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Athens in the Battle of Mycale, on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor. Potidaea is struck by a tsunami. In 479 BC, when Persian soldiers besieged the Greek city of Potidaea, the tide retreated much farther than usual, leaving a convenient invasion route. But this wasn't a stroke of luck. Before they had crossed halfway, the water returned in a wave higher than anyone had ever seen, drowning the attackers. The Potiidaeans believed they had been saved by the wrath of Poseidon. But what really saved them was likely the same phenomenon that has destroyed countless others: a tsunami. Rome The Roman consul Caeso Fabius proposed an agrarian law to distribute land won in recent wars amongst the plebs, but this was rejected by the senate. Ongoing hostilities between Rome and the Aequi. No major battle is fought. Ongoing hostilities between Rome and Veii. The family of the Fabii requests and is granted sole responsibility for the war, | it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Rutilus (or, less frequently, year 275 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 479 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Greece The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support from Argus and western Arcadia. He tries to win over Athens but fails. Mardonius attacks Athens once more and the Athenians are forced to retreat, whereupon he razes the city. The Spartans march north to support Athens against the Persians. August 27 The Battle of Plataea in Boeotia ends the Persian invasions of Greece as the Persian general Mardonius is routed by the Greeks under Pausanias, nephew of the former Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Athenian contingent is led by the repatriated Aristides. Mardonius is killed in the battle and the Greeks capture enormous |
the only pro-Athenian city in Boeotia, is a failure and the Plataeans take 180 prisoners and put them to death. Athens supports Plataea while Sparta aligns itself with Thebes. Sparta enlists the help of the Greek cities in Italy and Sicily. Both Sparta and Athens appeal to Persia, but without result. The Spartans, led by King Archidamus II, invade Attica effectively starting the Second Peloponnesian War between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League. The Spartans lay waste to the countryside around Athens. Athenian leader, Pericles, does not seriously oppose them, rather withdrawing the rural population of the country districts within Athens' city walls. Instead, he pursues active naval warfare and reduces any danger from the island of Aegina by replacing its native population with Athenians. Roman Republic The Romans defeat the Aequi and the Volsci at the battle on the Mount Algidus. (458 BC Battle of Mount Algidus). By topic Science The Greek philosopher Empedocles distinguishes the four elements - earth, fire, water, and air | Attica effectively starting the Second Peloponnesian War between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League. The Spartans lay waste to the countryside around Athens. Athenian leader, Pericles, does not seriously oppose them, rather withdrawing the rural population of the country districts within Athens' city walls. Instead, he pursues active naval warfare and reduces any danger from the island of Aegina by replacing its native population with Athenians. Roman Republic The Romans defeat the Aequi and the Volsci at the battle on the Mount Algidus. (458 BC Battle of Mount Algidus). By topic Science The Greek philosopher Empedocles distinguishes the four elements - earth, fire, water, and air - that he claims all substances are made of. He explains the development of the universe by the forces of attraction and repulsion known as Love and Strife. Literature Euripides' play Medea wins third prize at the Dionysia, the famous Athenian dramatic festival. Births Xenophon, Athenian Greek mercenary and writer (d. c. 354 BC) Deaths Phidias returns to Athens, where he is imprisoned (for having been portrayed on the shield of the statue of the |
desperate and he is arrested, condemned to death and executed. April 25 – Athens, full of refugees and weakened by plague and hunger, capitulates and the Peloponnesian War ends. Theramenes secures terms that save the city of Athens from destruction. The Spartans allow Athens to retain its independence. However, Athens loses all its foreign possessions and what is left of its fleet and is required to become an ally of Sparta. The Long Walls around Athens are pulled down. Greek towns across the Aegean Sea in Ionia are again the subjects of the Persian Empire. The Spartan general, Lysander, puts in place a puppet government in Athens with the establishment of the oligarchy of the "Thirty Tyrants" under Critias and including Theramenes as a leading member. This government executes a number of citizens and deprives all but a few of their rights. Many of Athens' former allies are now ruled by boards of ten (decarchy), often reinforced with garrisons under a Spartan commander (Harmost). The Athenian general Thrasybulus is | Empire. The Spartan general, Lysander, puts in place a puppet government in Athens with the establishment of the oligarchy of the "Thirty Tyrants" under Critias and including Theramenes as a leading member. This government executes a number of citizens and deprives all but a few of their rights. Many of Athens' former allies are now ruled by boards of ten (decarchy), often reinforced with garrisons under a Spartan commander (Harmost). The Athenian general Thrasybulus is exiled by the Thirty (the oligarchy of Athens), and he retires to Thebes. A split develops between Theramenes and Critias who has Theramenes killed (by drinking poison) on charges of treason. Emerging after the Spartan victory at Aegospotami, the former Athenian leader, Alcibiades, takes |
League. May – Alexander wins a major victory against the Persians commanded by the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes, in the Battle of the Granicus near the Sea of Marmara. A large number of King Darius III's Greek mercenaries are massacred, but 2,000 survivors are sent back to Macedonia in chains. Alexander accepts the surrender of the Persian provincial capital of Sardis (and its treasury) and proceeds down the Ionian coast. At Halicarnassus, Alexander successfully undertakes the first of many sieges, eventually forcing his opponents, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap of Caria, Orontobates, to withdraw by sea. Alexander leaves Caria in the hands of Ada, who was the ruler of Caria before being deposed by her brother-in-law, Pixodarus. Alexander's victory exposes western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most of the cities in the region hasten to open their gates. The Ionian city of Miletus defies Alexander and | 5,000 cavalry, of whom nearly 14,000 are Macedonians and about 7,000 are allies sent by the Greek League. May – Alexander wins a major victory against the Persians commanded by the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes, in the Battle of the Granicus near the Sea of Marmara. A large number of King Darius III's Greek mercenaries are massacred, but 2,000 survivors are sent back to Macedonia in chains. Alexander accepts the surrender of the Persian provincial capital of Sardis (and its treasury) and proceeds down the Ionian coast. At Halicarnassus, Alexander successfully undertakes the first of many sieges, eventually forcing his opponents, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap of Caria, Orontobates, to withdraw by sea. Alexander leaves Caria in the hands of Ada, who was the ruler of Caria before being deposed by her brother-in-law, Pixodarus. Alexander's victory exposes western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most of the |
IV) to give him the throne under the control of a regent. Under the agreement, Philip III becomes king, but Perdiccas, as the regent, effectively becomes the ruler of Alexander's empire. Perdiccas manages the partition of the territories between the former generals and saintly with Alexander's chief lieutenant Craterus); Laomedon governing Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas looking after Cilicia; Peithon taking Media; Antigonus gaining the governorship of Pamphylia and Lycia; Leonnatus with Phrygia; Neoptolemus with Armenia; Ptolemy as governor of Egypt; Eumenes of Cardia as governor of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia; and Lysimachus becomes governor of Thrace. Perdiccas exercises a wide authority in Asia as "supreme general". Perdiccas largely leaves Alexander's arrangements intact: Taxiles and Porus are to rule over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes rules Gandhara; Sibyrtius governs Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor rules in Aria and Drangiana; Philip controls Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes rules Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governs Persis; Tlepolemus is left in charge of Carmania; Atropates governs northern Media; Archon of Pella controls Babylonia; and Arcesilas rules northern Mesopotamia. Alexander orders demolition of the ziggurat at Etemenanki. Meleager and about 300 of his | becomes king, but Perdiccas, as the regent, effectively becomes the ruler of Alexander's empire. Perdiccas manages the partition of the territories between the former generals and saintly with Alexander's chief lieutenant Craterus); Laomedon governing Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas looking after Cilicia; Peithon taking Media; Antigonus gaining the governorship of Pamphylia and Lycia; Leonnatus with Phrygia; Neoptolemus with Armenia; Ptolemy as governor of Egypt; Eumenes of Cardia as governor of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia; and Lysimachus becomes governor of Thrace. Perdiccas exercises a wide authority in Asia as "supreme general". Perdiccas largely leaves Alexander's arrangements intact: Taxiles and Porus are to rule over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes rules Gandhara; Sibyrtius governs Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor rules in Aria and Drangiana; Philip controls Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes rules Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governs Persis; Tlepolemus is left in charge of Carmania; Atropates governs northern Media; Archon of Pella controls Babylonia; and Arcesilas rules northern Mesopotamia. Alexander orders demolition of the ziggurat at Etemenanki. Meleager and about 300 of his partisans are killed by forces loyal to Perdiccas. The first wife of Alexander, Roxana, arranges for Alexander's |
was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caudex and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 490 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 264 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Greece Abantidas, the son of Paseas, becomes tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias. He either banishes or puts to death Cleinias' friends and relations. Cleinias' young son, Aratus, narrowly escapes death. Roman Republic The tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II, once more attacks the Mamertines. They ally themselves with a nearby Carthaginian fleet and hold off the Syracusans. However, when the Carthaginians do not leave, the Mamertines appeal to Rome for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist, lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome | as the Year of the Consulship of Caudex and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 490 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 264 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Greece Abantidas, the son of Paseas, becomes tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias. He either banishes or puts to death Cleinias' friends and relations. Cleinias' young son, Aratus, narrowly escapes death. Roman Republic The tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II, once more attacks the Mamertines. They ally themselves with a nearby Carthaginian fleet and hold off the Syracusans. However, when the Carthaginians do not leave, the Mamertines appeal to Rome for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist, lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome is unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further over Sicily and encroach on Italy. Rome therefore enters into an alliance with the Mamertines. By this action, the |
a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Atticus and Cerco (or, less frequently, year 513 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 241 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Greece The Eurypontid King of Sparta, Agis IV, is called away from Sparta when Aratus of Sicyon, temporarily Sparta's ally, requests Agis' aid in his war against the Aetolians. Upon his return, Agis finds that his supporters are discontented with the rule of his uncle, Agesilaus, and are disillusioned by the delay in implementing Agis IV's reforms. As a result, the Agiad king of Sparta, Leonidas II, gains power, supported by mercenaries. Rather than engage in a war with Leonidas, Agis takes sanctuary in a temple, but is enticed out, summarily tried and then executed, along with his mother and grandmother. Archidamus V, son of the Spartan King, Eudamidas II, and grandson of Archidamus IV, flees to Messenia after the murder of his brother Agis IV. As general of the Achaean League, Aratus of Sicyon defeats the Aetolians at Pellene and then pursues a policy of establishing democracies in the Peloponnese. | Upon his return, Agis finds that his supporters are discontented with the rule of his uncle, Agesilaus, and are disillusioned by the delay in implementing Agis IV's reforms. As a result, the Agiad king of Sparta, Leonidas II, gains power, supported by mercenaries. Rather than engage in a war with Leonidas, Agis takes sanctuary in a temple, but is enticed out, summarily tried and then executed, along with his mother and grandmother. Archidamus V, son of the Spartan King, Eudamidas II, and grandson of Archidamus IV, flees to Messenia after the murder of his brother Agis IV. As general of the Achaean League, Aratus of Sicyon defeats the Aetolians at Pellene and then pursues a policy of establishing democracies in the Peloponnese. Roman Republic March 10 – Battle of the Aegates: The Carthaginian fleet sent to relieve the Roman blockade of the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum is totally defeated near the Aegates Islands off western Sicily by the Roman fleet led by Roman consul and commander Gaius Lutatius Catulus. The result is a decisive Roman victory which forces an end to the protracted First Punic War, to Rome's distinct advantage. The Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barca are forced to accept severe peace terms and agree to evacuate Sicily. As part of the treaty with Rome, Carthage agrees to abandon all its claims on Sicily, to refrain from sailing her warships in Italian waters and to pay an indemnity of 3,200 talents. However, the Carthaginian army is allowed to return home with its arms. Rome is now the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean basin. The Falisci people of Falerii Veteres revolt against Rome, but is crushed in six days. Falerii Veteres is destroyed and the people resettled to the less defensible Falerii Novi. Carthage A mercenary army of some 20,000 is transported from Sicily to Carthaginian territory, by Carthaginian commander, Gisco. On arrival in Carthaginian territory, the mercenaries submit a demand to Hanno the Great for payment of their contracts. Hanno attempts, unsuccessfully, to convince the mercenaries to accept smaller payments due to Carthage's impoverished post-war conditions. Negotiations break down. The mercenaries take up arms, march on Tunis, occupy it, and threaten Carthage directly. Given their strong position, |
naming years. Events By place Hispania Second Punic War Fall of Saguntum to Hannibal of Carthage Hannibal sets out with around 40,000 men and 50 elephants from New Carthage (Cartagena) to northern Spain and then into the Pyrenees where his army meets with stiff resistance from the Pyrenean tribes. This opposition and the desertion of some of his Spanish troops greatly diminishes his numbers, but he reaches the river Rhône facing little resistance from the tribes of southern Gaul. A Roman army under the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio is transported by sea to Massilia (modern Marseille) to prevent Hannibal from advancing on Italy, but returns to Italy on learning Hannibal has already crossed the river A Roman army under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus invades Spain. Roman Republic Second | By place Hispania Second Punic War Fall of Saguntum to Hannibal of Carthage Hannibal sets out with around 40,000 men and 50 elephants from New Carthage (Cartagena) to northern Spain and then into the Pyrenees where his army meets with stiff resistance from the Pyrenean tribes. This opposition and the desertion of some of his Spanish troops greatly diminishes his numbers, but he reaches the river Rhône facing little resistance from the tribes of southern Gaul. A Roman army under the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio is transported by sea |
combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and force Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit. Roman Republic Following the Battle of Zama, the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio gains the cognomen "Africanus" in honour of his feats in North Africa against Carthage. Egypt The Egyptian regent and chief minister, Sosibius, retires and Agathocles, another member of the ruling clique, becomes Ptolemy V's guardian. Agathocles rule provokes Tlepolemus, the governor of Pelusium (Egypt's eastern frontier city), into action. Tlepolemus marches on Alexandria, where his supporters rouse a mob, compelling Agathocles to resign. The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed. As a result, the mob searches out and butchers Agathocles and his family. Tlepolemus takes Agathocles' place as regent. However, he soon proves to be incompetent and is removed. During this period of confusion and change amongst Egypt’s leadership, armies under the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, make serious inroads into the Egyptian territories in Coele-Syria. China Liu Bang and Han Xin defeat the remaining loyalists of Xiang Yu. 28 February: Liu Bang declares himself Supreme Emperor of China, officially beginning the Han dynasty. Liu Bang appoints Han Xin the king of Chu, but he deposes him later in the year after accusing him of disloyalty. | By place Carthage Accused of treason by the Carthaginians after being defeated by the Romans at the Battle of the Great Plains, Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob. October 19 – The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and force Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit. Roman Republic Following the Battle of Zama, the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio gains the cognomen "Africanus" in honour of his feats in North Africa against Carthage. Egypt The Egyptian regent and chief minister, Sosibius, retires and Agathocles, another member of the ruling clique, becomes Ptolemy V's guardian. Agathocles rule provokes Tlepolemus, the governor of Pelusium (Egypt's eastern frontier city), into action. Tlepolemus marches on Alexandria, where his supporters rouse a mob, compelling Agathocles to resign. The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed. As a result, the mob searches out and butchers Agathocles and his family. Tlepolemus takes Agathocles' place as regent. However, he soon proves to be incompetent and is removed. During this |
year 605 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 149 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Republic The Third Punic War begins. The Romans land an army in Africa to begin the Battle of | he parades his weeping family members before the tribunal. Lucius Calpurnius Piso passes the lex Calpurnia de repetundis which establishes the first permanent criminal court in Rome. The turmoil in Spain escalates again with the renewal of the Lusitanian War, under the leadership of Viriathus, and the Celtiberian War. Macedon Andriscus, the last king of Macedon, ascends to the throne. Bithynia With Roman help, Nicomedes II overthrows his father Prusias II |
Carthage falls to Roman forces under Scipio Aemilianus and the city is completely destroyed. End of the Third Punic War. Greece Achaean War: The Romans conquer the Achaean League and southern Greece becomes a Roman province. Battle of Scarpheia: The Romans led by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus defeat an Achaean League force under Critolaus Battle of Corinth: The Romans under Lucius Mummius defeat the Achaean League near Corinth. Corinth is destroyed, and the Achaean League dissolved. By topic | superpower in the Mediterranean world, a distinction it will continue to hold for approximately the next 600 years. Africa Spring – Carthage falls to Roman forces under Scipio Aemilianus and the city is completely destroyed. End of the Third Punic War. Greece Achaean War: The Romans conquer the Achaean League and southern Greece becomes a Roman province. Battle of Scarpheia: The Romans led by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus defeat an Achaean League force under Critolaus Battle |
Julius Caesar. April – Siege of Dyrrhachium: Julius Caesar builds a fortified line of entrenchments and besieges Pompey the Great. The Roman temple to Bellona on the Capitolinus outside Rome is burnt to the ground. May – Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, co-consul with Julius Caesar, destroys Caelius's magistrate's chair on his tribunal. July 10 – Battle of Dyrrhachium: Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia; he retreats to Thessaly. August 9 – Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus, who flees to Egypt. Pompey's army by and large is pardoned. Winter – Siege of Oricum: Julius Caesar captures the strategic city port of Oricum in Epirus (modern Albania). The garrison opens the town's gate and Lucius Manlius Torquatus surrenders to Caesar. December – Battle of Nicopolis: King Pharnaces II of Pontus defeats the Roman forces under Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, a loyal partisan of Julius Caesar. Egypt September 28 – Pompey the Great is assassinated on the orders of King Ptolemy XIII, after landing in Egypt (may have occurred September 29, records unclear). October – Julius Caesar reaches Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great. He is met by an Egyptian delegation from Ptolemy XIII. The Egyptians offer him gifts: the ring of Pompey and | of Julius Caesar. Egypt September 28 – Pompey the Great is assassinated on the orders of King Ptolemy XIII, after landing in Egypt (may have occurred September 29, records unclear). October – Julius Caesar reaches Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great. He is met by an Egyptian delegation from Ptolemy XIII. The Egyptians offer him gifts: the ring of Pompey and his head. Queen Cleopatra VII returns to the palace rolled into a Persian carpet and has it presented to Caesar by her servant. The Egyptian princess, only twenty-one years old, becomes his mistress. December – Battle in Alexandria: Forces of Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII and those of rival King Ptolemy XIII and Queen Arsinoe IV. The latter two are defeated and flee the city, but during the battle part of the Library of Alexandria catches fire. Asia Yuan becomes emperor of the Han Dynasty (until 33 BC). Births Lady Ban, Chinese concubine and female poet Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Roman consul (d. AD 32) Publius |
calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire 6 April (Good Friday) – Jesus is crucified (according to one dating scheme). He is later reported alive by his disciples. Lucius Aelius Sejanus is named co-Consul to Emperor Tiberius. However, Tiberius becomes aware of Sejanus' treachery and has him arrested and executed. Naevius Sutorius Macro becomes the leader of the Praetorian Guard after Sejanus is executed. Births Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus, Roman consul Musonius Rufus, Roman Stoic philosopher (d. 101) | Sejanus (or, less frequently, year 784 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 31 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire 6 April (Good Friday) – Jesus is crucified (according to one dating scheme). He is later reported alive by his disciples. Lucius Aelius Sejanus is named co-Consul to Emperor Tiberius. However, Tiberius becomes aware of Sejanus' treachery and has him arrested and executed. Naevius Sutorius Macro becomes the leader of the Praetorian Guard after Sejanus is executed. Births Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus, Roman consul Musonius Rufus, Roman Stoic philosopher (d. 101) Deaths April 6 – Jesus of Nazareth, (possible |
Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC) Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 | people Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC) Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 BC) |
Egypt (computed by modern astronomers; no clear historical record of observation exists) 502 BC—Naxos rebels against Persian domination sparking the Ionian Revolt. 501 BC—Naxos is attacked by the Persian Empire. 501 BC—In response to threats by the Sabines, Rome creates the office of dictator. 501 BC—Confucius is appointed governor of Chung-tu. 501 BC—Gadir (present-day Cádiz) is captured by Carthage. (approximate date) 500 BC—Bantu-speaking people migrate into south-west Uganda from the west. (approximate date) 500 BC—Refugees from Teos resettle Abdera. 500 BC—Darius I of Persia proclaims that Aramaic be the official language of the western half of his empire. 500 BC—Signifies the end of the Nordic Bronze Age civilization in Oscar Montelius' periodization system and begins the Pre-Roman Iron Age. 500 BC—Foundation of first republic in Vaishali Bihar India. 500 BC—Nicasias of Opus wins the stadion race at the 70th Olympic Games. c. 500 BC—She-Wolf, with late 15th century or early 16th century additions (twins), is made. It is now kept at the Museo Capitolino in Rome. 500 BC—World population reaches 100,000,000—the population is 85,000,000 in Eastern Hemisphere and 15,000,000 in Western Hemisphere, primarily Mesoamerica (Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela). c. 500 BC—Vulca makes Apollo of Veii, from Portonaccio Temple. It is now kept at Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome. c. 500 BC—Yayoi period starts in Ancient Japan. c. 500 BC—Oldest known Zapotec writing. 500 BC—The Zapotecs establish Monte Albán, the sacred city, and continue building pyramids. Founded toward the end of the Middle Formative period at around 500 BC, by the Terminal Formative (ca.100 BC-AD 200) | in the Battle of Silva Arsia by the Roman army. Consul Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first republican triumph on 1 March. September 13, 509 BC—The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September. 508 BC—War between Rome and Clusium 508 BC—War between Clusium and Aricia 508 BC—Office of Pontifex Maximus created in Rome. 508 BC—Cleisthenes reorganizes Athens. He creates the deme, a local unit to serve as the basis of his political system. Citizenship is tightly linked to the deme, for each deme keeps the roll of those within its jurisdiction, who are admitted to citizenship. He groups all the demes into ten tribes, which thus form the link between the demes and the central government. The central government includes an assembly of all citizens and a new council of five hundred members. This is a very early form of democracy. 508 BC—Isomachos of Kroton wins the stadion race at the 68th Olympic Games. 507 BC—Cleisthenes, Greek reformer, takes power and increases democracy. 506 BC—Battle of Boju: during the Spring and Autumn period of Ancient China, the forces of the State of Wu under commander and strategist Sun Tzu defeat the forces of Chu, destroying the Chu capital of Ying and forcing King Zhao of Chu to flee. 505 BC–504 BC—War between Rome and the Sabines. 504 BC—Isomachos wins the stadion race for a second time at the 69th Olympic Games. 503 BC-502 BC-The Latin towns of Pometia and Cora, with the assistance of the Aurunci, unsuccessfully revolt against Rome. December 4, 502 BC—Solar eclipse darkens Egypt (computed by modern astronomers; no clear historical record of observation exists) 502 BC—Naxos rebels against Persian domination sparking the Ionian Revolt. 501 BC—Naxos is attacked by |
Taharqa, king of Egypt. In response, the Assyrians invade Egypt, but Taharqa is able to hold the invaders off. 673 BC: Tullus Hostilius becomes king of Rome. 671 BC: Esarhaddon again invades Egypt, capturing Memphis as well as a number of the royal family. 660s BC 669 BC: Assurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria. 669 BC: Argos defeats Sparta for the last time, this time using a hoplite phalanx, at the battle of Hysiae. 668 BC: Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon. 668 BC: Egypt revolts against Assyria. 668 BC: Nineveh, capital of Assyria becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes in Egypt. 667 BC: Byzantium founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas. (traditional date) 664 BC: First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth and Corcyra. 664 BC: Assurbanipal captures and sacks Thebes, Egypt. 664 BC: Psammetichus I succeeds Necho I as king of Lower Egypt. 664 BC: Taharqa appoints his nephew Tantamani as his successor of Upper Egypt. February 11, 660 BC—Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. 660 BC: First known use of the Demotic script. 660 BC: Psammetichus I drives the Assyrians out of Egypt. 660 BC: Estimated date of the impact that created the Kaali crater 650s BC 650s BC: The Spartan Creed by Ancient Greek poet Tyrtaeus 650s BC: Occupation begins at Maya site of Piedras Negras, Guatemala. 657 BC: Cypselus becomes the first tyrant of Corinth. 656 BC: Psammetichus extends his control over all of Egypt. End of Twenty-fifth Dynasty. 653 BC: Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak and Khumbanigash II succeed Shilhak-In-Shushinak and Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak as kings of the Elamite Empire. 653 BC: Atlanersa becomes ruler of the Napatan kingdom of Kush after the collapse of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt. 652 BC: Babylonia rises in revolt under Shamash-shum-ukin against the Assyrians. 652 BC: Achaemenid dynasty in Persia. 651 BC: King Xiang of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 650 BC: The town of Abdera in Thrace is founded by colonists from Clazomenae. 650 BC: A climate change affects all the Bronze Age cultures in Europe with colder and wetter climate, and tribes from the Scandinavian Nordic Bronze Age cultures are pushed downwards into the European continent. 640s BC 640s BC: Assyrian king Ashurbanipal founds library, which included our earliest complete copy of the Epic of Gilgamesh. 649 BC: Indabigash succeeds Tammaritu as a king of the Elamite Empire. 649 BC: Babylonian revolt under Shamash-shum-ukin is crushed by the Assyrians. 648 BC: Pankration becomes an event at the Ancient Olympic Games. April 6, 648 BC: Earliest Greek-chronicled solar eclipse. 647 BC: King Assurbanipal of Assyria sacks Susa. 642 BC: Ancus Marcius becomes king of Rome (traditional date). c.641 BC: Josiah becomes king of Judah. 640 BC: Decisive victory of Assyria over Elamite Empire; Assurbanipal captures its last king Khumma-Khaldash III, annexes Elam, and lays waste the country. 630s BC 632 BC: Cylon, Athenian noble, seizes the Acropolis in a failed attempt to become king. 632 BC: In the Battle of Chengpu, the Chinese kingdom of Jin and her allies defeat the kingdom of Chu and her allies. 631 BC: Founding of Cyrene, a Greek colony in Libya (North Africa) (approximate date). 631 BC: Sadyates becomes king of Lydia. 620s BC 627 BC: Death of Assurbanipal, king of Assyria; he is succeeded by Assur-etel-ilani (approximate date). 626 BC: Nabopolassar revolts against Assyria, founds the Neo-Babylonian Empire. 625 BC: Medes and Babylonians assert their independence from Assyria and attack Nineveh (approximate date). 623 BC: Sin-shar-ishkun succeeds his brother Assur-etel-ilani as king of Assyria (approximate date). 622 BC: Text of Deuteronomy found in the Temple in Jerusalem. The Hebrew prophet Ezekiel said to be born this year. 610s BC 619 BC: Alyattes becomes king of Lydia. 619 BC: Death of King Xiang of Zhou, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 618 BC: King Qing of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 616 BC: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus becomes king of Rome. 614 BC: Sack of Ashur by the Medes and Babylonians. 613 BC: Death of King Qing of Zhou, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 612 BC: King Kuang of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 612 | well as a number of the royal family. 660s BC 669 BC: Assurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria. 669 BC: Argos defeats Sparta for the last time, this time using a hoplite phalanx, at the battle of Hysiae. 668 BC: Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon. 668 BC: Egypt revolts against Assyria. 668 BC: Nineveh, capital of Assyria becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes in Egypt. 667 BC: Byzantium founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas. (traditional date) 664 BC: First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth and Corcyra. 664 BC: Assurbanipal captures and sacks Thebes, Egypt. 664 BC: Psammetichus I succeeds Necho I as king of Lower Egypt. 664 BC: Taharqa appoints his nephew Tantamani as his successor of Upper Egypt. February 11, 660 BC—Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. 660 BC: First known use of the Demotic script. 660 BC: Psammetichus I drives the Assyrians out of Egypt. 660 BC: Estimated date of the impact that created the Kaali crater 650s BC 650s BC: The Spartan Creed by Ancient Greek poet Tyrtaeus 650s BC: Occupation begins at Maya site of Piedras Negras, Guatemala. 657 BC: Cypselus becomes the first tyrant of Corinth. 656 BC: Psammetichus extends his control over all of Egypt. End of Twenty-fifth Dynasty. 653 BC: Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak and Khumbanigash II succeed Shilhak-In-Shushinak and Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak as kings of the Elamite Empire. 653 BC: Atlanersa becomes ruler of the Napatan kingdom of Kush after the collapse of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt. 652 BC: Babylonia rises in revolt under Shamash-shum-ukin against the Assyrians. 652 BC: Achaemenid dynasty in Persia. 651 BC: King Xiang of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 650 BC: The town of Abdera in Thrace is founded by colonists from Clazomenae. 650 BC: A climate change affects all the Bronze Age cultures in Europe with colder and wetter climate, and tribes from the Scandinavian Nordic Bronze Age cultures are pushed downwards into the European continent. 640s BC 640s BC: Assyrian king Ashurbanipal founds library, which included our earliest complete copy of the Epic of Gilgamesh. 649 BC: Indabigash succeeds Tammaritu as a king of the Elamite Empire. 649 BC: Babylonian revolt under Shamash-shum-ukin is crushed by the Assyrians. 648 BC: Pankration becomes an event at the Ancient Olympic Games. April 6, 648 BC: Earliest Greek-chronicled solar eclipse. 647 BC: King Assurbanipal of Assyria sacks Susa. 642 BC: Ancus Marcius becomes king of Rome (traditional date). c.641 BC: Josiah becomes king of Judah. 640 BC: Decisive victory of Assyria over Elamite Empire; Assurbanipal captures its last king Khumma-Khaldash III, annexes Elam, and lays waste the country. 630s BC 632 BC: Cylon, Athenian noble, seizes the Acropolis in a failed attempt to become king. 632 BC: In the Battle of Chengpu, the Chinese kingdom of Jin and her allies defeat the kingdom of Chu and her allies. 631 BC: Founding of Cyrene, a Greek colony in Libya (North Africa) (approximate date). 631 BC: Sadyates becomes king of Lydia. 620s BC 627 BC: Death of Assurbanipal, king of Assyria; he is succeeded by Assur-etel-ilani (approximate date). 626 BC: Nabopolassar revolts against Assyria, founds the Neo-Babylonian Empire. 625 BC: Medes and Babylonians assert their independence from Assyria and attack Nineveh (approximate date). 623 BC: Sin-shar-ishkun succeeds his brother Assur-etel-ilani as king of Assyria (approximate date). 622 BC: Text of Deuteronomy found in the Temple in Jerusalem. The Hebrew prophet Ezekiel said to be born this year. 610s BC 619 BC: Alyattes becomes king of Lydia. 619 BC: Death of King Xiang of Zhou, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 618 BC: King Qing of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 616 BC: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus becomes king of Rome. 614 BC: Sack of Ashur by the Medes and Babylonians. 613 BC: Death of King Qing of Zhou, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 612 BC: King Kuang of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 612 BC: An alliance of Medes, Babylonians and Susianians besiege and conquer Nineveh. King Sin-shar-ishkun of Assyria is killed in the sack. 612 BC: Ashur-uballit II attempts to keep the Assyrian empire alive by establishing himself as |
Cuba. September 15 – Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia. September 18 – The New York Times is founded in New York City. September 30 – HSwMS Eugenie leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world. October–December October – The Reuters news service is founded in London. October 15 The City of Winona, Minnesota is founded. The Great Exhibition in London is closed. October 24 – Ariel and Umbriel, moons of Uranus, are discovered by William Lassell. November 1 – Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway officially opened in Russia. November 13 The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what later becomes Seattle. The first protected submarine telegraph cable is laid, across the English Channel. November 14 – Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick; or The Whale is published in the U.S. by Harper & Brothers, New York, after being first published on October 18 in London, by Richard Bentley, in three volumes as The Whale. November 26–27 – Bombardment of Salé, Morocco: French naval forces bombard the city, in retaliation for looting of a French cargo ship. December 2 – French coup of 1851: In what amounts to a coup, President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte of France dissolves the French National Assembly, and declares a new constitution to extend his term. A year later he declares himself as Emperor Napoleon III, ending the Second Republic. December 6 – The trial of Hélène Jégado begins; she is eventually sentenced to death and executed by guillotine. December 9 – The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal. December 22 – India's first freight train is operated in Roorkee, India. December 24 – The Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., burns. December 26–27 – A Royal Navy warship bombards Lagos Island; Oba Kosoko is wounded, and flees to Epe. December 29 – The first YMCA in the United States opens in Boston, Massachusetts. December 31 – 1851 Chilean Revolution – Battle of Loncomilla: The rebels are defeated, ending the revolution. Births January–June January 9 – Rudolf von Brudermann, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1941) January 16 – William Hall-Jones, English-New Zealand politician, 16th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1936) January 17 – A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928) January 19 David Starr Jordan, American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and peace activist (d. 1931) Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (d. 1922) January 21 – Pietro Frugoni, Italian general (d. 1940) February 2 – Ella Giles Ruddy, American author and essayist (d. 1917) February 13 – Joseph B. Murdock, United States Navy admiral, New Hampshire politician (d. 1931) February 15 – Antero Rubín, Spanish general, politician (d. 1935) February 23 – Frederick Warde, English actor (d. 1935) March 14 – John Sebastian Little, American politician, congressman (d. 1916) March 18 Rose Coghlan, English actress (d. 1932) Julien Dupré, French artist (d. 1910) March 19 Pierre Ruffey, French general (d. 1928) William Henry Stark, American business leader (d. 1936) March 24 – Friedrich von Scholtz, German general (d. 1927) March 27 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer, teacher (d. 1931) March 28 – Bernardino Machado, Portuguese President (d. 1944) March 31 – Francis Bell, 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1936) April 1 – Bruno von Mudra, German general (d. 1931) April 4 – James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, Irish lawyer, politician (d. 1931) April 13 Robert Abbe, American surgeon (d. 1928) Helen M. Winslow, American editor, author, and publisher (d. 1938) April 15 – Auguste Dubail, | October 15). May 15 – The first Australian gold rush is proclaimed, although the discovery had been made three months earlier. Alpha Delta Pi sorority, the first secret society for women, is founded at Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia (U.S.) Mongkut (Rama IV) is crowned King of Siam, at the Grand Palace in Bangkok. Mid-May to mid-July – Great Flood of 1851: Extensive flooding sweeps across the Midwestern United States. The town of Des Moines is virtually washed away, and many rainfall records hold for 160 years. June 2 Maine passes the first state-wide prohibition law in the United States. Castle & Cooke, the predecessor of Dole Food Company, is founded in Hawaii. June 21 – The Immortal Game, a famous chess match, is played between Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky, during a break in the first international tournament, held in London. July–September July 1 Port Phillip District separates from New South Wales to become the Colony of Victoria (Australia). Serial poisoner Hélène Jégado is arrested in Rennes, France. July 10 – The University of the Pacific is chartered as California Wesleyan College, in Santa Clara, California. July 28 – Total solar eclipse visible in Canada, Greenland, Iceland and Northern Europe, the first solar eclipse to be photographed. July 29 – Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia. August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention, deciding that all white men have the right to vote. August 3 – The filibustering Lopez Expedition sails from New Orleans, Louisiana heading to seize Spanish-ruled Cuba. August 12 – Isaac Singer is granted a United States patent for his improved sewing machine. August 22 – The yacht America wins the first America's Cup race, off the coast of England. September 1 – Narciso López was executed in Havana following the failure of his expedition in Cuba. September 15 – Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia. September 18 – The New York Times is founded in New York City. September 30 – HSwMS Eugenie leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world. October–December October – The Reuters news service is founded in London. October 15 The City of Winona, Minnesota is founded. The Great Exhibition in London is closed. October 24 – Ariel and Umbriel, moons of Uranus, are discovered by William Lassell. November 1 – Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway officially opened in Russia. November 13 The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what later becomes Seattle. The first protected submarine telegraph cable is laid, across the English Channel. November 14 – Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick; or The Whale is published in the U.S. by Harper & Brothers, New York, after being first published on October 18 in London, by Richard Bentley, in three volumes as The Whale. November 26–27 – Bombardment of Salé, Morocco: French naval forces bombard the city, in retaliation for looting of a French cargo ship. December 2 – French coup of 1851: In what amounts to a coup, President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte of France dissolves the French National Assembly, and declares a new constitution to extend his term. A year later he declares himself as Emperor Napoleon III, ending the Second Republic. December 6 – The trial of Hélène Jégado begins; she is eventually sentenced to death and executed by guillotine. December 9 – The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal. December 22 – India's first freight train is operated in Roorkee, India. December 24 – The Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., burns. December 26–27 – A Royal Navy warship bombards Lagos Island; Oba Kosoko is wounded, and flees to Epe. December 29 – The first YMCA in the United States opens in Boston, Massachusetts. December 31 – 1851 Chilean Revolution – Battle of Loncomilla: The rebels are defeated, ending the revolution. Births January–June January 9 – Rudolf von Brudermann, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1941) January 16 – William Hall-Jones, English-New Zealand politician, 16th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1936) January 17 – A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928) January 19 David Starr Jordan, American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and peace activist (d. 1931) Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (d. 1922) January 21 – Pietro Frugoni, Italian general (d. 1940) February 2 – Ella Giles Ruddy, American author and essayist (d. 1917) February 13 – Joseph B. Murdock, United States Navy admiral, New Hampshire politician (d. 1931) February 15 – Antero Rubín, Spanish general, politician (d. 1935) February 23 – Frederick Warde, English actor (d. 1935) March 14 – John Sebastian Little, American politician, congressman (d. 1916) March 18 Rose Coghlan, English actress (d. 1932) Julien Dupré, French artist (d. 1910) March 19 Pierre Ruffey, French general (d. 1928) William Henry Stark, American business leader (d. 1936) March 24 – Friedrich von Scholtz, German general (d. 1927) March 27 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer, teacher (d. 1931) March 28 – Bernardino Machado, Portuguese President (d. 1944) March 31 – Francis Bell, 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1936) April 1 – Bruno von Mudra, German general (d. 1931) April 4 – James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, Irish lawyer, politician (d. 1931) April 13 Robert Abbe, American surgeon (d. 1928) Helen M. Winslow, American editor, author, and publisher (d. 1938) April 15 – Auguste Dubail, French general (d. 1934) April 20 – Young Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (d. 1875) April 21 – Charles Barrois, French geologist (d. 1939) May 6 – Aristide Bruant, French cabaret singer, comedian (d. 1925) May 7 – Adolf von Harnack, German Lutheran theologian, church historian (d. 1930) May 11 – Madre Teresa Nuzzo, Maltese nun, foundress of the Daughters of the Sacred Heart (d. 1923) May 14 |
Thomas Mackenzie, 18th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1930) March 13 – Robert William Felkin, British writer (d. 1926) March 14 – Ferdinand Hodler, Swiss painter (d. 1918) March 25 – Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, 5th Qajarid Shah of Persia (d. 1907) March 27 – Yakov Zhilinsky, Russian general (d. 1918) March 29 – Elihu Thomson, English-American engineer, inventor, co-founder of General Electric (d. 1937) March 30 – Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter (d. 1890) April 6 – Emil Jellinek, German automobile entrepreneur (d. 1918) April 7 Ella Eaton Kellogg, American pioneer in dietetics (d. 1920) Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (d. 1884) April 22 – Alphonse Bertillon, French police officer, forensic scientist (d. 1914) April 30 – Alexey Abaza, Russian admiral and politician (d. 1917) May 4 – Marie Robinson Wright, American travel writer (d. 1914) May 20 Ella Hoag Brockway Avann, American educator (d. 1899) Vladimir Viktorovich Sakharov, Russian general (d. 1920) May 28 – Carl Larsson, Swedish painter (d. 1919) June 3 – William Flinders Petrie, English Egyptologist (d. 1942) June 12 – Chester Adgate Congdon, American mining magnate (d. 1916) July–December July 4 – Ernst Otto Beckmann, German chemist (d. 1923) July 5 – Cecil Rhodes, English businessman (d. 1902) July 10 – Percy Scott, British admiral (d. 1924) July 18 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928) July 24 – William Gillette, American actor, playwright and stage-manager (d. 1937) July 26 – Philip Cowen, American Jewish publisher and author (d. 1943) July 29 – Ioan Culcer, Romanian general and politician (d. 1928) August 23 – João Marques de Oliveira, Portuguese painter (d. 1927) August 28 Vladimir Shukhov, Russian engineer, polymath, scientist and architect (d. 1939) Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1938) September 1 – Aleksei Brusilov, Russian general (d. 1926) September 2 – Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1932) September 6 – Katherine Eleanor Conway, American journalist, editor, poet, and Laetare Medalist (d. 1927) September 16 – Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927) September 20 – Chulalongkorn, Rama V, King of Siam (d. 1910) September 21 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926) September 23 – Fritz von Below, German general (d. 1918) October 4 – Jane Maria Read, American poet and teacher (unknown year of death) October 13 – Lillie Langtry, English stage actress (d. 1929) October 14 – John William Kendrick, American railroad executive (d. 1924) October 17 – Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, wife of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (d. 1920) October 26 – Tokugawa Akitake, Japanese daimyō, the last lord of Mito Domain, younger brother of the last shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu (d. 1910) October 30 – Louise Abbéma, French painter, sculptor, and designer of the Belle Époque (d. 1927) November 9 – Stanford White, American architect (d. 1906) November 13 – John Drew, Jr., American stage actor (d. 1927) November 20 – Oskar Potiorek, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1933) November 29 – Panagiotis Danglis, Greek general, politician (d. 1924) December 6 – Hara Prasad Shastri, Indian academic, Sanskrit scholar, archivist and historian of Bengali literature (d. 1931) December 14 – Errico Malatesta, Italian anarchist (d. 1932) December 17 – Émile Roux, French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist (d. 1933) December 21 – Noda Utarō, Japanese entrepreneur and politician (d. 1927) December 22 Sarada Devi, Indian mystic and saint (d. 1920) Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist, singer, composer, and conductor (d. 1917) December 23 – William Henry Moody, 35th United States Secretary of the Navy, 45th United States Attorney General, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1917) December 31 – Tasker H. Bliss, American general (d. 1930) Date unknown William O'Malley, Irish politician (d. 1939) Deaths January–June January 8 – Mihály Bertalanits, Slovene (Prekmurje Slovene) poet in the Kingdom of Hungary (b. 1788) January 16 Matteo Carcassi, Italian composer (b. 1792) Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria, Archduke of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia (b. 1783) Robert Lucas, governor of Ohio, United States (b. 1781) January 19 – Karl Faber, German historian (b. 1773) January 22 – Méry von Bruiningk, Estonian democrat (b. 1818) February 4 – Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (b. 1831) February 6 – Anastasio Bustamante, 4th President of Mexico (b. 1780) February 15 – August, Prince of Hohenlohe-Öhringen (b. 1784) March 17 – Christian Doppler, Austrian mathematician (b. 1803) March 30 – Abigail Fillmore, First Lady of the United States (b. 1798) April 18 – William R. King, 13th Vice President of the United States (b. 1786) April 28 – Ludwig Tieck, German writer (b. 1773) May 18 – Lionel Kieseritzky, Baltic-German chess player (b. 1806) June 2 Lucas Alamán, Mexican statesman, historian (b. 1792) Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, British peer, soldier (b. 1777) June 7 – Giuseppina Ronzi de Begnis, Italian opera singer (b. 1800) June 8 – Howard Vyse, English soldier and Egyptologist (b. 1784) July–December July 27 – Tokugawa Ieyoshi, 12th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1793) August 9 – Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński, Polish philosopher (b. 1776) August 19 – George Cockburn, British naval commander (b. 1772) August 21 - Maria Quitéria, Brazilian national heroine (b. 1792) August 23 – Alexander Calder, first mayor of Beaumont, Texas (b. 1806) August 29 – Charles James Napier, British army general and colonial administrator (b. 1782) September 3 – Augustin Saint-Hilaire, French botanist, traveller (b. 1799) September | is founded at Karljohansvern in Horten, perhaps the world's first naval museum. Potato chips are first prepared, by George Crum at Saratoga Springs, New York, according to popular accounts. September 19 – Hudson Taylor first leaves for China. September 20 – Otis Elevator, as predecessor of Otis Worldwide was founded in United States. October–December October 1 – C. Bechstein's piano factory is founded, one of three established in a "Golden year" in the history of the piano (Julius Blüthner and Steinway & Sons being the others). October 4–5 – Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire begins war with Russia. October 4 – On the east coast of the United States, Donald McKay launches the Great Republic, the world's biggest sailing ship, which at 4,500 tons is too large to be successful. October 28 – Crimean War: The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Calafat, Wallachia. October 30 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping Northern Expeditionary Force comes within of Tianjin. November 3 – Troops of William Walker capture La Paz in Baja California Territory, and declare the (short-lived) Republic of Lower California. November 4 – Crimean War: Battle of Oltenitza – Turkish forces defeat the Russians. November 15 – Maria II of Portugal is succeeded by her son Pedro V. November 30 (November 18 O.S.) – Crimean War: Battle of Sinop – The Russian fleet destroys the Turkish fleet. December 6 – Taiping Rebellion: French minister de Bourboulon arrives at the Heavenly Capital, aboard the Cassini. December 14 – Compagnie Générale des Eaux, predecessor of Vivendi and Veolia, a global media conglomerate, is founded in Paris, France. December 30 – Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys approximately of land from Mexico, to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest. Date unknown The Independent Santa Cruz Maya of Eastern Yucatán is recognized as an independent nation, by the British Empire. Arthur de Gobineau begins publication of his An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines). Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood independently invent a practical hypodermic syringe. Wheaton Academy is founded in West Chicago, Illinois. The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China is incorporated in London by Scotsman James Wilson, under a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria. Ishikawajima Shipyard, as predecessor of IHI Corporation, a shipyard and transport-related machinery manufacturer in Japan, is founded. Melbourne Cricket Ground, now the largest sports stadium in the Southern Hemisphere, officially opens. 1853–1873 – More than 130,000 Chinese laborers come to Cuba. Births January–June January 1 – Karl von Einem, German general (d. 1934) January 16 Johnston Forbes-Robertson, English actor (d. 1937) Sir Ian Hamilton, British general (d. 1947) January 28 José Martí, Cuban revolutionary (d. 1895) Vladimir Solovyov, Russian philosopher (d. 1900) January 29 – Kitasato Shibasaburō, Japanese physician, bacteriologist (d. 1931) February 4 – Kaneko Kentarō, Japanese politician, diplomat (d. 1942) February 18 – Ernest Fenollosa, Catalan-American philosopher (d. 1908) February 22 – Annie Le Porte Diggs, Canadian-born state librarian of Kansas (d. 1916) March 2 – |
