to try to unscramble the chain.
コンピュータを使って 鎖を解きほぐさなければならないでしょう
en-ja
And if we can do that, the sequence of the neurons we recover from that unscrambling will be a prediction of the pattern of neural activity that is replayed in the brain during memory recall.
و لو إستطعنا تنفيذ ذلك، سلسلة الخلايا العصبية التي نخرجها من التشابك ستكون بمثابة توقعاً لنمط النشاط العصبي الذي يعيد المخ إرساله اثناء إسترجاع الذكرى.
en-ar
And if that were successful, that would be the first example of reading a memory from a connectome.
És ha ez sikerrel járna, akkor ez lenne az első példája egy emlék kiolvasásának egy konnektomból.
en-hu
(Laughter) What a mess -- have you ever tried to wire up a system as complex as this?
(笑聲) 真是一團亂 你試過為這麼複雜的系統 接上線嗎﹖
en-zh-tw
But if you have, you know it's very easy to make a mistake.
و لكن لو فعلتم، فستدركون كم هو من السهل إرتكاب الإخطاء.
en-ar
The branches of neurons are like the wires of the brain.
Větve neuronů jsou jako tyhle kabely.
en-cs
Can anyone guess: what's the total length of wires in your brain?
Μπορεί κάποιος να μαντέψει: πόσο είναι το συνολικό μήκος των καλωδίων στον εγκέφαλο σας;
en-el
I'll give you a hint. It's a big number.
İpucu vereyim. Epey büyük bir sayı.
en-tr
(Laughter) I estimate, millions of miles, all packed in your skull.
(خنده) حدس من میلیون ها کیلومتر است. این همه در جمجمه شما بسته بندی شده است.
en-fa
And if you appreciate that number, you can easily see there is huge potential for mis-wiring of the brain.
ואם אתם מעריכים את המספר הזה, אתם יכולים לראות בקלות שיש פוטנציאל עצום לטעויות בקישורים בתוך המוח.
en-he
And indeed, the popular press loves headlines like, "Anorexic brains are wired differently," or "Autistic brains are wired differently."
И наистина популярната преса обича заглавия като "Мозъците на анорексиците са окабелени различно" или "Мозъците на хората с аутизъм са окабелени по различен начин"
en-bg
These are plausible claims, but in truth, we can't see the brain's wiring clearly enough to tell if these are really true.
Це вагомі твердження, але насправді ми ще не маємо чіткого бачення, як підключено мозок, щоб заявляти із певністю.
en-uk
And so the technologies for seeing connectomes will allow us to finally read mis-wiring of the brain, to see mental disorders in connectomes.
因此，显示连接体的科技 最终能够让我们 解读大脑中的连接错误 看到连接体中的精神错乱
en-zh-cn
Sometimes the best way to test a hypothesis is to consider its most extreme implication.
A veces la mejor manera de probar una hipótesis es considerar sus consecuencias más extremas.
en-es
Philosophers know this game very well.
Філософи добре знають цю гру.
en-uk
If you believe that I am my connectome, I think you must also accept the idea that death is the destruction of your connectome.
Wenn sie an "Ich bin mein Connectome" glauben, dann müssen sie meiner Meinung nach auch die Idee akzeptieren, dass der Tod die Zerstörung des Connectomes ist.
en-de
I mention this because there are prophets today who claim that technology will fundamentally alter the human condition and perhaps even transform the human species.
Mamy dziś wielu proroków twierdzących, że z pomocą technologii będziemy mogli zmienić kondycję ludzką a może nawet przeobrazić nasz gatunek.
en-pl
One of their most cherished dreams is to cheat death by that practice known as cryonics.
他们最崇高的梦想之一 就是躲避死亡 使用一种叫做人体冷冻的做法
en-zh-cn
If you pay 100,000 dollars, you can arrange to have your body frozen after death and stored in liquid nitrogen in one of these tanks in an Arizona warehouse, awaiting a future civilization that is advanced to resurrect you.
ถ้าคุณจ่ายเงิน แสนดอลล่าร์ คุณสามารถแช่แข็งร่างกายของคุณหลังจากตายแล้ว เก็บไว้ในไนโตรเจนเหลว ถังหนึ่งในถังเหล่านี้ในโกดังที่อริโซน่า รอคอยอารยธรรมแห่งอนาคต ที่จะก้าวหน้าพอที่จะฟื้นคืนชีพให้คุณ
en-th
Should we ridicule the modern seekers of immortality, calling them fools?
Chúng ta có nên chế giễu những người đang tìm kiếm sự bất tử hiện đại và gọi họ là những kẻ ngốc?
en-vi
Or will they someday chuckle over our graves?
Или някой ден те ще се надсмиват на нашите гробове?
en-bg
I don't know -- I prefer to test their beliefs, scientifically.
Neviem. Uprednostňujem otestovanie ich domnienok, vedecky.
en-sk
I propose that we attempt to find a connectome of a frozen brain.
假設我們在某個冷凍的大腦裡找到 一個聯結體
en-zh-tw
We know that damage to the brain occurs after death and during freezing.
Sappiamo che il cervello si danneggia dopo la morte e durante il congelamento.
en-it
The question is: has that damage erased the connectome?
Pitanje jest: Je li oštećenje izbrisalo konektom?
en-hr
If it has, there is no way that any future civilization will be able to recover the memories of these frozen brains.
Se sim, de forma alguma conseguirá uma civilização futura recuperar as memórias desses cérebros congelados.
en-pt
Resurrection might succeed for the body, but not for the mind.
Auferstehung mag für den Körper funktionieren, aber nicht für den Verstand.
en-de
On the other hand, if the connectome is still intact, we cannot ridicule the claims of cryonics so easily.