to December 31, | 31, 1609. References |
scholar (d. 1653) February 6 – Matthew Brend, English landowner (d. 1659) February 9 – Jean-Joseph Surin, French Jesuit writer (d. 1665) February 24 – Manuel António of Portugal, Dutch-Portuguese nobleman (d. 1666) February 26 – Matsudaira Norinaga, Japanese daimyō (d. 1654) March 3 George Ghica, Prince of Wallachia (d. 1664) Robert Roberthin, German poet (d. 1648) March 19 – Anders Bille, Danish general (d. 1657) March 26 – Matthew Marvin, Sr., Connecticut settler (d. 1678) April–June April 11 – Jacques Buteux, French missionary (d. 1652) April 13 – Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Altenburg, colonel in the Saxon Army (d. 1632) April 22 – Alessandro dal Borro, Austrian Field Marshal (d. 1656) May 25 – Thomas Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Haddington, Scottish noble (d. 1640) May 31 – Empress Xiaoduanwen of the Qing Dynasty (d. 1649) June 26 Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet, English Royalist leader (baptised; d. 1658) Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Spanish politician, clergyman (d. 1659) June 29 – Maria Maddalena de' Medici, Italian princess (d. 1633) July–September July 1 – George Gobat, French theologian (d. 1679) July 15 – Jan Cossiers, Flemish painter (d. 1671) July 20 – Sir Edward Acton, 1st Baronet, Sheriff of Shropshire (d. 1659) July 22 Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1657) Michel de Marolles, French translator and churchman (d. 1681) August 7 – Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg, Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (d. 1657) August 16 – Maria Celeste, Italian nun, daughter of Galileo Galilei (d. 1634) August 24 – Antoine de Laloubère, French Jesuit mathematician (d. 1664) August 29 – John Stawell, English Member of Parliament and governor of Taunton (d. 1662) September 5 – Loreto Vittori, Italian singer and composer (d. 1670) September 19 Hermann Busenbaum, German Jesuit theologian (d. 1668) John Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1628) September 29 – Sir Thomas Aston, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1645) September 30 – Francis Bacon, English politician and Ipswich MP (d. 1663) October–December October 1 – Dirk Graswinckel, Dutch jurist (d. 1666) October 2 – Petronio Veroni, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Boiano (1652–1653) (d. 1653) October 4 – Giovanni Paolo Oliva, Italian Jesuit (d. 1681) November – John Ogilby, English writer and cartographer (d. 1676) November 15 – Aniello Falcone, Italian Baroque painter (d. 1665) November 19 Lieuwe van Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (d. 1669) Charles I of England (d. 1649) December 12 – Denis of the Nativity, French sailor and cartographer (d. 1638) December 14 – Anna Magdalene of Hanau, German countess (d. 1673) December 15 – Selius Marselis, Dutch/Norwegian tradesman (d. 1663) December 20 – Nicolas Sanson, French cartographer (d. 1667) December – Marie de Rohan, French courtier and political activist (d. 1679) Date unknown Marin le Roy de Gomberville, French poet and novelist (d. 1674) Anna Alojza Ostrogska, Polish noblewoman (d. 1654) William Prynne, English Puritan politician (d. 1669) Brian Walton, English bishop and scholar (d. 1661) Probable Martine Bertereau, French mineralogist Jonas Bronck, Swedish colonist in America (d. 1643) Dud Dudley, first Englishman to smelt iron ore with coke (d. 1684) Piaras Feiritéar, Irish language poet (d. 1653) Samuel Hartlib, British scholar (d. 1662) Claude Lorrain, French Baroque painter, draughtsman and engraver (d. 1682) Samuel Rutherford, Scottish theologian and controversialist (d. 1660) Deaths January–March January 9 – John Spencer, English landowner and politician (b. 1549) January 21 – Jerzy Radziwiłł, Polish–Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic) from the Radziwiłł family (b. 1556) February 9 – John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania, Protestant Bishop of Cammin (1567–1574) and ruling Duke of Pomerania (1569–1600) (b. 1542) February 15 – José de Acosta, Spanish Jesuit missionary and naturalist (b. 1540) February 17 – Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher (burned at the stake) (b. 1548) February 25 – Sebastian | recorded in South America. March 20 – Linköping Bloodbath: Five Swedish nobles are publicly executed by decapitation and Polish–Swedish King Sigismund III Vasa is de facto deposed as ruler of Sweden. April 19 – The first Dutch ship ever to arrive in Japan, the Liefde ("Love"), anchors in Sashifu, in the Bungo Province (modern-day Usuki in Ōita Prefecture). The sailors present on this ship are William Adams, Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn, Jacob Quaeckernaeck and Melchior van Santvoort. May 27 – Michael the Brave becomes ruler of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia, formally uniting the three Danubian Principalities under one Romanian ruler. July–December July 2 – Eighty Years' War (Dutch War of Independence) – Battle of Nieuwpoort: The Dutch Republic gains a tactical victory over the Spanish Empire. August 5 – The brothers Alexander Ruthven and John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, are killed during a failed attempt to kidnap or murder King James VI of Scotland at their home. Autumn Thessaly rebellion: Greeks in Thessaly, incited by Bishop Dionysios Skylosophos, attempt to rebel against the Ottoman Empire. A Persian embassy arrives in Prague and meets with Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. October 6 – Première of Jacopo Peri's Euridice, the earliest known fully surviving work of modern opera, produced by Emilio de' Cavalieri for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in Florence. October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara in Japan: Tokugawa Ieyasu gains nominal control over the whole country. December 31 – The East India Company is granted a Royal Charter in the Kingdom of England for trade with Asia. Date unknown Approximate date – The Lutheran orthodox campaign intensifies, to reinforce the Book of Concord. Caister Castle in England falls into ruin. Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan. William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 2, Henry V, The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream and Much Ado About Nothing are published in London. William Gilbert publishes De Magnete, one of the first significant scientific books published in England, describing the Earth's magnetic field, and the beginning of modern geomagnetism. Fabritio Caroso's dance manual Nobiltà de dame is published. Births January–March January 1 – Friedrich Spanheim, Calvinistic theology professor at the University of Leiden (d. 1649) January 17 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish playwright (d. 1681) January 22 – Elisabet Juliana Banér, Swedish noble (d. 1640) January 23 – Alexander Keirincx, Flemish painter (d. 1652) January 28 – Pope Clement IX (d. 1669) February – Edmund Calamy the Elder, English Presbyterian (d. 1666) February 1 – Johan Evertsen, Dutch admiral (d. 1666) February 2 – Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (d. 1653) February 6 – Matthew Brend, English landowner (d. 1659) February 9 – Jean-Joseph Surin, French Jesuit writer (d. 1665) February 24 – Manuel António of Portugal, Dutch-Portuguese nobleman (d. 1666) February 26 – Matsudaira Norinaga, Japanese daimyō (d. 1654) March 3 George Ghica, Prince of Wallachia (d. 1664) Robert Roberthin, German poet (d. 1648) March 19 – Anders Bille, Danish general (d. 1657) March 26 – Matthew Marvin, Sr., Connecticut settler (d. 1678) April–June April 11 – Jacques Buteux, French missionary (d. 1652) April 13 – Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Altenburg, colonel in the Saxon Army (d. 1632) April 22 – Alessandro dal Borro, Austrian Field Marshal (d. 1656) May 25 – Thomas Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Haddington, Scottish noble (d. 1640) May 31 – Empress Xiaoduanwen of the Qing Dynasty (d. 1649) June 26 Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet, English Royalist leader (baptised; d. 1658) Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Spanish politician, clergyman (d. 1659) June 29 – Maria Maddalena de' Medici, Italian princess (d. 1633) July–September July 1 – George Gobat, French theologian (d. 1679) July 15 – Jan Cossiers, Flemish painter (d. 1671) July 20 – Sir Edward Acton, 1st Baronet, |
Texas Constitution provided specifically that Africans and "the descendants of Africans" will not be considered "citizens of the republic". March 16 – Freedom's Journal, the first African-American owned and published newspaper in the United States, is founded in New York City by John Russwurm. March 26 – German composer Ludwig van Beethoven dies in Vienna, after a prolonged illness. Thousands of citizens line the streets for the funeral procession 3 days later. April–June April 7–8 – Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels in a major naval engagement. April 10 – UK: George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as British Prime Minister. April 23 – John Galt founded the town of Guelph, Upper Canada. April 24 – Greek War of Independence – Battle of Phaleron: Ottoman troops defeat the Greek rebels. April 26–May 24 – The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer Curaçao makes the first Transatlantic Crossing by steam, from Hellevoetsluis to Paramaribo. April 29 – The Fly Whisk Incident in Ottoman Algeria: Hussein Dey slaps French consul Pierre Deval on the face, eventually leading to the Invasion of Algiers in 1830. May 1 – Georg Ohm published the famous book Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet (tr., The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically). In which the Ohm law appeared for the very first time. May 20–July 9 – Zarafa, a giraffe presented by the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France, the first to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, walks from Marseilles to Paris. May 21 – The Maryland Democratic Party is founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson in Baltimore, and hosts its first meeting at the Baltimore Atheneum. May 25 – Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru receives a French patent, for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge. June 4 – French inventor Joseph Niépce sends a package to Louis Daguerre, revealing the existence of his invention, "heliography", where an image can be reproduced onto a pewter plate and then reprinted. In 1829, the two will begin a partnership, and Daguerre will perfect Niépce's photographic process to reproduce images more quickly. June 7 – Greek defenders in Athens surrender to Egyptian forces, under the command of General Rashid Pasha. July–September July 6 – Greek War of Independence: The Treaty of London between France, Britain, and Russia, demands that the Turks agree to an armistice in Greece. July 14 – The Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu is founded in the Kingdom of Hawaii. August 31 – UK: Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, becomes Prime Minister of the UK, following the death of George Canning. September 4 – Finland: The Great Fire of Turku destroys ¾ of the city, with 27 human casualties. September 20 – A petition for a land grant for 215 acres on the north bank of Rio Grande, just across from Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez), is approved; the first residence is built on what is present-day El Paso, Texas. September 22 – Joseph Smith will claim in 1838 that on this day he took the golden plates from the place where they were stored, and that he began writing down the Book of Mormon from them the following December. October–December September 30 – Battle of Itea: a naval battle fought on in the Gulf of Corinth, during the Greek War of Independence. October 1 – Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Eastern Armenia. October 20 – Greek War of Independence – Battle of Navarino: British, French, and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone. November – The term "socialist" is coined by Robert Owen in his London periodical, The Co-operative Magazine and Monthly Herald. November 24 – Voting is completed in elections for France's 430 member Chamber of Deputies. The Ultraroyalistes, supporters of King Charles X, lose their 233-seat majority and finish with 180 seats, the same number as the opposition Doctrinaires. December 20 – Mexico passes its first "expulsion law", providing for citizens of Spain to be expelled within the next six months, and to remain barred from re-entry until the Kingdom of Spain recognizes Mexico's 1810 declaration of independence. Ultimately, because of all the exemptions within the expulsion act, only 1,779 of the 6,610 Spaniards were required to | place where they were stored, and that he began writing down the Book of Mormon from them the following December. October–December September 30 – Battle of Itea: a naval battle fought on in the Gulf of Corinth, during the Greek War of Independence. October 1 – Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Eastern Armenia. October 20 – Greek War of Independence – Battle of Navarino: British, French, and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone. November – The term "socialist" is coined by Robert Owen in his London periodical, The Co-operative Magazine and Monthly Herald. November 24 – Voting is completed in elections for France's 430 member Chamber of Deputies. The Ultraroyalistes, supporters of King Charles X, lose their 233-seat majority and finish with 180 seats, the same number as the opposition Doctrinaires. December 20 – Mexico passes its first "expulsion law", providing for citizens of Spain to be expelled within the next six months, and to remain barred from re-entry until the Kingdom of Spain recognizes Mexico's 1810 declaration of independence. Ultimately, because of all the exemptions within the expulsion act, only 1,779 of the 6,610 Spaniards were required to leave. Date unknown Laos: King Anouvong of Vientiane leads the Laotian Rebellion against Siam, and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima (the Siamese later invade Vientiane, and nearly destroy the whole city). Messenger of Peace built on Rarotonga by English Congregationalist John Williams to spread Christianity to Samoa and the Society Islands on behalf of the London Missionary Society. Englishman John Walker invents the first friction match, which he names Lucifer. Egypt: Cairo University School of Medicine is established as the first African medical school in the Middle East. John James Audubon begins publication of the 10-volume The Birds of America, in the United Kingdom. Births January–June January 7 – Sir Sandford Fleming, Scottish-Canadian engineer, inventor (d. 1915) January 10 – Amanda Cajander, Finnish medical reformer (d. 1871) January 28 – Jean Antoine Villemin, French physician (d. 1892) February 17 – Elisabeth Blomqvist, Swedish-Finnish educator, feminist (d. 1901) March 7 – John Hall Gladstone, English chemist (d. 1902) March 8 – Wilhelm Bleek, German linguist (d. 1875) March 25 – Stephen Luce, American admiral (d. 1917) April 2 – William Holman Hunt, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1910) April 5 – Joseph Lister, English surgeon, medical pioneer (d. 1912) April 8 – Ramón Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, medical doctor and diplomat (d. 1898) May 11 – Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, French sculptor, painter (d. 1875) May 19 – Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour, French statesman (d. 1896) May 21 – William P. Sprague, American politician from Ohio (d. 1899) May 27 – Samuel F. Miller, American politician (d. 1892) May 31 – Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, British general (d. 1905) June 11 – Natalie Zahle, Danish educator, women's rights activist (d. 1913) June 12 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss author (d. 1901) June 13 – Alberto Henschel, German-Brazilian photographer, businessman (d. 1882) June 24 – Louis Brière de l'Isle, French general (d. 1897) June 26 – Amédée Courbet, French admiral (d. 1885) July–December July 17 – Sir Frederick Augustus Abel, British chemist (d. 1902) July 18 – Mangal Pandey, Indian soldier (d. 1857) July 24 – Francisco Solano López, President of Paraguay (d. 1870) August 5 – Deodoro da Fonseca, 1st President of Brazil (d. 1892) August 23 – Lord John Hay, British admiral and politician (d. 1916) August 28 – Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia, granddaughter of Tsar Paul I (d. 1894) September 3 – John Drew Sr., Irish-American stage actor, manager (d. 1862) September 27 – Georgiana Archer, German (originally Scottish) women's rights activist and educator (d. 1882) September 30 – Ellis H. Roberts, American politician (d. 1918) October 12 – Josiah Parsons Cooke, American chemist (d. 1894) October 16 – Arnold Böcklin, Swiss painter (d. 1901) October 25 – Marcellin Berthelot, French chemist (d. 1907) October 29 – Antonio Borrero, 10th President of Ecuador (d. 1911) November 1 – Friedrich Haase, German actor (d. 1911) November 7 – Antti Ahlström, Finnish industrialist (d. 1896) November 18 – Mehmed Ali Pasha, Prussian-born Ottoman military leader (d. 1878) November 26 – Ellen G. White, American religious leader, cofounder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (d. 1915) November 29 – William Crichton, Scottish engineer and shipbuilder (d. 1889) December 3 Jain Acharya Rajendrasuri, Indian religious reformer (d. 1906) Lombe Atthill, Northern Irish obstetrician and gynaecologist (d. 1910) December 17 – Baron |
the Republic". August 10 – Diogo Dias discovers an island which he names St Lawrence (after the saint's day on which it was first sighted), later to be known as Madagascar. November 11 – Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them. November 16 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara accedes to the throne of Meiō era Japan. December 24 – The Siege of the Castle of St. George ends, and the island of Cephalonia is captured by a joint Venetian–Spanish fleet. December 31 – The last incunable is printed in Venice. Date unknown Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million people (Spielvogel). Saxony's mint at Annaberg begins producing guldengroschens. Although other reports exist, it is thought that the last wolf in England was killed this year, making the species extinct in that country. The wolf is thought to have been killed in Allithwaite, in Cumbria. However, reports of wolf sightings and laws concerning wolf bounties existed in rural areas of the north until the 18th century. A group of Māori migrated east from the New Zealand mainland to the Chatham Islands, developing a distinct pacificist culture known as the Moriori (approx date) Births January 1 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (d. 1532) January 6 – John of Ávila, Spanish mystic and saint (d. 1569) January 20 – Jean Quintin, French priest, knight and writer (d. 1561) February 7 – João de Castro, Portuguese nobleman and fourth viceroy of Portuguese India (d. 1548) February 22 – Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi, Italian humanist (d. 1564) February 24 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558) March 12 – Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1558) April 12 – Joachim Camerarius, German classical scholar (d. 1574) April 23 Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian (d. 1565) Johann Stumpf, Swiss writer (d. 1576) April 27 – Louis, Count of Vaudémont, Italian bishop (d. 1528) May 17 – Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1540) June 13 – Ernest of Bavaria, pledge lord of the County of Glatz (d. 1560) July 2 – Federico Cesi (cardinal), Italian cardinal (d. 1565) July 20 – Lorenzo Cybo, Italian condottiero (d. 1549) August 16 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte), Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d. 1532) September 5 – Maria of Jever, last ruler of the Lordship of Jever (d. 1575) September 7 – Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk and martyr (d. 1535) September 17 – Sebastiano Antonio Pighini, Italian cardinal (d. 1553) September 26 – Ludovica Torelli, Count of Guastalla (d. 1569) October 17 – Alonso de Orozco Mena, Spanish Roman Catholic priest (d. 1591) November 3 – Benvenuto Cellini, Italian goldsmith and sculptor (d. 1571) December 6 – Nicolaus Mameranus, Luxembourgian soldier and historian (d. 1567) probable Johannes Aal, Swiss theologian and composer (d. 1553) Charles Dumoulin, French jurist (d. 1566) Wu Cheng'en, Chinese novelist (d. 1582) Heinrich Faber, German music theorist (d. 1552) Francisco de Moraes, Portuguese writer (d. 1572) Mem de Sá, Governor-General of Brazil (d. 1572) Jeanne de la Font, French poet and culture patron (d. 1532) Ming the clam, longest living ocean quahog was born | Brazil, and claims the land for the Kingdom of Portugal. He had 13 vessels with him. July–December July 14 – The Muscovites defeat the Lithuanians and the Poles in the Battle of Vedrosha. August – : The Turkish fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians in the Second Battle of Lepanto. The Turks proceed to capture Modon and Coron, the "two eyes of the Republic". August 10 – Diogo Dias discovers an island which he names St Lawrence (after the saint's day on which it was first sighted), later to be known as Madagascar. November 11 – Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them. November 16 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara accedes to the throne of Meiō era Japan. December 24 – The Siege of the Castle of St. George ends, and the island of Cephalonia is captured by a joint Venetian–Spanish fleet. December 31 – The last incunable is printed in Venice. Date unknown Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million people (Spielvogel). Saxony's mint at Annaberg begins producing guldengroschens. Although other reports exist, it is thought that the last wolf in England was killed this year, making the species extinct in that country. The wolf is thought to have been killed in Allithwaite, in Cumbria. However, reports of wolf sightings and laws concerning wolf bounties existed in rural areas of the north until the 18th century. A group of Māori migrated east from the New Zealand mainland to the Chatham Islands, developing a distinct pacificist culture known as the Moriori (approx date) Births January 1 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (d. 1532) January 6 – John of Ávila, Spanish mystic and saint (d. 1569) January 20 – Jean Quintin, French priest, knight and writer (d. 1561) February 7 – João de Castro, Portuguese nobleman and fourth viceroy of Portuguese India (d. 1548) February 22 – Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi, Italian humanist (d. 1564) February 24 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558) March 12 – Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1558) April 12 – Joachim Camerarius, German classical scholar (d. 1574) April 23 Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian |
independence: Brazil declares its independence from Portugal. September 8–13 – Battle of Nauplia: In a series of naval engagements, the Ottoman Fleet fails to break through the Greek Fleet, under Admiral Andreas Vokos Miaoulis. September 11 – Galileo Galilei's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) is permitted by the Roman Catholic Church to be published. September 16 George Canning is appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The Constituent Congress of Peru begins its first session. September 22 – Portugal approves its first Constitution. September 27 – Jean-François Champollion announces his success in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs, using the Rosetta Stone, in a letter to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris (based on the work of Thomas Young). October–December October 8 – The Galunggung volcano erupts on West Java, and is followed four days later by a second, more violent outburst; the two events kill more than 4,000 people and destroy 114 villages. October 12 – Pedro, Crown Prince of Portugal, is declared the constitutional Emperor of Brazil, as Pedro the First. October 31 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire dissolves the country's Congress of the Union, and replaces it with a military junta. October–December – Congress of Verona: Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain. November 9 – Action of 9 November 1822: engages three pirate schooners off Cuba, as part of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States. November 13 Greek War of Independence: Nafplio falls to the Greek rebels. The Congregation of St. Basil founded in France. November 19 – An earthquake near Valparaíso, Chile kills around 200, causes a tsunami and raises the coastal area. November 22 – A fire in Guangzhou (Canton) kills 500 people, and destroys 13,070 homes and several European-owned businesses. December 1 – Pedro I is crowned, as the first Emperor of Brazil. Date unknown The Rocky Mountain Fur Company (Ashley's Hundred) leave from St. Louis, Missouri, setting off a major increase in fur trade. Coffee is no longer banned in Sweden. Births January–June January 2 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (d. 1888) January 6 Menyhért Lónyay, 5th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1884) Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (d. 1890) January 9 – Carol Benesch, Silesian and Romanian architect (d. 1896) January 12 – Étienne Lenoir, Belgian engineer (d. 1900) January 25 – Charles Reed Bishop, American businessman, philanthropist in Hawaii (d. 1915) January 28 – Alexander Mackenzie, 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1892) February 4 – Edward Fitzgerald Beale, American Navy Lieutenant, explorer (d. 1893) February 16 – Sir Francis Galton, English biologist (d. 1911) c. March – Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross), African-American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (d. 1913) March 14 – Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, Empress consort of Brazil (d. 1889) April 3 – Edward Everett Hale, American writer (d. 1909) April 26 – Frederick Law Olmsted, American landscape architect (d. 1903) April 27 – Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States (d. 1885) May 3 – István Bittó, 7th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1903) May 18 – Mathew Brady, American photographer (d. 1896) May 20 – Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912) May 26 – Edmond de Goncourt, French writer (d. 1896) May 11 – Henry Baker Tristram, English clergyman, ornithologist. (d. 1906) June 10 – John Jacob Astor III, American businessman (d. 1890) July–December July 4 – Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume, French sculptor (d. 1905) July 19 – Princess Augusta of Cambridge (d. 1916) July 20 – Gregor Mendel, Czech geneticist (d. 1884) July 21 – Elizabeth Herbert, Baroness Herbert of Lea, English Catholic writer, translator, philanthropist, and influential social figure (d. 1911) July 25 – Andrew Bryson, American admiral (d. 1892) August 27 – William Hayden English, American politician (d. 1896) September 22 – Avraamy Aslanbegov, Russian admiral and historian (d. 1900) October 4 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (d. 1893) October 6 – Benjamin F. Isherwood, American admiral, United States Navy Engineer-in-Chief (d. 1915) December 10 – César Franck, Belgian composer, organist (d. 1890) December 24 – Matthew Arnold, English poet (d. 1888) December 27 – Louis Pasteur, French microbiologist, chemist (d. 1895) Deaths January–June January 10 – Bathilde d'Orléans, French princess (b. 1750) January 16 – Elisabeth Berenberg, German banker (b. 1749) January 21 – Marie Aimée Lullin, Swiss entomologist (b. 1751) January 24 – Ali Pasha of Yanina, ruler of European Turkey (b. 1741) February 10 – Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (b. 1738) February 20 – John "Walking" Stewart, English traveller, philosopher (b. 1747) February 24 – Thomas Coutts, British banker (b. 1735) February 27 – John Borlase Warren, British admiral (b. 1753) March 1 – Jack Jouett, American politician (b. | in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Dominican Republic. February 24 – The first Swaminarayan temple, Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir at Ahmedabad in the British Raj, is inaugurated. March 19 – The Holy Alliance sends the Ottoman Empire a final ultimatum after Ottoman repression of Austrian subjects in Bucharest during the Wallachian uprising, otherwise facing war with Austria. March 19 – Boston, Massachusetts becomes a city following a vote. March 31 – Greek War of Independence – Chios massacre: 20,000 Greeks on the island of Chios are slaughtered by Ottoman troops, and 23,000 exiled. April–June April 25 – The American Colonization Society lands at Cape Mesurado on the West African coast, after purchasing of coastline. The settlement will soon become Monrovia, as the nation of Liberia is established to fill the ACS mission of freeing black American slaves and sending them "back to Africa". April 30 – President of the Board of Control George Canning moves, in the House of Commons, to repeal a law that prohibited Roman Catholic peers from sitting or voting in the House of Lords; the motion passes, 235–223, on its second reading, but the House of Lords declines to pass it. May 16 - Nair's the upper caste in British Raj attack Sandar women for covering their upper body and breasts. May 24 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito. May 25 – Christos Palaskas and Alexis Noutsos are executed by Odysseas Androutsos' forces. May 26 – Grue Church fire: 116 people are killed, in the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history. June 6 – Alexis St. Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, which leads the way to William Beaumont's studies on digestion. June 18 – Greek War of Independence: Konstantinos Kanaris blows up the Ottoman navy's flagship at Chios, killing the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha. July–September July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a difference engine, a forerunner of the modern computer, for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship (1823–32), but it will never be completed. July 8 – The Chippewas turn over a huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom. July 13 – Greek War of Independence: Greeks defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae. July 26 – Guayaquil Conference: José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar. July 27 – Guayaquil Conference: Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil, which Bolívar later annexes. July 31 – The last public whipping is carried out in Edinburgh. August 12 – St David's College (the modern-day University of Wales, Lampeter) is founded in Wales by Thomas Burgess, Bishop of St David's. August 15–29 – The Visit of King George IV to Scotland takes place. August 22 – English ship Orion lands at Yerba Buena, now named San Francisco, under the command of William A. Richardson. September 7 – Brazilian independence: Brazil declares its independence from Portugal. September 8–13 – Battle of Nauplia: In a series of naval engagements, the Ottoman Fleet fails to break through the Greek Fleet, under Admiral Andreas Vokos Miaoulis. September 11 – Galileo Galilei's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) is permitted by the Roman Catholic Church to be published. September 16 George Canning is appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The Constituent Congress of Peru begins its first session. September 22 – Portugal approves its first Constitution. September 27 – Jean-François Champollion announces his success in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs, using the Rosetta Stone, in a letter to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris (based on the work of Thomas Young). October–December October 8 – The Galunggung volcano erupts on West Java, and is followed four days later by a second, more violent outburst; the two events kill more than 4,000 people and destroy 114 villages. October 12 – Pedro, Crown Prince of Portugal, is declared the constitutional Emperor of Brazil, as Pedro the First. October 31 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire dissolves the country's Congress of the Union, and replaces it with a military junta. October–December – Congress of Verona: Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain. November 9 – Action of 9 November 1822: engages three pirate schooners off Cuba, as part of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States. November 13 Greek War of Independence: Nafplio falls to the Greek rebels. The Congregation of St. Basil founded in France. November 19 – An earthquake near Valparaíso, Chile kills around 200, causes a tsunami and raises the coastal area. November 22 – A fire in Guangzhou (Canton) kills 500 people, and destroys 13,070 homes and several European-owned businesses. December 1 – Pedro I is crowned, as the first Emperor of Brazil. Date unknown The Rocky Mountain Fur Company (Ashley's Hundred) leave from St. Louis, Missouri, setting off a major increase in fur trade. Coffee is no longer banned in Sweden. Births January–June January 2 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (d. 1888) January 6 Menyhért Lónyay, 5th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1884) Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (d. 1890) January 9 – Carol Benesch, Silesian and Romanian architect |
the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops. February 2 – Pope Gregory XVI succeeds Pope Pius VIII, as the 254th pope. February 5 – Dutch naval lieutenant Jan van Speyk blows up his own gunboat in Antwerp rather than strike his colours on the demand of supporters of the Belgian Revolution. February 7 – The Belgian Constitution of 1831 is approved by the National Congress. February 8 - Aimé Bonpland leaves Paraguay. February 14 – Battle of Debre Abbay: Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray, and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis. February 20 – Battle of Olszynka Grochowska (Grochów): Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army. March 10 – The French Foreign Legion is founded. March 16 – Victor Hugo's historical romantic Gothic novel Notre-Dame de Paris, known in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, is published in Paris. March 29 – The Bosnian uprising (1831–32) against the Ottoman Empire begins. April–June April 7 – Pedro I abdicates as Emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years. April 18 The University of Alabama is founded. The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper is first published, as the Sydney Herald. April 27 Charles Albert becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King Charles Felix. Ending of the First Anglo-Ashanti War (1823–1831). May 26 – Battle of Ostrołęka: The Poles fight another indecisive battle. May 31 – Auxiliary paddle steamer Sophia Jane arrives at Sydney from London, becoming the first steamboat to operate in the coastal waters of New South Wales. May–June – Merthyr Rising: Coal miners and others riot in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, for improved working conditions. June 1 – British Royal Navy officer James Clark Ross locates the position of the North Magnetic Pole, on the Boothia Peninsula. June 21 – The North Carolina State House and Canova's George Washington are destroyed by fire in Raleigh, North Carolina. July–September July 13 – Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt Regulamentul Organic, introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania. July 15 – The volcanic Graham Island briefly emerges in the Mediterranean. July 21 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians, in Brussels. August 2 – The Dutch Ten Days' Campaign against Belgium is halted by a French army. August 7 – American Baptist minister William Miller preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States. August 21 – Nat Turner's slave rebellion in the United States breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia. August 29 – Michael Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction. September 6–8 – Battle of Warsaw: The Russians take the Polish capital and crush resistance. September 8 – Coronation of King William IV of the United Kingdom (he will reign until 1837). September 22 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Great Reform Bill to expand the franchise, but this is later defeated in the House of Lords. September 26–28: The first national presidential nominating convention is held in the United States, by the Anti-Masonic Party, in Baltimore, Maryland. October–December October 9 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greek head of state and founder of Greek independence, is assassinated in Nafplion. October 29 – The 1831 Bristol riots ("Queen Square riots") in Bristol (England) begin, in connection with the Great Reform Bill controversy. Quelled by the authorities and the military on October 31, 100 city centre properties are destroyed, at least 120 are estimated to have been killed, 31 of the rioters will be sentenced to death and a colonel facing court-martial for failure to control the riot commits suicide. October 30 – In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history. November 7 – Slave trading is forbidden in Brazil. November 17 – Ecuador and Venezuela are separated from Gran Colombia. November 22 – First Canut Revolt: After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France. December 26 – Global financial services business Assicurazioni Generali is founded in Trieste (at this time in the Austrian Empire) as Imperial Regia Privilegiata Compagnia di Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche. December 27 The Baptist War (Christmas Rebellion) begins in Jamaica, with the setting afire of the Kensington House in St James Parish, inspiring thousands of black slaves to revolt against their British masters. At its peak, more than 20,000 people will be involved, and more than 500 killed. Charles Darwin embarks from Plymouth on his historic voyage aboard . December 31 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York | reformer, poet (d. 1897) January 7 – Heinrich von Stephan, German postal union organizer (d. 1897) January 11 – Pope Cyril V of Alexandria (d. 1927) January 26 – Heinrich Anton de Bary, German botanist, mycologist (d. 1888) February 12 – Myra Bradwell, American lawyer, political activist (d. 1894) February 24 – Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1899) March 3 Gioacchino La Lomia, Italian Roman Catholic priest and venerable (d. 1905) George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (d. 1897) March 6 – Philip Sheridan, American general (d. 1888) March 12 – Clement Studebaker, American automobile pioneer (d. 1901) March 16 – Elise Hwasser, Swedish actress (d. 1894) April 3 – Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1909) April 6 – Nire Kagenori, Japanese admiral (d. 1900) April 19 – Mary Louise Booth, American writer, editor and translator (d. 1889) May 7 – Richard Norman Shaw, British architect (d. 1912) June 1 – John Bell Hood, American Confederate general (d. 1879) June 2 – Jan Gerard Palm, Curaçao-born composer (d. 1906) June 7 – Amelia Edwards, English journalist and author (d. 1892) June 13 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist (d. 1879) June 28 – Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (d. 1907) July–December July 8 – John Pemberton, American inventor of Coca-Cola (d. 1888) July 9 – Wilhelm His Sr., Swiss anatomist (d. 1904) July 17 – Xianfeng Emperor of China (d. 1861) July 22 – Emperor Kōmei of Japan (d. 1867) August 12 – Helena Blavatsky, Russian-born author, theosophist (d. 1891) August 16 – Ebenezer Cobb Morley, English sportsman and the father of modern football (d. 1924) August 20 – Eduard Suess, Austrian geologist (d. 1914) August 28 – Lucy Webb Hayes, First Lady of the United States (d. 1889) September 3 – States Rights Gist, Confederate Brigadier General in the American Civil War (d. 1864) September 8 – Wilhelm Raabe, German novelist (d. 1910) September 18 – Siegfried Marcus, German-born automobile pioneer (d. 1898) September 20 – Kate Harrington, American teacher, writer and poet (d. 1917) September 29 – John Schofield, American general (d. 1906) October 6 – Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (d. 1916) October 14 – Samuel W. Johnson, British railway engineer (d. 1912) October 16 – Lucy Stanton, American abolitionist (d. 1910) October 18 – Frederick III, German Emperor (d. 1888) October 29 – Othniel Charles Marsh, American paleontologist (d. 1899) October 31 Paolo Mantegazza, Italian neurologist, physiologist, anthropologist, and author of fiction (d. 1910) Romualdo Pacheco, Governor of California (d. 1899) November 1 – Sir Harry Atkinson, 10th Premier of New Zealand (d. 1892) November 5 – Anna Leonowens (Anna of The King and I) (d. 1915) November 7 – Mélanie Calvat, French Roman Catholic nun, Marian Visionary, and saint (d. 1904) November 19 – James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (d. 1881) December 1 – Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (d. 1853) December 14 – Arsenio Martínez Campos, Spanish general, revolutionary, and Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1900) December 19 – Bernice Pauahi Bishop, Hawaiian aliʻi (d. 1884) Date unknown Jacob W. Davis, (b. Jacob Youphes), Latvian-born American tailor, inventor of jeans (d. 1908) Sotirios Sotiropoulos, Greek economist, politician (d. 1898) Eugenia Kisimova, Bulgarian feminist, philanthropist, women's rights activist (d. 1885) Deaths January–June January 8 – Franz Krommer, Czech composer (b. 1759) January 21 – Ludwig Achim |
(.300) as the NATO standard was made. The FN company had also been involved in the development of the .280 round, including developing a version of the FN FAL in .280. Concerns about the recoil and overall effectiveness of 7.62 mm were overruled by the US, and the other NATO nations accepted that standardization was more important than selection of a cartridge that was otherwise ideal. The development of the cartridge that eventually became the .223 Remington (from which 5.56mm NATO would eventually be developed) would be intrinsically linked to the development of a new lightweight combat rifle. The cartridge and rifle were developed as one unit by Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms, and several engineers working toward a goal developed by U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC). Early development work began in 1957. A project to create a small-calibre, high-velocity (SCHV) firearm was created. Eugene Stoner of Armalite was invited to scale down the AR-10 (7.62mm) design. Winchester was also invited to participate. The parameters that were requested by CONARC: Springfield Armory's Earle Harvey lengthened the .222 Remington cartridge case to meet the requirements. It was then known as the .224 Springfield. Concurrently with the SCHV project, Springfield Armory was developing a 7.62mm rifle. Harvey was ordered to cease all work on the SCHV to avoid any competition of resources. Eugene Stoner of Armalite (a division of Fairchild Industries) had been advised to produce a scaled-down version of the 7.62mm AR-10 design. In May 1957 Stoner gave a live-fire demonstration of the prototype of the AR-15 for General Willard G. Wyman, Commander-in-Chief of CONARC. As a result, CONARC ordered rifles to test. Stoner and Sierra Bullet's Frank Snow began work on the .222 Remington cartridge. Using a ballistic calculator, they determined that a 55-grain bullet would have to be fired at to achieve the 500-yard performance necessary. Robert Hutton (technical editor of Guns & Ammo magazine) started development of a powder load to reach the goal. He used DuPont IMR4198, IMR3031, and an Olin powder to work up loads. Testing was done with a Remington 722 rifle with a 22-inch Apex barrel. During a public demonstration the round successfully penetrated the U.S. steel helmet as required. But testing showed chamber pressures to be excessively high. Stoner contacted both Winchester and Remington about increasing the case capacity. Remington created a larger cartridge called the ".222 Special", which was loaded with DuPont IMR4475 powder. During parallel testing of the T44E4 (future M14) and the AR-15 in 1958, the T44E4 experienced 16 failures per 1,000 rounds fired compared to 6.1 for the AR-15. Due to several different .222 caliber cartridges being developed for the SCHV project, the 222 Special was renamed .223 Remington in 1959. In May of that year, a report was produced stating that five- to seven-man squads armed with AR-15 rifles had higher hit probabilities than 11-man squads armed with M-14 rifles. At a picnic, Air Force General Curtis LeMay fired an AR-15 and was very impressed with it. He ordered a number of them to replace M2 carbines that were in use by the Air Force. By November, testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground showed that the AR-15 failure rate had declined to 2.5 failures per 1,000 rounds, resulting in the M-16 being approved for Air Force Trials. Marksmanship testing in 1961 comparing the M-16 to the M-14 indicated 43% of M-16 shooters achieved "expert" while only 22% of M-14 shooters did. General LeMay subsequently ordered 80,000 rifles. In the spring of 1962, Remington submitted the specifications of the .223 Remington to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). In July 1962, operational testing ended with a recommendation for adoption of the M-16 rifle chambered in 5.56 x 45mm. In September 1963, the .223 Remington cartridge was officially accepted and named "Cartridge, 5.56mm ball, M193." The specification includes a Remington-designed bullet and the use of IMR4475 powder which resulted in a muzzle velocity of and a chamber pressure of 52,000 psi. In 1970, NATO members signed an agreement to select a second, smaller caliber cartridge to replace the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. Of the cartridges tendered, the .223 Remington (M193) was the basis for a new design created by FN Herstal. The FN-created cartridge was named "5.56×45mm NATO" with a military designation of SS109 in NATO and M855 in the U.S. These new SS109 ball cartridges required a 228 mm (1-in-9 inch) twist rate while adequately stabilizing the longer L110 tracer projectile required an even faster, 178 mm (1-in-7 inch), twist rate. The Belgian 62 gr SS109 round was chosen for standardization as the second NATO standard rifle cartridge which led to the October 1980 STANAG 4172. The SS109 used a 62 gr full metal jacket bullet with a seven grain mild steel tip to move the center of gravity rearward, increasing flight stability and thereby the chances of striking the target tip-first at longer ranges, in part to meet a requirement that the bullet be able to penetrate through one side of a WWII U.S. M1 helmet at 800 meters (which was also the requirement for the 7.62×51mm NATO). An actual helmet was not used for developmental testing, but an SAE 1010 or SAE 1020 mild steel plate, positioned to be struck at exactly 90 degrees. It had a slightly lower muzzle velocity but better long-range performance due to higher sectional density and a superior drag coefficient. This requirement made the SS109 (M855) round less capable of fragmentation than the M193. The .223 Remington cartridge inspired an international tendency toward relatively small-sized, lightweight, high-velocity military service cartridges that allow a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight compared to their larger and heavier predecessor cartridges, have favourable maximum point-blank range or "battle zero" characteristics, and produce relatively low bolt thrust and free recoil impulse, favouring lightweight arms design and automatic fire accuracy. Similar intermediate cartridges were developed and adopted by the Soviet Union in 1974 (5.45×39mm) and by the People's Republic of China in 1987 (5.8×42mm). Cartridge dimensions The 5.56×45mm NATO has 1.85 ml (28.5 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. 5.56×45mm NATO maximum NATO cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm). The rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 177.8 mm (1 in 7 in), 6 grooves right hand twist, Ø lands = , Ø grooves = . According to STANAG 4172 and the official NATO proofing guidelines the 5.56×45mm NATO case can handle up to piezo service pressure. In NATO regulated organizations every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at to certify for service issue. STANAG 4172 defines the Belgian ball cartridge SS109 as the NATO reference cartridge and adds a considerable number of technical requirements like a minimum pressure of at the gas port down the long standard proof barrel and primer sensitivity that are not defined by civilian C.I.P. and SAAMI ammunition rulings and recommendations. The NATO military alliance uses a NATO-specific recognized class of procedures to control the safety and quality of firearms ammunition called NATO EPVAT testing. The civilian organisations C.I.P. and SAAMI use less comprehensive test procedures than NATO. The NATO Manual of Proof and Inspection AC/225 (LG/3-SG/1) D/8 stipulates each weapon and component considered vulnerable to the effects of a rapid change in pressure, for example barrels, breech blocks and bolts, will be tested by firing one dry round at a corrected minimum of 25% over pressure and one oiled round at a corrected minimum of 25% over pressure. Over pressure of 25% means 25% in excess of the service pressure resulting for the 5.56×45mm NATO up to (Pmax) piezo service pressure. The service pressure is defined as the mean pressure generated by the service cartridge at a temperature of . Such a high pressure proof is conducted with both the weapon and ammunition conditioned to an ambient temperature of . Each weapon will be individually tested, from an ammunition lot that produces a minimum corrected mean chamber pressure. The corrected proof pressure requirement (service pressure (Pmax) + 25%) for the 5.56×45mm NATO like the STANAG 4172 is (PE) piezo pressure. This pressure has to be recorded in a NATO-design EPVAT barrel with Kistler 6215 transducer, HPI GP6 Transducer or by equipment to C.I.P. requirements. The US SAAMI lists maximum average pressure (MAP) for the .223 Remington cartridge as piezo pressure with deviation of up to . Rifle barrel configurations When 5.56×45mm NATO was adopted as standard in 1980, NATO chose a 178 mm (1:7) rifling twist rate for the 5.56×45mm NATO chambering to adequately stabilize the relatively long NATO L110/M856 5.56×45mm NATO tracer projectile. The US at that time converted all rifles in inventory by replacing the barrels and all new US military rifles since have been manufactured with this ratio. In the US builders of AR type rifles can specify barrels with either .223 Remington, .223 Wylde, 223 Noveske, or 5.56×45mm NATO chambers in lengths from pistol (7.5") to long rifle (24"). These barrels are also available with rifling ranging from 356 mm (1-in-14") to 178 mm (1-in-7"). US makers are moving toward 5.56×45mm NATO and 178 mm (1-in-7"), which will ensure the least liability. Bolt action rifles have few options in this regard. Those chambered for .223 Remington may not have a fast enough rifling to stabilize the longer 5.56×45mm NATO bullets which range up to 77 gr. Some hunting loads of .223 Remington go to 90 grains. Performance The 5.56×45mm NATO SS109/M855 cartridge (NATO: SS109; U.S.: M855) with standard 62 gr. lead core bullets with steel penetrator will penetrate about into soft tissue in ideal circumstances. As with all spitzer shaped projectiles, it is prone to yaw in soft tissue. However, at impact velocities above roughly , it may yaw and then fragment at the cannelure (the crimping groove around the cylinder of the bullet). These fragments can disperse through flesh and bone, inflicting additional internal injuries. Fragmentation, if and when it occurs, imparts much greater damage to human tissue than bullet dimensions and velocities would suggest. This fragmentation effect is highly dependent on velocity, and therefore barrel length: short-barreled carbines generate less muzzle velocity and therefore lose wounding effectiveness at much shorter ranges than longer-barreled rifles. Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the shockwave from a high-velocity bullet results in wounding effects beyond the tissue directly crushed and torn by the bullet and fragments. However, others argue that tissue damage from hydrostatic shock is a myth. Critics argue that sonic pressure waves do not cause tissue disruption and that temporary cavity formation is the actual cause of tissue disruption mistakenly attributed to sonic pressure waves. SS109/M855 NATO ball can penetrate up to of steel at 600 meters. According to Nammo, a Finnish-Norwegian ammunition producer, the 5.56×45mm NATO M995 armour piercing cartridge can penetrate up to of RHA steel at 100 meters. The US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory measured a ballistic coefficient (G7 BC) of 0.151 and form factor (G7 i) of 1.172 for the SS109/M855 ball projectile. The Swedish military has measured the bullet velocities of SS109/M855 military cartridges at from the muzzle fired from differing barrel lengths. Criticism There has been much debate of the allegedly poor performance of the bullet on target in regard to stopping power, lethality, and range. Some of this criticism has been used to advocate an intermediate-sized cartridge between the 5.56 and 7.62 NATO sizes while criticisms of poor barrier penetration, and accuracy have been used to support the M855A1 EPR round. Arguably, the criticisms about range, accuracy and lethality are related to the change in barrel length and twist between the M16 and M4. The earlier 5.56 rounds (M855/SS109 and the original M193) were optimized for a barrel with a 1:12 twist. The shorter barrel of the M4 carbine (with a 1:7 twist) generates lower muzzle velocity, reducing the likelihood that the bullet will upset (yaw, fragment, or expand) in the target and resulting in less significant wounds. The 5.56×45mm NATO standard SS109/M855 cartridge was designed for maximum performance when fired from a long barrel, as was the original 5.56 mm M193 cartridge. Experiments with longer length barrels up to resulted in no improvement or a decrease in muzzle velocities for the SS109/M855 cartridge. Shorter barrels produce a greater flash and noise signature, and the addition of a suppressor to a short barreled AR family rifle can make it unreliable, as the reduced time for the propellant to burn in the barrel and higher muzzle pressure levels at the suppressor entrance can cause faster cycling and feeding issues. Unless the gas port can be regulated or adjusted for higher pressures, suppressors for short barreled 5.56×45mm NATO firearms must be larger and heavier than models for standard length rifles to function reliably. SS109/M855 cartridges fired from barrels under about in length do not have enough muzzle velocity energy to cause extreme damage that occurs only at terminal velocities of over on impact, reducing the wounding capacity. Compared to larger calibers, proponents of the 5.56×45mm NATO round contend that animal studies of the wounding effects of the 5.56×45mm NATO round versus the 7.62×39mm have found that the 5.56×45mm NATO round is more damaging, due to the post-impact behavior of the 5.56 mm projectile resulting in greater cavitation of soft tissues. The US Army contended in 2003 that the lack of close range lethality of the 5.56×45mm NATO was more a matter of perception than fact. With controlled pairs and good shot placement to the head and chest, the target was usually defeated without issue. The majority of failures were the result of hitting the target in non-vital areas such as extremities. However, a minority of failures occurred in spite of multiple hits to the chest. Some have contended that shot placement is the most important parameter in determining the lethality of a bullet. Difficulty with the 5.56×45mm NATO at long ranges has been attributed to training; Swedish ISAF units relied on .50 BMG heavy machine guns for long-range shooting due to resilience to factors such as range and wind drift. Underperformance is thus attributed to errors in range and wind estimation, target lead, firing position, and stress under fire, factors that can be resolved through training. Improvements Advances have been made in 5.56 mm ammunition. The U.S. military had adopted for limited issue a 77-grain (5.0 g) "Match" bullet, type classified as the Mk 262. The heavy, lightly constructed bullet fragments more violently at short range and also has a longer fragmentation range. Originally designed for use in the Mk 12 SPR, the ammunition has found favor with special forces units who were seeking a more effective cartridge to fire from their M4A1 carbines. Commercially available loadings using these heavier (and longer) bullets can be prohibitively expensive and cost much more than military surplus ammunition. Additionally, these heavy-for-caliber loadings sacrifice some penetrative ability compared to the M855 round (which has a steel penetrator tip). Performance of 5.56×45mm military ammunition can generally be categorized as almost entirely dependent upon velocity in order to wound effectively. Heavy OTM bullets enhance soft tissue wounding ability at the expense of hard-target/barrier penetration. U.S. Special Forces had sought to create a round that had increased power out of carbine M4 barrels and compact SCAR-L barrels, while increasing hard target performance. Developmental efforts led to the creation of the Mk318. The bullet uses an open-tip design to inflict damage on soft tissue, and has a brass rear to penetrate hard targets. The tip and lead core fragments consistently even when using short barrels, while the rear moves through once the front impacts. It has more consistent performance because it is not yaw-dependent like the M855; the nose fragments upon impact and solid rear penetrator continues to move relatively straight. This makes the Mk318 effective against personnel with or without body armor. The round also increases accuracy, from 3–5 minute of angle (MOA) with the M855 from an M4A1 barrel to 1.71 MOA at 300 yards and 1.67 MOA at 600 yards from a SCAR-L barrel. For general issue, the U.S. Army adopted the M855A1 round in 2010 to replace the M855. The primary reason was pressure to use non-lead bullets. The lead slug is replaced by a copper alloy slug in a reverse-drawn jacket, with a hardened steel penetrator extending beyond the jacket, reducing lead contamination to the environment. The M855A1 offers several improvements other than being lead-free. It is slightly more accurate, has better consistency of effect in regards to wounding ability, and has an increased penetrating capability. The 62 grain (4.0 g) projectile can better penetrate steel, brick, concrete, and masonry walls, as well as body armor and sheet metal. It penetrates of mild steel at 350 meters, which the M855 can only do at 160 meters. The propellant burns faster, which decreases the muzzle flash and gives a higher muzzle velocity, an important feature when fired from a short barreled M4 carbine. Though the M855A1 is more expensive to produce, its performance is considered to compensate. One possible danger is that it generates much greater pressure in the chamber when fired, decreasing service life of parts and increasing the risk of catastrophic failure of the weapon (though this has yet to occur). The U.S. Marines adopted the Mk318 in early 2010 due to delays with the M855A1. This was a temporary measure until the M855A1 was available for them, which occurred in mid-2010 when the Army began to receive the rounds. Both the Mk318 and M855A1 weigh the same and have similar performance, and both have better performance than the M855 against all targets. SOCOM spent less money developing the Mk318 and it is marginally better than the M855A1 in some situations, but costs more per round. The Army spent more developing the M855A1 which performs as well or nearly as well as the Mk318, but is cheaper per round and has the advantage of being lead-free. While SOCOM constantly looks for better equipment, the Army and Marines have far more troops to supply and buy more ammunition than SOCOM. Alternatives If the 5.56 mm bullet is moving too slowly to reliably yaw, expand, or fragment on impact, the wound size and potential to incapacitate a person is greatly reduced. There have been numerous attempts to create an intermediate cartridge that addresses the complaints of 5.56 NATO's lack of stopping power along with lack of controllability seen in rifles firing 7.62 NATO in full auto. Some alternative cartridges like the .270 caliber 6.8mm Remington SPC (6.8×43mm) focused on superior short-range performance by sacrificing long-distance performance due to the relatively short engagement distances typically observed in urban warfare. Others, like the 6.5mm Grendel (6.5×39mm), are attempts at engineering an all purpose cartridge that could replace both the 5.56 and 7.62 NATO rounds. The 300 AAC Blackout (7.62×35mm) round was designed to have the power of the 7.62×39mm for use in an M4 using standard M4 magazines, and to easily interchange between subsonic ammunition for suppressed firing and supersonic rounds. All these cartridges have certain advantages over the 5.56×45mm NATO, but they have their own individual tradeoffs to include lower muzzle velocity and less range. Additionally, when using a round not based on the case of the 5.56 there can be decreased magazine capacity, and different internal parts. None of these cartridges have gained any significant traction beyond sport shooting communities. By late 2004, the 6.8mm Remington SPC was in limited use with U.S. Special Operators. However, it was not adopted for widespread use due to resistance from officials on changing calibers. In 2007, both the U.S. SOCOM and the U.S. Marine Corps decided not to field weapons chambered in 6.8×43mm due to logistical and cost issues. An unnamed LWRC representative said in January 2014 that the US military is once again taking a look at the 6.8 SPCII after all the commercial development in the last 10 years. 5.56mm NATO versus .223 Remington The exterior dimensions of the 5.56mm NATO and .223 Remington cartridges are identical. While the cartridges are identical other than powder load, the chamber leade, i.e. the area where the rifling begins, is cut to a sharper angle on some .223 commercial chambers. Because of this, a cartridge loaded to generate 5.56mm pressures in a 5.56mm chamber may develop pressures that exceed SAAMI limits when fired from a short-leade .223 Remington chamber. As the chambers differ, the head space gauges used for the two chamberings differ. Brass case The dimensional specifications of 5.56 NATO and .223 commercial brass cases are identical. The cases tend to have similar case capacity when measured, with variations chiefly due to brand, not 5.56 vs .223 designation. The result of this is that there is no such thing as "5.56 brass" or ".223 brass", the differences in the cartridges lie in pressure ratings and in chamber leade length, not in the shape or thickness of the brass. In July 2012, the Army solicited a request for vendors to supply alternative cartridge cases to reduce the weight of an M855A1 5.56 mm round by at least 10 percent, as well as for the 7.62 NATO and .50 BMG rounds. The cartridge cases must maintain all performance requirements when fully assembled, be able to be used by the Lake City Army Ammunition Plant, must be manufactured in quantities totaling approximately 45 million per year. Polymer-cased ammunition is expected as a likely lightweight case technology. A hybrid polymer/metal version of a conventional cartridge case would be thicker than regular cases and reduce the amount of space for the propellant, although certain polymers could be thermodynamically more efficient and not lose energy to the case or chamber when fired. Pressure C.I.P. defines the maximum service and proof test pressures of the .223 Remington cartridge equal to the 5.56mm NATO, at . This differs from the SAAMI maximum pressure specification for .223 Remington of , due to CIP test protocols measuring pressure using a drilled case, rather than an intact case with a conformal piston, along with other differences. NATO uses NATO EPVAT pressure test protocols for their small arms ammunition specifications. Differences in testing methodology have led to widespread confusion, however when measured with identical measuring equipment using identical methodologies, .223 Remington yields peak average pressures about 5,000 psi lower than 5.56 NATO. Chamber The 5.56mm NATO chamber, known as a NATO or mil-spec chamber, has a longer leade, which is the distance between the mouth of the cartridge and the point at which the rifling engages the bullet. The .223 Remington chamber, known as SAAMI chamber, is allowed to have a shorter leade, and is only required to be proof tested to the lower SAAMI chamber pressure. To address these issues, various proprietary chambers exist, such as the Wylde chamber (Rock River Arms) or the ArmaLite chamber, which are designed to handle both 5.56×45mm NATO and .223 Remington equally well. The leade of the .223 Remington minimum C.I.P. chamber also differs from the 5.56mm NATO chamber specification. The casings and chambers .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO are virtually the same dimensions, but due to the fact that .223 Remington is designed to handle much lower pressures than the 5.56×45mm NATO the rounds are not completely interchangeable. Firing a 5.56×45mm NATO round out of a rifle chambered in .223 Remington could be injurious or fatal to the user as well as the gun, however .223 Remington ammunition can be fired safely from almost any rifle chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO as the NATO specified rifles can handle much higher chamber pressures than the .223 Remington is capable of producing. Using commercial .223 Remington cartridges in a 5.56mm NATO chambered rifle should work reliably, but until recently, it was believed this was less accurate than when fired from a .223 Remington chambered gun due to the longer leade. Although that may have been true in the early 1960s when the two rounds were developed, recent testing has shown that with today's ammunition, rifles chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO can also fire .223 ammunition every bit as accurately as rifles chambered in .223 Remington, and the 5.56×45mm NATO chamber has the additional advantage of being able to safely fire both calibers. Using 5.56×45mm NATO mil-spec cartridges (such as the M855) in a .223 Remington chambered rifle can lead to excessive wear and stress on the rifle and even be unsafe, and SAAMI recommends against the practice. Some commercial rifles marked as ".223 Remington" are in fact suited for 5.56×45mm NATO, such as many commercial AR-15 variants and the Ruger Mini-14 (marked ".223 cal", except the Mini-14 "Target" model, which only fires .223), but the manufacturer should always be consulted to verify that this is acceptable before attempting it, and signs of excessive pressure (such as flattening or gas staining of the primers) should be looked for in the initial testing with 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. The upper receiver (to which the barrel with its chamber are attached) and the lower receiver are entirely separate parts in AR-15 style rifles. If the lower receiver has either .223 or 5.56 stamped on it, it does not guarantee the upper assembly is rated for the same caliber, because the upper and the lower receiver in the same rifle can, and frequently do, come from different manufacturers – particularly with rifles sold to civilians or second-hand rifles that have been repaired with spare parts. Since all parts are interchangeable, a shooter must take great caution to check for markings of 5.56×45mm on the barrel before attempting to fire 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition out of it. In more practical terms, most AR-15 parts suppliers engineer their complete upper assemblies (not to be confused with stripped uppers where the barrel is not included) to support both calibers in order to satisfy market demand and prevent any potential problems. Some manufacturers have begun offering a hybrid .223 Wylde chamber designed to optimally support both cartridges. Ammunition capacity for weight comparison The first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 rifle came in the early part of the Vietnam War. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammo to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47. A replacement was needed, as a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, commander of the U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a .223 caliber (5.56 mm) select-fire rifle weighing 6 lbs (2.7 kg) when loaded with a 20-round magazine. This request ultimately resulted in the development of a scaled-down version of the Armalite AR-10, called ArmaLite AR-15 rifle. During testing it was found that a 5- to 7-man team armed with the ArmaLite AR-15s has the same firepower as 11-man team armed with M14s. Also, soldiers armed with ArmaLite AR-15s could carry nearly three times more ammunition as those armed with M14s (649 rounds vs 220 rounds). The ArmaLite AR-15, officially designated Rifle, caliber 5.56 mm, M16, was later adopted by U.S. infantry forces as the standard issue rifle. Here is a table comparing rifles based on a maximum ammunition load in box magazines of . 5.56mm NATO versus 7.62mm NATO Hit probability refers to the ability of a soldier to concentrate on firing in spite of their weapon's recoil and noise, which is noticeably different between the two cartridges. The 7.62 NATO has twice the impact energy of the 5.56 NATO, preferable if a target is protected by higher level armor, especially at "medium" range. If not, both rounds normally penetrate satisfactorily through enemies up to 600 meters, approximately. A 5.56 NATO round fired from a barrel has a flatter trajectory than a 7.62 NATO round fired from a barrel of equal length, while the 5.56 NATO fired from a barrel has the same trajectory as the 7.62 NATO from a 20 in barrel, as well as the same time of flight. A 7.62 NATO round reaches 50 percent of its velocity within of the barrel when fired, so decreasing the barrel length for close quarters combat results in increased muzzle pressure and greater noise and muzzle flash. Military cartridges Australia Cartridge, Ball, F1 (1985-2010?): 5.56×45mm FN SS109 equivalent produced by Thales Australia, formerly Australian Defence Industries (ADI). Cartridge, Ball, F1A1 [Green tip] (2010–present): 5.56×45mm with optimized projectile having a modified boat tail length and meplat diameter, redesigned case thickness, new primer cup design, and AR2210V01 propellant. Unlike the F1 cartridge, the F1A1 headstamp has a dimple at 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock. This is a hallmark of the automated SCAMP loading machinery used to make the new cartridges. Cartridge, Blank, F3 [Crimped tip] (1985-1994; 1998–Present): 5.56×45mm Blank cartridge produced by Thales Australia, formerly Australian Defence Industries (ADI). Due to low demand lots are made every three years. Austria Round, 5.56mm Ball, M193: M193 equivalent produced by Hirtenberger Patronen Belgium Cartridge, Ball, SS109: 5.56×45mm 61-grain [3.95 g] Semi-Armor-Piercing cartridge w/. steel penetrator produced by Fabrique Nationale. Adopted in 1979 as the NATO standard. Canada Cartridge, Ball, C77: 5.56×45mm FN SS109 equivalent used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Made by General Dynamics Canada. Cartridge, Tracer, C78: 5.56×45mm FN SS110 equivalent used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Made by General Dynamics Canada. Cartridge, Blank, C79 [Crimped tip]: 5.56×45mm blank cartridge used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Also made by General Dynamics Canada. France Ammunition made by GIAT. Type O (Ordinaire, "Standard" or "Ball"): A Full-Metal-Jacketed lead-core bullet similar to the US M193. It was used with the FAMAS. Type T (Traçant, "Tracer"): A tracer bullet similar to the US M196. Germany Patrone AA59, 5.56×45mm, DM11, Weichkern ("Soft-core", or Ball) [Green tip]: 5.56×45mm 4.1 g dual core ball cartridge w/steel core, similar to M855/SS109, produced by RUAG Ammotec. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM11 A1, Weichkern [Green tip]: 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) dual core ball cartridge w/steel core, similar to M855/SS109, designed for and used by the German Bundeswehr with NATO approval (AC/225-125A), produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM18, Manöver ("Maneuver"): Blanks with brass base, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone AA63, 5.56×45mm, DM21, Leuchtspur (Tracer) [Orange tip]: 5.56×45mm tracer complement to DM11, also produced by RUAG Ammotec. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM31, Hartkern ("Hard-core", or Armor Piercing): 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) armor piercing cartridge w/tungsten carbide core, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM38, Übung ("Practice"): 5.56×45mm 0.5 g (7.70gr) plastic training cartridge, plastic case cartridge colored light blue with a light 7.7-grain plastic bullet designed for short ranges with a dangerous space under 400-metre, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM41 A1, Weichkern: 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) FMJ cartridge, similar to M855/SS109 but without the steel penetrator tip, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM51: 5.56×45mm 3.6 g (55gr) deformation pure copper cartridge designed for high energy transfer to soft targets, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. South Africa Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, R1M1/M2: M193 equivalent with Boxer (R1M1) or Berdan (R1M2) primers produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings (currently a division of Denel) from 1977 to 1983. Round, 5.56×45mm, Tracer, R1M1/M2: | round by at least 10 percent, as well as for the 7.62 NATO and .50 BMG rounds. The cartridge cases must maintain all performance requirements when fully assembled, be able to be used by the Lake City Army Ammunition Plant, must be manufactured in quantities totaling approximately 45 million per year. Polymer-cased ammunition is expected as a likely lightweight case technology. A hybrid polymer/metal version of a conventional cartridge case would be thicker than regular cases and reduce the amount of space for the propellant, although certain polymers could be thermodynamically more efficient and not lose energy to the case or chamber when fired. Pressure C.I.P. defines the maximum service and proof test pressures of the .223 Remington cartridge equal to the 5.56mm NATO, at . This differs from the SAAMI maximum pressure specification for .223 Remington of , due to CIP test protocols measuring pressure using a drilled case, rather than an intact case with a conformal piston, along with other differences. NATO uses NATO EPVAT pressure test protocols for their small arms ammunition specifications. Differences in testing methodology have led to widespread confusion, however when measured with identical measuring equipment using identical methodologies, .223 Remington yields peak average pressures about 5,000 psi lower than 5.56 NATO. Chamber The 5.56mm NATO chamber, known as a NATO or mil-spec chamber, has a longer leade, which is the distance between the mouth of the cartridge and the point at which the rifling engages the bullet. The .223 Remington chamber, known as SAAMI chamber, is allowed to have a shorter leade, and is only required to be proof tested to the lower SAAMI chamber pressure. To address these issues, various proprietary chambers exist, such as the Wylde chamber (Rock River Arms) or the ArmaLite chamber, which are designed to handle both 5.56×45mm NATO and .223 Remington equally well. The leade of the .223 Remington minimum C.I.P. chamber also differs from the 5.56mm NATO chamber specification. The casings and chambers .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO are virtually the same dimensions, but due to the fact that .223 Remington is designed to handle much lower pressures than the 5.56×45mm NATO the rounds are not completely interchangeable. Firing a 5.56×45mm NATO round out of a rifle chambered in .223 Remington could be injurious or fatal to the user as well as the gun, however .223 Remington ammunition can be fired safely from almost any rifle chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO as the NATO specified rifles can handle much higher chamber pressures than the .223 Remington is capable of producing. Using commercial .223 Remington cartridges in a 5.56mm NATO chambered rifle should work reliably, but until recently, it was believed this was less accurate than when fired from a .223 Remington chambered gun due to the longer leade. Although that may have been true in the early 1960s when the two rounds were developed, recent testing has shown that with today's ammunition, rifles chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO can also fire .223 ammunition every bit as accurately as rifles chambered in .223 Remington, and the 5.56×45mm NATO chamber has the additional advantage of being able to safely fire both calibers. Using 5.56×45mm NATO mil-spec cartridges (such as the M855) in a .223 Remington chambered rifle can lead to excessive wear and stress on the rifle and even be unsafe, and SAAMI recommends against the practice. Some commercial rifles marked as ".223 Remington" are in fact suited for 5.56×45mm NATO, such as many commercial AR-15 variants and the Ruger Mini-14 (marked ".223 cal", except the Mini-14 "Target" model, which only fires .223), but the manufacturer should always be consulted to verify that this is acceptable before attempting it, and signs of excessive pressure (such as flattening or gas staining of the primers) should be looked for in the initial testing with 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. The upper receiver (to which the barrel with its chamber are attached) and the lower receiver are entirely separate parts in AR-15 style rifles. If the lower receiver has either .223 or 5.56 stamped on it, it does not guarantee the upper assembly is rated for the same caliber, because the upper and the lower receiver in the same rifle can, and frequently do, come from different manufacturers – particularly with rifles sold to civilians or second-hand rifles that have been repaired with spare parts. Since all parts are interchangeable, a shooter must take great caution to check for markings of 5.56×45mm on the barrel before attempting to fire 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition out of it. In more practical terms, most AR-15 parts suppliers engineer their complete upper assemblies (not to be confused with stripped uppers where the barrel is not included) to support both calibers in order to satisfy market demand and prevent any potential problems. Some manufacturers have begun offering a hybrid .223 Wylde chamber designed to optimally support both cartridges. Ammunition capacity for weight comparison The first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 rifle came in the early part of the Vietnam War. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammo to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47. A replacement was needed, as a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, commander of the U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a .223 caliber (5.56 mm) select-fire rifle weighing 6 lbs (2.7 kg) when loaded with a 20-round magazine. This request ultimately resulted in the development of a scaled-down version of the Armalite AR-10, called ArmaLite AR-15 rifle. During testing it was found that a 5- to 7-man team armed with the ArmaLite AR-15s has the same firepower as 11-man team armed with M14s. Also, soldiers armed with ArmaLite AR-15s could carry nearly three times more ammunition as those armed with M14s (649 rounds vs 220 rounds). The ArmaLite AR-15, officially designated Rifle, caliber 5.56 mm, M16, was later adopted by U.S. infantry forces as the standard issue rifle. Here is a table comparing rifles based on a maximum ammunition load in box magazines of . 5.56mm NATO versus 7.62mm NATO Hit probability refers to the ability of a soldier to concentrate on firing in spite of their weapon's recoil and noise, which is noticeably different between the two cartridges. The 7.62 NATO has twice the impact energy of the 5.56 NATO, preferable if a target is protected by higher level armor, especially at "medium" range. If not, both rounds normally penetrate satisfactorily through enemies up to 600 meters, approximately. A 5.56 NATO round fired from a barrel has a flatter trajectory than a 7.62 NATO round fired from a barrel of equal length, while the 5.56 NATO fired from a barrel has the same trajectory as the 7.62 NATO from a 20 in barrel, as well as the same time of flight. A 7.62 NATO round reaches 50 percent of its velocity within of the barrel when fired, so decreasing the barrel length for close quarters combat results in increased muzzle pressure and greater noise and muzzle flash. Military cartridges Australia Cartridge, Ball, F1 (1985-2010?): 5.56×45mm FN SS109 equivalent produced by Thales Australia, formerly Australian Defence Industries (ADI). Cartridge, Ball, F1A1 [Green tip] (2010–present): 5.56×45mm with optimized projectile having a modified boat tail length and meplat diameter, redesigned case thickness, new primer cup design, and AR2210V01 propellant. Unlike the F1 cartridge, the F1A1 headstamp has a dimple at 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock. This is a hallmark of the automated SCAMP loading machinery used to make the new cartridges. Cartridge, Blank, F3 [Crimped tip] (1985-1994; 1998–Present): 5.56×45mm Blank cartridge produced by Thales Australia, formerly Australian Defence Industries (ADI). Due to low demand lots are made every three years. Austria Round, 5.56mm Ball, M193: M193 equivalent produced by Hirtenberger Patronen Belgium Cartridge, Ball, SS109: 5.56×45mm 61-grain [3.95 g] Semi-Armor-Piercing cartridge w/. steel penetrator produced by Fabrique Nationale. Adopted in 1979 as the NATO standard. Canada Cartridge, Ball, C77: 5.56×45mm FN SS109 equivalent used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Made by General Dynamics Canada. Cartridge, Tracer, C78: 5.56×45mm FN SS110 equivalent used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Made by General Dynamics Canada. Cartridge, Blank, C79 [Crimped tip]: 5.56×45mm blank cartridge used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Also made by General Dynamics Canada. France Ammunition made by GIAT. Type O (Ordinaire, "Standard" or "Ball"): A Full-Metal-Jacketed lead-core bullet similar to the US M193. It was used with the FAMAS. Type T (Traçant, "Tracer"): A tracer bullet similar to the US M196. Germany Patrone AA59, 5.56×45mm, DM11, Weichkern ("Soft-core", or Ball) [Green tip]: 5.56×45mm 4.1 g dual core ball cartridge w/steel core, similar to M855/SS109, produced by RUAG Ammotec. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM11 A1, Weichkern [Green tip]: 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) dual core ball cartridge w/steel core, similar to M855/SS109, designed for and used by the German Bundeswehr with NATO approval (AC/225-125A), produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM18, Manöver ("Maneuver"): Blanks with brass base, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone AA63, 5.56×45mm, DM21, Leuchtspur (Tracer) [Orange tip]: 5.56×45mm tracer complement to DM11, also produced by RUAG Ammotec. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM31, Hartkern ("Hard-core", or Armor Piercing): 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) armor piercing cartridge w/tungsten carbide core, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM38, Übung ("Practice"): 5.56×45mm 0.5 g (7.70gr) plastic training cartridge, plastic case cartridge colored light blue with a light 7.7-grain plastic bullet designed for short ranges with a dangerous space under 400-metre, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM41 A1, Weichkern: 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) FMJ cartridge, similar to M855/SS109 but without the steel penetrator tip, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM51: 5.56×45mm 3.6 g (55gr) deformation pure copper cartridge designed for high energy transfer to soft targets, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH. South Africa Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, R1M1/M2: M193 equivalent with Boxer (R1M1) or Berdan (R1M2) primers produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings (currently a division of Denel) from 1977 to 1983. Round, 5.56×45mm, Tracer, R1M1/M2: M196 equivalent produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1979 to 1983. Round, 5.56×45mm, Drill, R1M1/M2: Drill round produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1978 to 1983. Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Blank, R1M1/M2: M200 equivalent produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1978 to 1983. Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Rifle Grenade Launching, R1M1: Grenade-launching cartridge produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1979 to 1983. Round, 5.56×45mm, Proof, R1M1/M2: Proof round produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1979 to 1983, identifiable by honey colouring on the tip and base until 1982 when this was switched to yellow. A warmer round variation exists which is identifiable by purple colouring on the tip, base, or both. Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, M1A2/A3/A4: M193 equivalent with Berdan primers produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1983 onwards. Round, 5.56×45mm, Tracer, M2A2/A3/A4: M196 equivalent produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1983 onwards. Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Blank, M4A2-A7: M200 equivalent produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1983 onwards. Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Rifle Grenade Launching, M5A1/A2/A3: Grenade-launching cartridge produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1983 onwards. Round, 5.56×45mm, High Pressure Proof, M13A2/A3/A4: Proof round produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1983 onwards, identifiable by yellow colouring on the tip, base, or both. A warmer round variation exists with purple colouring. Round, 5.56×45mm, Drill, M14A2/A3/A4: Drill round produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1983 onwards. Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, Manna: M1-type round with thin-walled jacket produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings from 1986 onwards. Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, M193: M193 equivalent produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings for export sales. Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, SS109/M855: FN SS109 equivalent produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings for export sales. Round, 5.56×45mm, Tracer, M196: M196 equivalent produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings for export sales. Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Blank, M200: M200 equivalent produced by Pretoria Metal Pressings for export sales. Switzerland 5,6mm Gw Pat 90: The 63-grain 5.56×45mm Gewehrpatrone 90 / 5,6mm Gw Pat 90 ("5.6-mm Rifle Cartridge 90") is the Swiss Army's standard 5.56mm Ball round. It is optimized for use with the Sturmgewehr 90 service rifle, both which were adopted in 1987. The Sturmgewehr 90 rifled barrel has 6 right-hand grooves and a Swiss Army specification 254 mm (1:10 in) rifling twist rate. Originally the cartridge had a cupronickel-plated steel-jacketed bullet and Berdan primer, but it now has a tombac-jacketed bullet and lead-free Boxer primer. Since 1997 most components of the round are made in Switzerland. United Kingdom Round, 5.56mm Ball, M193: M193 equivalent produced by Radway Green (though some quantities of Hirtenberger Patronen-produced rounds were imported) Round, 5.56mm Ball, L2A1/A2: FN SS109 equivalent produced by Radway Green. Round, 5.56mm Tracer, L1A1/A2 [Red tip]: Tracer round complement to L2A1/A2, produced by Radway Green. Cartridge, 5.56mm Blank, L1A1/A2 [crimped tip]: Blank training round complement to L2A1/A2, produced by Radway Green. Round, 5.56mm Ball, L3A1: M193 equivalent produced by Hirtenberger Patronen for use in AR-15 weapons and the L101A1/A2 rifle. Round, 5.56mm Ball, L15A1/A2: FN SS109 equivalent produced by Radway Green, optimised for use in AR-15 weapons such as the L119A1/A2 rifle. Round, 5.56mm Ball, L17A1/A2: FN SS109 equivalent produced by Radway Green, optimised for use with SA80 weapons. Round, 5.56mm Tracer, L16A1 [Red tip]: Tracer round complement to L15A1/A2 and L17A1/A2, produced by Radway Green. Cartridge, 5.56mm Blank, L18A1 [crimped tip]: Blank training round complement to L17A1/A2, produced by Radway Green. Round, 5.56mm Ball, L31A1: New "Enhanced Performance" design produced by Radway Green since 2016, based on the FN SS109 round but featuring an all-steel bullet for improved penetration and giving similar performance in both AR-15 and SA80 weapons. Round, Drill, L1A1 [chromed body]: 5.56×45mm inert training round, produced by Radway Green. United States Military ammunition was packed exclusively in 20-round cartons from 1963 to 1966. In late 1966 the 10-round stripper clip and magazine-charging adapter were introduced and ammunition began being packed in clips in bandoleers. US Army Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, M193: 5.56×45mm 55-grain [3.56 g] ball cartridge. This was type-standardized and designated by the US Army in September, 1963. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Grenade, M195 [Crimped tip with Red lacquer seal]: 5.56×45mm high-pressure grenade-launching blank. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, M196 [Red or Orange tip]: 5.56×45mm 54-grain [3.43 g] tracer cartridge. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, High Pressure Test (HPT), M197 [stannic-stained or nickel-plated case]: High-pressure Testing cartridge used when proofing weapons during manufacture, test, or repair. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Dummy, M199 [No primer, Fluted case]: 5.56×45mm inert cartridge with fluted indentations in the case. Used for loading and unloading drills during basic training. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Blank, M200 [Crimped tip with Violet lacquer seal]: 5.56×45mm training blank cartridge. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, M202: 5.56×45mm 58-grain FN SSX822 cartridge. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Dummy, M232 [No primer, Black-anodized case and bullet]: 5.56×45mm inert cartridge. Used for testing rifle mechanisms. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, XM287: 5.56×45mm 68-grain ball cartridge produced by Industries Valcartier, Inc. An Improved version was also produced designated XM779. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, XM288: 5.56×45mm 68-grain tracer cartridge produced by Industries Valcartier, Inc. An Improved version was also produced designated XM780. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Grenade, M755 [Crimped tip with Yellow lacquer seal]: 5.56×45mm grenade launching blank specifically for the 64mm M234 launcher. The original white lacquer seal was discontinued due to excessive bore fouling. Its design is otherwise an exact duplicate of the M195 Grenade cartridge. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, XM777: 5.56×45mm ball cartridge. An attempt to create a 55-grain SS109-style Semi-Armor-Piercing round that weighed the same as the M193 and could use the same US-standard 1-in-12-inch rifling. It replaced the 6×45mm SAW round as the baseline cartridge for the Squad Automatic Weapon trials in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, XM778: 5.56×45mm tracer cartridge mated with the XM777 Semi-Armor-Piercing cartridge. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, M855 [Green tip]: 5.56×45mm 62-grain FN SS109-equivalent ball cartridge with a steel penetrator tip over a lead core in a full copper jacket. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, M855LF Lead Free [Green tip]: 62-grain bullet with a steel penetrator tip over a tungsten-composite core in a full copper jacket. Primarily used during training in countries with strict lead disposal laws. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round [unpainted steel penetrator tip] (2010–Present): 62-grain bullet w/ a 19-grain steel penetrator tip over a copper alloy core in a partial copper jacket. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, M856 [Orange tip]: 5.56×45mm 63.7-grain FN L110 tracer cartridge. Provides red visible light and lacks a steel penetrator. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, M856A1 [Red tip]: 5.56×45mm 56-grain Lead Free slug (LF) Tracer with similar ballistic performance to the M855A1 and improved visible trace to range consistency. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Plastic, Practice, M862 [Brass primer, Aluminum case and Blue plastic projectile]: Short Range Training Ammo (SRTA) uses a light plastic bullet with a maximum range of just 250 meters. Because the M862 has less energy, the M2 training bolt must be used in the M16 Rifle / M4 Carbine for the weapon to cycle properly. The M2 training bolt and M862 cartridge case use a smaller-than-standard head diameter as a safety feature: this prevents standard ammunition from being able to be chambered or fired. The M862 SRTA is typically used for training on shooting ranges that are limited in size, such as near built-up or populated areas. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Armor Piercing, M995 [Black tip]: 5.56×45mm 52-grain AP cartridge with a tungsten core. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, XM996 [Crimson tip]: So-called "Dim Tracer" with reduced effect primarily for use with night vision devices. US Air Force Cartridge, Caliber 5.64 mm, Ball, MLU-26/P (Munition, Live, Unit #26 / Personnel use) (Federal Stock Number (FSN): 1305-968-5892, DOD Identification Code (DODIC): A066; assigned 1 January 1962): Early USAF designation for a 55-grain 5.56×45mm FMJ Boat-Tailed ball cartridge produced by Remington-Union Metallic Cartridge Company. It was their designation for the commercial 55-grain .223 Remington M.C. ("Metallic-Cased", or Full Metal Jacketed) cartridge, which the Air Force initially designated "5.64 mm" (.222 caliber) rather than 5.56 mm (.218 caliber). The first order in 1963 (headstamped RA 63 or REM-UMC 63) consisted of 8.5 million rounds and was procured for testing, training and unconventional warfare use with the XM16 rifle. The cartridges came packed unclipped in white 20-round commercial ammunition cartons, packed 35 cartons (700 rounds) per M2A1 ammo can, and shipped two M2A1 cans (1400 rounds in total) per wire-bound plywood crate. Until the Army's adoption of the M193 Ball round, this was the only type of military 5.56mm ammunition available in the South-East Asia theater. US Navy & US Marine Corps Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Frangible, MK 255 Mod 0 [White Tip]: 5.56×45mm 62-grain Reduced Ricochet Limited Penetration (RRLP) round with copper/polymer composite core for training and operational use. Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Special Ball, Long Range, Mk 262 Mod 0/1: 5.56×45mm 77-grain Open-Tipped Match/Hollow-Point Boat-Tail cartridge. Mod 0 features Sierra Matchking bullet, while Mod 1 features either Nosler or Sierra bullet. Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, semi-jacketed Frangible, MK 311 Mod 0 : Reduced Ricochet Limited Penetration (R2LP) round, 50-grain frangible bullet intended for training. Produced by Western Cartridge Company (headstamp: WCC). Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm Ball, Enhanced 5.56 mm Carbine, MK318 MOD 0: 5.56×45mm 62-grain Open-Tipped Match Boat-Tail cartridge. Optimized for use with 14-inch barreled weapons like the M4A1 Carbine and MK16 SCAR and designed to penetrate light barriers like windshields or car doors with no loss of accuracy or damage. Now designated as Caliber 5.56 mm Ball, Carbine, Barrier. SS109/M855 In 1970, NATO decided to standardize a second rifle caliber. Tests were conducted from 1977 to 1980 using U.S. XM777 5.56 mm, Belgian SS109 5.56 mm, British 4.85×49mm, and German 4.7×33mm caseless. No weapon could be agreed upon, as many were prototypes, but the SS109 was found to be the best round and standardized on 28 October 1980. The SS109 was developed in the 1970s for the FN FNC rifle and the FN Minimi machine gun. To increase the range of the Minimi, the round was created to penetrate 3.5 mm of steel at 600 meters. The SS109 had a steel tip and lead rear and was not required to penetrate body armor. Barrels required at least a 1:9 in rifle twist, but needed a 1:7 in rifle twist to fire tracer ammunition. The U.S. designated the SS109 cartridge the M855 and first used it in the M16A2 rifle. The 62-grain round was heavier than the previous 55-grain M193. While the M855 had better armor penetrating ability, it is less likely to fragment after hitting a soft target. This lessens kinetic energy transfer to the target and reduces wounding capability. The M855 is yaw dependent, meaning it depends on the angle upon which it hits the target. If at a good angle, the round turns as it enters soft tissue, breaking apart and transferring its energy to what it hits. If impacting at a bad angle, it could pass through and fail to transfer its full energy. The SS109 was made to pierce steel helmets at long range from the Minimi, not improve terminal performance on soft tissue from rifles or carbines. In Iraq, troops that engaged insurgents at less than 150 yards found that M855 rounds did not provide enough stopping power. In addition to not causing lethal effects with two or more rounds, they did not effectively penetrate vehicle windshields, even with many rounds fired at extremely close range. In Afghanistan, troops found that M855 rounds also suffered at long ranges. Although 5.56 mm rifles have an effective range of 450–600 meters, the M855 bullet's performance falls off sharply beyond 300 meters. The ranges are even shorter for short-barreled carbines. Half of small-arms attacks were launched from 300 to 900 meter ranges. An M855 fired from an M4 Carbine has severely degraded performance beyond 150 meters. The maximum effective point target range of an M4 carbine with M855 rounds is , with a maximum effective area target range of . These mark the greatest distances the rounds can be expected to accurately hit the target, not the ranges that they have terminal effectiveness against them. Because the M855 is yaw dependent it requires instability in flight to deform upon hitting the target. It is the most stable in flight between , potentially lessening its effectiveness if it strikes an enemy between those distances. In addition to this, tests have shown that 5.56 mm bullets fragment most reliably when traveling faster than . From full-length rifle and machine gun barrels, rounds exhibit velocities above out to . An M855 fired from a shorter barreled M4 carbine exhibits a bullet velocity of at range. Even if it impacts at optimum speeds, 70 percent of 5.56 mm bullets will not begin to yaw until of tissue penetration. 15 percent more begin to yaw after that distance, so up to 85 percent of rounds that hit do not start to fragment until nearly 5 in of penetration. Against small statured or thin combatants, the M855 has little chance of yawing before passing through cleanly and leaving a wound cavity no bigger than the bullet itself. The factors of impact angle and velocity, instability distance, and penetration before yaw reduce the round's predictable effectiveness considerably in combat situations. M855A1 The M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round (EPR) was introduced in June 2010. It features a lead-free 62 grain (4.0 g) projectile with a solid copper core, and is tailored for use in rifles with shorter barrels such as the M4 carbine. It provides more consistent performance compared to the M855. Deployment On 24 June 2010, the United States Army announced it began shipping its new 5.56 mm cartridge, the M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round (EPR), to active combat zones. During testing, the M855A1 performed better than M80 7.62×51mm NATO ball ammunition against certain types of targets (particularly hardened steel). However, this was due to the addition of the steel penetrator to the M855A1 projectile compared to the standard lead-alloy core of the M80 projectile and is not an accurate comparison between the two cartridges. The US Army Picatinny Arsenal stated that the new M855A1 offers improved hard target capability, more consistent performance at all distances, enhanced dependability, improved accuracy, reduced muzzle flash, and higher velocity compared to the SS109/M855 round. Further, the Army stated the new M855A1 ammunition is tailored for use in M4 carbines, but should also give enhanced performance in M16 rifles and M249 light machine guns. The new 62-grain (4 g) projectile used in the M855A1 round has a copper core with a 19-grain (1.2 g) steel "stacked-cone" penetrating tip. The M855A1 cartridge is sometimes referred to as "green ammo" because it fires a lead free projectile. It is not necessarily more lethal than the SS109/M855, but performs more consistently every time it hits a soft target and retains its performance at longer distances. The EPR can penetrate a thick mild steel barrier from an M4 at and from an M16 at . Compared to the SS109/M855 the M855A1 muzzle velocities are somewhat increased to (+) for the M16 and (+) for the M4 carbine. Ballistics for both rounds are similar and do not require weapons to be re-zeroed, but if they are the EPR can be slightly more accurate. The steel-tip penetrator of the M855A1 is noticeably separated from the jacket of the bullet and can spin, but this is part of the design and does not affect performance. The M855A1 costs only 5 cents more per round than the M855. The M855A1 bullet has a greater length than the SS109/M855. Because steel and copper are less dense than lead, the bullet is lengthened inside the case to achieve the same weight as its predecessor. The longer bullet and reverse-drawn jacket make it more stable and accurate in-flight. Its steel tip is exposed from the jacket and bronzed for corrosion resistance. The tip is serrated and larger than the M855's steel tip. The M855A1's bullet composition, better aerodynamics, and higher proof pressures give it an extended effective range for penetration and terminal performance. While effectiveness at different ranges is increased, the M855A1 does not increase the effective ranges at which weapons are expected to hit their targets. The Enhanced Performance Round was made to nearly match the trajectory of the M855 to aid in training consistency—the SS109/M855 ballistic coefficient (G7 BC) of 0.151 was improved to 0.152 for the M855A1—but the ranges to get desired effects are greatly extended. The United States Marine Corps purchased 1.8 million rounds in 2010, with plans to adopt the round to replace the interim MK318 SOST rounds used in Afghanistan when the M855A1 project was delayed. |