另一種可能是﹐如果聯結體都還在 我們便不能隨便嘲笑這些死後冷凍的想法
en-zh-tw
I've described a quest that begins in the world of the very small, and propels us to the world of the far future.
Popsal jsem cestu, jež začíná v mikrosvětě a vede nás až do světa daleké budoucnosti.
en-cs
Connectomes will mark a turning point in human history.
Konektomlar insanlık tarihinde bir dönüm noktası olacak.
en-tr
As we evolved from our ape-like ancestors on the African savanna, what distinguished us was our larger brains.
عندما تطورنا عن اجدادنا شبيهي القرود في سهول السافانا الإفريقية، ما كان يميزنا عنهم هو كبر حجم المخ.
en-ar
We have used our brains to fashion ever more amazing technologies.
その脳を使って 素晴らしい技術を次々と作ってきました
en-ja
Eventually, these technologies will become so powerful that we will use them to know ourselves by deconstructing and reconstructing our own brains.
Nakoniec tieto technológie budú také silné, že ich použijeme na spoznanie samých seba rozobratím a znovuzložením našich vlastných mozgov.
en-sk
I believe that this voyage of self-discovery is not just for scientists, but for all of us.
אני מאמין שמסע זה של גילוי עצמי מיועד לא רק למדענים אלא לכולנו.
en-he
And I'm grateful for the opportunity to share this voyage with you today.
I čast mi je bila podijeliti ovo putovanje s vama danas.
en-hr
So I want to tell you a story -- an encouraging story -- about addressing desperation, depression and despair in Afghanistan, and what we have learned from it, and how to help people to overcome traumatic experiences and how to help them to regain some confidence in the time ahead -- in the future -- and how to partici...
Je veux vous raconter une histoire, une histoire encourageante, sur le traitement du désespoir et de la dépression en Afghanistan, et sur ce que nous avons pu en apprendre, comment aider les gens à surmonter des expériences traumatisantes, et comment les aider à regagner une certaine confiance dans les temps à venir --...
en-fr
So, I am a Jungian psychoanalyst, and I went to Afghanistan in January 2004, by chance, on an assignment for Medica Mondiale.
Já jsem jungiánská psychoanalytička a náhodou jsem se vydala do Afghánistánu v lednu 2004 abych pracovala pro Medica Mondiale.
en-cs
Jung in Afghanistan -- you get the picture.
Jung no Afeganistão -- vocês podem imaginar.
en-pt-br
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world, and 70 percent of the people are illiterate.
Afghanistan is één van de armste landen ter wereld en 70 procent van de mensen zijn analfabeet.
en-nl
War and malnutrition kills people together with hope.
Savaş ve yetersiz beslenme insanlarla birlikte umutları da öldürüyor.
en-tr
You may know this from the media, but what you may not know is that the average age of the Afghan people is 17 years old, which means they grow up in such an environment and -- I repeat myself -- in 30 years of war.
Dat weten jullie wellicht uit de media. Maar wat je misschien niet weet is dat de gemiddelde leeftijd van de Afghaanse bevolking 17 is, wat betekent dat ze opgroeien in zo'n omgeving en -- ik herhaal mezelf -- in dertig jaar oorlog.
en-nl
So this translates into ongoing violence, foreign interests, bribery, drugs, ethnic conflicts, bad health, shame, fear and cumulative traumatic experiences.
خوب، این امر به معنیه خشونت مداوم، منافع خارجی، رشوه خواری، مواد مخدر، درگیری های قومی، وضع سلامت بد، شرم، ترس، و انباشتن تجربیات دردناک روحی روانی است.
en-fa
Local and foreign military are supposed to build peace together with the donors and the governmental and non-governmental organizations.
Quân đội trong nước và nước ngoài đáng lẽ phải xây dựng lại hòa bình cùng với các nhà hảo tâm và các tổ chức chính phủ và phi chính phủ.
en-vi
And people had hope, yes, but until they realized their situation worsens every day -- either because they are being killed or because, somehow, they are poorer than eight years ago.
بله، مردم امید داشتند، اما تا زمانی که فهمیدند وضعیت آنها هر روز بدتر میشود-- یا به خاطر اینکه دارند کشته میشوند، یا چون، به نحوی، از هشت سال قبل فقیرتر شده اند.
en-fa
One figure for that: 54 percent of the children under the age of five years suffer from malnutrition.
Um número para isto: 54% das crianças com menos de cinco anos sofrem de desnutrição.
en-pt
Yet, there is hope.
Ale jest nadzieja.
en-pl
One day a man told me, "My future does not look brilliant, but I want to have a brilliant future for my son."
Jednoho dne mi řekl jeden muž: "Má vlastní budoucnost nevypadá nijak růžově, ale pro svého syna chci skvělou budoucnost."
en-cs
This is a picture I took in 2005, walking on Fridays over the hills in Kabul, and for me it's a symbolic picture of an open future for a young generation.
Esta é uma fotografia que tirei em 2005, enquanto caminhava uma sexta-feira pelos montes de Cabul, e para mim é uma imagem simbólica de um futuro em aberto para a geração mais nova.
en-pt
So, doctors prescribe medication.
Jadi dokter memberikan resep pengobatan.
en-id
And donors are supposed to bring peace by building schools and roads.
Y los donantes se supone que traen paz construyendo escuelas y caminos.
en-es
Military collect weapons, and depression stays intact.
Soldados coletam armas e a depressão continua intocada.
en-pt-br
Because people don't have tools to cope with it, to get over it.
Pentru că oamenii nu au unelte să-i facă faţă, să treacă peste ea.
en-ro