in wide use today, mostly in small-frame revolvers. This is an extended version of the much earlier .32 S&W Long, which is an extended version of the .32 S&W. .327 Federal Magnum is a new cartridge developed jointly by Ruger and Federal. This cartridge is an extended version of the .32 H&R Magnum. Rifle cartridges in 7.62 mm caliber The most common and historical rifle cartridges in this caliber are: .30 Carbine, used in the M1/M2/M3 carbines, is sometimes called the 7.62×33mm. 300 AAC Blackout (7.62×35mm), also known as 300 BLK, is designed for the M4 carbine and STANAG magazine. Soviet 7.62×39mm, also known as 7.62 mm Soviet, M43, or occasionally .30 Short Combloc, is designed for the SKS and used in the AK-47, AKM, RPK and RPD light machine guns. 7.62×40mm Wilson Tactical 7.62×45mm vz. 52, made solely for the Czechoslovakian vz. 52 rifle, was replaced by 7.62×39mm. 7.62×51mm NATO and its civilian variant .308 Winchester, sometimes described as .308 NATO by persons mixing English measurements, is used by some civilians, with metric measurements used by NATO. 7.62×53mmR, Finnish design based on the Russian 7.62×54mmR round. 7.62×54mmR, another Russian cartridge, it was first used in the Mosin–Nagant rifle in 1891. The modern versions of the cartridges are now in wide use in numerous world armies as sniper rifles (particularly the SVD family) and machine guns (numerous types, many developed from AK family, such as the PKM). .30-06 Springfield,- 7.62×63mm- a US military cartridge used in both world wars and Korea, is known as the 7.62×63mm in metric measurement. .303 British, used in Lee–Metford and Lee–Enfield rifles, is known as 7.7×56mmR in metric measurement. 7.7×58mm Arisaka is used in the Type 99, Type 2 and Type 4 rifles. 7.65×53mm Argentine is used in various Mauser bolt-action rifles, primarily in Belgium, Turkey, and Argentina. .308 Norma Magnum .300 Norma Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum is used by many hunting and sniper rifles, sometimes called the 7.62×67mm. .300 Winchester Short Magnum .300 Lapua Magnum, 7.62×70mm .30-30 Winchester, | .32 S&W Long, which is an extended version of the .32 S&W. .327 Federal Magnum is a new cartridge developed jointly by Ruger and Federal. This cartridge is an extended version of the .32 H&R Magnum. Rifle cartridges in 7.62 mm caliber The most common and historical rifle cartridges in this caliber are: .30 Carbine, used in the M1/M2/M3 carbines, is sometimes called the 7.62×33mm. 300 AAC Blackout (7.62×35mm), also known as 300 BLK, is designed for the M4 carbine and STANAG magazine. Soviet 7.62×39mm, also known as 7.62 mm Soviet, M43, or occasionally .30 Short Combloc, is designed for the SKS and used in the AK-47, AKM, RPK and RPD light machine guns. 7.62×40mm Wilson Tactical 7.62×45mm vz. 52, made solely for the Czechoslovakian vz. 52 rifle, was replaced by 7.62×39mm. 7.62×51mm NATO and its civilian variant .308 Winchester, sometimes described as .308 NATO by persons mixing English measurements, is used by some civilians, with metric measurements used by NATO. 7.62×53mmR, Finnish design based on the Russian 7.62×54mmR round. 7.62×54mmR, another Russian cartridge, it was first used in the Mosin–Nagant rifle in 1891. The modern versions of the cartridges are now in wide use in numerous world armies as sniper rifles (particularly the SVD family) and machine guns (numerous types, many developed from AK family, such as the PKM). .30-06 Springfield,- 7.62×63mm- a US military cartridge used in both world wars and Korea, is known as the 7.62×63mm in metric measurement. .303 British, used in Lee–Metford and Lee–Enfield rifles, is known as 7.7×56mmR in metric measurement. 7.7×58mm Arisaka is used in the Type 99, Type 2 and Type 4 rifles. 7.65×53mm Argentine is used in various Mauser bolt-action rifles, primarily in Belgium, Turkey, and Argentina. .308 Norma Magnum .300 Norma Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum is used by many hunting and sniper rifles, sometimes called the 7.62×67mm. .300 Winchester Short Magnum .300 Lapua Magnum, 7.62×70mm .30-30 Winchester, a |
January 1, 800, to December 31, 809. Significant people Charlemagne Haroun al-Raschid | decade ran from January 1, 800, to December 31, 809. Significant people |
of the late King Alhred, and put him to death. He is buried at Derby in St. Alkmund's Church, and later revered as a saint (approximate date). The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede their holdings in southern Italy to the Aghlabid Dynasty. Asia The ci, a new type of lyric poetry with irregular lines, is set to a melody during the Tang Dynasty (approximate date). Africa Sijilmasa (in present-day Morocco) is founded as the departure point, for caravans between North Africa and the western Sudan (approximate date). Ife, in present-day Nigeria, becomes an important urban center (approximate date). The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede Ifriqiya (present-day north-eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya) to the Aghlabid Dynasty. Mesoamerica Itza culture starts in Mesoamerica (840). Polynesia The first settlers of the Hawaiian Islands arrive (approximate date). By topic Religion Archbishop Hygeberht of Lichfield retires; he is succeeded by Ealdwulf. King Coenwulf of Mercia is on better terms with the archbishopric of Canterbury than his predecessor, and unsuccessfully attempts to have the Mercian archiepiscopal see transferred to London (approximate date). The Book of Kells is written and illuminated in a Columban monastery, in Ireland (approximate date). </onlyinclude> Births | is set to a melody during the Tang Dynasty (approximate date). Africa Sijilmasa (in present-day Morocco) is founded as the departure point, for caravans between North Africa and the western Sudan (approximate date). Ife, in present-day Nigeria, becomes an important urban center (approximate date). The Abbasid Caliphate is forced to cede Ifriqiya (present-day north-eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya) to the Aghlabid Dynasty. Mesoamerica Itza culture starts in Mesoamerica (840). Polynesia The first settlers of the Hawaiian Islands arrive (approximate date). By topic Religion Archbishop Hygeberht of Lichfield retires; he is succeeded by Ealdwulf. King Coenwulf of Mercia is on better terms with the archbishopric of Canterbury than his predecessor, and unsuccessfully attempts to have the Mercian archiepiscopal see transferred to London (approximate date). The Book of Kells is written and illuminated in a Columban monastery, in Ireland (approximate date). </onlyinclude> Births Aldric, bishop of Le Mans (approximate |
Significant people Charlemagne Louis the Pious Leo | Significant people Charlemagne Louis the Pious Leo V of Byzantium Al-Ma'mun, |
Pious Egbert of Wessex Michael II Thomas the Slav Omurtag | Egbert of Wessex Michael II Thomas the Slav |
830, to December 31, 839. Significant people Al-Mu'tasim Louis the Pious Egbert of Wessex | to December 31, 839. Significant people Al-Mu'tasim Louis the Pious Egbert of Wessex |
Alfred the Great Louis the Pious Charles the Bald Ermentrude of Orléans Louis the Stammerer Louis the | ran from January 1, 840, to December 31, 849. Significant people Al-Mu'tasim Al-Wathiq Alfred the Great Louis the Pious Charles |
of Wessex Bardas Kenneth I of Scotland Halfdan the Black Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi References Sources | of Wessex Bardas Kenneth I of Scotland Halfdan the Black Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa |
860, to December 31, 869. Significant people Rurik Pope Nicholas I | people Rurik Pope Nicholas I Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor Ragnar Lodbrok Basil I Charles the Bald |
870s decade ran from January 1, 870, to December 31, 879. Significant people | to December 31, 879. Significant people Alfred the Great Al-Mu'tamid Al-Muwaffaq Harald I of Norway |
880, to December 31, 889. Significant people Al-Mu'tamid | decade ran from January 1, 880, to December 31, 889. Significant people |
December 31, 899. Significant people Al-Mu'tamid Al-Mu'tadid Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz Charles | decade ran from January 1, 890, to December 31, |
people Charlemagne Byzantine Empress Irene Offa of Mercia | ran from January 1, 790, to December 31, |
789. Significant people Al-Mahdi Abbasid caliph Al-Hadi Abbasid caliph Harun | Abbasid caliph Al-Hadi Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid Alcuin Charlemagne Al-Khayzuran Zubaidah bint |
The 770s decade ran from January | 1, 770, to December 31, 779. Significant |
January 1, 760, to December 31, | to December 31, 769. 0906398218 |
ran from January 1, | decade ran from January |
and ended on December 31, 1759. The 1750s was a pioneering decade. Waves of settlers flooded the New World (specifically the Americas) in hopes of re-establishing life away from European control, and electricity was | 1750s was a pioneering decade. Waves of settlers flooded the New World (specifically the Americas) in hopes of re-establishing life away from European control, and electricity was a field of novelty that had yet to be merged |
January 1, 740, to | Significant people References Sources |
730s decade ran from January | 739. Significant people Anglo-Saxon poet Cædmon active |
720, to December 31, 729. Significant | The 720s decade ran from January |
1, 710, to December 31, 719. | decade ran from January |
January 1, 1710, to December 31, | 1710, to December 31, |
1, 700, to December 31, | January 1, 700, to December 31, 709. |
between the Swedish Reformation and Counter-Reformation ends in Sweden. March 14 – The Pi Day, giving the most digits of Pi when written in mm/dd/yyyy format (this year Flemish mathematician Adriaan van Roomen arrives at 15 decimal places of Pi using the polygon approximation method). April 18 – Anglo-Spanish War: Naval Battle of Blaye in the Gironde estuary sees a Spanish victory over the blockading English fleet, allowing the Spanish to relieve the French Catholic garrison of Blaye. After April – William Shakespeare's poem Venus and Adonis probably becomes his first published work, printed in London from his own manuscript. In his lifetime it will be his most frequently reprinted work: at least nine times. May 5 – "Dutch church libel" bills posted in London threaten Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands, alluding to Christopher Marlowe's plays. May 12 – English dramatist Thomas Kyd is arrested over the "Dutch church libel". "Atheist" literature found in his home is claimed to be Marlowe's. May 18 – A warrant for the arrest of Christopher Marlowe is issued. On May 20 he presents himself to the Privy Council. May 30 – Christopher Marlowe is stabbed to death in a dispute over a bill at a lodging house in Deptford. June 7 – Battle of Salbertrand in Piedmont: Victory of François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières, over the Spanish of Rodrigue Alvarez of Toledo, allies of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. June 22 – Battle of Sisak in Croatia: The Habsburgs defeat the Ottoman Empire. July 25 – As he promised in January, Henry IV of France abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a mass"). July 29 – The Long War breaks out in Hungary between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans. October 24–25 – Supposed date of the event described in the 1593 transported soldier legend. Date unknown Mihai Viteazul becomes prince of Walachia. Robert Bellarmine's Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus hujus temporis Haereticos ("Controversiae") concludes publication in Ingolstadt. Henry Constable's Spirituall Sonnettes are written. The parish of Laukaa was founded. Khwaja Usman takes shelter in Goyghor Mosque after the Afghan rebellion against the Subahdar of Mughal Bengal, Man Singh I. Irish pirate queen Grace O'Malley meets with Queen Elizabeth I of England at Greenwich. c. 1593-1604 – According to John Warwick Montgomery, the Rosicrucian manifestos are initially composed by Tobias Hess, in anticipation of the opening of the vault in 1604, according to Simon Studion's apocalyptic timetable. Births January–June January 1 – Sun Chuanting, Ming Dynasty general (d. 1643) January 10 – Prince Maurice of Savoy, Catholic cardinal and Prince of Savoy (d. 1657) February 8 – Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, French Catholic Cardinal (d. 1639) February 24 – Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1625) March 1 – Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1661) March 13 – Georges de La Tour, French Baroque painter (d. 1652) March 20 – Jean de La Haye, French preacher and biblical scholar (d. 1661) March 22 – Johann Ulrich Steigleder, German composer (d. 1635) March 25 – Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary who travelled to Canada in 1625 (d. 1649) April – Mumtaz Mahal, Queen of India (d. 1631) April 3 – George Herbert, Welsh-born English poet (d. 1633) April 4 – Edward Nicholas, English statesman (d. 1669) April 12 – Nicholas Martyn, English politician (d. 1653) April 13 – Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, English statesman (d. 1641) April 19 – Sir John Hobart, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1647) April 27 – Jérôme Lalemant, French Jesuit priest and missionary to Canada (d. 1673) May 2 John Forbes, Scottish theologian (d. 1648) Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena, Italian princess (d. 1629) May 5 – Cesare Monti, Italian cardinal, Archbishop of Milan (d. 1650) May 19 Jacob Jordaens, Flemish painter (d. 1678) Claude Vignon, French painter (d. 1670) June 3 – Richard Knightley, English politician (d. 1639) June 8 – George I Rákóczi, Hungarian prince of Transylvania | 2 – Battle of Piątek: Polish forces led by Janusz Ostrogski are victorious. February 12 – Battle of Haengju: Korea defeats Japan. March 7 (February 25 Old Style) – The Uppsala Synod discontinues; the Liturgical Struggle between the Swedish Reformation and Counter-Reformation ends in Sweden. March 14 – The Pi Day, giving the most digits of Pi when written in mm/dd/yyyy format (this year Flemish mathematician Adriaan van Roomen arrives at 15 decimal places of Pi using the polygon approximation method). April 18 – Anglo-Spanish War: Naval Battle of Blaye in the Gironde estuary sees a Spanish victory over the blockading English fleet, allowing the Spanish to relieve the French Catholic garrison of Blaye. After April – William Shakespeare's poem Venus and Adonis probably becomes his first published work, printed in London from his own manuscript. In his lifetime it will be his most frequently reprinted work: at least nine times. May 5 – "Dutch church libel" bills posted in London threaten Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands, alluding to Christopher Marlowe's plays. May 12 – English dramatist Thomas Kyd is arrested over the "Dutch church libel". "Atheist" literature found in his home is claimed to be Marlowe's. May 18 – A warrant for the arrest of Christopher Marlowe is issued. On May 20 he presents himself to the Privy Council. May 30 – Christopher Marlowe is stabbed to death in a dispute over a bill at a lodging house in Deptford. June 7 – Battle of Salbertrand in Piedmont: Victory of François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières, over the Spanish of Rodrigue Alvarez of Toledo, allies of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. June 22 – Battle of Sisak in Croatia: The Habsburgs defeat the Ottoman Empire. July 25 – As he promised in January, Henry IV of France abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a mass"). July 29 – The Long War breaks out in Hungary between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans. October 24–25 – Supposed date of the event described in the 1593 transported soldier legend. Date unknown Mihai Viteazul becomes prince of Walachia. Robert Bellarmine's Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus hujus temporis Haereticos ("Controversiae") concludes publication in Ingolstadt. Henry Constable's Spirituall Sonnettes are written. The parish of Laukaa was founded. Khwaja Usman takes shelter in Goyghor Mosque after the Afghan rebellion against the Subahdar of Mughal Bengal, Man Singh I. Irish pirate queen Grace O'Malley meets with Queen Elizabeth I of England at Greenwich. c. 1593-1604 – According to John Warwick Montgomery, the Rosicrucian manifestos are initially composed by Tobias Hess, in anticipation of the opening of the vault in 1604, according to Simon Studion's apocalyptic timetable. Births January–June January 1 – Sun Chuanting, Ming Dynasty general (d. 1643) January 10 – Prince Maurice of Savoy, Catholic cardinal and Prince of Savoy (d. 1657) February 8 – Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, French Catholic Cardinal (d. 1639) February |
area known since the Archaic Period (c. 800–c. 500 BC) as Ionia (modern Turkey). By topic Astronomy Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician and astronomer, Khayyam calculates a 33 year calendar consisted of 25 ordinary years that include 365 days, and 8 leap years that include 366 days, the most accurate calculation of his time. Khayyam, in his Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produces a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric solutions (approximate date). Religion Constance, queen of Castile and León, founds a monastery in Burgos (approximate date). Births February 11 – Yejong, king of Goryeo (d. 1122) April – Urraca, queen regnant of León, Castile and Galicia (d. 1126) August 8 – Horikawa, emperor of Japan (d. 1107) Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī, Fatimid scholar and writer (d. 1180) Berardo dei Marsi, Italian cardinal and bishop (d. 1130) Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard, French noblewoman (d. 1151) Gampopa, Tibetan Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1153) Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (d. 1107) Liu, Chinese | of Japan (d. 1107) Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī, Fatimid scholar and writer (d. 1180) Berardo dei Marsi, Italian cardinal and bishop (d. 1130) Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard, French noblewoman (d. 1151) Gampopa, Tibetan Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1153) Kilij Arslan I, sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (d. 1107) Liu, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d. 1113) Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher (d. 1142) Zheng, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d. 1131) Approximate date – Diepold III, margrave of Vohburg Deaths January 8 – Adela of France, countess of Flanders (b. 1009) February 22 – John of Fécamp, Italian-Norman abbot April 11 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Polish bishop (b. 1030) August 2 – Roman Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince August 5 – Hezilo (or Hettilo), bishop of Hildesheim November 16 – Cao, empress of the Song dynasty (b. 1016) Adelaide of Savoy, duchess of Swabia (approximate date) Aedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh, king of Iar Connacht Al-Jayyānī, Arab scholar and mathematician (b. 989) Atsiz |
Krak des Chevaliers) to the Knights Hospitaller. After acquiring the site, they begin building new fortifications. Africa Abd al-Mu'min, ruler of the Almohad Caliphate, is unable to feed his population during a famine. He recognize the de facto protectorate of Roger II to support the commercial center of Mahdia. A Norman raid against the city of Tripoli fails. Asia January 5 – Emperor Sutoku abdicates the throne after a 19-year reign and becomes a monk. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old brother Konoe, who accedes as the 76th emperor of Japan. October 11 – Treaty of Shaoxing: The Jin Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty sign a peace treaty, this ending the Jurchen campaigns against the Song Dynasty in China. Births Al-Mustadi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1180) Fujiwara no Takanobu, Japanese portrait painter (d. 1205) Hugh III of Burgundy, French nobleman (approximate date) Moinuddin Chishti, Persian preacher and philosopher (d. 1236) Taklung Thangpa Tashi Pal, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1210) William I (the Lion), king of Scotland (approximate date) Deaths January 4 – Clementia of Aquitaine, French noblewoman (b. 1060) January 16 – Eilika of Saxony, German noblewoman (b. 1080) January 28 – Yue Fei, Chinese military leader and poet (b. 1103) April 21 – Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher (b. 1079) June 25 – William of Montevergine, Italian abbot (b. 1085) June 28 – Guigues IV (le Dauphin), French nobleman July 27 – Berthold of Garsten, German priest and abbot (b. 1060) August 2 – Alexios (Komnenos), Byzantine co-emperor (b. 1106) September 10 – Sancho de Larrosa, Spanish bishop Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, Persian scholar and historian (b. 1067) Andronikos (Komnenos), | of Leiningen, bishop of Würzburg. Late Summer – John II establishes a supply base for his further campaigns at Antalya. While waiting for reinforcements, his eldest son Alexios and appointed heir, falls ill and dies. His other two sons, Andronikos and Isaac are tasked to escort the body, but during the voyage Andronikos also dies. John continues his campaign against the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia – to re-conquer the fortresses that the Danishmends have taken. He appears by forced marches at Turbessel in mid-September. Meanwhile, Isaac brings the corpses of his two brothers back to Constantinople, where they are entombed in the Pantokrator Monastery. Europe King Louis VII the Younger of France becomes involved in a civil war with Theobald II ("the Great"), count of Champagne, by permitting his cousin Ralph I of Vermandois (seneschal of France) to repudiate his wife, Theobald's sister Eleanor of Champagne, and to marry Petronilla of Aquitaine, who was the sister of King Louis VII’s wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Sigurd II, a Norwegian pretender, is joined in his efforts to overthrow the 7-year-old King Inge Haraldsson of Norway by Inge's older half-brother Eystein II, who becomes co-ruler. He receives one third of the late Harald's kingdom. May – Conrad III makes a peace agreement with the 13-year-old Henry the Lion at Frankfurt. He is appointed as duke of Saxony, which territories are deprived from his father, the late Duke Henry the Proud. Duke Władysław II the Exile attempts to subject his younger (half)-brothers to re-unite Poland. He is supported by the alliances with the Kievan Rus' and the Holy Roman Empire. Summer – Conrad III enters Bohemia to reinstate his brother-in-law Vladislaus II as duke, whose half-sister Gertrude of Babenberg he is married. Conrad lays siege to the Prague Castle. Siege of Lisbon (1142): King Afonso I Henriques of Portugal attempts to besiege Lisbon with the aid of a group of Anglo-Norman crusaders. England Autumn – The 9-year-old Henry of Anjou, a son of |
Conqueror moves to Canterbury and finally enters London. Archbishop Stigand and other English leaders submit to William's rule. December 25 – William the Conqueror is crowned as king William I of England in Westminster Abbey over Edward the Confessor's grave. Europe Tain becomes the first town in Scotland to be chartered as a royal burgh by King Malcolm III (Canmore). Huy becomes the first town in the Low Countries to be granted city rights, by Theodwin of Liège. Hedeby (located on the Jutland Peninsula) is sacked and burned by the West Slavs, after which it is slowly abandoned. The Republic of Genoa, jealous of the recent successes of its former allies, launches a naval assault on the Republic of Pisa. King Stenkil (or Steinkell) dies after a 6-year reign. Two rivals named Eric battle for power in Sweden, both claiming the throne. Magnus II (Haraldsson), a son of Harald Hardrada, is crowned king of Norway. He unites Western Norway and Northern Norway. Fulk IV (the Quarreller) is at war with his brother Geoffrey III. They are fighting over the lands of Anjou and Touraine which has been left to them by their uncle Geoffrey II (Martel). December 30 – Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies the Jewish vizier , and massacres most of the Jewish population. City of Šibenik first mentioned under its present name in a Charter of the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV Births February 22 – Lý Nhân Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1127) Al-Afdal Shahanshah, vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate (d. 1121) Gilbert Fitz Richard, English nobleman (approximate date) Godfrey of Amiens, French abbot and bishop (d. 1115) Henry, count of Portugal (House of Burgundy) (d. 1112) Irene Doukaina (or Ducaena), Byzantine empress (d. 1138) Wang Jha-ji, Korean politician and general (d. 1122) Deaths January 5 – Edward the Confessor, king of England February 3 – Rostislav of Tmutarakan, Kievan Rus' prince (b. 1038) February 12 – Everard I of Breteuil, French nobleman April 9 – Al-Bayhaqi, Persian Sunni hadith scholar (b. 994) May 21 – Su Xun, Chinese scholar and writer (b. 1009) June 6 – Gottschalk (or Godescalc), Obotrite prince June 27 – Arialdo, Italian nobleman and deacon August 15 – Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la, Arab Hanbali scholar (b. 990) September 25 (killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge): Eystein Orre, Norwegian nobleman Harald III (Harald Hardrada), king of Norway Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria September 25 – Maria Haraldsdotter, Norwegian princess October 14 (killed at the | Julian calendar. Events By place England January – Harold II marries Ealdgyth, daughter of Ælfgar (earl of Mercia), and widow of King Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. January 5 – Edward the Confessor dies after a 24-year reign at London. The Witenagemot (or Witan) proclaims Harold Godwinson king of England. January 6 – Harold Godwinson (or Harold II) is crowned king of England, probably in the new Westminster Abbey, where Edward the Confessor's funeral took place not long before the coronation. March 20 – Halley's Comet reaches perihelion. Its appearance is subsequently recorded in the Bayeux Tapestry. September 12 – William the Conqueror assembles an invasion fleet (around 700 warships) at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme. September 18 – Harald Hardrada of Norway lands on the beaches of Scarborough and begins his invasion of England. September 20 – Battle of Fulford: Norwegian forces under Harald Hardrada defeat the English earls Edwin and Morcar. September 25 – Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold II defeats the forces of Harald Hardrada and his own brother Tostig Godwinson. September 27 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the River Somme, beginning the Norman conquest of England. September 28 – William the Conqueror lands on the English coast at Pevensey. He splits his forces, and sails with the main army to Hastings. October 6 – Harold II marches south from Stamford Bridge (near York) to counter the threat of invasion from William the Conqueror. October 11 – Harold II arrives at London, but leaves a short time later. After a two-days march he and his army reaches Caldbec Hill. October 14 – Battle of Hastings: William the Conqueror and Harold II meet in battle at Hastings. Although Harold has the superior position on the battlefield, he is defeated and killed by William the Conqueror. October 15 – Edgar Ætheling is proclaimed king of England (but is never crowned). He is soon forced to submit to the rule of William the Conqueror. December – William the Conqueror moves along the south coast to Dover, and builds fortifications in the existing castle at the top of the cliffs. William the Conqueror moves to Canterbury and finally enters London. Archbishop Stigand and other English leaders submit to William's rule. December 25 – William the Conqueror is crowned as king William I of England in Westminster Abbey over Edward the Confessor's grave. Europe Tain becomes the first town in Scotland to be chartered as a royal burgh |
calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe King Liutprand of the Lombards meets Pope Zachary at Terni (Central Italy), who appeals to the king's religious faith. Liutprand is a pious Catholic and signs a 20-year peace treaty, restoring the cities of the Duchy of Rome which he has captured. The independent Lombard duchies of Spoleto and Benevento absorb into the Lombard Kingdom. Arab-Byzantine Wars: Arab forces under Sulayman ibn Hisham invade Anatolia, reaching as far as Herakleia, and return with much wealth & livestock. Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Arab forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, suppress the Berber rebellion in the region of Mértola (modern Portugal). Teodato Ipato succeeds his father Orso Ipato, as the fourth doge of Venice. He moves the capital from Heraclea to Malamocco. Africa The Great Berber Revolt: Muslim forces under Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, governor of Egypt, break out of besieged Kairouan (Tunisia). He scatters the Berbers, and in the following months he reconquers all lands lost during the Revolt in Morocco and South of it. Asia Emperor Xuan Zong begins to favor Taoism over Buddhism, adopting the new reign title Tianbao ("Heavenly Treasures"), to indicate his divine mandate. The total number of enlisted troops in the Tang armies has risen to about half a million, due to Xuan Zongs's earlier military reforms. For the municipal census of the Chinese capital city Chang'an and its metropolitan area of Jingzhou (including small towns in the vicinity), the New Book of | fourth doge of Venice. He moves the capital from Heraclea to Malamocco. Africa The Great Berber Revolt: Muslim forces under Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, governor of Egypt, break out of besieged Kairouan (Tunisia). He scatters the Berbers, and in the following months he reconquers all lands lost during the Revolt in Morocco and South of it. Asia Emperor Xuan Zong begins to favor Taoism over Buddhism, adopting the new reign title Tianbao ("Heavenly Treasures"), to indicate his divine mandate. The total number of enlisted troops in the Tang armies has risen to about half a million, due to Xuan Zongs's earlier military reforms. For the municipal census of the Chinese capital city Chang'an and its metropolitan area of Jingzhou (including small towns in the vicinity), the New Book of Tang records that in this year there are 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 persons. Li Bai (also Li Po), Chinese poet, is summoned by Xuan Zong to attend the imperial court. He and his friend Du Fu become the two most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry, during the mid-Tang Dynasty. By topic Religion After a 40-year vacancy, Stephen IV becomes Orthodox patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Chrodegang, chancellor of Charles Martel, is appointed bishop of Metz and embarks on a reorganisation of the Frankish |
Kornelimünster Abbey, which is founded by him. Japan Shinsen Shōjiroku, a record of the genealogy of the ancient Japanese noble families, is completed during the reign of Emperor Saga. By topic Religion Byzantine Iconoclasm: Conflict erupts between Emperor Leo V and Patriarch Nikephoros, on the subject of iconoclasm. The latter is excommunicated. Births Bodo, Frankish deacon (approximate date) Enchin, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 891) Han Yunzhong, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 874) Muhammad at-Taqi, Muslim ninth Ismā'īlī imam (or 813) Wu Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 846) Zhou Bao, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 888) Deaths January 28 – Charlemagne, king and emperor of the Franks (b. 742) February 18 – Angilbert, Frankish diplomat and abbot April 4 – Plato of Sakkoudion, Byzantine abbot April 13 – Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire Abd-Allah ibn Numayr, Muslim narrator of hadith Abu Nuwas, Muslim poet (b. 756) Ailbhe of Ceann Mhara, Irish monk Baizhang Huaihai, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 720) Gruffydd ap Cyngen, Welsh prince | and buried in Aachen Cathedral. Charlemagne is succeeded by his son Louis the Pious, as king of the Frankish Empire. Louis I establishes himself at the imperial court of Aachen. He appoints Benedict of Aniane as his chief advisor on religious matters, and makes him abbot of Kornelimünster Abbey, which is founded by him. Japan Shinsen Shōjiroku, a record of the genealogy of the ancient Japanese noble families, is completed during the reign of Emperor Saga. By topic Religion Byzantine Iconoclasm: Conflict erupts between Emperor Leo V and Patriarch Nikephoros, on the subject of iconoclasm. The latter is excommunicated. Births Bodo, Frankish deacon (approximate date) Enchin, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. |
Flanders. April 16 – The Statute of Frauds is passed into English law. May 29 – The Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians. May 31 – Scanian War: Battle of Møn – Danish ships clash with a Swedish fleet under Niels Juel, between Fehmarn and Warnemünde; the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships. June 25–26 – Scanian War: Siege of Malmö – Danish attackers fail to take the town from the Swedish. July–December July 14 – Battle of Landskrona: Sweden defeats the Danes. August – The French guild of the Maitresses bouquetieres is founded in Paris. October 29 – Michel le Tellier becomes Chancellor of France. November 4 – The future Mary II of England marries William of Orange. November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg. Date unknown The Second London Baptist Confession of Faith is written (published in 1689). Spinoza's Ethics (Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata) is published as part of his Opera Posthuma in Amsterdam. Elias Ashmole gifts the collection that begins the Ashmolean Museum to the University of Oxford in England. Charles II of England makes Henry Purcell his court musician. Jules Hardouin Mansart begins la place Vendôme in Paris (it is completed in 1698). Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford, is created 1st Earl of Longford in the Peerage of Ireland. The John Roan School is established in Greenwich, London. Belgian missionary Louis Hennepin observes and describes the Niagara Falls, thus bringing them to the attention of Europeans. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz gives a complete solution to the tangent problem. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa under the microscope. The use of male impotence is ended as a factor in French divorce proceedings. Ice cream becomes popular in Paris. The population of Paris first exceeds 500,000. Births February 3 – Jan Santini Aichel, Czech architect (d. 1723) February 4 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (d. 1731) February 8 – Jacques Cassini, French astronomer (d. 1756) May 4 – Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, youngest daughter of Louis XIV (d. 1749) August 27 – Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun, Austrian field marshal (d. 1748) September 17 – Stephen Hales, English physiologist, chemist, and inventor (d. 1761) October 20 – Stanisław Leszczyński, King of Poland (d. 1766) date unknown William Dummer, acting Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1761) Li Ching-Yuen, Chinese herbalist, martial artist and tactical advisor (d. 1933) (claimed) Deaths January 8 – Sir John Fowell, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1623) January 18 – Jan van Riebeeck, Dutch founder of Cape Town (b. 1619) January 31 – Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (b. 1617) February 9 – George Horner, English politician (b. 1605) February 21 – Baruch Spinoza, | America (a pamphlet on smallpox) is produced in Boston. February – The first arrest is made in the case that will develop into the "Affair of the Poisons" in France. March 17 – Franco-Dutch War: Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77) in the Spanish Netherlands ends with surrender of the town to the French. April 6 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor visits the University of Innsbruck. April 11 – Franco-Dutch War: Battle of Cassel – A French force under Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, defeats a combined Dutch-Spanish force under William of Orange in French Flanders. April 16 – The Statute of Frauds is passed into English law. May 29 – The Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians. May 31 – Scanian War: Battle of Møn – Danish ships clash with a Swedish fleet under Niels Juel, between Fehmarn and Warnemünde; the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships. June 25–26 – Scanian War: Siege of Malmö – Danish attackers fail to take the town from the Swedish. July–December July 14 – Battle of Landskrona: Sweden defeats the Danes. August – The French guild of the Maitresses bouquetieres is founded in Paris. October 29 – Michel le Tellier becomes Chancellor of France. November 4 – The future Mary II of England marries William of Orange. November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg. Date unknown The Second London Baptist Confession of Faith is written (published in 1689). Spinoza's Ethics (Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata) is published as part of his Opera Posthuma in Amsterdam. Elias Ashmole gifts the collection that begins the Ashmolean Museum to the University of Oxford in England. Charles II of England makes Henry Purcell his court musician. Jules Hardouin Mansart begins la place Vendôme in Paris (it is completed in 1698). Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford, is created 1st Earl of Longford in the Peerage of Ireland. The John Roan School is established in Greenwich, London. Belgian missionary Louis Hennepin observes and describes the Niagara Falls, thus bringing them to the attention of Europeans. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz gives a complete solution to the tangent problem. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa under the microscope. The use of male impotence is ended as a factor in French divorce proceedings. Ice cream becomes popular in Paris. The population of Paris first exceeds 500,000. Births February 3 – Jan Santini Aichel, Czech architect (d. 1723) |
November 1 Albert, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, joint ruler of Nassau-Dillenburg 1623–1626 (d. 1626) Pietro da Cortona, Italian painter (d. 1669) November 5 – Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf, French noble (d. 1657) November 6 – Jeanne Chezard de Matel, French mystic (d. 1670) November 21 – René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson, French politician (d. 1651) December 12 – Sir Edward Osborne, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1647) December 13 – António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva, Portuguese general and noble (d. 1675) December 21 Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano (d. 1656) Peter Mohyla, Moldavian Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (d. 1646) December 24 – Leonaert Bramer, Dutch painter (d. 1674) Date unknown Francesco Buonamici, Italian architect, painter and engraver (d. 1677) John Dury, Scottish-born Calvinist minister (d. 1680) Franz von Hatzfeld, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg (d. 1642) Lucas Holstenius, German humanist (d. 1661) Georg Jenatsch, Swiss political leader (d. 1639) Richard Mather, American clergyman (d. 1669) Horio Tadaharu, Japanese warlord (d. 1633) Deaths January 27 – Sir Francis Drake, English explorer, sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, pirate and politician (b. 1540) February 7 – George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1547) February 17 – Friedrich Sylburg, German classical scholar (b. 1536) February 19 – Blaise de Vigenère, French cryptographer, diplomat, scientist, and author (b. 1523) March 23 – Henry Unton, English diplomat (b. 1557) March 27 – Frederick IV of Liegnitz, German noble (b. 1552) April 4 – Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b. 1533) May – Janet Fockart, Scottish merchant and moneylender May 5 – Catherine de Montpensier, politically active French duchess (b. 1552) May 6 – Giaches de Wert, Flemish composer (b. 1535) May 31 – John Lesley, Scottish bishop (b. 1527) June 10 – John Louis I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (b. 1567) July 10 – Alessandro Alberti, Italian painter (b. 1551) July 23 – Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (b. 1526) August 11 – Hamnet Shakespeare, son of William Shakespeare (b. 1585) September 9 – Anna Jagiellon, queen of Poland (b. 1523) September 14 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1532) September 15 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (b. 1535) October 3 – Florent Chrestien, French writer (b. 1541) October 26 – István Esterházy, Hungarian noble (b. 1572) November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (b. 1539) November 10 – Peter Wentworth, English Puritan politician (b. 1530) November 29 William Gibson (martyr), English Catholic martyr Venerable William Knight, English Catholic martyr (b. 1572) December 27 – Pietro Pontio, Italian music theorist and composer (b. | Palatine (d. 1632) August 18 – Jean Bolland, Belgian Jesuit, Founder of the Bollandist (d. 1665) August 19 – Elizabeth Stuart, later Queen of Bohemia (d. 1662) September James Shirley, English dramatist (d. 1666) Moses Amyraut, French Protestant theologian (d. 1664) September 3 – Nicola Amati, Italian luthier from Cremona (d. 1684) September 4 – Constantijn Huygens, Dutch Golden Age poet and composer (d. 1687) September 7 – John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1660) September 11 – Francis Eaton, Mayflower passenger and New World colonist (d. 1633) September 23 – Joan Blaeu, Dutch cartographer (d. 1673) October 1 – Cesare Dandini, Italian painter (d. 1657) October 5 – Pieter van Mierevelt, Dutch painter (d. 1623) October 18 – Edward Winslow, American Pilgrim leader (d. 1655) October 23 – Daniel Hay du Chastelet de Chambon, French mathematician (d. 1671) October 26 – Robert Coe, American colonial (d. 1689) November 1 Albert, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, joint ruler of Nassau-Dillenburg 1623–1626 (d. 1626) Pietro da Cortona, Italian painter (d. 1669) November 5 – Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf, French noble (d. 1657) November 6 – Jeanne Chezard de Matel, French mystic (d. 1670) November 21 – René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson, French politician (d. 1651) December 12 – Sir Edward Osborne, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1647) December 13 – António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva, Portuguese general and noble (d. 1675) December 21 Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano (d. 1656) Peter Mohyla, Moldavian Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (d. 1646) December 24 – Leonaert Bramer, Dutch painter (d. 1674) Date unknown Francesco Buonamici, Italian architect, painter and engraver (d. 1677) John Dury, Scottish-born Calvinist minister (d. 1680) Franz von Hatzfeld, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg (d. 1642) Lucas Holstenius, German humanist (d. 1661) Georg Jenatsch, Swiss political leader (d. 1639) Richard Mather, American clergyman (d. 1669) Horio Tadaharu, Japanese warlord (d. 1633) Deaths January 27 – Sir Francis Drake, English explorer, sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, pirate and politician (b. 1540) February 7 – George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1547) February 17 – Friedrich Sylburg, German classical scholar (b. 1536) February 19 – Blaise de Vigenère, French cryptographer, diplomat, scientist, and author (b. 1523) March 23 – Henry Unton, English diplomat (b. 1557) March 27 – Frederick IV of Liegnitz, German noble (b. 1552) April 4 – Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b. 1533) May – Janet Fockart, Scottish merchant and moneylender May 5 – Catherine de Montpensier, politically active French duchess (b. 1552) May 6 – Giaches de Wert, Flemish composer (b. 1535) May 31 – John Lesley, Scottish bishop (b. 1527) June 10 – John Louis I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (b. 1567) July 10 – Alessandro Alberti, Italian painter (b. 1551) July 23 – Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (b. 1526) August 11 – Hamnet Shakespeare, son of William Shakespeare (b. 1585) September 9 – Anna Jagiellon, queen of Poland (b. 1523) September 14 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1532) September 15 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (b. 1535) October 3 – Florent Chrestien, French writer (b. 1541) October 26 – István Esterházy, Hungarian noble (b. 1572) November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (b. 1539) November 10 – Peter Wentworth, English Puritan politician (b. 1530) November 29 William Gibson (martyr), English Catholic martyr Venerable William Knight, English Catholic martyr (b. 1572) December 27 – Pietro Pontio, Italian music theorist and composer (b. |
4 – James Lind, Scottish physician (d. 1794) October 5 – Alexei Senyavin, Russian admiral (d. 1797) October 6 – George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, British statesman (d. 1771) October 8 – Gaspar of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga, Portuguese clergyman (d. 1780) October 16 – Lord Augustus FitzRoy, Royal Navy officer during the War of the Austrian Succession (d. 1741) October 26 – Charles Christian Erdmann, Duke of Württemberg-Oels (d. 1792) November 1 William Foye, Canadian politician (d. 1771) Joseph Dinouart, French preacher (d. 1786) November 4 – Wilhelm von Knyphausen, Prussian soldier (d. 1800) November 16 – John Monro, British physician of Bethlem Hospital (d. 1791) November 26 – Elizabeth Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, British duchess; Lady of the Bedchamber (d. 1776) December 1 – Étienne Maurice Falconet, French artist (d. 1791) December 7 – Henry Ernest of Stolberg-Wernigerode, German politician, canon, provost and author of numerous hymns (d. 1778) December 12 – Leopoldine Marie of Anhalt-Dessau, Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt (d. 1782) December 16 Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli, Swiss agronomist (d. 1780) Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini, French diplomat and writer (d. 1798) December 23 – Johann Heinrich Rolle, German baroque composer (d. 1785) December 25 – Johann Jakob Reiske, German scholar (d. 1774) December 26 Thomas Gray, English poet, historian (d. 1771) Jean François de Saint-Lambert, French poet, philosopher and military officer (d. 1803) December 27 – Leonardo Ximenes, Italian mathematician (d. 1786) approximate date Arnarsaq, Inuit translator, interpreter and missionary (d. after 1771) Catherine Théot, French visionary (d. 1794) Anna Margareta Salmelin, Finnish prisoner of war (d. 1789) date unknown Josip Kazimir Drašković, Croatian General in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) (d. 1765) Deaths January 1 – William Wycherley, English playwright (b. 1641) January 18 – Sir Robert Burdett, 3rd Baronet, English politician (b. 1640) January 30 – Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, French-born Polish consort to King John III Sobieski (b. 1641) February 2 – Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Spanish Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (b. 1640) February 19 – Dorothe Engelbretsdotter, Norway's first professional female author (b. 1634) March 26 – Johann Friedrich Gleditsch, German book publisher (b. 1653) March 28 – John Vesey, Irish archbishop (b. 1638) April 14 – Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington, British admiral (b. c. 1648) April 26 – John Somers, 1st Baron Somers, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1651) April 28 – Saint Louis de Montfort, author, True Devotion to Mary April 29 – Sir Richard Myddelton, 3rd Baronet, English politician (b. 1655) May 11 – Francis de Geronimo, Italian priest (b. 1642) May 14 – Henry Oxburgh, executed Irish Jacobite leader June 2 – Ogata Kōrin, Japanese painter (b. c. 1657) June 5 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician and philosopher (b. 1682) June 8 – Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (b. 1658) June 9 – Banda Bahadur, Sikh military commander (executed) (b. 1670) June 19 – Tokugawa Ietsugu, 7th Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (b. 1709) June 28 – George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (b. 1665) July 8 – Robert South, English churchman (b. 1634) July 9 – Joseph Sauveur, French mathematician (b. 1653) July 14 – Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield, English peer (b. 1663) July 26 – Paolo Alessandro Maffei, Italian antiquarian, humanist (b. 1653) August 5 – Silahtar Ali Pasha, Ottoman (Turkish) grand vizier (b. 1667) August 6 – Frederick Augustus, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt (b. 1654) September 25 – Johann Christoph Pez, German composer (b. 1664) October 17 – Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, Scottish peeress (b. 1631) | (d. 1782) January 26 – George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville, British Army general (d. 1785) January 30 – Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, Swedish architect and civil servant (d. 1796) February 2 – David Graeme, British Army general (d. 1797) February 4 – José Solís Folch de Cardona, Spanish colonial governor (d. 1770) February 8 – Pasquale Cafaro, Italian composer (d. 1787) February 9 – Mary Palmer, English writer (d. 1794) February 23 – Antoine-Joseph Pernety, French writer (d. 1796) March 6 – Pehr Kalm, Finnish scientist (d. 1779) March 13 – Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia (d. 1801) March 18 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Graf von Wylich und Lottum, Prussian army officer (d. 1774) March 19 – Guillaume Coustou the Younger, French artist (d. 1777) March 21 – Josef Seger, Czech composer and organist (d. 1782) April 1 – Morgan Rhys, Welsh hymn-writer (d. 1779) April 5 – Jeremiah Theus, American artist (d. 1774) April 12 – Felice Giardini, Italian composer, violinist (d. 1796) April 24 – Johann Georg Weishaupt, German lawyer (d. 1753) May 2 – Infante Carlos of Portugal, Portuguese infante (prince) (d. 1736) May 8 – James Wright, Governor of Georgia (d. 1785) May 20 – Friedrich Samuel Bock, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1785) May 24 – Constantine, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg (d. 1778) May 28 – Sir Robert Burdett, 4th Baronet, British politician and member of the English gentry (d. 1797) May 29 – Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, French scientist (d. 1799) June 10 – Carl Gustaf Ekeberg, Swedish explorer (d. 1784) June 18 Charles Edzard, Prince of East Frisia (d. 1744) Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter (d. 1809) June 23 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley (d. 1789) June 25 – Johann Baptist Babel, Swiss sculptor (d. 1799) June 26 – Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1771) June 27 – Louise Diane d'Orléans, last child of Philippe II, Duke of Orleans (d. 1736) July 3 – Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch, German Prince-Bishop (d. 1795) July 14 – Michael Schlatter, American clergyman (d. 1790) July 17 – William Errington, English priest (d. 1768) July 22 – Jan Jakub Zamoyski, Polish noble (d. 1790) August 2 – Richard Edgcumbe, 2nd Baron Edgcumbe, British baron, politician (d. 1761) August 4 – Sir John Dashwood-King, 3rd Baronet, English country gentleman (d. 1793) August 8 Andrea Spagni, Italian theologian (d. 1788) Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley, British politician (d. 1777) August 15 – Karl Joseph von Firmian, Austrian diplomat (d. 1782) August 18 – Johan Maurits Mohr, Dutch-German pastor and astronomer (d. 1775) August 30 – Capability Brown, English landscape architect (d. 1783) September 2 – Jacques-Nicolas Tardieu, French engraver (d. 1791) September 6 – Charles Bennet, 3rd Earl of Tankerville, British Earl (d. 1767) September 16 – Angelo Maria Amorevoli, Italian musician (d. 1798) September 19 – Jan Jacob Schultens, Dutch linguist (d. 1788) October 1 – Benjamin Waller, American politician (d. 1786) October 3 – Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist (d. 1781) October 4 – James Lind, Scottish physician (d. 1794) October 5 – Alexei Senyavin, Russian admiral (d. 1797) October 6 – George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, British statesman (d. 1771) October 8 – Gaspar of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga, Portuguese clergyman (d. 1780) October 16 – Lord Augustus FitzRoy, Royal Navy officer during the War of the Austrian Succession (d. 1741) October 26 – Charles Christian Erdmann, Duke of Württemberg-Oels (d. 1792) November 1 William Foye, Canadian politician (d. 1771) Joseph Dinouart, French preacher (d. 1786) November 4 – Wilhelm von Knyphausen, Prussian soldier (d. 1800) November 16 – John Monro, British physician of Bethlem Hospital (d. 1791) November 26 – Elizabeth Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, British duchess; Lady of the Bedchamber (d. 1776) December 1 – Étienne Maurice Falconet, French artist (d. 1791) December 7 – Henry Ernest of Stolberg-Wernigerode, German politician, canon, provost and author of numerous hymns (d. 1778) December 12 – Leopoldine Marie of Anhalt-Dessau, Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt (d. 1782) December 16 Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli, |
Joseph Jenkes obtains the first colonial machine patent, in Massachusetts. March 15 – Start of the Battles of La Naval de Manila, a series of five naval battles fought between the Dutch Republic and Spain in the waters of the Philippines. April 27 – King Charles I of England flees from Oxford (where he has been overwintering) in disguise and begins his journey to the Scottish army camp near Newark. May 5 – King Charles I of England surrenders his forces to a Scottish army at Southwell, Nottinghamshire. May 6 – American colonial poet Anne Bradstreet becomes a founding mother of Andover Parish (modern-day North Andover), Massachusetts. May 30 – Eighty Years' War: Habsburg Spain and the Dutch Republic sign a temporary cease-fire. June 20 – Third Siege of Oxford concludes with signing of the surrender of the Royalist garrison at Oxford to General Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentary New Model Army; on the 24th of June the main force marches out, ending the First English Civil War. July–December July – The populist political movement called the Levellers appears in England. July 12 – Lightning strikes the gunpowder tower of the castle of Bredevoort in the Netherlands, causing an explosion that destroys parts of the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who is not home that day, survives. July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals ("Newcastle Propositions") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement. August – The Westminster Assembly of Divines, meeting in London, begins to draw up the Westminster Confession of Faith; the draft is printed and sent to the Parliament of England in December. August 19 – First English Civil War: Raglan Castle in Wales surrenders to General Fairfax after a 2-month siege; it is later destroyed. September 16 – The new Orange College of Breda opens at Breda in the Dutch Republic. October – Anglican episcopacy formally abolished. October 10 – France takes Dunkirk from the Spanish Netherlands for the first time. October 28 – The first Protestant church assembly for natives (the Waban) is held in Massachusetts. November 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony enacts the death penalty for denying Biblical inspiration. December 7 – Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau marries Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, on her 19th birthday at The Hague. December 21 – Global temperatures begin to decline, as part of the Little Ice Age. December 23 – The Covenanters hand over King Charles I of England to the Parliamentarians. Births January–March January 1 – David Makeléer, Swedish politician (d. 1708) January 6 – Jan Van Cleef, Flemish painter (d. 1716) February 4 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, German statesman and poet from the second Silesian school (d. 1699) February 10 – Hans Adam Weissenkircher, Austrian painter (d. 1695) February 17 – Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist (d. 1714) February 23 – Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1709) March 19 – Michael Kongehl, German poet and hymnwriter (d. 1710) March 25 – Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp, Swedish noble (d. 1723) April–June April 1 – Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum, German army commander (d. 1704) April 4 – Antoine Galland, French orientalist and archaeologist (d. 1715) April 6 – Henry Goring, English politician | a series of five naval battles fought between the Dutch Republic and Spain in the waters of the Philippines. April 27 – King Charles I of England flees from Oxford (where he has been overwintering) in disguise and begins his journey to the Scottish army camp near Newark. May 5 – King Charles I of England surrenders his forces to a Scottish army at Southwell, Nottinghamshire. May 6 – American colonial poet Anne Bradstreet becomes a founding mother of Andover Parish (modern-day North Andover), Massachusetts. May 30 – Eighty Years' War: Habsburg Spain and the Dutch Republic sign a temporary cease-fire. June 20 – Third Siege of Oxford concludes with signing of the surrender of the Royalist garrison at Oxford to General Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentary New Model Army; on the 24th of June the main force marches out, ending the First English Civil War. July–December July – The populist political movement called the Levellers appears in England. July 12 – Lightning strikes the gunpowder tower of the castle of Bredevoort in the Netherlands, causing an explosion that destroys parts of the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who is not home that day, survives. July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals ("Newcastle Propositions") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement. August – The Westminster Assembly of Divines, meeting in London, begins to draw up the Westminster Confession of Faith; the draft is printed and sent to the Parliament of England in December. August 19 – First English Civil War: Raglan Castle in Wales surrenders to General Fairfax after a 2-month siege; it is later destroyed. September 16 – The new Orange College of Breda opens at Breda in the Dutch Republic. October – Anglican episcopacy formally abolished. October 10 – France takes Dunkirk from the Spanish Netherlands for the first time. October 28 – The first Protestant church assembly for natives (the Waban) is held in Massachusetts. November 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony enacts the death penalty for denying Biblical inspiration. December 7 – Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau marries Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, on her 19th birthday at The Hague. December 21 – Global temperatures begin to decline, as part of the Little Ice Age. December 23 – The Covenanters hand over King Charles I of England to the Parliamentarians. Births January–March January 1 – David Makeléer, Swedish politician (d. 1708) January 6 – Jan Van Cleef, Flemish painter (d. 1716) February 4 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, German statesman and poet from the second Silesian school (d. 1699) February 10 – Hans Adam Weissenkircher, Austrian painter (d. 1695) February 17 – Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist (d. 1714) February 23 – Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1709) March 19 – Michael Kongehl, German poet and hymnwriter (d. 1710) March 25 – Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp, Swedish noble (d. 1723) April–June April 1 – Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum, German army commander (d. 1704) April 4 – Antoine Galland, French orientalist and archaeologist (d. 1715) April 6 – Henry Goring, English politician (d. 1685) April 12 – Pietro Dandini, Italian painter (d. 1712) April 15 – King Christian V of Denmark (d. 1699) April 16 – Jules Hardouin-Mansart, French Baroque architect (d. 1708) April 20 Giacinto Calandrucci, Italian painter (d. 1707) Charles Plumier, French botanist (d. 1704) May 12 – George IV, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (1672–1678) (d. 1678) May 29 – Isaac Johannes Lamotius, Dutch Governor of Mauritius (d. 1718) June 5 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Venetian philosopher of noble descent (d. 1684) June 6 – Hortense Mancini, favourite Italian niece of Cardinal Mazarin (d. 1699) June 21 – Maria Francisca of Savoy (d. 1683) June 30 – Paul Hermann, German botanist |
One recurring topic was measuring the amount of coffee in coffee cans. Rooney's pieces, particularly one in which he referred to actor Mel Gibson as a "wacko", on occasion led to complaints from viewers. In 1990, Rooney was suspended without pay for three months by then-CBS News President David Burke, because of the negative publicity around his saying that "too much alcohol, too much food, drugs, homosexual unions, cigarettes [are] all known to lead to premature death." He wrote an explanatory letter to a gay organization after being ordered not to do so. After only four weeks without Rooney, 60 Minutes lost 20% of its audience. CBS management then decided that it was in the best interest of the network to have Rooney return immediately. Rooney published several books documenting his contributions to the program, including Years Of Minutes and A Few Minutes With Andy Rooney. Rooney retired from 60 Minutes, delivering his final commentary on October 2, 2011, it was his 1,097th commentary over his 34-year career on the program. He died one month later on November 4, 2011. On November 13, 2011, 60 Minutes featured an hour-long tribute to Rooney and his career, and included a rebroadcast of his final commentary segment. Opening sequence The opening sequence features a 60 Minutes "magazine cover" with the show's trademark, an Aristo stopwatch, intercut with preview clips of the episode's stories. The sequence ends with each of the current correspondents and hosts introducing themselves. The last host who appears (currently Scott Pelley) then says, "Those stories tonight on 60 Minutes". When Rooney was a prominent fixture, the final line was "Those stories and Andy Rooney, tonight on 60 Minutes". Before that, and whenever Rooney did not appear, the final line was "Those stories and more, tonight on 60 Minutes". The stopwatch counts off each of the broadcast's 60 minutes, starting from zero at the beginning of each show. It is seen during the opening title sequence, before each commercial break, and at the tail-end of the closing credits, and each time it appears it displays (within reasonable accuracy) the elapsed time of the episode to that point. On October 29, 2006, the opening sequence changed from a black background, which had been used for over a decade, to white. Also, the gray background for the Aristo stopwatch in the "cover" changed to red, the color for the title text changed to white, and the stopwatch itself changed from the diagonal position it had been oriented in for 31 years to an upright position. Web content Videos and transcripts of 60 Minutes editions, as well as clips that were not included in the broadcast are available on the program's website. In September 2010, the program launched a website called "60 Minutes Overtime", in which stories broadcast on-air are discussed in further detail. Previously the show had a partnership with Yahoo! for distribution of extra content. Correspondents and hosts Current correspondents and commentators Current hosts Lesley Stahl (host, 1991–present, co-editor) Scott Pelley (host, 2003–present) Bill Whitaker (host, 2014–present) John Dickerson (2019–2021) Current part-time correspondents Anderson Cooper (2006–present) (also at CNN) Norah O'Donnell (2015–present) Sharyn Alfonsi (2015–present) Jon Wertheim (2017–present) Former correspondents and hosts Former hosts Mike Wallace † (host, 1968–2006; correspondence emeritus 2006–2008) Harry Reasoner † (host, 1968–1970, 1978–1991) Morley Safer † (part-time correspondent, 1968–1970; host, 1970–2016) Dan Rather (part-time correspondent, 1968–1975; host, 1975–1981 and 2005–2006) (now at AXS TV) Ed Bradley † (part-time correspondent, 1976–1981; host, 1981–2006) Diane Sawyer (part-time correspondent, 1981–1984; host, 1984–1989) (now at ABC News) Meredith Vieira (part-time correspondent, 1982–1985 and 1991–1993; host, 1990–1991) Bob Simon † (1996–2015) Christiane Amanpour (part-time correspondent, 1996–2000; host, 2000–2005) Lara Logan (part-time correspondent, 2005–2012; host, 2012–2018) (now at Fox News Channel) Steve Kroft (host, 1989–2019; co-editor, 2019) Former part-time correspondents Walter Cronkite † (1968–1981) Charles Kuralt † (1968–1979) Roger Mudd † (1968–1980) Bill Plante (1968–1995) (retired) Eric Sevareid † (1968–1969) John Hart (1969–1975) (retired) Bob Schieffer (1973–1996) Morton Dean (1975–1979) (retired) Marlene Sanders † (1978–1987) Charles Osgood (1981–1994) (retired) Forrest Sawyer (1985–1987) Connie Chung (1990–1993) (retired) Paula Zahn (1990–1999) John Roberts (1992–2005) (now at Fox News Channel) Russ Mitchell (1995–1998) (now at WKYC in Cleveland) Carol Marin (1997–2002) Bryant Gumbel (1998–2002) Vicki Mabrey (1999-2005) Katie Couric (2006–2011) Charlie Rose (2008–2017) Byron Pitts (2009–2013) (now at ABC News) Sanjay Gupta (2011–2014) (now at CNN) Alison Stewart (2012) Clarissa Ward (2012–2015) (now at CNN) Oprah Winfrey (2017–2018) Commentators Commentators for 60 Minutes have included: James J. Kilpatrick † (conservative debater, 1971–1979) Nicholas von Hoffman † (liberal debater, 1971–1974) Shana Alexander † (liberal debater, 1975–1979) Andy Rooney † (commentator, 1978–2011) Stanley Crouch † (commentator, 1996) Molly Ivins † (liberal commentator, 1996) P. J. O'Rourke † (conservative commentator, 1996) Bill Clinton (liberal debater, 2003) Bob Dole † (conservative debater, 2003) † = Deceased Timeline Ratings and recognition Nielsen ratings Based on viewership ratings, 60 Minutes is the most successful program in U.S. television history since it was moved into its present timeslot in 1975. For five seasons it was the year's top program, a feat matched by the sitcoms All in the Family and The Cosby Show, and surpassed only by the reality competition series American Idol, which had been the #1 show for eight consecutive seasons from the 2003–2004 television season up to the 2010–2011 season. 60 Minutes was a top ten show for 23 seasons in a row (1977–2000), an unsurpassed record, and has made the Top 20 for every season since the 1976–1977 season, except from 2005 to 2008. 60 Minutes first broke into the Nielsen Top 20 during the 1976–77 season. The following season, it was the fourth-most-watched program, and by the 1979–80 season, it was the number one show. During the 21st century, it remained among the top 20 programs in the Nielsen ratings, and the highest-rated news magazine. On November 16, 2008, the edition featuring an interview with President-elect Barack Obama, earned a total viewership of 25.1 million viewers. On October 6, 2013, the broadcast (which was delayed by 44 minutes that evening due to a Denver Broncos-Dallas Cowboys NFL game) drew 17.94 million viewers; retaining 63% of the 28.32 million viewers of its lead-in, and making it the most watched 60 Minutes broadcast since December 16, 2012. On December 1, 2013, the broadcast (delayed 50 minutes due to a Broncos-Kansas City Chiefs game) was watched by 18.09 million viewers, retaining 66% of its NFL lead-in (which earned 28.11 million viewers during the 7:00 p.m. hour). On March 25, 2018, the edition featuring Stormy Daniels giving details on her alleged affair with President Donald Trump drew 22.1 million viewers, the most since the 2008 Obama interview. The broadcast was delayed due to the NCAA men's basketball regional final on CBS between Kansas and Duke going to overtime. Recognition Emmy Awards , 60 Minutes had won a total of 138 Emmy Awards, a record unsurpassed by any other primetime program on U.S. television. Peabody Awards The program has won 20 Peabody Awards for segments including "All in the Family", an investigation into abuses by government and military contractors; "The CIA's Cocaine", which uncovered CIA involvement in drug smuggling, "Friendly Fire", a report on incidents of friendly fire in the Gulf War; "The Duke Rape Case", an investigation into accusations of rape at an off campus lacrosse team party in 2006, and "The Killings in Haditha", an investigation into the killing of Iraqi civilians by U.S. Marines. Other awards The show received an Investigative Reporter and Editor medal for their segment "The Osprey", documenting a Marine cover-up of deadly flaws in the V-22 Osprey aircraft. Impact on innocent victims In 1983, a report by Morley Safer, "Lenell Geter's in Jail", helped exonerate a Texas man who was wrongly convicted and imprisoned for armed robbery. Longest-running primetime show , 60 Minutes holds the record for the longest continuously running program of any genre scheduled during American network prime time. It has aired at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time on Sundays since December 7, 1975 (although since 2012, it moves to 7:30 p.m. Eastern Time on Sundays if a CBS affiliate has a late NFL game). Debuting in 1947, Meet the Press also aired in prime time, but it has been a daytime program since 1965. The Walt Disney anthology television series, which premiered in 1954, and the Hallmark Hall of Fame, which has aired since 1951, have aired longer than 60 Minutes, but none of them has aired in prime time continually, as has 60 Minutes. Controversies The show has been praised for landmark journalism and received many awards. However, it has also become embroiled in some controversy, including (in order of appearance): Unintended acceleration On November 23, 1986, 60 Minutes aired a segment greenlit by Hewitt, concerning the Audi 5000 automobile, a popular German luxury car. The story covered a supposed problem of "unintended acceleration" when the brake pedal was pushed, with emotional interviews with six people who sued Audi (unsuccessfully) after they crashed their cars, including one woman whose six-year-old son had been killed. In the 60 Minutes segment footage was shown of an Audi 5000 with the accelerator "moving down on its own", accelerating the car. It later emerged that an expert witness employed by one of the plaintiffs modified the accelerator with a concealed device, causing the "unintended acceleration". Independent investigators concluded that this "unintended acceleration" was most likely due to driver error, where the driver let their foot slip off the brake and onto the accelerator. Tests by Audi and independent journalists showed that even with the throttle wide open, the car would simply stall if the brakes were actually being used. The incident devastated Audi sales in the United States, which did not rebound for 15 years. The initial incidents which prompted the report were found by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Transport Canada to have been attributable to operator error, where car owners had depressed the accelerator pedal instead of the brake pedal. CBS issued a partial retraction, without acknowledging the test results of involved government agencies. Years later, Dateline NBC, a rival to 60 Minutes, was found guilty of similar tactics regarding the fuel tank integrity of General Motors pickup trucks. Jeep rollovers A segment aired in December, 1980, concerning the alleged Jeep CJ-5 high rollover risk as demonstrated in Insurance Institute for Highway Safety testing. The demonstration was a Jeep rolling over during an extreme turn at 20 mph, something that would not cause other cars to roll over. It was deemed by 60 Minutes reporters as the "most dangerous thing on four wheels". After the show aired, many people were concerned about the safety of the vehicle, and following sales plummeted. This tarnished the reputation of the Jeep CJ; the model was discontinued in 1986. Years after the incident occurred, it was found that the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety had attempted to roll the car 435 times, only having 8 rollovers. The show had also failed to mention/show that there were weights hanging on spots of the vehicle that had caused the vehicle to have a higher rollover risk. Alar In February 1989, 60 Minutes aired a report by the Natural Resources Defense Council claiming that the use of daminozide (Alar) on apples presented an unacceptably high health risk to consumers. Apple sales dropped and CBS was sued unsuccessfully by apple growers. Alar was subsequently banned for use on food crops in the U.S. by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Werner Erhard On March 3, 1991, 60 Minutes broadcast "Werner Erhard," which dealt with controversies involving Erhard's personal and business life. A year after the 60 Minutes piece aired, Erhard filed a lawsuit against CBS, claiming that the broadcast contained several "false, misleading and defamatory" statements about him. One month after filing the lawsuit, Erhard filed for dismissal. Erhard later told Larry King in an interview that he dropped the suit after receiving legal advice telling him that in order to win it, he had to prove not only that CBS knew the allegations were false but also that CBS acted with malice. After numerous independent journalists exposed untruths and factual inaccuracies in the story the segment was removed by CBS from its archives, with a disclaimer: "This segment has been deleted at the request of CBS News for legal or copyright reasons." Brown & Williamson In 1995, former Brown & Williamson Vice President for Research and Development Jeffrey Wigand provided information to 60 Minutes producer Lowell Bergman that B&W had systematically hidden the health risks of their cigarettes (see transcription). Furthermore, it was alleged that B&W had introduced foreign agents (such as fiberglass and ammonia) with the intent of enhancing the effect of nicotine. Bergman began to produce a piece based upon the information, but ran into opposition from Don Hewitt who, along with CBS lawyers, feared a billion dollar lawsuit from Brown and Williamson for tortious interference for encouraging Wigand to violate his non-disclosure agreement. A number of people at CBS would benefit from a sale of CBS to Westinghouse Electric Corporation, including the head of CBS lawyers and CBS News. Also, because of the interview, the son of CBS President Laurence Tisch (who also controlled Lorillard Tobacco) was among the people from the big tobacco companies at risk of being caught having committed perjury. Due to Hewitt's hesitation, The Wall Street Journal instead broke Wigand's story. The 60 Minutes piece was eventually aired with substantially altered content and minus some of the most damning evidence against B&W. The exposé of the incident was published in an article in Vanity Fair by Marie Brenner, entitled "The Man Who Knew Too Much". The New York Times wrote that "the traditions of Edward R. Murrow and "60 Minutes" itself were diluted in the process," though the newspaper revised the quote slightly, suggesting that 60 Minutes and CBS had "betrayed the legacy of Edward R. Murrow". The incident was turned into a seven-times Oscar-nominated feature film entitled The Insider, directed by Michael Mann and starring Russell Crowe as Wigand, Al Pacino as Bergman, and Christopher Plummer as Mike Wallace. Wallace denounced the portrayal of him as inaccurate to his stance on the issue. U.S. Customs Service In 1997, 60 Minutes alleged that agents of the U.S. Customs Service ignored drug trafficking across the Mexico–United States border at San Diego. The only evidence was a memorandum apparently written by Rudy Camacho, who was the head of the San Diego branch office. Based on this memo, CBS alleged that Camacho had allowed trucks belonging to a particular firm to cross | the Family", an investigation into abuses by government and military contractors; "The CIA's Cocaine", which uncovered CIA involvement in drug smuggling, "Friendly Fire", a report on incidents of friendly fire in the Gulf War; "The Duke Rape Case", an investigation into accusations of rape at an off campus lacrosse team party in 2006, and "The Killings in Haditha", an investigation into the killing of Iraqi civilians by U.S. Marines. Other awards The show received an Investigative Reporter and Editor medal for their segment "The Osprey", documenting a Marine cover-up of deadly flaws in the V-22 Osprey aircraft. Impact on innocent victims In 1983, a report by Morley Safer, "Lenell Geter's in Jail", helped exonerate a Texas man who was wrongly convicted and imprisoned for armed robbery. Longest-running primetime show , 60 Minutes holds the record for the longest continuously running program of any genre scheduled during American network prime time. It has aired at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time on Sundays since December 7, 1975 (although since 2012, it moves to 7:30 p.m. Eastern Time on Sundays if a CBS affiliate has a late NFL game). Debuting in 1947, Meet the Press also aired in prime time, but it has been a daytime program since 1965. The Walt Disney anthology television series, which premiered in 1954, and the Hallmark Hall of Fame, which has aired since 1951, have aired longer than 60 Minutes, but none of them has aired in prime time continually, as has 60 Minutes. Controversies The show has been praised for landmark journalism and received many awards. However, it has also become embroiled in some controversy, including (in order of appearance): Unintended acceleration On November 23, 1986, 60 Minutes aired a segment greenlit by Hewitt, concerning the Audi 5000 automobile, a popular German luxury car. The story covered a supposed problem of "unintended acceleration" when the brake pedal was pushed, with emotional interviews with six people who sued Audi (unsuccessfully) after they crashed their cars, including one woman whose six-year-old son had been killed. In the 60 Minutes segment footage was shown of an Audi 5000 with the accelerator "moving down on its own", accelerating the car. It later emerged that an expert witness employed by one of the plaintiffs modified the accelerator with a concealed device, causing the "unintended acceleration". Independent investigators concluded that this "unintended acceleration" was most likely due to driver error, where the driver let their foot slip off the brake and onto the accelerator. Tests by Audi and independent journalists showed that even with the throttle wide open, the car would simply stall if the brakes were actually being used. The incident devastated Audi sales in the United States, which did not rebound for 15 years. The initial incidents which prompted the report were found by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Transport Canada to have been attributable to operator error, where car owners had depressed the accelerator pedal instead of the brake pedal. CBS issued a partial retraction, without acknowledging the test results of involved government agencies. Years later, Dateline NBC, a rival to 60 Minutes, was found guilty of similar tactics regarding the fuel tank integrity of General Motors pickup trucks. Jeep rollovers A segment aired in December, 1980, concerning the alleged Jeep CJ-5 high rollover risk as demonstrated in Insurance Institute for Highway Safety testing. The demonstration was a Jeep rolling over during an extreme turn at 20 mph, something that would not cause other cars to roll over. It was deemed by 60 Minutes reporters as the "most dangerous thing on four wheels". After the show aired, many people were concerned about the safety of the vehicle, and following sales plummeted. This tarnished the reputation of the Jeep CJ; the model was discontinued in 1986. Years after the incident occurred, it was found that the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety had attempted to roll the car 435 times, only having 8 rollovers. The show had also failed to mention/show that there were weights hanging on spots of the vehicle that had caused the vehicle to have a higher rollover risk. Alar In February 1989, 60 Minutes aired a report by the Natural Resources Defense Council claiming that the use of daminozide (Alar) on apples presented an unacceptably high health risk to consumers. Apple sales dropped and CBS was sued unsuccessfully by apple growers. Alar was subsequently banned for use on food crops in the U.S. by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Werner Erhard On March 3, 1991, 60 Minutes broadcast "Werner Erhard," which dealt with controversies involving Erhard's personal and business life. A year after the 60 Minutes piece aired, Erhard filed a lawsuit against CBS, claiming that the broadcast contained several "false, misleading and defamatory" statements about him. One month after filing the lawsuit, Erhard filed for dismissal. Erhard later told Larry King in an interview that he dropped the suit after receiving legal advice telling him that in order to win it, he had to prove not only that CBS knew the allegations were false but also that CBS acted with malice. After numerous independent journalists exposed untruths and factual inaccuracies in the story the segment was removed by CBS from its archives, with a disclaimer: "This segment has been deleted at the request of CBS News for legal or copyright reasons." Brown & Williamson In 1995, former Brown & Williamson Vice President for Research and Development Jeffrey Wigand provided information to 60 Minutes producer Lowell Bergman that B&W had systematically hidden the health risks of their cigarettes (see transcription). Furthermore, it was alleged that B&W had introduced foreign agents (such as fiberglass and ammonia) with the intent of enhancing the effect of nicotine. Bergman began to produce a piece based upon the information, but ran into opposition from Don Hewitt who, along with CBS lawyers, feared a billion dollar lawsuit from Brown and Williamson for tortious interference for encouraging Wigand to violate his non-disclosure agreement. A number of people at CBS would benefit from a sale of CBS to Westinghouse Electric Corporation, including the head of CBS lawyers and CBS News. Also, because of the interview, the son of CBS President Laurence Tisch (who also controlled Lorillard Tobacco) was among the people from the big tobacco companies at risk of being caught having committed perjury. Due to Hewitt's hesitation, The Wall Street Journal instead broke Wigand's story. The 60 Minutes piece was eventually aired with substantially altered content and minus some of the most damning evidence against B&W. The exposé of the incident was published in an article in Vanity Fair by Marie Brenner, entitled "The Man Who Knew Too Much". The New York Times wrote that "the traditions of Edward R. Murrow and "60 Minutes" itself were diluted in the process," though the newspaper revised the quote slightly, suggesting that 60 Minutes and CBS had "betrayed the legacy of Edward R. Murrow". The incident was turned into a seven-times Oscar-nominated feature film entitled The Insider, directed by Michael Mann and starring Russell Crowe as Wigand, Al Pacino as Bergman, and Christopher Plummer as Mike Wallace. Wallace denounced the portrayal of him as inaccurate to his stance on the issue. U.S. Customs Service In 1997, 60 Minutes alleged that agents of the U.S. Customs Service ignored drug trafficking across the Mexico–United States border at San Diego. The only evidence was a memorandum apparently written by Rudy Camacho, who was the head of the San Diego branch office. Based on this memo, CBS alleged that Camacho had allowed trucks belonging to a particular firm to cross the border unimpeded. Mike Horner, a former Customs Service employee, had passed the memos on to 60 Minutes, and even provided a copy with an official stamp. Camacho was not consulted about the piece, and his career was devastated in the immediate term as his own department placed suspicion on him. In the end, it turned out that Horner had forged the documents as an act of revenge for his treatment within the Customs Service. Camacho sued CBS and settled for an undisclosed amount of money in damages. Hewitt was forced to issue an on-air retraction. Kennewick Man A legal battle between archaeologists and the Umatilla tribe over the remains of a skeleton, nicknamed Kennewick Man, was reported by 60 Minutes on October 25, 1998, to which the Umatilla tribe reacted negatively. The tribe considered the segment heavily biased in favor of the scientists, cutting out important arguments, such as explanations of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. The report focused heavily on the racial politics of the controversy and also added inflammatory arguments, such as questioning the legitimacy of Native American sovereignty – much of the racial focus of the segment was later reported to have been either unfounded and/or misinterpreted. Timothy McVeigh On March 12, 2000, 60 Minutes aired an interview with Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh. At the time, McVeigh had already been convicted and sentenced to death for the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in April 1995, and the subsequent deaths of 168 people. On the program, McVeigh was given the opportunity to vent against the government. Following the program, a federal policy called the Special Confinement Unit Media Policy was enacted prohibiting face-to-face interviews with death row inmates. A federal inmate challenged the policy in Hammer v. Ashcroft, under which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld the prison policy. In March 2010, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal in the case, and the policy limiting media access to death row inmates remains in place. CBS refuses to show the entire interview, and has stated no reasons. Viacom/CBS cross-promotion In recent years, the program has been accused of promoting books, films, and interviews with celebrities who are published or promoted by sister businesses of media conglomerate Viacom (which owned CBS from 2000 to 2005 and since 2019; both companies' shares since 2000 were majority-owned by National Amusements even during their fourteen-year separation) and publisher Simon & Schuster (which remained a part of CBS Corporation after the 2005 CBS/Viacom split and continued on after its re-merger with Viacom), without disclosing the journalistic conflict-of-interest to viewers. Killian documents controversy The Killian documents controversy involved six documents critical of President George W. Bush's service in the Texas Air National Guard from 1972 to 1973. Four of these documents were presented as authentic in a 60 Minutes Wednesday broadcast aired on September 8, 2004, less than two months before the 2004 presidential election, but it was later found that CBS had failed to authenticate the documents. Subsequently, several typewriter and typography experts concluded the documents are forgeries, as have some media sources. No forensic document examiners or typography experts authenticated the documents, which may not be possible without original documents. The provider of the documents, Lt. Col. Bill Burkett, claimed to have burned the originals after faxing copies to CBS. The whole incident was turned into a feature-length film entitled Truth. "The Internet Is Infected" episode and the false hacker photo On March 29, 2009, a segment titled "The Internet Is Infected" aired on 60 Minutes, which featured an interview with Don Jackson, a data protection professional for SecureWorks. Jackson himself declared in the program that "a part of [his] job is to know the enemy". However, during the interview, Jackson showed a photo of Finnish upper-level comprehensive school pupils and misidentified them as Russian hackers. In the photo, one of the children wears a jacket with the Coat of Arms of Finland on it. Another one wears a cap which clearly has the logo of Karjala, a Finnish brand of beer, on it. The principal of the school in Taivalkoski confirmed that the photo was taken at the school about five years before the program was broadcast. The photo's exact origins are unknown, but it is widely known in Finland, having been originally posted to the Finnish social networking site IRC-Galleria in the early 2000s. It spread all over Finnish internet communities, and even originated a couple of patriotically titled (but intentionally misspelled) mock sites. 60 Minutes later issued a correction and on-air apology. Benghazi report Subsequent to the 2012 Benghazi attack, 60 Minutes aired a report by correspondent Lara Logan on October 27, 2013, in which British military contractor Dylan Davies, identified by CBS under the pseudonym "Morgan Jones", described racing to the Benghazi compound several hours after the main assault was over, scaling a 12-foot wall and knocking out a lone fighter with the butt of a rifle. He also claimed to have visited a Benghazi hospital earlier that night where he saw Ambassador Christopher Stevens' body. In the days following the report, Davies' personal actions were challenged. The FBI, which had interviewed Davies several times and considered him a credible source, said the account Davies had given them was different from what he told 60 Minutes. Davies stood by his story, but the inconsistency ultimately prompted 60 Minutes to conclude it was a mistake to include Davies in their report and a correction was issued. Following the correction, a journalistic review was conducted by Al Ortiz, CBS News' executive director of standards and practices. He determined that red flags about Davies' account were missed. Davies had said to the program and written in his book that he told an alternative version of his actions to his employer, who he said had demanded that he stay inside his Benghazi villa as the attack unfolded. That alternative version was shared with US authorities and 60 Minutes was unable to prove the story Davies had told them was true. Davies' book, The Embassy House, was published two days after the 60 Minutes report, by Threshold Editions, part of the Simon and Schuster unit of CBS. It was pulled from shelves once 60 Minutes issued its correction. On November 26, 2013, Lara Logan was forced to take a leave of absence due to the errors in the Benghazi report. Logan returned to work months later. NSA report On December 15, 2013, 60 Minutes aired a report on the National Security Agency (NSA) that was widely criticized as false and a "puff piece". The story was reported by John Miller, who once worked in the office of the Director of National Intelligence. Tesla automaker report On March 30, 2014, 60 Minutes presented a story on the Tesla Model S luxury electric automobile, with Scott Pelley conducting an interview with CEO Elon Musk concerning the car brand as well as his company SpaceX. Within a day, the automotive blog site Jalopnik reported that the sounds accompanying footage of the car shown during the story were actually sounds from a traditional gasoline engine dubbed over the footage, when in reality the electric car makes no such sounds. CBS released a statement explaining that the sound was the result of an audio editing error, and subsequently removed the sound from the online version of the piece. However, several news outlets, as well as Jalopnik itself, expressed doubt over the authenticity of this explanation, noting the similar scandal involving Tesla Motors and the New York Times in 2013. Sexual harassment After the resignation of CBS news head Les Moonves, an investigation into sexual harassment at CBS, including 60 Minutes, uncovered evidence of long-running sexual harassment issues stemming from behavior of producers Jeff Fager and Don Hewitt. Florida COVID-19 vaccine rollout In April 2021, Sharyn Alfonsi's story in 60 Minutes on Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and the state's COVID-19 vaccine rollout faced criticism for suggesting that a donation by the supermarket chain Publix to DeSantis' re-election campaign influenced Florida's partnership with Publix stores for vaccine distribution. Subsequently, Palm Beach County Mayor Dave Kerner accused 60 Minutes of reporting "intentionally false" information, while others characterized Alfonsi as coming off as a "political activist" in the segment. A spokesperson for 60 Minutes defended the story for having included DeSantis' response to the accusation. PolitiFact stated that by omitting DeSantis' remarks on why the state partnered with Publix to distribute vaccines, the clip could be considered to be "Deceptive editing". Facial Recognition report On May 16, 2021, Anderson Cooper's story in 60 Minutes on the flaws in facial recognition technology used by the police resulting in incorrect identification of people of color received backlash for denying credit to the black female researchers who pioneered the field. The segment was criticized by the Algorithmic Justice League for "deliberately excluding the groundbreaking and award-winning work of prominent black women AI researchers Joy Buolamwini, Dr. Timnit Gebru, and Inioluwa Deborah Raji". The segment was called out for its hypocrisy for failing to credit black women for their pioneering work in a segment highlighting how facial recognition software often leaves out black, Asian, and female faces. CBS later issued a statement explaining that these researchers were not included due to time restrictions of the segment. Spin-offs The main 60 Minutes show has created a number of spin-offs over the years. 30 Minutes 30 Minutes was a news magazine aimed at children that was patterned after 60 Minutes, airing as the final program in CBS's Saturday morning lineup from 1978 to 1982. It was hosted by Christopher Glenn (who also served as the voice-over for the interstitial program In the News and was an anchor on the CBS Radio Network), along with Betsy Aaron (1978–1980) and Betty Ann Bowser (1980–1982). 60 Minutes More 60 Minutes More was a spin-off that ran for one season from 1996 to 1997 on the channel CBS Eye on People. The episodes featured popular stories from the past that were expanded with updates on the original story. Each episode featured three of these segments. 60 Minutes II In 1999, a second edition of 60 Minutes was started in the United States, titled 60 Minutes II. This edition was later renamed 60 Minutes for the fall of 2004 in an effort to sell it as a high-quality program, since some had sarcastically referred to it as 60 Minutes, Jr. CBS News president Andrew Heyward said, "the Roman numeral II created some confusion on the part of the viewers and suggested a watered-down version". However, a widely known controversy which came to be known as "Rathergate", regarding a report that aired on September 8, 2004, caused another name change. The program was retitled 60 Minutes Wednesday both to differentiate itself and to avoid tarnishing the Sunday edition, as the editions were editorially independent from one another. It reverted to its original Roman numeral title on July 8, 2005, when the program moved to Fridays in an 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time slot to finish its run. The show aired its final broadcast on September 2, 2005. 60 Minutes on CNBC In 2011, CNBC began airing a 60 Minutes spin-off of its own, called 60 Minutes on CNBC. Hosted by Lesley Stahl and Steve Kroft, it airs updated business-related reports seen on the original broadcasts and offers footage that was not included when the segments first aired. 60 Minutes Sports In 2013, CBS's sister premium television network Showtime premiered 60 Minutes Sports, a monthly spin-off focused on sports-related stories and classic interviews from the show's archives. Personalities from CBS Sports also contributed to the program. The spin-off was considered to be a competitor to HBO's Real Sports, and was cancelled in January 2017. 60 in 6 In June 2020, the show launched 60 in 6 on Quibi, featuring original weekly 6-minute programs. Correspondents are Enrique Acevedo, Seth Doane, Wesley Lowery, and Laurie Segall. It had originally been announced to launch in April 2020. On the June 21, 2020 broadcast of 60 in 6, Seth Doane covered the show's exposure to COVID-19 in a piece titled CBS News Battles COVID-19. The piece mentions that CBS News flew in staffers, including those located in Seattle and Rome in early March 2020 to begin filming promotional material for 60 in 6. This brought COVID-19 positive individuals in close contact with CBS employees and resulted in the shutdown of multiple buildings located in Manhattan, including the CBS Broadcast Center. 60 Minutes+ In March 2021, Paramount+ premiered 60 Minutes+, a weekly spin-off aimed at a younger audience. The correspondents from 60 in 6 returned for this spin-off, as well as producer Jonathan Blakely. In January 2022, it was announced that the show was cancelled after 30 episodes. 25th anniversary edition For the 60 Minutes 25th anniversary in 1993, Charles Kuralt interviewed Don Hewitt, the active correspondents, some former correspondents, and revisited notable stories and celebrities. International versions Australia The Australian version of 60 Minutes premiered on February 11, 1979. It still airs each Sunday night at 7:30 p.m. on the Nine Network and affiliates. Although Nine Network has the rights to the format, , it does not have rights to stories from the U.S. program, which is owned by competitor 10 News Australia after Network Ten's acquisition by CBS in 2017. Nevertheless, stories from the flagship 60 Minutes program in the U.S. often air on the Australian program by subleasing them from Ten. In 1981, 60 Minutes won a Logie Award for their investigation of lethal abuses at the Chelmsford psychiatric hospital in Sydney. Germany In the mid-1980s, an edited version (approx. 30 minutes in length) of the U.S. broadcast edition of 60 Minutes, entitled "60 Minutes: CBS im Dritten" ("60 Minutes: CBS on Channel 3") was shown for a time on West German television. This version retained the English-language soundtrack of the original, but also featured German dubbed. New Zealand The New Zealand version of 60 Minutes has aired on national television since 1989, when it was originally launched on TV3. In 1992, the rights were acquired by TVNZ, who began broadcasting it in 1993. The network aired the program for nine years before dropping it in 2002 for its own program, entitled Sunday, which is currently the highest-rated current affairs show broadcast on New Zealand television, followed by 20/20. 60 Minutes was broadcast by rival network TV3, before switching to the Sky Television owned Prime channel in 2013, when the contract changed hands. Portugal SIC Notícias acquired the broadcasting rights to the program in 2001. The original episodes were shown in Portugal with introductory and final comments by journalist Mário Crespo, who conducted the program until 2014. It is presently hosted by anchors of the aforementioned network on a rotational basis, who eventually adopted the previous model. Chile The news program of National Broadcasting of Chile (TVN), the public television network in that country, was named 60 Minutos ("60 Minutes") from 1975 to 1988, but the program had no association with the US version and no investigative reporting. Other versions A Mexican version, which featured Juan Ruiz Healy serving as anchor, aired in |
States and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Launceston Church Grammar School opens for the first time in Tasmania. June 16 – Pope Pius IX succeeds Pope Gregory XVI as the 255th pope. He will reign for 31½ years (the longest definitely confirmed). June 25 – The British Parliament votes to repeal the Corn Laws, in an attempt to relieve the Irish Famine. This brings about the resignation of Peel, the Prime Minister, and sets Great Britain on a path towards Free Trade. June 28 – The saxophone is patented by Adolphe Sax. July–September July 7 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Monterey: Acting on instructions from Washington, D.C., Commodore John Drake Sloat orders his troops to occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the United States annexation of California. August – Canadian physician and geologist Abraham Pineo Gesner demonstrates a process to refine a liquid fuel, which he calls kerosene, from coal, bitumen or oil shale. August 22 – The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established. September – The Second Carlist War (or the War of the Matiners or Madrugadores) begins in Spain. September 3 – Electric Telegraph Company founded in Britain. September 7 – The portion of the District of Columbia, that was ceded by Virginia in 1790, is re-ceded to Virginia. September 10 – Elias Howe is awarded the first United States patent for a sewing machine, using a lockstitch design. September 12 – Poets Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning marry privately in London, departing a week later for the continent. September 14 – Jang Bahadur and his brothers massacre about 40 members of the Nepalese palace court. September 19 – Our Lady of La Salette, a Marian apparition is said to have been seen by two children at La Salette-Fallavaux in France. September 23 – Discovery of Neptune: The planet is observed for the first time by German astronomers Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, as predicted by British astronomer John Couch Adams and French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier. October–December October 1 Christ College, Tasmania, opens with the hope that it will develop along the lines of an Oxbridge college, and provide the basis for university education in Tasmania. By the 21st century it will be the oldest tertiary institution in Australia. Triton, Neptune's largest moon, was discovered by William Lassell 17 days after the discovery of Neptune. October 16 – At Massachusetts General Hospital, Dr. William T.G. Morton, a dentist, gives the first successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia. November 4 – The Donner Party, a wagon train of 87 settlers traveling to California, is stranded in the Sierra Nevada mountains by the first of several snowstorms. By the time a relief party reaches the starving settlers three months later, only 48 survivors are left, many of whom have survived by cannibalism. November 9 – Pope Pius IX issues the encyclical Qui pluribus, in response to the growing trend of agnosticism among intellectuals in Europe. November 17 – Carl Zeiss, a major optoelectronics and digital camera brand on worldwide, founded in Thuringia, Germany. December 22 – The Guildsystem in Sweden is abolished by the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen, and trade and handicrafts permits are granted to every male and female applicant of legal majority. December 24 – Great Britain acquires Labuan from the Sultanate of Brunei. December 27 – Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state. Date unknown 1846–1860 cholera pandemic breaks out in south Asia; in the United Kingdom, Parliament passes The Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Act. The Great Famine continues in Ireland. The first deaths from hunger take place early in the year and Phytophthora infestans almost totally destroys the summer potato crop. Fort Wayne Female College is founded in Indiana as a Methodist institution; it will later be renamed Taylor University. The first higher school of academic learning for women in Denmark, Den højere Dannelsesanstalt for Damer, is founded in Copenhagen. Births January–June January 5 Mariam Baouardy, Syrian Melkite Greek Catholic nun, canonized (d. 1878) Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926) February 2 – Francis Marion Smith, American borax magnate (d. 1931) February 9 – Wilhelm Maybach, German automobile designer (d. 1929) February 18 – Wilson Barrett, English actor (d. 1904) February 26 – William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, American frontiersman, later showman (d. 1917) March 4 – Franklin J. Drake, American admiral (d. 1929) March 6 – Henry Radcliffe Crocker, English dermatologist (d. 1909) March 9 – Ōdera Yasuzumi, Japanese general (d. 1895) March 24 – Karl von Bülow, German field marshal (d. 1921) April 4 – Comte de Lautréamont, French writer (d. 1870) May 3 – Sir Edmund Elton, 8th Baronet, English inventor, studio potter (d. 1920) | reign for 31½ years (the longest definitely confirmed). June 25 – The British Parliament votes to repeal the Corn Laws, in an attempt to relieve the Irish Famine. This brings about the resignation of Peel, the Prime Minister, and sets Great Britain on a path towards Free Trade. June 28 – The saxophone is patented by Adolphe Sax. July–September July 7 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Monterey: Acting on instructions from Washington, D.C., Commodore John Drake Sloat orders his troops to occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the United States annexation of California. August – Canadian physician and geologist Abraham Pineo Gesner demonstrates a process to refine a liquid fuel, which he calls kerosene, from coal, bitumen or oil shale. August 22 – The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established. September – The Second Carlist War (or the War of the Matiners or Madrugadores) begins in Spain. September 3 – Electric Telegraph Company founded in Britain. September 7 – The portion of the District of Columbia, that was ceded by Virginia in 1790, is re-ceded to Virginia. September 10 – Elias Howe is awarded the first United States patent for a sewing machine, using a lockstitch design. September 12 – Poets Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning marry privately in London, departing a week later for the continent. September 14 – Jang Bahadur and his brothers massacre about 40 members of the Nepalese palace court. September 19 – Our Lady of La Salette, a Marian apparition is said to have been seen by two children at La Salette-Fallavaux in France. September 23 – Discovery of Neptune: The planet is observed for the first time by German astronomers Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, as predicted by British astronomer John Couch Adams and French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier. October–December October 1 Christ College, Tasmania, opens with the hope that it will develop along the lines of an Oxbridge college, and provide the basis for university education in Tasmania. By the 21st century it will be the oldest tertiary institution in Australia. Triton, Neptune's largest moon, was discovered by William Lassell 17 days after the discovery of Neptune. October 16 – At Massachusetts General Hospital, Dr. William T.G. Morton, a dentist, gives the first successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia. November 4 – The Donner Party, a wagon train of 87 settlers traveling to California, is stranded in the Sierra Nevada mountains by the first of several snowstorms. By the time a relief party reaches the starving settlers three months later, only 48 survivors are left, many of whom have survived by cannibalism. November 9 – Pope Pius IX issues the encyclical Qui pluribus, in response to the growing trend of agnosticism among intellectuals in Europe. November 17 – Carl Zeiss, a major optoelectronics and digital camera brand on worldwide, founded in Thuringia, Germany. December 22 – The Guildsystem in Sweden is abolished by the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen, and trade and handicrafts permits are granted to every male and female applicant of legal majority. December 24 – Great Britain acquires Labuan from the Sultanate of Brunei. December 27 – Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state. Date unknown 1846–1860 cholera pandemic breaks out in south Asia; in the United Kingdom, Parliament passes The Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Act. The Great Famine continues in Ireland. The first deaths from hunger take place early in the year and Phytophthora infestans almost totally destroys the summer potato crop. Fort Wayne Female College is founded in Indiana as a Methodist institution; it will later be renamed Taylor University. The first higher school of academic learning for women in Denmark, Den højere Dannelsesanstalt for Damer, is founded in Copenhagen. Births January–June January 5 Mariam Baouardy, Syrian Melkite Greek Catholic nun, canonized (d. 1878) Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926) February 2 – Francis Marion Smith, American borax magnate (d. 1931) February 9 – Wilhelm Maybach, German automobile designer (d. 1929) February 18 – Wilson Barrett, English actor (d. 1904) February 26 – William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, American frontiersman, later showman (d. 1917) March 4 – Franklin J. Drake, American admiral (d. 1929) March 6 – Henry Radcliffe Crocker, English dermatologist (d. 1909) March 9 – Ōdera Yasuzumi, Japanese general (d. 1895) March 24 – Karl von Bülow, German field marshal (d. 1921) April 4 – Comte de Lautréamont, French writer (d. 1870) May 3 – Sir Edmund Elton, 8th Baronet, English inventor, studio potter (d. 1920) May 5 – Henryk Sienkiewicz, |
at Monte Cassino. He is buried in the abbey's chapter house. </onlyinclude> Births September 13 – John II Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1143) Ibn Quzman, Andalusian poet and writer (approximate date) Reginald III (or Renaud), count of Burgundy (approximate date) Theoderich I of Are (or Dietrich), German nobleman (d. 1126) Deaths June 9 – Otto I (the Fair), prince of Olomouc (b. 1045) June 27 – Henry I (the Long), margrave of the Nordmark September 9 – William I (the Conqueror), king of England September 16 – Victor III, pope of the Catholic Church September 25 – Simon I, French nobleman (b. 1025) November 12 – William I, French nobleman (b. 1020) December 13 – Maria Dobroniega, duchess of Poland December 27 – Bertha of Savoy, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1051) Abu Bakr ibn Umar, military leader of the Almoravids Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Arab astrologer | seafarers, are stolen by Italian sailors from his church in Myra (modern Turkey) and transported to Bari in southern Italy. September 16 – Pope Victor III dies after a 1-year pontificate at Monte Cassino. He is buried in the abbey's chapter house. </onlyinclude> Births September 13 – John II Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1143) Ibn Quzman, Andalusian poet and writer (approximate date) Reginald III (or Renaud), count of Burgundy (approximate date) Theoderich I of Are (or Dietrich), German nobleman (d. 1126) Deaths June 9 – Otto I (the Fair), prince of Olomouc (b. 1045) June 27 – Henry I (the Long), margrave of the Nordmark September 9 – William I (the Conqueror), king of England September 16 – Victor III, pope of the Catholic Church September 25 – Simon I, French nobleman (b. 1025) November 12 – William I, French nobleman (b. 1020) December 13 – Maria Dobroniega, duchess of Poland December 27 – Bertha of Savoy, Holy Roman Empress |
AD 96 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire September 18 – Emperor Domitian is stabbed to death by a freedman at the age 44 after a 15-year reign, in a palace conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard. The Flavian Dynasty ends. Nerva is declared emperor by the Roman Senate as | leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valens and Vetus (or, less frequently, year 849 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 96 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire September 18 – Emperor Domitian is stabbed to death by a freedman at the age 44 after a 15-year reign, in a palace conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard. |
Christ of Latter Day Saints), the first formally organized church of the Latter Day Saint movement, in northwestern New York. May 13 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia. May 15 – The Royal Swedish Yacht Club (KSSS) is founded. May 28 – The United States Congress passes the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the President to negotiate with Native Americans in the United States for their removal from their ancestral homelands. This also has the effect of beginning mass destruction of bison in North America. June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV, as King of the United Kingdom. July–September July 5 – French invasion of Algiers, leading to creation of French Algeria. July 13 – The General Assembly's Institution (later the Scottish Church College), one of the pioneering institutions that ushers in the Bengali Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India. July 17 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a French patent (#7454) for a sewing machine; it chains stitches at 200/minute. July 18 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution. July 20 – Greece grants citizenship to Romaniote Jews. July 26 – The July Revolution in France begins when people in Paris rebel against today's July Ordinances issued at Saint-Cloud by King Charles X of France. July 27 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die. July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris. July 31 – Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet. August 2 – Charles X of France abdicates the throne in favor of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne. August 9 – Louis Philippe becomes King of the French. August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe. August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands. August 31 – Edwin Beard Budding is granted an English patent for the invention of the lawn mower. September 15 – Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in England, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives. September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels, a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier. October–December October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium. October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins; more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons. November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France. November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies. November 22 The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Ustertag in Switzerland: Men of the Canton of Zürich gather to demand a new constitution. November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule. December 5 – Hector Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, has its world premiere in Paris. December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers. Date unknown 10,000 chests of opium are sold in China. Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store. The Entuzjastki society is founded in Poland. Sogo, a Japanese department store brand founded in Osaka, Japan, as predecessor part of Seven & I Retail Group. Births January–June January 7 – Albert Bierstadt, German-American painter (d. 1902) January 8 – Hans von Bülow, German conductor, pianist and composer (d. 1894) January 21 – Liu Kunyi, Chinese general (d. 1902) January 23 – Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet, French general (d. 1909) January 31 – James G. Blaine, 28th and 31st United States Secretary of State (d. 1893) February 3 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1903) February 8 – Abdülaziz, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1876) February 16 – Lars Hertervig, Norwegian painter (d. 1902) | the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die. July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris. July 31 – Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet. August 2 – Charles X of France abdicates the throne in favor of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne. August 9 – Louis Philippe becomes King of the French. August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe. August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands. August 31 – Edwin Beard Budding is granted an English patent for the invention of the lawn mower. September 15 – Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in England, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives. September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels, a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier. October–December October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium. October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins; more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons. November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France. November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies. November 22 The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Ustertag in Switzerland: Men of the Canton of Zürich gather to demand a new constitution. November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule. December 5 – Hector Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, has its world premiere in Paris. December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers. Date unknown 10,000 chests of opium are sold in China. Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store. The Entuzjastki society is founded in Poland. Sogo, a Japanese department store brand founded in Osaka, Japan, as predecessor part of Seven & I Retail Group. Births January–June January 7 – Albert Bierstadt, German-American painter (d. 1902) January 8 – Hans von Bülow, German conductor, pianist and composer (d. 1894) January 21 – Liu Kunyi, Chinese general (d. 1902) January 23 – Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet, French general (d. 1909) January 31 – James G. Blaine, 28th and 31st United States Secretary of State (d. 1893) February 3 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1903) February 8 – Abdülaziz, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1876) February 16 – Lars Hertervig, Norwegian painter (d. 1902) March 15 – Paul Heyse, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914) March 26 – Dewitt Clinton Senter, American politician, 18th Governor of Tennessee (d. 1898) May 5 – John Batterson Stetson, American hat maker (d. 1906) May 9 – Harriet Lane, Acting First Lady of the United States (d. 1903) May 10 – François-Marie Raoult, French chemist (d. 1901) May 14 – Antonio Annetto Caruana, Maltese archaeologist, author (d. 1905) May 29 – Louise Michel, French anarchist (d. 1905) April 9 – Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer, pioneer of photographic studies of motion (d. 1904) April 21 – Clémence Royer, French anthropologist (d. 1902) June 1 – Martha Hooper Blackler Kalopothakes, American missionary, journalist, translator (d. 1871) June 5 – Carmine Crocco, Italian brigand (d. 1905) June 22 – Theodor Leschetizky, Polish pianist, professor and composer (d. 1915) |
the identification of the elements rhodium and palladium (by William Hyde Wollaston); osmium and iridium (by Smithson Tennant); and cerium (by Wilhelm Hisinger, Jons Jakob Berzelius and Martin Heinrich Klaproth) Births January–June February 2 – Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1862) February 15 Karl Friedrich Schimper, German botanist, naturalist and poet (d. 1867) John Sutter, German-American pioneer (d. 1880) February 26 – Arnold Adolph Berthold, German physiologist, zoologist (d. 1861) March 12 – Guillaume de Felice, Savoy nobleman, abolitionist (d. 1871) March 16 – Nikolay Yazykov, Russian poet, Slavophile (d. 1846) March 27 – Charles Lafontaine, Swiss mesmerist (d. 1892) April 7 – Flora Tristan, French feminist (d. 1844) April 30 Jeremiah E. Cary, American politician (d. 1888) Albrecht von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (d. 1879) May 12 – Justus von Liebig, German chemist (d. 1873) May 20 – Ann Walker, English landowner and philanthropist (d. 1854) May 24 – Charles Lucien Bonaparte, French naturalist, ornithologist (d. 1857) May 25 Edward Bulwer-Lytton, English novelist, playwright and politician (d. 1873) Ralph Waldo Emerson, American writer (d. 1882) June 8 – Amalia Assur, Swedish dentist (d. 1889) June 24 – George James Webb, English-born composer (d. 1887) July–December July 10 – William Todd (1803–1873), American businessman, Canadian senate nominee July 20 – John Hymers, English mathematician (d. 1887) July 24 – Adolphe Adam, French composer (d. 1856) July 31 – John Ericsson, Swedish inventor, engineer (d. 1889) August – Francesca Anna Canfield, American linguist, poet and translator (d. 1833) August 3 Mary Dominus, American settler of Hawaii (d. 1889) Sir Joseph Paxton, English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament (d. 1865) August 10 – Joseph Vinoy, French general (d. 1880) August 13 – Vladimir Odoyevsky, Russian philosopher, writer, music critic (d. 1869) August 18 – Nathan Clifford, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1881) August 23 Jan Erazim Vocel, Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (d. 1871) Gustaf Wappers, Belgian painter (d. 1874) August 27 – Edward Beecher, American theologian (d. 1895) September 4 Anna Nielsen, Danish mezzo-soprano (d. 1856) Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (d. 1891) September 9 – Osgood Johnson, 5th Principal of Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (d. 1837) September 11 – Francisca Zubiaga y Bernales, first lady of Peru, controversial socialite (d. 1835) September 27 – Samuel Francis Du Pont, American admiral (d. 1865) September 28 – Prosper Mérimée, French writer (d. 1870) September 29 – Mercator Cooper, American sea captain (d. 1872) September 30 – Gustav von Alvensleben, Prussian general (d. 1881) October 5 – Friedrich Bernhard Westphal, Danish-German painter (d. 1844) October 16 – Robert Stephenson, English civil engineer (d. 1859) November 11 – Adolf von Bonin, Prussian general (d. 1872) November 14 – Jacob Abbott, American writer (d. 1879) November 29 Christian Doppler, Austrian mathematician (d. 1853) Gottfried Semper, German architect (d. 1879) December 5 – Fyodor Tyutchev, great Russian Romantic poet (d. 1873) December 6 – Susanna Moodie, English writer (d. 1885) December 11 – Hector Berlioz, French composer (d. 1869) Date unknown Barbarita Nieves, Venezuelan mistress of José Antonio Páez (d. 1847) Deaths January–June January 1 – James Woodforde, English clergyman, diarist (b. 1740) January 18 – Ippolit Bogdanovich, Russian poet (b. 1743) January 23 – Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (b. 1725) February 1 – Anders Chydenius, Finnish priest, politician (b. 1729) February 3 – María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda, Spanish | comprises the Indian state of Odisha, is occupied by the British under the British East India Company, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha Empire formally cedes the area in the Treaty of Deogaon, signed on December 17. October 20 – The Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States. November 18 – Battle of Vertières: The Haitian army, led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, defeats the army of Napoleon. November 30 – The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain, with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and the Philippines. At the Cabildo in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer Louisiana (New Spain) to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat. Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States. December 9 – The proposed Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, requiring that electoral ballots distinctly list the choice for president and the choice for vice president, is approved by Congress for submission to the states for ratification; passed in the wake of the problems in the 1800 presidential election, the amendment is ratified by 13 of the 17 states and is proclaimed in effect on September 25, 1804. December 20 – The Louisiana Purchase is completed as the French prefect, de Laussat, formally transfers ownership of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to the United States, by way of commissioners William C. C. Claiborne and James Wilkinson. Claiborne is appointed as the area's first American governor. Undated Major breakthroughs in chemistry occur, with the identification of the elements rhodium and palladium (by William Hyde Wollaston); osmium and iridium (by Smithson Tennant); and cerium (by Wilhelm Hisinger, Jons Jakob Berzelius and Martin Heinrich Klaproth) Births January–June February 2 – Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1862) February 15 Karl Friedrich Schimper, German botanist, naturalist and poet (d. 1867) John Sutter, German-American pioneer (d. 1880) February 26 – Arnold Adolph Berthold, German physiologist, zoologist (d. 1861) March 12 – Guillaume de Felice, Savoy nobleman, abolitionist (d. 1871) March 16 – Nikolay Yazykov, Russian poet, Slavophile (d. 1846) March 27 – Charles Lafontaine, Swiss mesmerist (d. 1892) April 7 – Flora Tristan, French feminist (d. 1844) April 30 Jeremiah E. Cary, American politician (d. 1888) Albrecht von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (d. 1879) May 12 – Justus von Liebig, German chemist (d. 1873) May 20 – Ann Walker, English landowner and philanthropist (d. 1854) May 24 – Charles Lucien Bonaparte, French naturalist, ornithologist (d. 1857) May 25 Edward Bulwer-Lytton, English novelist, playwright and politician (d. 1873) Ralph Waldo Emerson, American writer (d. 1882) June 8 – Amalia Assur, Swedish dentist (d. 1889) June 24 – George James Webb, English-born composer (d. 1887) July–December July 10 – William Todd (1803–1873), American businessman, Canadian senate nominee July 20 – John Hymers, English mathematician (d. 1887) July 24 – Adolphe Adam, French composer (d. 1856) July 31 – John Ericsson, Swedish inventor, engineer (d. 1889) August – Francesca Anna Canfield, American linguist, poet and translator (d. 1833) August 3 Mary Dominus, American settler of Hawaii (d. 1889) Sir Joseph Paxton, English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament (d. 1865) August 10 – Joseph Vinoy, French general (d. 1880) August 13 – Vladimir Odoyevsky, Russian philosopher, writer, music critic (d. 1869) August 18 – Nathan Clifford, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1881) August 23 Jan Erazim Vocel, Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (d. 1871) Gustaf Wappers, Belgian painter (d. 1874) August 27 – Edward Beecher, American theologian (d. 1895) September 4 Anna Nielsen, Danish mezzo-soprano (d. 1856) Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (d. 1891) September 9 – Osgood Johnson, 5th Principal of Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (d. 1837) September 11 – Francisca Zubiaga y Bernales, first |
Bolívar dedicates himself to liberating Venezuela from Spanish rule. December 3 – Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the United States presidential election. December 12 – Spain declares war on the United Kingdom. Date unknown The Nguyễn dynasty emperor Gia Long changes his country's official name from Đại Việt to Việt Nam. Morphine is first isolated from the opium poppy by the German pharmacist, Friedrich Sertürner. Matthew Flinders recommends that New Holland be renamed Australia (from the Latin "australis" meaning "of the south"). Shimizu-gumi, as predecessor for Shimizu Corporation, a major construction company of Japan, founded in Kanda region, Edo. (now Tokyo) World population reaches 1 billion people. Births January–June January 1 – James Fannin, Texas revolutionary (d. 1836) January 9 Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines, French general (d. 1877) Sydney Dacres, British admiral (d. 1884) January 10 – Élie Frédéric Forey, French general, Marshal of France (d. 1872) January 20 – Eugène Sue, French novelist (d. 1857) January 21 – Eliza Roxcy Snow, American poet (d. 1887) February – James Bronterre O'Brien, Irish-born Chartist (d. 1864) February 5 – J. L. Runeberg, Finnish national poet (d. 1877) February 7 – John Deere, American industrialist (d. 1886) February 13 – Claude-Étienne Minié, French army officer and weapon inventor (d. 1879) February 29 – Carl von Rokitansky, Czech physician and pathologist (d. 1878) March 8 – Alvan Clark, American telescope manufacturer (d. 1887) March 14 – Johann Strauss Senior, Austrian composer (d. 1849) March 17 – Jim Bridger, American trapper and explorer (d. 1881) March 20 – Neal Dow, mayor of Portland and Father of Prohibition (d. 1897) April 3 – Lucien Baudens, French military surgeon (d. 1857) April 4 – Andrew Nicholl, Northern Irish painter (d. 1886) April 26 – Charles Goodyear, American politician (d. 1876) May 4 – Margaretta Riley, British botanic (d. 1899) May 13 – Per Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, Swedo-Finnish treasurer of Tavastia province, manor host, and paternal grandfather of President P. E. Svinhufvud (d. 1866) May 16 – Elizabeth Peabody, Transcendental activist, educator (d. 1894) June 1 Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (d. 1857) George Sand, French writer (d. 1876) June 24 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (d. 1854) July–December July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (d. 1864) July 6 – Jerónimo Carrión, 8th President of Ecuador (d. 1873) July 14 – Ludwig von Benedek, Austrian general (d. 1881) July 20 – Richard Owen, English anatomist, paleontologist, and zoologist (d. 1892) July 23 – Jane Irwin Harrison, de facto First Lady of the United States (d. 1846) July 28 – Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosopher (d. 1872) September 5 – William Alexander Graham, United States Senator from North Carolina (1840–1843), Confederate States Senator (1864–1865) (d. 1875) September 8 – Eduard Mörike, German poet (d. 1875) September 11 – Mercedes Marín del Solar, international Chilean poet and reform educator (d. 1866) September 14 Louis Désiré Maigret, Roman Catholic bishop of Honolulu (d. 1882) John Gould, English ornithologist (d. 1881) October 18 – Mongkut, Rama IV, King of Siam (d. 1868) October 24 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German physicist (d. 1891) November 18 – Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, Italian general and statesman (d. 1878) November 23 – Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States (d. 1869) December 7 – Noah Haynes Swayne, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1884) December 10 – Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician (d. 1851) December 13 – Joseph Howe, Canadian politician (d. 1873) December 16 – Viktor Bunyakovsky, Ukrainian-Russian mathematician (d. 1889) December 21 – Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1881) December 23 – Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, French literary critic (d. 1869) Date unknown Isaac Aaron, English-born physician, owner of the Australian Medical Journal and secretary of the Australian Medical Association (d. 1877) James Fannin, colonel in Army of the Republic of Texas and slave trader (executed 1836) Hortense Globensky-Prévost, Canadian heroine (d. 1873) Anne Hill, British-Canadian dancer and actor (d. 1896) | ally with the British during the War of 1812, and is the main cause of the Black Hawk War of 1832. November 20 – Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, starts to rule. November 30 – The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begins an impeachment trial against Federalist-partisan Supreme Court of the United States Justice Samuel Chase, on charges of political bias (he is acquitted by the United States Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805). December 2 – Coronation of Napoleon I: At the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, Napoleon crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years. Witnessing this, Simón Bolívar dedicates himself to liberating Venezuela from Spanish rule. December 3 – Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the United States presidential election. December 12 – Spain declares war on the United Kingdom. Date unknown The Nguyễn dynasty emperor Gia Long changes his country's official name from Đại Việt to Việt Nam. Morphine is first isolated from the opium poppy by the German pharmacist, Friedrich Sertürner. Matthew Flinders recommends that New Holland be renamed Australia (from the Latin "australis" meaning "of the south"). Shimizu-gumi, as predecessor for Shimizu Corporation, a major construction company of Japan, founded in Kanda region, Edo. (now Tokyo) World population reaches 1 billion people. Births January–June January 1 – James Fannin, Texas revolutionary (d. 1836) January 9 Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines, French general (d. 1877) Sydney Dacres, British admiral (d. 1884) January 10 – Élie Frédéric Forey, French general, Marshal of France (d. 1872) January 20 – Eugène Sue, French novelist (d. 1857) January 21 – Eliza Roxcy Snow, American poet (d. 1887) February – James Bronterre O'Brien, Irish-born Chartist (d. 1864) February 5 – J. L. Runeberg, Finnish national poet (d. 1877) February 7 – John Deere, American industrialist (d. 1886) February 13 – Claude-Étienne Minié, French army officer and weapon inventor (d. 1879) February 29 – Carl von Rokitansky, Czech physician and pathologist (d. 1878) March 8 – Alvan Clark, American telescope manufacturer (d. 1887) March 14 – Johann Strauss Senior, Austrian composer (d. 1849) March 17 – Jim Bridger, American trapper and explorer (d. 1881) March 20 – Neal Dow, mayor of Portland and Father of Prohibition (d. 1897) April 3 – Lucien Baudens, French military surgeon (d. 1857) April 4 – Andrew Nicholl, Northern Irish painter (d. 1886) April 26 – Charles Goodyear, American politician (d. 1876) May 4 – Margaretta Riley, British botanic (d. 1899) May 13 – Per Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, Swedo-Finnish treasurer of Tavastia province, manor host, and paternal grandfather of President P. E. Svinhufvud (d. 1866) May 16 – Elizabeth Peabody, Transcendental activist, educator (d. 1894) June 1 Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (d. 1857) George Sand, French writer (d. 1876) June 24 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (d. 1854) July–December July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (d. 1864) July 6 – Jerónimo Carrión, 8th President of Ecuador (d. 1873) July 14 – Ludwig von Benedek, Austrian general (d. 1881) July 20 – Richard Owen, English anatomist, paleontologist, and zoologist (d. 1892) July 23 – Jane Irwin Harrison, de facto First Lady of the United States (d. 1846) July 28 – Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosopher (d. 1872) September 5 – William Alexander Graham, United States Senator from North Carolina (1840–1843), Confederate States Senator (1864–1865) (d. 1875) September 8 – Eduard Mörike, German poet (d. 1875) September 11 – Mercedes Marín del Solar, international Chilean poet and reform educator (d. 1866) September 14 Louis Désiré Maigret, Roman Catholic bishop of Honolulu (d. 1882) John Gould, English ornithologist (d. 1881) October |
annulled by Napoleon, with the final official date being "9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution". Date unknown James Squire becomes the first brewer in Australia to cultivate hops. The Old Man of the Mountain, a natural rock formation in the U.S. state of New Hampshire, is first mentioned by two workmen, Francis Whitcomb and Luke Brooks. Napoleon orders his soldiers to be vaccinated. Births January–June January 8 – Orson Hyde, American religious leader (d. 1878) January 27 – Samuel Palmer, English artist (d. 1881) February 13 – Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, German mathematician (d. 1859) February 18 – Louis M. Goldsborough, United States Navy admiral (d. 1877) March 3 – Jonas Furrer, first President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1861) March 14 – Eduard Clam-Gallas, Austrian general (d. 1891) March 22 – Benito de Soto, Galician pirate (executed 1830) March 23 – Sears Cook Walker, American mathematician, astronomer (d. 1853) March 26 (alleged) – Shirali Muslimov, Azerbaijani supercentenarian (d. 1973) April 2 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer (d. 1875) April 8 – Hugo von Mohl, German botanist (d. 1872) April 21 – James Martineau, English religious philosopher (d. 1900) April 22 – Benito de Soto, Galician pirate (d. 1830) June 9 – José Trinidad Cabañas, Honduran general, president and national hero (d. 1871) June 22 – Giuseppe Mazzini Italian patriot, statesman and writer (d. 1872) July–December July 5 – Robert FitzRoy, English meteorologist, captain and politician (d. 1865) July 29 – Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian (d. 1859) July 30 – Rudolf Wagner, German anatomist, pathologist (d. 1864) August 4 – William Rowan Hamilton, Irish physicist (d. 1865) September 19 – John Stevens Cabot Abbott, American historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (d. 1877) September 27 – George Müller, Prussian evangelist, founder of the New Orphan Houses, Ashley Down, Bristol in England (d. 1898) November 14 – Fanny Mendelssohn, German composer, pianist (d. 1847) November 28 – John Lloyd Stephens, American traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (d. 1852) December 2 – Cicero Price, American commodore (d. 1888) December 10 – William Lloyd Garrison, American abolitionist (d. 1879) December 12 – Henry Wells, American businessman, founder of Wells Fargo (d. 1878) December 22 – John Obadiah Westwood, English entomologist (d. 1893) December 23 – Joseph Smith, American religious leader, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement (d. 1844) December 31 – Jeanne Deroin, French socialist and feminist (d. 1894) Undated Maiden of Ludmir, Jewish religious leader (d. 1888) James Pratt, last of two men to be executed in UK for homosexuality (d. 1835) Cochise, Indigenous American (Apache) leader (d. 1874) Jesse Chisholm, Indigenous American (Cherokee) fur trader and merchant (d. 1868) Deaths January–June January 7 – Ebenezer Sproat, American Continental Army officer, pioneer to the Ohio Country (b. 1752) January 9 – Noble Wimberly Jones, American Continental Congressman (b. 1723) January 17 – Paschen von Cossel, German lawyer (b. 1714) January 18 – John Moore (archbishop of Canterbury) (b. 1730) January 23 – Claude Chappe, French telecommunication pioneer (b. 1763) February 2 – Thomas Banks, English sculptor and artist (b. 1735) February 11 – Queen Jeongsun, Korean regent (b. 1745) February 20 – Justus Claproth, German jurist, inventor of the de-inking process of recycled paper (b. 1728) February 25 – Thomas Pownall, English colonial statesman (b. 1722) March 4 – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (b. 1725) May 7 – William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1737) May 9 – Friedrich Schiller, German playwright (b. 1759) May 12 – Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, 71st Grandmaster of the Order of Malta (b. 1744) May 25 William Paley, English philosopher (b. 1743) Anna Maria Rückerschöld, Swedish author (d. 1725) May 28 – Luigi Boccherini, Tuscan-born composer (b. 1743) June 3 – Princess Louise of Saxe-Meiningen, Landgravine of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (b. 1752) June 18 – Arthur Murphy, Irish writer (b. 1727) June 19 – | of the fleet off of the coast of Cadiz, in order to counteract the navies of France and Spain. October–December October 14 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Ulm Campaign: Battle of Elchingen – An Austrian corps under Johann von Riesch is defeated by Marshal Ney, near Elchingen, Bavaria. October 16–19 – War of the Third Coalition: Ulm Campaign – Battle of Ulm: Austrian General Mack von Leiberich is forced to surrender his entire army to Napoleon, after being surrounded. October 21 – Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition – Battle of Trafalgar: The British fleet, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain; however, Admiral Nelson is fatally shot. October 23 On the early death of her husband, Madame Clicquot Ponsardin takes over his champagne wine business in France as Veuve Clicquot. British troopship Aeneas is wrecked off Newfoundland with the loss of 340 lives. October 31 – Sweden, led by King Gustav IV Adolf, declares war on France. November 7 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrives at the Pacific Ocean. November 11 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Dürenstein – 8,000 French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force. November 16 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern – Russian forces, under Pyotr Bagration, delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat. November 20 – Beethoven's only opera Fidelio, in its original form (known retrospectively as Leonore), is premiered at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, which at this time is under French military occupation. November 26 – The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is opened in Wales; it is long and tall. December 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Austerlitz – French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force. December 26 – The Peace of Pressburg between France and Austria is signed in the Primate's Palace, Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava). December 31 – The French Republican Calendar (which featured a 10-day week until 1802) is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon, with the final official date being "9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution". Date unknown James Squire becomes the first brewer in Australia to cultivate hops. The Old Man of the Mountain, a natural rock formation in the U.S. state of New Hampshire, is first mentioned by two workmen, Francis Whitcomb and Luke Brooks. Napoleon orders his soldiers to be vaccinated. Births January–June January 8 – Orson Hyde, American religious leader (d. 1878) January 27 – Samuel Palmer, English artist (d. 1881) February 13 – Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, German mathematician (d. 1859) February 18 – Louis M. Goldsborough, United States Navy admiral (d. 1877) March 3 – Jonas Furrer, first President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1861) March 14 – Eduard Clam-Gallas, Austrian general (d. 1891) March 22 – Benito de Soto, Galician pirate (executed 1830) March 23 – Sears Cook Walker, American mathematician, astronomer (d. 1853) March 26 (alleged) – Shirali Muslimov, Azerbaijani supercentenarian (d. 1973) April 2 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer (d. 1875) April 8 – Hugo von Mohl, German botanist (d. 1872) April 21 – James Martineau, English religious philosopher (d. 1900) April 22 – Benito de Soto, Galician pirate (d. 1830) June 9 – José Trinidad Cabañas, Honduran general, president and national hero (d. 1871) June 22 – Giuseppe Mazzini Italian patriot, statesman and writer (d. 1872) July–December July 5 – Robert FitzRoy, English meteorologist, captain and politician (d. 1865) July 29 – Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian (d. 1859) July 30 – Rudolf Wagner, German anatomist, pathologist (d. 1864) August 4 – William Rowan Hamilton, Irish physicist (d. 1865) September 19 – John Stevens Cabot Abbott, American historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (d. 1877) September 27 – George Müller, Prussian evangelist, founder of the New Orphan Houses, Ashley Down, Bristol in England (d. 1898) November 14 – Fanny Mendelssohn, German composer, pianist (d. 1847) November 28 – John Lloyd Stephens, American traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (d. 1852) December 2 – Cicero Price, American commodore (d. 1888) December 10 – William Lloyd Garrison, American abolitionist (d. 1879) December 12 – Henry Wells, American businessman, founder of Wells Fargo (d. 1878) December 22 – John Obadiah Westwood, English entomologist (d. 1893) December 23 – Joseph Smith, American religious leader, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement (d. 1844) December 31 – Jeanne Deroin, French socialist and feminist (d. 1894) Undated Maiden of Ludmir, Jewish religious leader (d. 1888) James Pratt, last of two men to |
forces. November 10 – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's fictional poem The Song of Hiawatha is published in Boston. December 11 – Ignacio Comonfort (1812-1863) becomes President of Mexico. December 22 – The Metropolitan Board of Works is established in London. Date unknown Samuel Colt incorporates his business as the Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company and opens a new factory, the Colt Armory, in Hartford, Connecticut. The cocaine alkaloid is first isolated by German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke. Palm oil sales from West Africa to the United Kingdom reach 40,000 tons. Births January–June January 5 – King C. Gillette, American razor inventor (d. 1932) January 20 – Ernest Chausson, French composer (d. 1899) January 21 John Browning, American firearms inventor (d. 1926) Henry Jackson, British admiral (d. 1929) February 6 – Barbara Galpin, American journalist (d. 1922) February 12 – Marie-Anne de Bovet, French writer February 13 – Paul Deschanel, President of France (d. 1922) February 17 – Otto Liman von Sanders, German general (d. 1929) February 24 – Johannes von Eben, German general (d. 1924) March 4 – Luther Emmett Holt, American pediatrician (d. 1924) March 12 – Eduard Birnbaum, Polish-born German cantor (d. 1920) March 13 – Percival Lowell, American astronomer (d. 1916) March 24 – Andrew Mellon, American banker, philanthropist (d. 1937) March 25 – Grace Carew Sheldon, American journalist and businesswoman (d. 1921) April 9 Pavlos Kountouriotis, Greek admiral, 2-time president (d. 1935) John Marden, Australian headmaster, pioneer of women's education (d. 1924) April 21 – Hardy Richardson, American baseball player (d. 1931) April 23 – Marco Fidel Suárez, 9th President of Colombia (d. 1927) April 27 – Caroline Rémy de Guebhard, French feminist (d. 1929) April 28 – Mario Nicolis di Robilant, Italian general (d. 1943) May 1 – Marie Corelli, English novelist (d. 1924) May 8 – Bohuslav Brauner, Czech chemist (d. 1935) May 9 – Julius Röntgen, German-Dutch classical composer (d. 1932) May 10 – Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri, Bengali yogi, author of The Holy Science (d. 1936) May 21 – Émile Verhaeren, Belgian poet (d. 1916) May 23 – Isabella Ford, English socialist, feminist, trade unionist and writer (d. 1924) May 28 – Emilio Estrada Carmona, 18th President of Ecuador (d. 1911) June 1 – Edward Angle, American dentist (d. 1930) June 2 – Archibald Berkeley Milne, British admiral (d. 1938) June 14 – Robert M. La Follette, American politician (d. 1925) June 18 – Alice Sudduth Byerly, American temperance activist (d. 1904) June 28 – Theodor Reuss, German occultist (d. 1923) July–December July 26 – Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist (d. 1936) August 25 – Hugo von Pohl, German admiral (d. 1916) August 28 – Alexander Bethell, British admiral (d. 1932) August 31 – Vsevolod Rudnev, Russian admiral (d. 1913) September 5 – Henry Victor Deligny, French general (d. 1938) September 8 – Marieta de Veintemilla, Ecuadorian first lady, women's rights activist (d. 1907) September 9 – Houston Stewart Chamberlain, British-born German writer (d. 1927) September 15 – Orishatukeh Faduma, Guyana-born African-American Christian missionary, educator and advocate for African culture (d. 1946) September 17 – Effie Ellsler, American actress (d. 1942) September 25 – James P. Parker, United States Navy commodore (d. 1942) October 10 – Eduard von Capelle, German admiral (d. 1931) October 12 – Arthur Nikisch, Hungarian conductor (d. 1922) October 24 – James S. Sherman, 27th Vice President of the United States (d. 1912) November 1 – Templin Potts, American naval officer; 11th Naval Governor of Guam (d. 1927) November 5 Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (d. 1913) Eugene V. Debs, American union leader (d. 1926) November 6 – E. S. Gosney, American philanthropist, eugenicist (d. 1942) November 8 – Nikolaos Triantafyllakos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1939) December 16 – Alice Mary Dowd, American educator, poet (d. 1943) December 29 – William Thompson Sedgwick, American teacher, epidemiologist and bacteriologist (d. 1921) Date unknown Florence Huntley, American humorist and occult author (d. 1912) Flora Haines Loughead, American miner; mother of Allan Lockheed, founder of Lockheed aerospace company (d. 1943) Katharine A. O'Keeffe O'Mahoney, Irish-born American teacher of poetry to Robert Frost (d. 1918) Deaths January–June January 6 – Giacomo Beltrami, Italian explorer (b. 1779) January 8 – Diponegoro, Leader of Javanese Rebellion (b. 1785) January 10 – Mary Russell Mitford, English novelist, dramatist (b. 1787) January 15 – Henri Braconnot, French chemist, pharmacist (b. 1780) January 17 – Shūsaku Narimasa Chiba, Japanese swordsman (b. 1792) January 26 – Gérard de Nerval, French writer (b. 1808) February 6 – Josef Munzinger, Member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1791) February 23 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b. 1777) March | South Wales and granted self-government. May 3 – American adventurer William Walker and a group of mercenaries sail from San Francisco to conquer Nicaragua. May 15 The Exposition Universelle officially opens in Paris (a direct result of the exhibition is the introduction of the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855). The Great Gold Robbery is made from a train between London Bridge and Folkestone in England. May 17 – Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, is dedicated (as the Jews' Hospital) in New York City; it opens to patients on June 5. May 22 – The province of Victoria is separated administratively from New South Wales. June 15 – Stamp duty is removed from British newspapers, creating mass media in the United Kingdom. June 29 – The Daily Telegraph newspaper begins publication in London. July–September July – Bank of Toronto incorporated in Canada (in 1955 it will merge with The Dominion Bank to become Toronto-Dominion Bank). July 1 – The Quinault Treaty, in which the Quinault and Quileute tribes cede their land to the United States, is signed. July 2 – The Kansas territorial legislature convenes in Pawnee, and begins passing proslavery laws. July 4 – Walt Whitman's poetry collection Leaves of Grass is published in Brooklyn. July 16 – The Australian Colonies are granted self-governing status by the United Kingdom. August 1 – Monte Rosa, the second highest summit in the Alps, is first ascended. September 3 – The last Bartholomew Fair is held in London, England. September 9 (August 28 O.S.) – Crimean War: Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) – Sevastopol falls to French and British troops. September 27 – Alfred Tennyson reads from his new book Maud and other poems, at a social gathering in the home of Robert and Elizabeth Browning in London; Dante Gabriel Rossetti makes a sketch of him doing so. September 29 – The Port of Iloilo in the Philippines is opened to international trade, by Queen Isabel II of Spain. This year also Sual (modern-day Pangasinan) and Zamboanga City are opened. October–December October 17 – Henry Bessemer files his patent in the United Kingdom for the Bessemer process of steelmaking. October 24 – Van Diemen's Land is officially renamed Tasmania. November 17 – Scottish missionary explorer David Livingstone becomes the first European to see Victoria Falls, in modern-day Zambia–Zimbabwe. November 21 – Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence begins, with events leading to the 'Wakarusa War' between antislavery and proslavery forces. November 10 – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's fictional poem The Song of Hiawatha is published in Boston. December 11 – Ignacio Comonfort (1812-1863) becomes President of Mexico. December 22 – The Metropolitan Board of Works is established in London. Date unknown Samuel Colt incorporates his business as the Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company and opens a new factory, the Colt Armory, in Hartford, Connecticut. The cocaine alkaloid is first isolated by German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke. Palm oil sales from West Africa to the United Kingdom reach 40,000 tons. Births January–June January 5 – King C. Gillette, American razor inventor (d. 1932) January 20 – Ernest Chausson, French composer (d. 1899) January 21 John Browning, American firearms inventor (d. 1926) Henry Jackson, British admiral (d. 1929) February 6 – Barbara Galpin, American journalist (d. 1922) February 12 – Marie-Anne de Bovet, French writer February 13 – Paul Deschanel, President of France (d. 1922) February 17 – Otto Liman von Sanders, German general (d. 1929) February 24 – Johannes von Eben, German general (d. 1924) March 4 – Luther Emmett Holt, American pediatrician (d. 1924) March 12 – Eduard Birnbaum, Polish-born German cantor (d. 1920) March 13 – Percival Lowell, American astronomer (d. 1916) March 24 – Andrew Mellon, American banker, philanthropist (d. 1937) March 25 – Grace Carew Sheldon, American journalist and businesswoman (d. 1921) April 9 Pavlos Kountouriotis, Greek admiral, 2-time president (d. 1935) John Marden, Australian headmaster, pioneer of women's education (d. 1924) April 21 – Hardy Richardson, American baseball player (d. 1931) April 23 – Marco Fidel Suárez, 9th President of Colombia (d. 1927) April 27 – Caroline Rémy de Guebhard, French feminist (d. 1929) April 28 – |
Cook: English explorer Captain James Cook and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to encounter the eastern coastline of the Australian continent. Land was sighted at Point Hicks, and named after Lieutenant Hicks who first observed landform at 6am. April 20 – Battle of Aspindza: Georgian king Erekle II defeats the Ottoman forces, despite being abandoned by an ally, Russian General Totleben. April 29 – First voyage of James Cook: Captain Cook drops anchor on in a wide bay, about 16 km (10 mi) south of the present city of Sydney, Australia. Because the young botanist on board the ship, Joseph Banks, discovers 30,000 specimens of plant life in the area, 1,600 of them unknown to European science, Cook names the place Botany Bay on May 7. May 7 – Fourteen-year-old Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court. May 16 – Marie Antoinette marries Louis-Auguste (who later becomes King Louis XVI of France). May 20 – A stampede, at a celebration of the newly wedded Marie Antoinette and Louis-Auguste in Paris, kills more than a hundred people. June 3 – Gaspar de Portolà and Father Junípero Serra establish Monterey, the presidio of Alta California territory for Spain from 1777–1822, United Mexican States 1824–1846, until the California Republic. The 7.5 Port-au-Prince earthquake affects the French colony of Saint-Domingue with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 250 or more. June 9 – Falklands Crisis (1770): Some 1,600 Spanish marines, sent by the Spanish governor of Buenos Aires in five frigates, seize Port Egmont in the Falkland Islands. The small British force present promptly surrenders. June 11 – First voyage of James Cook: grounds on the Great Barrier Reef. July– September July 1 – Lexell's Comet (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth at a distance of 2184129 km, the closest approach by a comet in recorded history. July 5 – Battle of Chesma and Battle of Larga: The Russian Empire defeats the Ottoman Empire in both battles. When the news of the defeat reaches the Ottoman city of Smyrna (July 8), the crowd attacks the Greek community of the city (perceived as favourable to the Russian cause) and kills an estimated 200 Greeks and three Western Europeans (although some reports estimate the number of victims at 3,000 or even 5,000 including "3 or 4 thousands who die due to the fright"). August 1 (July 21 O.S.) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) – Battle of Kagul: Russian commander Pyotr Rumyantsev routs 150,000 Turks. August 22 (August 23 by Cook's log) – First voyage of James Cook: Captain Cook determines that New Holland (Australia) is not contiguous with New Guinea, and claims the whole of its eastern coast for Great Britain, later naming it all New South Wales. c. September – Johann Gottfried Herder meets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Strasbourg. September 24 – In Hillsborough, North Carolina, the Regulator Movement riots against local authorities. October–December October 11 – Phillis Wheatley becomes the first African American woman to have her work published, after having written a poetic elegy to the late Reverend George Whitefield. November 14 – James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile. December 7 – King Louis XV of France issues the "Edict of December", dismissing the rebellious magistrates of the Parlements of Paris and the other 13 provinces. December 24 – France's Secretary of the Navy, César Gabriel de Choiseul, is fired from his position by the king. Date unknown Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks. Joseph-Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture. The Baron d'Holbach's (anonymous) materialist work Le Système de la Nature ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral is produced in Neuchâtel. The last | commander Pyotr Rumyantsev routs 150,000 Turks. August 22 (August 23 by Cook's log) – First voyage of James Cook: Captain Cook determines that New Holland (Australia) is not contiguous with New Guinea, and claims the whole of its eastern coast for Great Britain, later naming it all New South Wales. c. September – Johann Gottfried Herder meets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Strasbourg. September 24 – In Hillsborough, North Carolina, the Regulator Movement riots against local authorities. October–December October 11 – Phillis Wheatley becomes the first African American woman to have her work published, after having written a poetic elegy to the late Reverend George Whitefield. November 14 – James Bruce discovers what he believes to be the source of the Nile. December 7 – King Louis XV of France issues the "Edict of December", dismissing the rebellious magistrates of the Parlements of Paris and the other 13 provinces. December 24 – France's Secretary of the Navy, César Gabriel de Choiseul, is fired from his position by the king. Date unknown Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks. Joseph-Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture. The Baron d'Holbach's (anonymous) materialist work Le Système de la Nature ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral is produced in Neuchâtel. The last Cuman who spoke the Cuman language () dies in Hungary. Births February 21 – Georges Mouton, Marshal of France (d. 1838) March 2 – Louis-Gabriel Suchet, Marshal of France (d. 1826) March 20 – Friedrich Hölderlin, German writer (d. 1843) April 3 – Theodoros Kolokotronis, Greek general (d. 1843) April 7 – William Wordsworth, English poet (d. 1850) April 8 – John Campbell, Australian public servant, politician (d. 1830) April 11 – George Canning, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1827) April 25 – Georg Sverdrup, Norwegian philologist (d. 1850) April 30 – David Thompson, English-Canadian explorer (d. 1857) May 10 – Louis-Nicolas Davout, Marshal of France (d. 1823) May 15 – Ezekiel Hart, Canadian entrepreneur, politician (d. 1843) May 27 – Ignaz Döllinger, German anatomist, physiologist (d. 1841) May 29 – Charles Adams, second son of President John Adams (1735–1826) (d. 1800) June 1 – Friedrich Laun, German author (d. 1849) June 3 – Manuel Belgrano, Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (d. 1820) June 4 – Eleonora Charlotta d'Albedyhll, Swedish countess, poet and salon holder (d. 1835) June 7 – Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1828) June 20 – Moses Waddel, American educator/minister and bestselling author (d. 1840) August 1 – William Clark, American explorer, Governor of Missouri Territory, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. 1838) August 3 – King Frederick William III of Prussia (d. 1840) August 18 – Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer, German scholar (d. 1825) August 27 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher (d. 1831) October 10 – Adam Johann von Krusenstern, Baltic German explorer who led the First Russian circumnavigation (d. 1846) October 18 – Thomas Phillips, English painter (d. 1845) November 5 – Sarah Guppy, English inventor (d. 1852) November 19 – Bertel Thorvaldsen, Danish-Icelandic sculptor (d. 1844) December 17 (bapt.) – Ludwig van Beethoven, German classical composer (d. 1827) December 18 – Nicolas Joseph Maison, Marshal of France, Minister of War (d. 1840) Deaths January 7 – Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician (b. 1695) January 8 – John Michael Rysbrack, Flemish sculptor (b. 1694) January 20 – Charles Yorke, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1722) January 27 – Johann Karl Philipp von Cobenzl, 18th-century politician (b. 1712) January 30 – Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis, Maltese linguist, historian and cleric (b. 1712) January 27 – Philippe Macquer, French historian (b. 1720) February 26 – |
in 1475 in the greatest defeat of the Ottomans so far. Births February 19 – Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1543) February 25 – Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din, Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (d. 1555) March 3 – Asakura Sadakage, 9th head of the Asakura clan (d. 1512) March 14 – Reinhard IV, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1500–1512) (d. 1512) March 16 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (1539–1541) (d. 1541) March 17 – King James IV of Scotland, King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death (d. 1513) April 2 – John Corvinus, Hungarian noble (d. 1504) July 4 – Matilda of Hesse, German noblewoman (d. 1505) July 6 – James III of Cyprus, son of James II of Cyprus and Catherine Cornaro, king of Cyprus (d. 1474) July – Maddalena de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1528) August 14 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (d. 1541) August 17 – Richard, Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower (d. 1483) August 25 – Margaret of Münsterberg, Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (d. 1530) September 2 – Ercole Strozzi, Italian poet (d. 1508) September 23 – Thomas Lovett III, High Sheriff of Northamptonshire (d. 1542) September 24 – Georg von Frundsberg, German knight and landowner (d. 1528) October 26 – Friedrich of Saxony, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (d. 1510) date unknown – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English Tudor politician (d. 1555) probable Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (d. 1525) Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, only son of Richard III of England (d. 1484) Cecilia Gallerani, principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke | February 12 – The first complete printed edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (Latin translation) is published in Milan. August 11 – Battle of Otlukbeli: Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens, led by Uzun Hasan. Date unknown Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, invades the territory of the neighboring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed, and replaced by a military governor; Tlatelolco loses its independence. Possible discovery of Bacalao (possibly Newfoundland, North America) by Didrik Pining and João Vaz Corte-Real. The Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474 is published in Poland. The city walls and defensive moat are built in Celje, Slovenia. Marsilio Ficino becomes a Catholic priest. Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton. Stephen the Great of Moldavia refuses to pay tribute to the Ottomans. This will attract an Ottoman invasion resulting in 1475 in the greatest defeat of the Ottomans so far. Births February 19 – Nicolaus |
former physician) Alexander Leighton is brought before Archbishop William Laud's Star Chamber court in London for publishing the seditious pamphlet An Appeale to the Parliament, or, Sions Plea Against the Prelacy, an attack on Anglican bishops (printed in the Netherlands, 1628). He is sentenced to be pilloried and whipped, have his ears cropped, one side of his nose slit, and his face branded with "SS" (for "sower of sedition"), to be imprisoned, and be degraded from holy orders. June 6 – Swedish warships depart from Stockholm, Sweden for Central Europe. June 12 – Massachusetts Bay Colony founded, John Winthrop governor. June 14 – Passengers of the Arbella, including Anne Bradstreet, America's first poet of significance, finally set foot in the New World at Salem, Massachusetts. September 7 – Governor John Winthrop passed a resolution declaring "that Trimontaine" on Shawmut peninsula shall be called Boston from now on. July–December July – The Italian plague of 1629–31 reaches Venice. July 6 The Success, last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, lands safely at Salem harbor, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War begins when King Gustav Adolf of Sweden, leading an army of 13,000 on the Protestant side, makes landfall at Peenemünde, Pomerania. July 9 – Thirty Years' War: Stettin is taken by Swedish forces. July 18 – War of the Mantuan Succession: Mantua is sacked by an army of the Holy Roman Empire, led by Count Johann von Aldringen. July 30 – John Winthrop helps in founding a church in Massachusetts, which will later become known as First Church in Boston. August – Thirty Years' War: As a result of heavy pressure from the Prince-electors, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, dismisses general Albrecht von Wallenstein from command of the Imperial Army. September 4 – Thirty Years' War: the Treaty of Stettin is signed by Sweden and the Duchy of Pomerania, forming a close alliance between them, as well as giving Sweden full military control over Pomerania. September 17 (September 7 Old Style) – The settlement of Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded. September 24 – The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred, on the James River in Virginia. October 13 – War of the Mantuan Succession: the Peace of Regensburg is signed. Charles Gonzaga is confirmed as Duke of Mantua. October 18 – Frendraught Castle in Scotland, the home of James Crichton of Frendraught, burns down. November 10–12 – Day of the Dupes: Marie de' Medici unsuccessfully attempts to oust Cardinal Richelieu from the French Court. Date unknown Paramaribo (in modern-day Suriname) is first settled by the English. The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 in India begins; it will kill some two million. In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan's Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is consecrated (completed 1635). The central square of Covent Garden in London is laid out, and a market begins to develop there. Johann Heinrich Alsted's Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta is published. Settlers leave Pannaway Plantation and begin to settle in Strawbery Banke which in 1653 is renamed Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Births January–March January 3 – Herbert Westfaling, English politician (d. 1705) January 5 – Manuel da Câmara III, Portuguese noble (d. 1673) January 10 – Edward Blaker, English politician (d. 1678) January 11 Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth, English noble, son of Charles Berkeley (d. 1665) John Rogers, English-born President of Harvard (d. 1684) January 13 – Ōta Suketsugu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1685) January 16 – Guru Har Rai, Sikh guru (d. 1661) January 18 – Andrew Balfour, Scottish doctor (d. 1694) January 20 – Philip Florinus of Sulzbach, Austrian field marshal (d. 1703) January 25 – Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1661–1678) (d. 1678) January 27 – Job Adriaenszoon Berckheyde, Dutch painter (d. 1693) February 8 – Pierre Daniel Huet, French churchman and scholar (d. 1721) February 12 – Cornelis Bisschop, Dutch painter (d. 1674) February 16 – Jan Vermeer van Utrecht, Dutch painter (d. 1696) February 19 – Shivaji, Indian warrior king, founder of the Maratha Empire (d. 1680) February 20 (bapt.) – Josefa de Óbidos, Spanish artist (d. 1684) March 23 – Ignace Cotolendi, French bishop (d. 1662) March 24 – José Saenz d'Aguirre, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1699) March 25 – Thierry Beschefer, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1711) March 28 – Silvestro Valiero, Doge of Venice (d. 1700) April–June April 1 – Jacob Boreel, Dutch diplomat and politician (d. 1697) April 7 – Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, commander-in-chief of the Danish army (d. 1658) April 16 – Lambert van Haven, Danish architect (d. 1695) April 21 – Pieter Gerritsz van Roestraten, Dutch painter (d. 1700) April 28 – Charles Cotton, English poet and | January 5 – Manuel da Câmara III, Portuguese noble (d. 1673) January 10 – Edward Blaker, English politician (d. 1678) January 11 Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth, English noble, son of Charles Berkeley (d. 1665) John Rogers, English-born President of Harvard (d. 1684) January 13 – Ōta Suketsugu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1685) January 16 – Guru Har Rai, Sikh guru (d. 1661) January 18 – Andrew Balfour, Scottish doctor (d. 1694) January 20 – Philip Florinus of Sulzbach, Austrian field marshal (d. 1703) January 25 – Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1661–1678) (d. 1678) January 27 – Job Adriaenszoon Berckheyde, Dutch painter (d. 1693) February 8 – Pierre Daniel Huet, French churchman and scholar (d. 1721) February 12 – Cornelis Bisschop, Dutch painter (d. 1674) February 16 – Jan Vermeer van Utrecht, Dutch painter (d. 1696) February 19 – Shivaji, Indian warrior king, founder of the Maratha Empire (d. 1680) February 20 (bapt.) – Josefa de Óbidos, Spanish artist (d. 1684) March 23 – Ignace Cotolendi, French bishop (d. 1662) March 24 – José Saenz d'Aguirre, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1699) March 25 – Thierry Beschefer, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1711) March 28 – Silvestro Valiero, Doge of Venice (d. 1700) April–June April 1 – Jacob Boreel, Dutch diplomat and politician (d. 1697) April 7 – Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, commander-in-chief of the Danish army (d. 1658) April 16 – Lambert van Haven, Danish architect (d. 1695) April 21 – Pieter Gerritsz van Roestraten, Dutch painter (d. 1700) April 28 – Charles Cotton, English poet and writer (d. 1687) May 3 Thomas Rosewell, English minister (d. 1692) Jacob von Sandrart, German engraver (d. 1708) May 4 – Hendrik Schoock, Dutch painter (d. 1707) May 6 – Johan Hadorph, Swedish director-general of the Central Board of National Antiquities (d. 1693) May 12 – Jean-Baptiste de Santeul, French writer (d. 1697) May 17 – John Howe, English Puritan theologian (d. 1705) May 29 – King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1685) June 1 – Carlo Barberini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1704) June 4 – Jacques Rousseau, French painter (d. 1693) June 7 – John Talbot of Lacock, English politician and general (d. 1714) June 8 – Wolf Caspar von Klengel, German architect in Saxony (d. 1691) June 10 – Willem van Bemmel, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1708) June 24 – Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, English politician (d. 1691) July–September July 22 – Madame de Brinvilliers, French murderer (d. 1676) August 1 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, English statesman (d. 1673) August 2 – Estephan El Douaihy, Lebanese Maronite Patriarch, historian (d. 1704) August 20 or August 27 – Maria van Oosterwijck, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1693) August 22 – Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges, French noble, soldier (d. 1702) August 27 – Thomas Risley, English Presbyterian minister (d. 1716) September 6 – Thomas Hele, English politician (d. 1665) September 17 – Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma from 1646 until his death (d. 1694) September 25 – Pierre Cally, French philosopher and theologian (d. 1709) September 27 – Michael Willmann, German painter (d. 1706) October–December October 2 – Henry Caesar, English politician (d. 1668) October 8 – Henry Bull, English politician |
1635) April 22 – Giovanni Branca, Italian architect and engineer (d. 1645) April 24 – Sur Singh, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1619) May 11 – Niwa Nagashige, Japanese warlord (d. 1637) June 17 – Thomas Mun, English writer on economics (d. 1641) July 16 – Theodoor Galle, Flemish engraver (d. 1633) August 2 – Charles, Duke of Guise, son of Henry I (d. 1640) September 12 – Álvaro de Bazán, 2nd Marquis of Santa Cruz (d. 1646) September 21 – Giovanni Battista Magnani, Italian architect (d. 1653) September 29 – Caravaggio, Venetian artist (d. 1610) October 7 Anton Henry, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen from 1586 (d. 1638) Maria, Abbess of Quedlinburg, German abbess (d. 1610) October 15 – Jacob Matham, Dutch artist (d. 1631) October 18 – Wolfgang Ratke, German educational reformer (d. 1635) November 18 – Hippolytus Guarinonius, Italian physician and polymath (d. 1654) December 4 – Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, Spanish prince (d. 1578) December 9 – Metius, Dutch mathematician and astronomer (d. 1635) December 20 Giles de Coninck, Flemish Jesuit theologian (d. 1633) Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, French historian (d. 1650) December 27 – Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (d. 1630) December 31 – Emperor Go-Yōzei of Japan (d. 1617) date unknown Henry Ainsworth, English Nonconformist clergyman and scholar (d. 1622) William Bedell, Anglican churchman (d. 1642) Willem Blaeu, Dutch cartographer (d. 1638) Charles Butler, English beekeeper and philologist (d. 1647) Frederick de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1627) Esther Inglis, French (?British-born) calligrapher (d. 1624) Lucrezia Marinella, Italian poet and author (d. 1653) Paulus Moreelse, Dutch painter (d. 1638) Hugh Roe O'Donnell, Irish chieftain and rebel (d. 1603) Aleksander Ostrogski, Polish nobleman (d. 1603) Alessandro Peretti di Montalto, Venetian cardinal (d. 1623) Thomas Storer, English poet (d. 1604) Thomas Wintour, English Gunpowder Plot conspirator (d. 1606) Deaths January 3 – Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1505) January 9 – Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (b. 1510) January 13 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin (b. 1513) January 19 – Paris Bordone, Venetian painter (b. 1495) February 12 – Nicholas Throckmorton, English diplomat and politician (b. 1515) February 13 – Benvenuto Cellini, Italian artist (b. 1500) March 6 – Tsukahara Bokuden, Japanese swordsman (b. 1489) March 14 – John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary (b. 1540) March 21 Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (b. 1517) Hans Asper, Swiss painter (b. 1499) April 6 – John Hamilton, Scottish prelate and politician (b. | Ottoman Empire, and the first Turkish colony moves into the island. August 29 – Liliw, Laguna, Philippines is founded by Gat Tayaw, followers and residents as a municipality of Laguna. September 28 – The House of Commons of England introduces the first pro forma bill, symbolizing its authority over its own affairs. October 7 – Battle of Lepanto: Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces, under Don John of Austria, defeat the Ottoman fleet of Müezzinzade Ali Pasha. Date unknown Using mercury in the silver extraction process dramatically increases the output of the Potosí mine; thus begins the great silver flow that links the New and Old Worlds. The Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 creates the first complete order of the Protestant Swedish church. The church ordinance also includes a chapter about schooling, in which all children in the cities, regardless of sex, are to be given elementary schooling. Taipalsaari is founded. Births January 9 – Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy, French soldier in Habsburg service (d. 1621) January 27 – Abbas I of Safavid, Shah of Iran (d. 1629) February 15 – Michael Praetorius, German composer and writer on music (d. 1621) March 31 – Pietro Aldobrandini, Italian cardinal, archbishop (d. 1621) April 17 – Adam Contzen, German economist (d. 1635) April 22 – Giovanni Branca, Italian architect and engineer (d. 1645) April 24 – Sur Singh, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1619) May 11 – Niwa Nagashige, Japanese warlord (d. 1637) June 17 – Thomas Mun, English writer on economics (d. 1641) July 16 – Theodoor Galle, Flemish engraver (d. 1633) August 2 – Charles, Duke of Guise, son of Henry I (d. 1640) September 12 – Álvaro de Bazán, 2nd Marquis of Santa Cruz (d. 1646) September 21 – Giovanni Battista Magnani, Italian architect (d. 1653) September 29 – Caravaggio, Venetian artist (d. 1610) October 7 Anton Henry, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen from 1586 (d. 1638) Maria, Abbess of Quedlinburg, German abbess (d. 1610) October 15 – Jacob Matham, Dutch artist (d. 1631) October 18 – Wolfgang Ratke, German educational reformer (d. 1635) November 18 – Hippolytus Guarinonius, Italian physician and polymath (d. 1654) December 4 – Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, Spanish prince (d. |
ceding Saluzzo in exchange. February 8 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, longtime favourite of Queen Elizabeth I of England, rebels against the queen; his revolt is quickly crushed. April 22 – The first expedition of the East India Company sets sail from England for the Spice Islands with John Davis as pilot-major. Spring – Possible first performance of William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet. Scholars date its writing as between 1599 and 1601. July–December December 24 (Julian calendar; January 3, 1602, according to the Gregorian calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle) – The Battle of Kinsale ends the siege of Kinsale, Ireland (begun in autumn 1601). Date unknown Dutch troops attack the Portuguese in Malacca. Jesuit Matteo Ricci becomes the first European to enter the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, being invited by the Ming Dynasty Emperor. A rainy summer in the Tsardom of Russia causes a bad harvest, leading to the Russian famine of 1601–03 which kills about two million people. Martin Möller is accused of Crypto-Calvinism. Births January–March January 8 – Baltasar Gracián y Morales, Spanish prose writer (d. 1658) January 19 – Guido Cagnacci, Italian painter (d. 1663) February 4 – Shi Kefa, Chinese Ming Dynasty official (d. 1645) February 21 – Carolus Mulerius, Dutch Hispanist (d. 1638) February 22 – Pierre Chanut, French diplomat (d. 1662) March 7 – Johann Michael Moscherosch, German statesman, satirist (d. 1669) March 19 – Alonzo Cano, Spanish painter (d. 1667) March 20 – Henri, Count of Harcourt (d. 1666) March 22 – John Scudamore, 1st Viscount Scudamore, English politician and Viscount (d. 1671) March 31 – Jakov Mikalja, Italian linguist and lexicographer (d. 1654) April–June May – Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton (d. 1643) May 3 – Nathaniel Dickinson, American settler (d. 1676) May 27 – Antoine Daniel, Jesuit missionary at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons (d. 1648) | 1676) May 27 – Antoine Daniel, Jesuit missionary at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons (d. 1648) June 5 – John Trapp, English theologian (d. 1669) June 6 – Hendrick Bloemaert, Dutch painter (d. 1672) June 21 – Godfrey Henschen, Jesuit hagiographer (d. 1681) June 23 – Anna Maria of Ostfriesland, German noblewoman (d. 1634) June 26 – Dorothea of Saxe-Altenburg, Duchess consort of Saxe-Eisenach (d. 1675) July–September July 17 – Emmanuel Maignan, French physicist and theologian (d. 1676) July 18 – Philip I, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe (1640–1681) (d. 1681) July 20 – Robert Wallop, English politician (d. 1667) July 23 – János Szalárdi, Hungarian historian (d. 1666) July 30 Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg by marriage (d. 1659) Richard Onslow, English MP (d. 1664) August 9 – Matthias Sention, Sr., Connecticut settler (d. 1669) August 11 – John Evelyn, English politician (d. 1685) August 15 – John Campanius, Swedish Lutheran minister in New Sweden (d. 1683) August 22 – Georges de Scudéry, French novelist, dramatist and poet (d. 1667) September 13 Axel Urup, Danish general (d. 1671) Jan Brueghel the Younger, Flemish painter (d. 1678) September 22 – Anne of Austria, queen of Louis XIII of France and regent of France (d. 1666) September 27 – King Louis XIII of France (d. 1643) October–December October 7 – Florimond de Beaune, French mathematician and jurist (d. 1652) October 9 – Fra Bonaventura Bisi, Italian painter (d. 1659) October 24 – Alvise Contarini, Doge of Venice (d. 1684) October 25 – John Frederick, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1685) October 26 – Jan Reynst, Dutch art collector (d. 1646) November 3 – Henri, Duke of Verneuil, French bishop (d. 1682) November 14 – John Eudes, French missionary (d. 1680) November 15 – Cecco Bravo, Italian painter (d. 1661) December 25 – Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (1640–1675) and Saxe-Altenburg (1672–1675) (d. 1675) Date unknown William Coddington, first governor of Rhode Island (d. 1678) Catherine Lepère, French midwife and abortionist (k. 1679) Jacques Gaffarel, French librarian and astrologer (d. 1681) Cornelis Coning, Dutch engraver and mayor of Haarlem (d. 1671) Probable William Brooke, 12th Baron Cobham, English politician (d. 1643) Adrian Scrope, English regicide (d. 1660) Rose of Turaida, famous Latvian murder victim (d. 1620) François Tristan l'Hermite, French dramatist (d. 1655) Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester (d. 1667) Deaths January–March January 11 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (b. 1531) January 17 – Christoffer Valkendorff, Danish politician (b. 1525) January 19 – Henry Herbert, |
10 – The Schmalkaldic War, a political struggle between imperial forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Lutheran forces of the Schmalkaldic League, begins. November 4 – Christ Church, Oxford, is refounded as a college by Henry VIII of England under this name. December 19 – Trinity College, Cambridge, is founded by Henry VIII of England. Date unknown Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg. Michelangelo is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán is completed. Births January 27 – Joachim Friedrich, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1608) February 1 – Mogami Yoshiaki, Japanese daimyō of the Yamagata domain (d. 1614) February 4 – Jakob Monau, Polish writer and linguist (d. 1603) February 14 – Johann Pistorius, German historian (d. 1608) March 16 – Francesco Barbaro, Italian diplomat (d. 1616) March 21 – Bartholomeus Spranger, Flemish painter (d. 1611) March 25 – Giacomo Castelvetro, Italian writer (d. 1616) March 27 – Johannes Piscator, German theologian (d. 1625) March 29 – Anne d'Escars de Givry, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1612) April 1 – Nanbu Nobunao, Japanese daimyō (d. 1599) April 20 – Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1618) June 13 – Tobias Matthew, English Archbishop of York (d. 1628) June 14 – Wolfgang, Count of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim, German count (d. 1610) June 24 – Robert Parsons, English Jesuit priest (d. 1610) June 29 – Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1561-1592) (d. 1617) July 4 – Murat III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1595) August 10 – Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch prince (d. 1588) August 13 – Jan Opaliński, | 13 – Jan Opaliński, Polish nobleman and Castellan of Rogozin (d. 1598) August 31 – Daniel Adam z Veleslavína, Czech lexicographer (d. 1599) September 6 – Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, 5th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and politician (d. 1627) September 11 – Arild Huitfeldt, Danish historian (d. 1609) September 13 – Isabella Bendidio, Italian singer and noble in Renaissance court of Ferrara (d. 1610) October 5 – Rudolph Snellius, Dutch linguist and mathematician (d. 1613) October 5 – Cyriakus Schneegass, German hymnwriter (d. 1597) November 11 – Richard Madox, English explorer (d. 1583) December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601) date unknown William Barclay, Scottish jurist (d. 1608) Luca Bati, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1608) Philippe Desportes, French poet (d. 1606) Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595) Takeda Katsuyori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1582) Mikołaj VII Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (d. 1565) probable – Lodewijk Elzevir, Dutch printer (d. 1617) Deaths January 11 Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1497) Gaudenzio Ferrari, Italian painter and sculptor (b. c. 1471) February 18 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483) February 23 – Francis, Count of Enghien, French military leader (b. 1519) March 1 – George Wishart, Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b. 1513) March 26 – Thomas Elyot, English diplomat and scholar (b. c. 1490) April 7 – Friedrich Myconius, German Lutheran theologian (b. 1491) May 17 – Philipp von Hutten, German explorer (b. 1511) May 28 – Ottaviano de' Medici, Italian politician (b. 1484) May 29 – David Beaton, Scottish Catholic cardinal (assassinated) (b. c. 1494) June 13 – Fridolin Sicher, Swiss composer (b. 1490) July 4 – Khair ad Din "Barbarossa", corsair ruler of Algiers (b. 1475) July 9 – Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell, Scottish statesman (b. c. 1493) July 16 – Anne Askew, English Protestant (burned at the stake) (b. 1521) August 1 – Peter Faber, French Jesuit theologian (b. 1506) August 3 Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (b. 1509) Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (b. 1484) August 12 – Francisco de Vitoria, Renaissance theologian (b. 1492) November 1 – Giulio Romano, Italian |
the Hill, English politician (b. 1587) Charles of Sezze, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (b. 1613) January 21 Claude Duval, French-born highwayman Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan, French aristocrat (b. 1589) January 25 – Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1609) February 9 – King Frederick III of Denmark (b. 1609) February 12 – Niklaus Dachselhofer, Swiss politician (b. 1595) February 17 – Elizabeth Barnard, granddaughter of William Shakespeare (b. 1608) March 1 – Giovanna Maria Bonomo, beatified Italian Catholic nun (b. 1606) March 2 – François-Henri Salomon de Virelade, French lawyer (b. 1620) March 10 Johann Glauber, German chemist (b. 1604) Ludovicus a S. Carolo, French monk (b. 1608) March 15 – John Davenport, Connecticut pioneer (b. 1597) April – Ahom King Swargadeo Chakradhwaj Singha or Supangmung of Assam, India April 5 – Leonora Baroni, Italian singer (b. 1611) April 12 – George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1582) April 23 – Loreto Vittori, Italian singer and composer (b. 1600) May 10 – Claude Vignon, French painter (b. 1593) May 21 Niccolò Zucchi, Italian astronomer and physicist (b. 1586) Giovanni Andrea Sirani, Italian painter (b. 1610) May 19 – Ferdinando Ughelli, Italian Cistercian monk, church historian (b. 1595) May 23 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1610) May 31 – Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (b. 1644) June 12 – Hasanuddin of Gowa, 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa (b. 1631) June | – George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, English soldier (b. 1608) January 6 Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill, English politician (b. 1587) Charles of Sezze, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (b. 1613) January 21 Claude Duval, French-born highwayman Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan, French aristocrat (b. 1589) January 25 – Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1609) February 9 – King Frederick III of Denmark (b. 1609) February 12 – Niklaus Dachselhofer, Swiss politician (b. 1595) February 17 – Elizabeth Barnard, granddaughter of William Shakespeare (b. 1608) March 1 – Giovanna Maria Bonomo, beatified Italian Catholic nun (b. 1606) March 2 – François-Henri Salomon de Virelade, French lawyer (b. 1620) March 10 Johann Glauber, German chemist (b. 1604) Ludovicus a S. Carolo, French monk (b. 1608) March 15 – John Davenport, Connecticut pioneer (b. 1597) April – Ahom King Swargadeo Chakradhwaj Singha or Supangmung of Assam, India April 5 – Leonora Baroni, Italian singer (b. 1611) April 12 – George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1582) April 23 – Loreto Vittori, Italian singer and composer (b. 1600) May 10 – Claude Vignon, French painter (b. 1593) May 21 Niccolò Zucchi, Italian astronomer and physicist (b. 1586) Giovanni Andrea Sirani, Italian painter (b. 1610) May 19 – Ferdinando Ughelli, Italian Cistercian monk, church historian (b. 1595) May 23 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1610) May 31 – Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (b. 1644) June 12 – Hasanuddin of Gowa, 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa (b. 1631) June 25 – Lorens von der Linde, Swedish field marshal (b. 1610) June 27 – Thomas Bennet, English civil lawyer (b. 1592) June 28 – Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh, Dutch painter (b. 1610) June 30 Princess Henrietta Anne Stuart of Scotland, England, and Ireland (b. 1644) Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (b. 1613) July 16 – Abraham Diepraam, Dutch painter (b. 1622) August 24 – William Neile, English mathematician and founder member of the Royal Society (b. 1637) September 11 – Jeanne Chezard de Matel, French mystic (b. 1596) September |
English baronet (d. 1658) January 18 – Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne, fifth child of James VI of Scots and Anne of Denmark (d. 1602) January 19 – Anna Maria Antigó, Spanish Catholic nun (d. 1676) January 24 – Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, English politician (d. 1666) January 29 – Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg, Regent of Hesse-Kassel (1637–1650) (d. 1651) January 31 – Adam Billaut, French poet, carpenter (d. 1662) February 2 – Jeanne des Anges, French Ursuline nun in Loudun (d. 1665) February 12 – Michelangelo Cerquozzi, Italian painter (d. 1660) February 13 – William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1637) February 14 – Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer of the early Baroque period (d. 1676) February 16 – Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar by marriage (d. 1664) February 18 Pieter Meulener, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1654) Per Brahe the Younger, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. 1680) March 12 – Juan Velez, Spanish Catholic prelate who was appointed Bishop of Cebu (d. 1661) March 18 – Jacques de Billy, French Jesuit mathematician (d. 1679) March 24 – Edward Leigh, English writer (d. 1671) March 27 – Sir Christopher Yelverton, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1654) March 29 John Arrowsmith, English theologian and academic (d. 1659) John Lightfoot, English churchman and rabbinical scholar (d. 1675) April–June April – William Lawes, English composer and musician (d. 1645) April 2 – Mary of Jesus of Ágreda, Franciscan abbess and spiritual writer (d. 1665) April 12 – Daniel Knudsen Bildt, Dano-Norwegian military officer and large estate owner in Norway (d. 1651) April 28 – Tokugawa Yorinobu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1671) April 30 – Robert Baillie, Scottish divine and historical writer (d. 1662) May 1 – William Lilly, English astrologer (d. 1681) May 2 – Athanasius Kircher, German scholar (d. 1680) May 10 – Samuel Newman, colonial Massachusetts clergyman (d. 1663) May 12 – Dorothea Augusta of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, German duchess (d. 1682) May 26 – Philippe de Champaigne, French painter (d. 1674) June 2 – Rudolf Christian, Count of East Frisia, ruler of East Frisia in the early years of the Thirty Years' War (d. 1628) July–September July 8 – François Perrochel, French cleric (d. 1682) July 9 – Maeda Gen'i, Japanese Buddhist priest July 14 – Cardinal Mazarin, French statesman (d. 1661) July 15 – John Bradshaw, English judge and regicide (d. 1659) July 18 – Samuel Stone, Connecticut Puritan minister (d. 1663) July 26 – Ana de los Angeles Monteagudo, Peruvian nun (d. 1686) August 10 – Gilles de Roberval, French mathematician (d. 1675) August 23 – Sir John Marsham, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1685) August 31 – Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, Princess consort to Frederick Henry (d. 1675) September 1 – Peregrine Hoby, English politician (d. 1679) September 17 – Sir Richard Newdigate, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1678) September 29 – Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, English military leader (d. 1668) October–December October 3 – Arnold Braemes, English politician (d. 1681) October 9 – Robert Caesar, English politician (d. 1637) October 12 – William Chillingworth, controversial English churchman (d. 1644) November 6 – William Morice, English politician (d. 1676) November 17 – Agnes of Jesus, French Catholic nun (d. 1634) November 20 – Otto von Guericke, German inventor and Mayor of Magdeburg (d. 1686) November 22 – Elisabeth of France, queen of Philip IV of Spain (d. 1644) November 23 – Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Simmern-Kaiserslautern, Prince of Paltinate (d. 1655) November 27 – Chiara Margarita Cozzolani, Italian abbess and composer (d. 1670) December 4 – Johann Hülsemann, German theologian (d. 1661) December 7 Anne Holck, Danish noble and war heroine (d. 1660) Bartholomew Mastrius, Italian theologian (d. 1673) December 18 – Simonds d'Ewes, English antiquarian and politician (d. 1650) December 26 – Sir Norton Knatchbull, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1685) Date unknown John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton (d. 1678) Caesar, duc de Choiseul, French marshal and diplomat (d. 1675) John Greaves, English mathematician and antiquary (d. 1652) Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, marshal of France (d. 1643) Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, English soldier (d. 1671) Henry Marten, English lawyer, politician and regicide (d. 1680) Theodorus Moretus, Flemish mathematician (d. 1667) Nectarius of Jerusalem, Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem (d. 1676) Dudley North, 4th Baron North, English politician (d. 1677) Katarzyna Ostrogska, Polish noblewoman (d. 1642) Antoine de l'Age, duc de Puylaurens, French courtier (d. 1635) Eleonora Ramirez di Montalvo, Italian educator (d. 1659) Probable Owen Feltham, English religious writer (d. 1668) Richard Óge Martyn, Irish politician (d. 1648) Salomon van Ruysdael, Dutch landscape painter (d. 1670) Deaths January–March January – Claude Fauchet, French historian February 3 – Paulus Melissus, German composer (b. 1539) February 13 – Alexander Nowell, English clergyman (b. 1507) February 19 – Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, French soldier (b. 1558) March 11 – Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian composer (b. c. 1550) March 12 – | of Paltinate (d. 1655) November 27 – Chiara Margarita Cozzolani, Italian abbess and composer (d. 1670) December 4 – Johann Hülsemann, German theologian (d. 1661) December 7 Anne Holck, Danish noble and war heroine (d. 1660) Bartholomew Mastrius, Italian theologian (d. 1673) December 18 – Simonds d'Ewes, English antiquarian and politician (d. 1650) December 26 – Sir Norton Knatchbull, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1685) Date unknown John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton (d. 1678) Caesar, duc de Choiseul, French marshal and diplomat (d. 1675) John Greaves, English mathematician and antiquary (d. 1652) Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, marshal of France (d. 1643) Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, English soldier (d. 1671) Henry Marten, English lawyer, politician and regicide (d. 1680) Theodorus Moretus, Flemish mathematician (d. 1667) Nectarius of Jerusalem, Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem (d. 1676) Dudley North, 4th Baron North, English politician (d. 1677) Katarzyna Ostrogska, Polish noblewoman (d. 1642) Antoine de l'Age, duc de Puylaurens, French courtier (d. 1635) Eleonora Ramirez di Montalvo, Italian educator (d. 1659) Probable Owen Feltham, English religious writer (d. 1668) Richard Óge Martyn, Irish politician (d. 1648) Salomon van Ruysdael, Dutch landscape painter (d. 1670) Deaths January–March January – Claude Fauchet, French historian February 3 – Paulus Melissus, German composer (b. 1539) February 13 – Alexander Nowell, English clergyman (b. 1507) February 19 – Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, French soldier (b. 1558) March 11 – Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian composer (b. c. 1550) March 12 – Philip IV, Count of Nassau-Weilburg and Nassau-Saarbrücken (1574–1602) (b. 1542) March 22 – Agostino Carracci, Italian painter and graphical artist (b. 1557) March 24 – Ii Naomasa, Japanese general (b. 1561) March 25 – Joachim Frederick of Brieg, Duke of Wołów (b. 1550) April–June April 8 – Ludvig Munk, Governor-general of Norway (b. 1537) April 10 – Amalia of Neuenahr, German noble (b. 1539) April 20 – Thomas Tichborne, English martyr (b. 1567) April 26 – Antonio Maria Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1537) May 9 – Giulio Antonio Santorio, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1532) May 22 – Renata of Lorraine (b. 1544) May 27 – Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne, infant son of King James I/VI July–September July 4 – Anna of Mecklenburg, Duchess consort of Courland (1566–1587) (b. 1533) July 7 – Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German noble (b. 1562) August 12 – Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, Mughal vizier and historian (b. 1551) August 23 – Bastianino, Italian painter (b. c. 1536) September 14 – Jean Passerat, French writer (b. 1534) September 25 Caspar Peucer, German reformer (b. 1525) William Redman, Bishop of Norwich (b. 1541) September 30 – Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin, daughter of Margrave John of Küstrin (b. 1549) October–December October – Thomas Morley, English composer (b. 1557) October 1 – Hernando de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (b. 1541) October 7 – Thomas Schweicker, German artist (b. 1540) October 13 – Franciscus Junius, French theologian (b. 1545) October 20 – Walter Leveson, English Elizabethan Member of Parliament, Shropshire landowner (b. 1550) October 21 Hedwig of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess consort of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. 1540) King David I of Kakheti (b. 1569) October 28 – John, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein, youngest son of Frederick II of Denmark and Norway (b. 1583) October 30 – Jean-Jacques Boissard, French antiquary and Latin poet (b. 1528) October 31 – Dominic Collins, Irish Jesuit lay brother and martyr (b. 1566) November 23 – Agnes of Solms-Laubach, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1578) November 29 – Anthony Holborne, English composer (b. c. 1545) December 1 – Kobayakawa Hideaki, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1577) December 29 – |
Work begins on the Authorized King James Version of the Bible and revision of the Book of Common Prayer. June – Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18): Shāh Abbas I of Persia's Safavid army captures the city of Yerevan from the Ottoman Empire after a siege. At this time the Shāh begins the expulsion of Armenians from Jolfa to New Julfa in his capital of Isfahan; more than 25,000 die during the exodus. August 18 – England concludes the Treaty of London with Spain, ending the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), an intermittent conflict within the Eighty Years' War. July–December September 1 – Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the religious text of Sikhism, whose compilation by Guru Arjan was completed on August 29, is installed at Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar. September 20 – After a bloody three-year siege. Ostend is finally captured by Spanish forces under Ambrogio Spinola October 4 – Za Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia, is killed in battle with the forces of Za Sellase, who restores his cousin Yaqob to the throne. October 9 – The supernova which becomes known as Kepler's Supernova (SN 1604) is first observed from the northern parts of the Italian Peninsula. From October 17, Johannes Kepler begins a year's observation of it from Prague. There won't be another "naked-eye" supernova to be seen until 1987. , this is the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way. November 1 – First recorded performance of William Shakespeare's tragedy Othello, at the Palace of Whitehall in London. December 26 (St. Stephen's night) – First recorded performance of Shakespeare's problem play Measure for Measure, before King James I of England in the banqueting hall of the Palace of Whitehall. Date unknown France begins settling Acadia, first successful French North American colony. Before 1 October, Huntingdon Beaumont completes the Wollaton Wagonway, built to transport coal from the mines at Strelley to Wollaton just west of Nottingham, England, the world's oldest wagonway with provenance. The Table Alphabeticall, the first known English dictionary to be organized by alphabetical ordering, is published. First publication of Christopher Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, in London. Lancelot de Casteau's L'Ouverture de cuisine published in Liège, including the first printed recipe for choux pastry. Religion According to legend, the vault of Christian Rosenkreuz is discovered. The Papacy is expected to fall this year by Tobias Hess and Simon Studion according to their correspondence in 1597. Births January–March January 4 – Jakob Balde, German Latinist (d. 1668) February 2 – Juan de Leyva de la Cerda, conde de Baños, Spanish noble (d. 1678) February 24 – Arcangela Tarabotti, born Elena Tarabotti, Venetian nun and feminist (d. 1652) March 10 – Johann Rudolf Glauber, German-Dutch alchemist and chemist (approximate date; d. 1670) March 19 – King John IV of Portugal (d. 1656) March 23 – Girolamo Colonna, Catholic cardinal (d. 1666) April–June April 5 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1675) April 9 – Duke Francis Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1658) April 17 Giovanni Giacomo Barbelli, Italian painter (d. 1656) Frans Luycx, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1668) April 22 – Peter Venables, Welsh politician (d. 1669) April 28 – Joris Jansen Rapelje, Early Dutch settler in colonial North America (d. 1662) May 1 – Louis, Count of Soissons (d. 1641) May 4 – Sir Hugh Owen, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1670) May 10 – Jean Mairet, classical French dramatist who wrote both tragedies and comedies (d. 1686) May 17 – Vincent Baron, French Dominican theologian writer (d. 1674) May 28 – Catherine of Brandenburg, Princess of Transylvania (1629–1630) (d. 1649) June 4 – Claudia de' Medici (d. 1648) June 10 – John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland, English politician when he inherited the peerage (d. 1679) June 17 – John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1679) June 28 – Heinrich Albert, German composer and poet (d. 1651) June 30 – Margaret Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg, Regent of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1667) July–September July 8 – Christiaen van Couwenbergh, Dutch painter (d. 1667) July 25 – Dorothea Diana of Salm, German noblewoman (d. 1672) August 4 – François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac, French author (d. 1676) August 12 – Tokugawa Iemitsu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1651) August 16 – Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, general in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1639) August 25 – Shang Kexi, Chinese general (d. 1676) September 13 – Sir William Brereton, 1st Baronet, English soldier and politician (d. 1661) September 21 – Angelo Michele Colonna, Italian painter (d. 1687) October–December October 14 – Nils Brahe, Swedish soldier and younger brother of Per Brahe (d. 1632) October | – Simon Le Moyne, French missionary (d. 1665) October 31 Luigi Baccio del Bianco, Italian painter (d. 1657) Krisztina Nyáry, Hungarian noblewoman (d. 1641) November 3 – Osman II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1622) November 6 – George Ent, English scientist (d. 1689) November 7 Bernard of Offida, Italian saint (d. 1694) Jacques Leneuf de La Poterie, Politician (d. 1687) November 26 – Johannes Bach, German composer and musician (d. 1673) December 7 – Ambrose Corbie, English Jesuit teacher (d. 1649) December 10 – David Barry, 1st Earl of Barrymore, Irish noble (d. 1642) Date unknown Jasper Mayne, English dramatist (d. 1672) Isaac Ambrose, English Puritan divine (d. 1664) Menasseh Ben Israel, Jewish Rabbi (d. 1657) Giovanni Battista Michelini, Italian painter (d. 1655) Edward Pococke, English Orientalist and biblical scholar (d. 1691) Probable Abraham Bosse, French engraver and artist (d. 1676) Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer, Dutch admiral (d. 1665) Deaths January–March January 4 – Ferenc Nádasdy, Hungarian noble (b. 1555) January 10 – Juliana of Lazarevo, Russian saint (b. 1530) January 17 – Santino Garsi da Parma, Italian musician (b. 1542) January 18 – Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Burggräfin of Meissen (b. 1538) January 23 – Hyujeong, Korean Seon master (b. 1520) February 9 – Anne Russell, Countess of Warwick, wife of Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick (b. 1548) February 10 – Cyriacus Spangenberg, German theologian and historian (b. 1528) February 13 – Catherine de Bourbon, French princess (b. 1559) February 24 – Christoph Pezel, German theologian (b. 1539) February 29 – John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1583 to his death (b. c. 1530) March 4 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, Italian theologian (b. 1539) March 13 – Arnaud d'Ossat, French diplomat and writer (b. 1537) April–June April 8 – Daniyal, Imperial Prince of the Timurid Dynasty, Viceroy of Deccan (b. 1572) April 14 – Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1584–1604) (b. 1560) April 19 – Kuroda Yoshitaka, Japanese daimyō (b. 1546) April 21 – Koide Hidemasa, Samurai (b. 1539) April 25 – Pietro de' Medici, Italian noble (b. 1554) May 4 – Claudio Merulo, Italian composer (b. 1533) May 13 – Christine of Hesse (b. 1543) May 22 – Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (b. 1517) May 26 – Godfrey Goldsborough, English bishop (b. 1548) June 5 – Thomas Muffet, English naturalist and physician (b. 1553) June 10 – Isabella Andreini, Italian actress (b. 1562) June 21 – Jonathan Trelawny, English politician (b. 1568) June 24 – Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, Lord Great Chamberlain of England, poet and possibly playwright (b. 1550) July–September July 14 – Gaspar de Bono, Beatified Spanish Army veteran and Minim friar (b. 1530) August 3 – Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish military commander August 8 – Horio Tadauji, Japanese warlord (b. 1578) August 12 – John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (b. 1550) August 20 – Toda Kazuaki, Japanese samurai (b. 1542) August 29 Hamida Banu Begum, wife of the Mughal emperor Humayun (b. 1527) Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach, Counts Palatine of Sulzbach (b. 1556) August 30 – John Juvenal Ancina, Italian Oratorian and bishop (b. 1545) September 10 – William Morgan, Welsh Bible translator (b. 1545) September 12 – Louis Gunther of Nassau, Count of Nassau-Katzenelnbogen (b. 1575) September 17 – Lucas Osiander the Elder, German pastor (b. 1534) September 22 – Dorothy Stafford, English noble (b. 1526) September 23 – Gabriel Vásquez, Spanish theologian (b. 1549) October–December October 8 – Janus Dousa, Dutch historian and noble (b. 1545) October 9 Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg, German noble (b. 1537) William Peryam, British judge (b. 1534) October 18 – Igram van Achelen, Dutch statesman (b. 1528) October 22 – Domingo Báñez, Spanish theologian (b. 1528) October 24 – Za Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia October 25 – Claude de La Trémoille, French noble (b. 1566) November – Thomas Storer, English poet (b. 1571) November 21 – John Thynne, English landowner and politician (b. 1555) November 23 Olbracht Łaski, Polish |
2 – René Menard, Canadian explorer (d. 1661) March 3 – George Horner, English politician (d. 1677) March 14 – Francis Davies, Welsh bishop (d. 1675) March 17 – George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1626–1661) (d. 1661) April–June April 8 King Philip IV of Spain (d. 1665) Mary Stuart, English-Scottish princess (d. 1607) April 18 – Giacomo Carissimi, Italian composer (d. 1674) April 19 – Orazio Benevoli, Italian composer (d. 1672) April 30 – Peder Winstrup, Bishop of Lund (d. 1679) May 7 – Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (d. 1681) May 16 – Federico Ubaldo della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, Italian noble (d. 1623) May 29 – Hendrick van Anthonissen, Dutch painter (d. 1656) June 15 – Thomas Randolph, English poet and dramatist (d. 1635) June 22 – Andrea Bolgi, Italian sculptor (d. 1656) July–September July 6 – Ulrich II, Count of East Frisia, ruler of East Frisia in the later years of the Thirty Years' War (d. 1648) July 25 – Theodore Haak, German scholar (d. 1690) July 29 – Simon Dach, Prussian German lyrical poet and writer of hymns (d. 1659) August 6 Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz (1647– (d. 1673) Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer (d. 1675) August 8 – Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, first Proprietor and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland (d. 1675) August 18 – Henry Hammond, English churchman (d. 1660) August 25 – Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (d. 1638) August 30 – Felice Ficherelli, Italian painter (d. 1660) August 31 – Nicolas Talon, French Jesuit (d. 1691) September 1 – Michele Mazzarino, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1648) September 8 – Cornelis Jan Witsen, Mayor of Amsterdam (d. 1669) September 12 – William Dugdale, English antiquary and herald (d. 1686) September 14 – Brynjólfur Sveinsson, Icelandic bishop and scholar (d. 1675) September 17 – Francesco Sacrati, Italian composer (d. 1650) September 24 – Antoine Godeau, French bishop and poet (d. 1672) September 28 – Ismaël Bullialdus, French astronomer (d. 1694) October–December October 15 – Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, French princess (d. 1627) October 16 – Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy, French writer and composer (d. 1677) October 19 – Sir Thomas Browne, English physician and philosopher (d. 1682) October 22 – Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, prince of the independent principality of Sedan (d. 1652) November 3 – John Henderson, 5th of Fordell, Scottish noble (d. 1650) November 4 – William Habington, English poet (d. 1654) November 5 – Thomas Shepard, American Puritan minister and a significant figure in early colonial New England (d. 1649) December 1 – Roger Hill, English politician (d. 1667) December 8 – François Vavasseur, French writer (d. 1681) December 16 – Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland, English diplomat and landowner (d. 1663) December 23 – Tianqi Emperor, Ming emperor of China (d. 1627) December 25 – Francis Godolphin, English politician (d. 1667) Date unknown William Berkeley, English governor of Virginia (d. 1677) Adriaen Brouwer, Flemish painter (d. 1638) Aleksander Dominik Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1648) Alexandra Mavrokordatou, Greek intellectual and salonist (d. 1684) Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin, Russian statesman (d. 1680) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, French traveller and pioneer of trade with India (d. 1689) Constantia Zierenberg, German-Polish singer (d. 1653) Thomas Hastings, American politician (d. 1685) Johann Rudolf Stadler, Swiss clock-maker (d. 16 October 1637) Ayşe Sultan and/or Gevherhan Sultan, Ottoman princesses, daughters of Ahmed I Approximate date Semyon Dezhnev, Pomor navigator (d. 1672) John Gauden, English bishop and writer (d. 1662) William Goffe, English parliamentarian and regicide (d. 1679) Thomas Nabbes, English dramatist (d. c. 1645) Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham, English noble (d. 1666) Deaths January–March January 16 – Eitel Friedrich IV, Count of Hohenzollern (b. 1545) February 5 – Edward Stafford, English diplomat (b. 1552) February 15 – Maria of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (b. 1562) February 19 – Orazio Vecchi, Italian composer (b. 1550) February 24 – Girolamo Simoncelli, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1522) February 26 – George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (1564–1605) (b. 1548) March 5 – Pope Clement VIII (b. 1536) March 12 – King Alexander II of Kakheti (b. 1527) March 17 – Pieter Bast, Dutch cartographer, engraver and draftsman (b. 1550) April–June April 5 – Adam Loftus, English Catholic archbishop (b. c. 1533) April 6 – John Stow, English historian and antiquarian (b. 1525) April 10 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (b. 1537) April 13 – Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia (b. 1551) April 14 – Francis Cherry, English diplomat (b. 1552) April 25 – Naresuan, Siamese King of Ayutthaya kingdom (b. c. 1555) April 27 – Pope Leo XI (b. 1535) May 4 – Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (b. 1522) May 10 – Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania, Lutheran Administrator of Cammin Prince-Bishopric (b. 1557) June 3 – Jan Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (b. 1542) June 9 – John Louis II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein (1596–1605) (b. 1596) June 20 – Tsar Feodor II of Russia (b. 1589) July–September July 2 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1588–1605) (b. 1532) July 18 – Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German duke (b. 1570) July 26 – Rev. Fr. Miguel de Benavides, O.P., Spanish clergyman and sinologist (b. 1552) August 2 – Richard Leveson, English admiral (b. c. 1570) August 4 – Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, French duke and nobleman (b. 1556) September 9 – Heinrich Khunrath, German physician (b. 1560) September 11 – Sir Thomas Tresham, English politician (b. 1550) September 14 – Jan Tarnowski, Archbishop of Kraków (b. 1550) September 19 – Edward Lewknor, English politician (b. 1542) September 23 – Pontus de Tyard, French poet (b. c. 1521) September 24 – Manuel | of La Mancha"), is published in Madrid. One of the first significant novels in the western literary tradition, it becomes a global bestseller almost at once. March 11 – A proclamation declares all people of Ireland to be the direct subjects of the British Crown and not of any local lord or chief. April 1 – Pope Leo XI succeeds Pope Clement VIII, to become the 232nd pope, as a result of the heated Papal conclave of March 1605. April 8 – The city of Oulu () was founded by King Charles IX of Sweden. April 13 – Tsar Boris Godunov dies; Feodor II accedes to the Russian throne. April 16 – In England, John Winthrop, later governor of the future Massachusetts Bay Colony, marries his first wife (of 4), Mary Forth, daughter of John Forth, of Great Stambridge, Essex. May 16 – Pope Paul V succeeds Pope Leo XI as the 233rd pope, making this the last Year of Three Popes until 1978. He is elected as a compromise candidate after the Papal conclave of May 1605 leads to physical assault. June 1 – Russian troops in Moscow imprison Feodor II and his mother, later executing them. June 20 – Pretender Dmitriy and his supporters, including troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, march to Moscow. July–December July 4 – A proclamation commands all Roman Catholic seminary priests and Jesuits to leave Ireland by December 10 and directs the laity to attend Church of Ireland services. July 21 – Pretender Dmitriy is officially crowned Tsar Dimitriy Ioannovich of Russia in Moscow by Patriarch Ignatius. September 27 – Swedish armies are decisively defeated by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth cavalry in the Battle of Kircholm. October First publication of Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg (Holy Roman Empire), generally regarded as the world's first newspaper. De Nieuwe Tijdinghen, a Dutch proto-newspaper, is also published this year. Francis Bacon's Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human is published in London. October 27 – The 3rd Mughal Emperor, Akbar "the Great" dies of dysentery at Fatehpur Sikri in India. October 28 – Eighty Years' War: Spanish troops under Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquess of Los Balbases, Captain-General of the Army of Flanders (newly appointed a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece), occupy Wachtendonk after a 20-day siege. November 3 – The 4th Mughal Emperor Jahangir begins his 22-year reign over the Mughal Empire. November 5 – Gunpowder Plot: A plot to blow up the English Houses of Parliament is foiled when, following a tip-off, Sir Thomas Knyvet, a justice of the peace, finds Catholic plotter Guy Fawkes in a cellar below the Parliament building and orders a search of the area. 36 barrels of gunpowder are found and Fawkes is arrested for trying to kill King James I of England and the members who are scheduled to sit together in Parliament the next day. Date unknown Tokugawa Ieyasu abdicates as shōgun of Japan, becoming Ogosho (retired shōgun). His son Tokugawa Hidetada succeeds him to the office. Habitation at Port-Royal established by France under Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, the first European colonization of Nova Scotia in North America (at this time part of Acadia); the Gregorian calendar is adopted. Crew of the Olive become the first English visitors to Barbados. Refugee French Huguenot merchants begin to settle in Dublin and Waterford. The Priory of St. Gregory's is founded at Douai, Flanders, at this time in the Spanish Netherlands, by its first prior, John Roberts, and other exiles, thus becoming the first English Benedictine house to renew conventual life after the English Reformation. More than two centuries later the community will establish Downside Abbey back in England. The Irish College in Paris is co-founded by John Lee, an Irish priest, and John de l'Escalopier, President of the Parlement. Central Mexico's Amerindian population reaches one million. Births January–March January 16 – Shahryar, fifth and youngest son of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (d. 1628) January 17 – Anthony Irby, English politician (d. 1682) February 1 – Isaac Aboab da Fonseca, Portuguese Sephardic rabbi (d. 1693) February 17 – Luca Ferrari, Italian painter (d. 1654) February 18 Juan de Almoguera, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Lima (1673–1676) and Bishop of Arequipa (1659–1673) (d. 1676) Abraham Ecchellensis, Lebanese Maronite philosopher (d. 1664) February 20 – Sir John Lowther, 1st Baronet, of Lowther, English politician (d. 1675) March 1 – James Wriothesley, Lord Wriothesley, English politician (d. 1624) March 2 – René Menard, Canadian explorer (d. 1661) March 3 – George Horner, English politician (d. 1677) March 14 – Francis Davies, Welsh bishop (d. 1675) March 17 – George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1626–1661) (d. 1661) April–June April 8 King Philip IV of Spain (d. 1665) Mary Stuart, English-Scottish princess (d. 1607) April 18 – Giacomo Carissimi, Italian composer (d. 1674) April 19 – Orazio Benevoli, Italian composer (d. 1672) April 30 – Peder Winstrup, Bishop of Lund (d. 1679) May 7 – Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (d. 1681) May 16 – Federico Ubaldo della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, Italian noble (d. 1623) May 29 – Hendrick van Anthonissen, Dutch painter (d. 1656) June 15 – Thomas Randolph, English poet and dramatist (d. 1635) June 22 – Andrea Bolgi, Italian sculptor (d. 1656) July–September July 6 – Ulrich II, Count of East Frisia, ruler of East Frisia in the later years of the Thirty Years' War (d. 1648) July 25 – Theodore Haak, German scholar (d. 1690) July 29 – Simon Dach, Prussian German lyrical poet and writer of hymns (d. 1659) August 6 Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Archbishop-Elector of |
Masen, German poet (d. 1681) March 30 – Vincentio Reinieri, Italian mathematician and astronomer (d. 1647) April–June April 1 – Ernest Christopher, Count of Rietberg (1625–1640) (d. 1640) April 5 – Nicolas Perrot d'Ablancourt, Translator (d. 1664) April 6 – Amable de Bourzeys, French writer and academic (d. 1672) April 14 – Juliana of Hesse-Darmstadt, Countess of East Frisia (d. 1659) May 3 Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons, wife of Thomas Francis (d. 1692) Lorenzo Lippi, Italian painter and poet (d. 1665) May 6 – John Norton, American divine (d. 1663) May 12 – Joachim von Sandrart, German Baroque art-historian and painter (d. 1688) May 14 – Agnes of Hesse-Kassel, Princess consort of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1650) May 16 (bapt.) – John Bulwer, British doctor (d. 1656) May 17 – Marco Faustini, Italian opera manager (d. 1676) May 22 – Wouter van Twiller, Director-General of New Netherland from 1633 until 1638 (d. 1654) May 23 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (d. 1682) May 25 – Saint Charles Garnier, Jesuit missionary (d. 1649) June 3 – George Aribert of Anhalt-Dessau, German nobleman (d. 1643) June 6 – Pierre Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1684) June 16 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish peer and soldier (d. 1675) June 19 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish politician and noble (d. 1649) July–September July 8 – Jean Gamans, German hagiographer (d. 1684) July 10 – Corfitz Ulfeldt, Danish statesman (d. 1664) July 13 – Roland Fréart de Chambray, French architectural theorist (d. 1676) July 15 – Rembrandt (van Rijn), Dutch painter (d. 1669) July 20 – Hans Conrad Werdmüller, Swiss military commander (d. 1674) August 13 – Esteban de Aguilar y Zúñiga, Spanish writer (d. 1681) August 15 – Giovanna Maria Bonomo, beatified Italian Catholic nun (d. 1670) August 18 – Maria Anna of Spain (d. 1646) August 22 – Camille de Neufville de Villeroy, Archbishop of Lyon (d. 1693) September 1 – Nicholas Slanning, English politician (d. 1643) September 12 – John Spelman, English politician (d. 1663) September 18 Preben von Ahnen, German-born civil servant and landowner in Norway (d. 1675) Zhang Xianzhong, Chinese rebel (d. 1647) September 22 Li Zicheng, Chinese rebel (d. 1645) Richard Busby, English clergyman (d. 1695) September 28 – Sir William Drake, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1669) October–December October 1 – Julian Maunoir, French Jesuit priest (d. 1683) October 12 Robert Barnham, English politician (d. 1685) Christoph Bernhard von Galen, German Catholic bishop (d. 1678) October 14 – Joan Maetsuycker, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1653 to 1678 (d. | – Christine of France, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1663) February 12 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (d. 1676) February 16 – William White, English politician (d. 1661) February 23 George Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, Count of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1674) Richard Lloyd, English politician (d. 1676) February 27 – Laurent de La Hyre, French Baroque painter (d. 1656) c. February 28 – William Davenant, English poet and playwright (d. 1668) March – Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester (d. 1680) March 3 – Edmund Waller, English poet (d. 1687) March 18 – John X of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck (1634–1655) (d. 1655) March 20 – Georg von Derfflinger, field marshal in the army of Brandenburg-Prussia (1618–1648) (d. 1695) March 25 – Gertrude More, English nun (d. 1633) March 27 – Hans Svane, Danish statesman (d. 1668) March 28 – Jacob Masen, German poet (d. 1681) March 30 – Vincentio Reinieri, Italian mathematician and astronomer (d. 1647) April–June April 1 – Ernest Christopher, Count of Rietberg (1625–1640) (d. 1640) April 5 – Nicolas Perrot d'Ablancourt, Translator (d. 1664) April 6 – Amable de Bourzeys, French writer and academic (d. 1672) April 14 – Juliana of Hesse-Darmstadt, Countess of East Frisia (d. 1659) May 3 Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons, wife of Thomas Francis (d. 1692) Lorenzo Lippi, Italian painter and poet (d. 1665) May 6 – John Norton, American divine (d. 1663) May 12 – Joachim von Sandrart, German Baroque art-historian and painter (d. 1688) May 14 – Agnes of Hesse-Kassel, Princess consort of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1650) May 16 (bapt.) – John Bulwer, British doctor (d. 1656) May 17 – Marco Faustini, Italian opera manager (d. 1676) May 22 – Wouter van Twiller, Director-General of New Netherland from 1633 until 1638 (d. 1654) May 23 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (d. 1682) May 25 – Saint Charles Garnier, Jesuit missionary (d. 1649) June 3 – George Aribert of Anhalt-Dessau, German nobleman (d. 1643) June 6 – Pierre Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1684) June 16 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish peer and soldier (d. 1675) June 19 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish politician and noble (d. 1649) July–September July 8 – Jean Gamans, German hagiographer (d. 1684) July 10 – Corfitz Ulfeldt, Danish statesman (d. 1664) July 13 – Roland Fréart de Chambray, French architectural theorist (d. 1676) July 15 – Rembrandt (van Rijn), Dutch painter (d. 1669) July 20 – Hans Conrad Werdmüller, Swiss military commander (d. 1674) August 13 – Esteban de Aguilar y Zúñiga, Spanish writer (d. 1681) August 15 – Giovanna Maria Bonomo, beatified Italian Catholic nun (d. 1670) August 18 – Maria Anna of Spain (d. 1646) August 22 – Camille de Neufville de Villeroy, Archbishop of Lyon (d. 1693) September 1 – Nicholas Slanning, English politician (d. 1643) September 12 – John Spelman, English politician (d. 1663) September 18 Preben von Ahnen, German-born civil servant and landowner in Norway (d. 1675) Zhang Xianzhong, Chinese rebel (d. 1647) September 22 Li Zicheng, Chinese rebel (d. 1645) Richard Busby, English clergyman (d. 1695) September 28 – Sir William Drake, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1669) October–December October 1 – Julian Maunoir, French Jesuit priest (d. 1683) October 12 Robert Barnham, English politician (d. 1685) Christoph Bernhard von Galen, German Catholic bishop (d. 1678) October 14 – Joan Maetsuycker, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1653 to 1678 (d. 1678) October 16 – Ottavio Amigoni, Italian painter (d. 1661) October 19 – Sir Gerrard Napier, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1673) October 20 – Francesco Maria Mancini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1672) October 30 – Jean-Jacques Bouchard, French erotic writer (d. 1641) November 9 – Hermann Conring, German philosopher (d. 1681) November 12 – Jeanne Mance, French nurse and settler of New France (d. 1673) December 1 – Johann von Hoverbeck, Prussian diplomat (d. 1682) December 8 – Nicolò Sagredo, 105th Doge of Venice (d. 1676) December 11 – Thomas Nott, English Army officer (d. 1681) Date unknown Leonard Calvert, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1647) Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (d. 1680) Thomas Herbert, English traveller and historian (d. 1682) John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor, English politician (d. 1685) Pierre du Ryer, French dramatist (d. 1658) Tokugawa Tadanaga, Japanese nobleman (d. 1633) Thomas Washbourne, English clergyman and poet (d. 1687) Deaths January 4 – George Villiers, English knight (b. 1544) January 6 |
(d. 1611) April 26 – Countess Palatine Magdalene Catherine of Zweibrücken and Duchess of Birkenfeld (d. 1648) May 21 – Sir Philip Musgrave, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1678) May 31 – Johann Wilhelm Baur, German artist (d. 1640) June 17 – Lacuzon, Franche-Comté military leader (d. 1681) June 24 – Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer, French postal pioneer (d. 1691) July–September July 1 – Thomas de Critz, British artist (d. 1653) July 12 – Jean Petitot, French-Swiss enamel painter (d. 1691) July 13 – Václav Hollar, Bohemian etcher (d. 1677) August – Claude de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, French courtier (d. 1693) August 5 Antonio Barberini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1671) Philipp Friedrich Böddecker, German organist and composer (d. 1683) August 6 – Dirck van der Lisse, Dutch painter (d. 1669) August 15 St. Francisco Fernandez de Capillas, Spanish saint (d. 1648) Herman IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg (d. 1658) August 24 – Sebastian von Rostock, German bishop (d. 1671) September 15 – Archduke Charles of Austria (d. 1632) September 25 – Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1634) September 26 – Francesco Cairo, Italian painter (d. 1665) October–December October 4 – Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla, Spanish dramatist (d. 1648) October 19 – Louis of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1624) October 24 – Jan Lievens, Dutch painter (d. 1674) October 25 – Antonio de la Cerda, 7th Duke of Medinaceli, Grandee of Spain (d. 1671) November 1 – Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, Baroque-period German poet and translator (d. 1658) November 5 – Anna Maria van Schurman, Dutch painter (d. 1678) November 6 – Sigmund Theophil Staden, important early German composer (d. 1655) November 10 – John Gregory, English orientalist (d. 1646) November 15 Ernest Casimir, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, founder of the younger line of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1655) Madeleine de Scudéry, French writer (d. 1701) November 23 – Andrzej Trzebicki, nobleman and priest in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (d. 1679) November 25 – Kanō Naonobu, Japanese painter of the Kanō school of painting during the early Edo period (d. 1650) November 26 – John Harvard, English-born American clergyman (d. 1638) November 28 – Francesco Sforza Pallavicino (d. 1667) December 4 – John Frescheville, 1st Baron Frescheville, English politician (d. 1682) December 6 – Christopher Turnor, English judge (d. 1675) December 10 – Kjeld Stub, Danish priest (d. 1663) December 14 – John Kemény, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1662) December 17 – Pacecco De Rosa, Italian painter (d. 1656) December 19 – Remigius van Leemput, painter from the Southern Netherlands (d. 1675) December 30 Sir James Harington, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1680) Song Si-yeol, Korean philosopher (d. 1689) Probable Jan Kazimierz Krasiński, Polish nobleman (d. 1669) John Dixwell, English judge and regicide (d. 1689) Pierre de Fermat, French mathematician (d. 1665) Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi, Japanese samurai (d. 1650) Deaths January–March January 6 – Guidobaldo del Monte, Italian mathematician, astronomer and philosopher (b. 1545) January 12 – Mihály Káthay, Hungarian politician (b. c. 1565) January 19 – Anne Morgan, Baroness Hunsdon, English Baroness (b. 1529) January 25 – Anders Foss, Norwegian bishop (b. 1543) January 27 – Richard Lowther, English soldier and official (b. 1532) March 11 – Giovanni Maria Nanino, Italian composer (b. c. 1543) March 29 – Tsugaru Tamenobu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1550) March 31 – Henry Beaumont, English landowner and MP (b. 1545) April–June April 6 – Jan Saenredam, Dutch engraver (b. 1565) April 9 – Eleanor of Prussia, daughter of Duke Albert Frederick of Prussia; by marriage Electress of Brandenburg (b. 1583) April 15 César de Bus, French Catholic priest (b. 1544) Cornelis Kiliaan, 16th-century writer from the Southern Netherlands (b. 1528) April 27 – Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell, Governor of Lecale (b. 1560) May – Edward Dyer, English courtier and poet (b. 1543) May 3 – Agnes Douglas, Countess of Argyll, Scottish noblewoman (b. 1574) May 17 – Anna d'Este, French princess (b. 1531) May 21 – John Rainolds, English scholar and Bible translator (b. 1549) May 25 – Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi, Italian Carmelite nun and mystic (b. 1566) June | possibly a tsunami, killing 2,000 people. February 24 – Première of Claudio Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, the earliest fully developed opera in the modern-day repertoire, at the Ducal Palace of Mantua. March 10 – Battle of Gol in Gojjam: Susenyos defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II, which makes him Emperor of Ethiopia. April 25 – Battle of Gibraltar: A Dutch fleet destroys a Spanish fleet anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar. April 26 – English colonists make landfall at Cape Henry, Virginia, later moving up the James River. May 14 – Jamestown, Virginia, is established as the first permanent English settlement in North America, beginning the American frontier. May 15 – Jamestown: Christopher Newport, George Percy, Gabriel Archer, and others travel six days exploring along the James River up to the falls and Powhatan's village. May 26 Jamestown: The president directs the fort to be strengthened and armed against the many attacks of the natives: "Hereupon the President was contented the Fort should be pallisadoed, the ordinance mounted, his men armed and exercised, for many were the assaults and Ambuscadoes of the Savages ..." [John Smith, Proceedings (Barbour 1964)] 200 armed Indians attack the Jamestown settlement, killing two and wounding ten. May 28 – Jamestown: The Fort is pallisadoed: "we laboured, pallozadoing our fort" [Gabriel Archer (Arber)]. June 5 – John Hall marries Susanna, daughter of William Shakespeare. June 8 – Newton rebellion: The Tresham landowners family kills 40–50 peasants, during protests against the enclosure of common land in Newton, Northamptonshire, England, at the culmination of the Midland Revolt. June 10 – Jamestown: Captain John Smith is released from arrest and sworn in as a member of the colony Council. June 15 – Jamestown: The triangular fort is completed and armed: "The fifteenth of June we had built and finished our Fort, which was triangle wise, having three Bulwarkes, at every corner, like a halfe Moone, and foure or five pieces of Artillerie mounted in them. We had made our selves sufficiently strong for these Savages. We had also sowne most of our Corne on two Mountaines." [George Percy (Tyler 1952:19)] June 22 – Christopher Newport sails back to England. June 27 – Jamestown: The colony bears extreme toil in strengthening the fort [from John Smith, Proceedings (Barbour 1964:210)]. July–December August 13 – The ship Gift of God of the Plymouth Company arrives at the mouth of the modern-day Kennebec River in Maine. English colonists establish Fort St. George, also known as the Popham Colony. The settlement lasts little more than a year, before residents return to England in the first oceangoing ship built in the New World, a 30-ton pinnace called The Virginia. September 5 – Hamlet is performed aboard the East India Company ship Red Dragon, under the command of Capt. William Keeling, anchored off the coast of Sierra Leone, the first known performance of a Shakespeare play outside England in English, and the first by amateurs. September 10 – Jamestown President Edward Maria Wingfield is deposed, and John Ratcliffe elected. September 14 – Flight of the Earls: Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, flee Ireland for Spain with 90 followers, to avoid capture by the English crown, never to return. October 27 - Halley's Comet is seen by Johannes Kepler September – The Scrooby Congregation of Protestant English Separatists attempt to flee to the Dutch Republic from Boston, Lincolnshire, but are betrayed, arrested and imprisoned for a time. December (early) – Captain John Smith of the Jamestown Colony is captured by Opchancanough, and then sent to Chief Powhatan for execution; Pocahontas rescues him. Date unknown Spain is effectively bankrupt. The rule of Andorra passes jointly to the king of France, and the Bishop of Urgell. In the Midland Revolt against Enclosures in England, the term Levellers is first used. Missionary Juan Fonte establishes the first Jesuit mission among the Tarahumara, in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Northwest Mexico. Births January–March January 10 – Isaac Jogues, French Jesuit missionary to the Native Americans (d. 1646) January 30 – Willem Nieupoort, Dutch politician, and diplomat (d. 1678) January 31 – James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby (d. 1651) February 9 – Abraham Megerle, Austrian composer and organist (d. 1680) February 22 – Edward Thurland, English politician (d. 1683) February 25 – Ahasuerus Fromanteel, English clockmaker (d. 1693) February 27 – Christian Keymann, German hymnwriter (d. 1662) March – Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, Scottish clan chief (d. 1661) March 8 – Johann Rist, German poet and dramatist known for hymns (d. 1667) March 9 – Gervase Holles, English Member of Parliament (d. 1675) March 10 – Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, English statesman (d. 1667) March 12 – Paul Gerhardt, German theologian (d. 1676) March 24 – Michiel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral |
people References Sources Date range in the title as printed, also appears in | decade ran from January 1, 610, to December 31, |
of Silla Yazdegerd III References Sources Akram, Agha Ibrahim | from January 1, 630, to December 31, 639. Significant people Abu Bakr Ali |
a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 604 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire The Avars regroup after they are almost destroyed; together with the Slavs they start pillaging through the Byzantine provinces, west and south of the Danube. Due to the new Persian war, Emperor Phocas has few imperial troops available to defend the Balkan Peninsula. Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II captures the Byzantine positions east of the Euphrates; the Persians destroy many cities in the Levant region, after prolonged sieges such as the Byzantine fortress of Dara (modern Turkey). Europe Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia conspires to have Berthoald, Mayor of the Palace, assassinated. She convinces King Theuderic II to send him to inspect the royal villae along the Seine. Brunhilda then has the noblemen who actually carried out the murder arrested and killed. December 25 – Battle of Ėtampes: Theuderic II, with the aid of Berthoald, defeats the Frankish forces under King Chlothar II of Neustria, at Étampes (near Paris). Britain | destroy many cities in the Levant region, after prolonged sieges such as the Byzantine fortress of Dara (modern Turkey). Europe Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia conspires to have Berthoald, Mayor of the Palace, assassinated. She convinces King Theuderic II to send him to inspect the royal villae along the Seine. Brunhilda then has the noblemen who actually carried out the murder arrested and killed. December 25 – Battle of Ėtampes: Theuderic II, with the aid of Berthoald, defeats the Frankish forces under King Chlothar II of Neustria, at Étampes (near Paris). Britain Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Deira and kills its king, Æthelric. Prince Edwin, son of the late king Ælla of Deira (possibly a nephew of Æthelric), flees to the court of King Iago of Gwynedd (northwest Wales). Sæbert succeeds his father Sledd as king of Essex. He is persuaded to convert to Christianity through the intervention of his uncle, King Æthelberht of Kent. Asia August 13 – Emperor Wéndi, age 63, is assassinated by his son Yángdi, after a 23-year reign in which he has attacked hereditary privilege and reduced the power of the military aristocracy. He is succeeded by Yángdi, who becomes the second emperor of the Sui Dynasty. Prince Shotoku, imperial regent |
the small monarchical states, from Punjab to the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan). Shashanka is the first recorded independent king of Bengal. He establishes his capital in modern-day Murshidabad (approximate date). By topic Religion February 22 – Sabinian dies at Rome after a two-year reign, and will not be replaced until 607. The diocese of Aquileia becomes a patriarchate (approximate date). Births Hafsa bint Umar, daughter of Umar and wife of Muhammad Han Yuan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 659) Deaths February 22 – Pope Sabinian Colmán of Cloyne, Irish monk and poet Cyriacus II, patriarch of Constantinople Jianzhi Sengcan, patriarch of Chán John Climacus, monk and writer Paterius, bishop of Brescia (Italy) Protadius, Mayor of the Palace (Burgundy) Pybba, king of Mercia (approximate date) Yang Su, general of the Sui Dynasty Yang Zhao, prince of the Sui | Harsha of Thanesar establishes a northern Indian Empire, and unites the small monarchical states, from Punjab to the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan). Shashanka is the first recorded independent king of Bengal. He establishes his capital in modern-day Murshidabad (approximate date). By topic Religion February 22 – Sabinian dies at Rome after a two-year reign, and will not be replaced until 607. The diocese of Aquileia becomes a patriarchate (approximate date). Births Hafsa bint Umar, daughter of |
Roman Empire, by Pope Stephen IV at Reims. He also crowns the emperor's wife Ermengarde as Holy Roman Empress. The ceremony in Reims re-establishes the principle of papal supremacy, by recognising the importance of the pope in imperial coronations. Louis gives the pope many gifts, including the estate tax Vendeuvre, near Troyes (Northern France). Battle of Pancorbo: A Moorish army from the Emirate of Córdoba is sent by Emir Al-Hakam I, to take control of the pass at Pancorbo. They defeat the army of Asturian-Basque Frankish vassals. Winter – The Basques, supported by the Moors, cross the Garonne River and revolt against the Franks in Gascony (north of the Pyrenees). Britain King Hywel of Gwynedd is attacked by his brother Cynan on Anglesey (modern Wales), who is killed during the fighting (approximate date). Abbasid Caliphate Babak Khorramdin, | gifts, including the estate tax Vendeuvre, near Troyes (Northern France). Battle of Pancorbo: A Moorish army from the Emirate of Córdoba is sent by Emir Al-Hakam I, to take control of the pass at Pancorbo. They defeat the army of Asturian-Basque Frankish vassals. Winter – The Basques, supported by the Moors, cross the Garonne River and revolt against the Franks in Gascony (north of the Pyrenees). Britain King Hywel of Gwynedd is attacked by his brother Cynan on Anglesey (modern Wales), who is killed during the fighting (approximate date). Abbasid Caliphate Babak Khorramdin, Persian |
the Frankish Empire among his three sons: Lothair, the eldest, is proclaimed co-emperor in Aachen, and becomes the overlord of his brothers. He receives the dominion of Burgundy (including German and Gallic parts). Pepin, the second son, is proclaimed king of Aquitaine, and receives Gascony (including the marche around Toulouse and parts of Septimania); Louis (the youngest son) is proclaimed king of Bavaria, and receives the dominions of East Francia. Prince Grimoald IV is assassinated by a complot of Lombard nobles vying for his throne. He is succeeded by Sico as ruler of Benevento (Southern Italy), who | ruler of Benevento (Southern Italy), who is forced to pay an annual tribute of 7,000 solidi to Louis I. North Africa Ziyadat Allah I becomes the third Aghlabid emir of Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia). During his rule, the relationship between the Aghlabid Dynasty and the Arab troops remains strained. By topic Religion January 24 – Pope Stephen IV dies at Rome after a 7-month reign, and is succeeded by Paschal I as the 98th pope of the Catholic Church. Synod of Aachen: The council adopts a capitulare monasticum, containing the Benedictine rules of monastic life in the Frankish realm. Births Abu Dawud, Muslim hadith compiler (or 818) Al-Fath ibn Khaqan, Muslim governor (or 818) Pepin, count of Vermandois (approximate date) Pyinbya, king of Burma (d. 876) Deaths January 24 – Stephen IV, pope of the Catholic Church Grimoald IV, Lombard prince |
City (the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam). June 13 (June 3 O.S.) – Second Anglo-Dutch War – Battle of Lowestoft: The English Navy, under James Stuart, Duke of York, is victorious against the Dutch. June 30 – King Charles II of England issues a second charter for the Province of Carolina, which clarifies and expands the borders of the Lords Proprietors' tracts. July–December July 3 – The first documented case of cyclopia is diagnosed in a horse. July 7 – King Charles II of England leaves London with his entourage, fleeing the Great Plague. He moves his court to Salisbury, then Exeter. August – The Great Plague forces the closure of the University of Cambridge, where Isaac Newton is a student. Newton retires to his home in Lincolnshire for safety, and stays there for two years. During that time alone, Newton will make groundbreaking discoveries in mathematics, calculus, mechanics, and optics, and lay the foundations for his books Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica and Optiks. August 2 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: The Dutch fleet defeats the English in the Battle of Vågen. August 27 – Ye Bare & Ye Cubbe, the first play in English in the American colonies, is performed in Pungoteague, Virginia. September – Robert Hooke's Micrographia is published in London, first applying the term 'cell' to plant tissue, which he discovered first in cork, then in living organisms, using a microscope. September 17 – Charles II of Spain becomes king, while not yet four years old. September 22 – Molière's L'Amour médecin is first presented, before Louis XIV of France, at the Palace of Versailles, with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully. October 5 – The University of Kiel is founded. October 21 – Louis XIV of France and Jean-Baptiste Colbert found the Manufacture royale des glaces of Saint Gobain, which is the oldest French company of the CAC 40, with 350 years in 2015. October 29 – Battle of Mbwila: Portuguese forces defeat and kill King António I of Kongo. November 7 – The London Gazette is first published as The Oxford Gazette. December 10 – The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter. Date unknown The Colonisation of Réunion begins, with the French East India Company sending twenty settlers. Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga is invested as Duke of Mantua. Joan Blaeu completes publication of his Atlas Maior (Theatrum Orbis Terrarum) in Amsterdam. Births February 6 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (d. 1714) February 12 – Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (d. 1721) March 4 – Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, Swedish soldier (d. 1694) March 17 – Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, French harpsichordist and composer (d. 1729) April 19 – Jacques Lelong, French bibliographer (d. 1721) April 29 – James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman and soldier (d. 1745) June 4 – Zacharie Robutel de La Noue, Canadian soldier (d. 1733) July 2 – Samuel Penhallow, English-born American colonist, historian (d. 1726) August 21 – | Irish statesman and soldier (d. 1745) June 4 – Zacharie Robutel de La Noue, Canadian soldier (d. 1733) July 2 – Samuel Penhallow, English-born American colonist, historian (d. 1726) August 21 – Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer (d. 1729) August 27 – John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician (d. 1751) December 25 – Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish songwriter (d. 1746) December 28 – George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (d. 1716) date unknown – Ingeborg i Mjärhult, Swedish soothsayer (d. 1749) Deaths January 1 – Christian William of Brandenburg, administrator of the bishoprics of Magdeburg and Halberstadt (b. 1587) January 4 – Herman Fortunatus, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (b. 1595) January 11 – Louise de La Fayette, French courtier, friend of King Louis XIII (b. 1618) January 12 – Pierre de Fermat, French mathematician (b. 1607) January 29 – Jeanne des Anges, French Ursuline nun in Loudun (b. 1602) January 31 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (b. 1622) March 1 – Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth, English baron and politician (b. 1612) March 11 – Clemente Tabone, Maltese landowner and militia member (b. c. 1575) March 15 – Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1622) April 21 – Jean-Joseph Surin, French Jesuit writer (b. 1600) May 24 – Mary of Jesus of Ágreda, Franciscan abbess and spiritual writer (b. 1602) May 31 – Pieter Jansz. Saenredam, Dutch painter (b. 1597) June 3 Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth, son of Charles Berkeley (b. 1630) James Ley, 3rd Earl of Marlborough, English nobleman, sailor, and mathematician (b. 1618) June 6 – George Christian, Prince of East Frisia, prince of Ostfriesland (b. 1634) June 13 – Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer, Dutch admiral (b. 1604) June 17 – Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1634) June 25 – Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (b. 1630) July 11 – Kenelm Digby, English privateer (b. 1603) July 18 – Stefan Czarniecki, Polish general (b. 1599) August 14 – Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, son of Charles of Gonzaga-Nevers of Rethel (b. 1629) August 28 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (b. 1638) September 1 – Walter Erle, English politician (b. 1586) September 2 – Juan Alonso de Cuevas y Davalos, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Mexico and Antequera (b. 1590) September 12 – Jean Bolland, Flemish Jesuit writer (b. 1596) September 17 – King Philip IV of Spain (b. 1605) September 25 – Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (b. 1610) October 22 – César, Duke of Vendôme, French nobleman (b. 1594) November 1 – Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet, Irish nobleman (b. 1629) November 10 – Samuel Capricornus, Czech composer (b. 1628) November 17 – John Earle (bishop), English bishop (b. 1601) November 19 – Nicolas Poussin, French painter (b. 1594) November 20 – Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. 1586) November 24 – Simon Le Moyne, French missionary (b. 1604) December 2 Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet, French socialite (b. 1588) Maria Angela Astorch, Spanish |
dynasty. April 9 – Treaty of Antwerp: The Netherlands and Spain agree to the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621) in the Eighty Years' War, allowing the Dutch East India Company to trade within the Spanish Empire. May 20 – London publisher Thomas Thorpe issues Shake-speares Sonnets, with a dedication to "Mr. W.H.", and the poem A Lover's Complaint appended; it is uncertain whether this publication has Shakespeare's authority. May 23 – The Second Virginia Charter is officially ratified; it is intended to replace the council with a governor, who has absolute control in the colony. July–December July – Samuel de Champlain claims the Lake Champlain area of Vermont, for the Kingdom of France. July 9 – Bohemia is granted freedom of religion (Letter of Majesty). July 10 – The German Catholic League is formed to counteract the Protestant Union. July 23 – A hurricane at sea separates the nine London Company's ships (600 more settlers) en route to relieve the Jamestown settlement; one ship sinks, and the Sea Venture is driven ashore at Bermuda on July 25, thus effectively first settling the colony. July 30 – At what is now Crown Point, New York, Samuel de Champlain participates in a battle between the Huron and Iroquois, shooting and killing two Iroquois chiefs; this helps set the tone for French–Iroquois relations for the next 100 years. August 25 – Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian officials. August 28 – Henry Hudson is the first European to see Delaware Bay. August – Seven ships arrive at the colony of Jamestown, Virginia, with 200–300 men, women, and children, reporting the Sea Venture wrecked near Bermuda. September 2 – Henry Hudson enters New York Bay, aboard the Halve Maen. September 10 – Jamestown: Capt. George Percy replaces Captain John Smith as president of the Council, and Smith returns to England. September 11 – Valencia expels all the Moriscos (see April 4). September 11–12 – Henry Hudson in the Halve Maen sails into Upper New York Bay, and begins a journey up the Hudson River. October 12 – A version of the rhyme Three Blind Mice is published in London. The editor, and possible author of the verse, is the teenage Thomas Ravenscroft. Date unknown The Dutch East India Company imports tea to Europe. The Dutch East India Company establishes a trading post in Hirado, Japan. The Scrooby Congregation of Protestant English Separatists (predecessors of the Pilgrim Fathers) moves from Amsterdam to Leiden. Warsaw becomes the capital of Poland. The municipality of Buenavista in Marinduque, Philippines is founded. The Statutes of Iona are passed, marking the end of the bloody feuds between the clans in the Scottish Highlands. The Douay–Rheims Bible Old Testament translation from the Vulgate into English vol. 1 is published in Reims. English-born Sister Mary Ward founds the Sisters of Loreto at Saint-Omer, at this time in the Spanish Netherlands. Johannes Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion in Astronomia nova. Cornelis Drebbel invents the thermostat. "Egyptians" (i.e., Romany people) are expelled from the Kingdom of Scotland. Births January–March January 18 Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon, English politician (d. 1656) Henry Oxenden, English poet (d. 1670) January 20 – Carlo Ceresa, Italian painter (d. 1679) January 30 – Václav Eusebius František, Prince of Lobkowicz, Austrian field marshal and prince (d. 1677) February 10 Lancelot Lake, Member of the English Parliament of (d. 1680) John Suckling, English poet (d. 1642) February 14 – Bartram de Fouchier, Dutch painter (d. 1673) February 18 – Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, | – Antonie Waterloo, Flemish painter (d. 1690) May 10 – Mauritia Eleonora of Portugal, Princess of Portugal and through marriage countess of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1674) June 2 – Zsófia Bosnyák, Hungarian noblewoman (d. 1644) June 17 – John of Hesse-Braubach, German general (d. 1651) June 29 – Pierre-Paul Riquet, French engineer and canal builder (d. 1680) July–September July 17 – Wilhelm Gumppenberg, German Jesuit theologian (d. 1675) July 28 – Judith Leyster, Dutch painter (d. 1660) July 29 – Maria Gonzaga, Duchess of Montferrat, Italian noble (d. 1660) August 6 – Richard Bennett, British Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1675) August 21 – Jean Rotrou, French poet and tragedian (d. 1650) August 25 – Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato (d. 1685) August 30 Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1644) Artus Quellinus the Elder, Flemish sculptor (d. 1668) September 3 – Raymond Breton, French missionary (d. 1679) September 19 (or 1605) – Thomas Gouge, English minister (d. 1681) October–December October 5 – Paul Fleming, German physician and poet (d. 1640) October 8 – John Clarke, English physician (d. 1676) October 9 – Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland, younger son of the Richard Weston (d. 1688) October 14 – Ernest Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein of its Sonderborg line (d. 1689) October 16 – Thomas Minors, English politician and merchant (d. 1677) October 18 – Josias von Rantzau, Marshal of France (d. 1650) October 19 – Gerrard Winstanley, English Protestant religious reformer (d. 1676) October 26 – William Sprague, English co-founder of Charlestown, Massachusetts (d. 1675) October 29 – Wadham Wyndham, English judge (d. 1668) November 1 – Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1676) November 23 – Sophia Eleonore of Saxony, German duchess (d. 1671) November 25 – Henrietta Maria of France, queen of Charles I of England (d. 1669) November 26 – Henry Dunster, first President of Harvard College (d. 1659) December 6 – Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1670) December 11 – Alexander Cooper, English Baroque miniature painter (d. 1660) December 13 – Isbrand van Diemerbroeck, Dutch physician (d. 1674) December 24 – Philip Warwick, English writer and politician (d. 1683) December 30 – Anna Maria von Eggenberg, née Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Austrian noble (d. 1680) Date unknown Luc d'Achery, French Benedictine (d. 1685) Samuel Cooper, English miniature painter (d. 1672) Alberich Mazak, Austrian composer (d. 1661) Elizabeth Isham, English diarist (d. 1654) Hannibal Sehested, Danish statesman (d. 1666) Thomas Greene, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1651) Probable Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède, French novelist and dramatist (d. 1663) Deaths January–March January – Thomas East, English printer (born c. 1540) January 9 – Joannes Bochius, civic officeholder and neo-Latin poet in the city of Antwerp (b. 1555) January 21 – Joseph Justus Scaliger, French Protestant scholar (b. 1540) February 17 – Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1549) February 28 – Paul Sartorius, German composer (b. 1569) March – James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran (b. c. 1537) March 9 – William Warner, English poet (b. c. 1558) March 17 – Olaus Martini, Swedish Archbishop of Uppsala (b. 1557) March 22 – Al-Jilani, Persian physician March 25 Isabelle de Limeuil, French noble (b. 1535) John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b. 1562) April–June April 4 – Charles de L'Ecluse, Flemish botanist (b. 1526) April 6 |
to the throne of England, is imprisoned for clandestinely marrying William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, another claimant, without royal permission on June 22. August 2 – Henry Hudson sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay, thinking he has made it through the Northwest Passage and reached the Pacific Ocean. August 9 – Anglo-Powhatan Wars: The English launch a major attack on the Paspahegh village, capturing and executing the native queen and her children, burning houses and chopping down the corn fields; the subsequent use of the term "Paspahegh" in documents refers to their former territory. October 9 – Poland, under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, take control of the Kremlin during the Polish–Muscovite War. October 17 – Louis XIII of France is crowned. November – Dr. Bonham's Case is decided by Edward Coke, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas of England. Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament as well as the king. Date unknown The Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming dynasty of China, at this time under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor; Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing dynasty, which overthrows the short-lived Shun dynasty in 1644, and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662. The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc. Publication is completed of the Douay–Rheims Bible (The Holie Bible Faithfully Translated into English), a translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English made by members of the English College, Douai, in the service of the Catholic Church. Jakob Böhme experiences another inner vision, in which he believes that he further understands the unity of the cosmos, and that he has received a special vocation from God. Work starts on the Wignacourt Aqueduct, in Malta. Santa Fe, New Mexico, capital of New Mexico, is founded as capital of Kingdom of Nuevo México. Henri Membertou, Grand Chief of Mi'kmaq nation signs Concordat of 1610, an agreement with the Roman Catholic Church recognizing the Mi'kmaq as an independent nation. Births January–March January 9 – George Wilde, Irish bishop (d. 1665) January 10 – Louis Maimbourg, French Jesuit historian (d. 1686) January 12 – Reinhold Curicke, jurist and historian from Danzig (d. 1667) January 13 – Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1665) January 21 – Elizabeth Fones, American settler (d. 1673) January 26 – Henry Hildyard, English Member of Parliament (d. 1674) February 2 Francisco Ignacio Alcina, Jesuit missionary and historian (d. 1674) Pierre Bourdelot, French physician (d. 1685) Edmund Weaver, English politician (d. 1672) February 11 – Salomon Idler, German inventor (d. 1669) February 13 – Jean de Labadie, French pietist (d. 1674) February 14 – Solomon Swale, English politician (d. 1678) March 3 – Pierre Dupuis, French painter (d. 1682) March 4 (bapt.) – William Dobson, English portraitist and painter (d. 1646) March 14 Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis, English politician (d. 1662) Simon Louis, Count of Lippe-Detmolt (1627–1636) (d. 1636) April–June April 22 – Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691) May 12 – Arent Berntsen, Norwegian statistician (d. 1680) May 17 – Joseph Poncet, French missionary (d. 1675) May 18 – Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (d. 1664) June 1 – Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh, Dutch painter (d. 1670) June 17 – Birgitte Thott, Danish scholar, writer and translator (b. 1662) June 24 – Thomas Hales, Connecticut settler (d. 1679) July–September July 2 – Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu in the Peerage of England (d. 1682) July 6 – Hugh Forth, English politician (d. 1676) July 8 (bapt.) – Richard Deane, English military commander and regicide (d. 1653) July 11 – William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington, English landowner, politician (d. 1651) July 14 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1670) July 18 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish dramatist | Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, take control of the Kremlin during the Polish–Muscovite War. October 17 – Louis XIII of France is crowned. November – Dr. Bonham's Case is decided by Edward Coke, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas of England. Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament as well as the king. Date unknown The Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming dynasty of China, at this time under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor; Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing dynasty, which overthrows the short-lived Shun dynasty in 1644, and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662. The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc. Publication is completed of the Douay–Rheims Bible (The Holie Bible Faithfully Translated into English), a translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English made by members of the English College, Douai, in the service of the Catholic Church. Jakob Böhme experiences another inner vision, in which he believes that he further understands the unity of the cosmos, and that he has received a special vocation from God. Work starts on the Wignacourt Aqueduct, in Malta. Santa Fe, New Mexico, capital of New Mexico, is founded as capital of Kingdom of Nuevo México. Henri Membertou, Grand Chief of Mi'kmaq nation signs Concordat of 1610, an agreement with the Roman Catholic Church recognizing the Mi'kmaq as an independent nation. Births January–March January 9 – George Wilde, Irish bishop (d. 1665) January 10 – Louis Maimbourg, French Jesuit historian (d. 1686) January 12 – Reinhold Curicke, jurist and historian from Danzig (d. 1667) January 13 – Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1665) January 21 – Elizabeth Fones, American settler (d. 1673) January 26 – Henry Hildyard, English Member of Parliament (d. 1674) February 2 Francisco Ignacio Alcina, Jesuit missionary and historian (d. 1674) Pierre Bourdelot, French physician (d. 1685) Edmund Weaver, English politician (d. 1672) February 11 – Salomon Idler, German inventor (d. 1669) February 13 – Jean de Labadie, French pietist (d. 1674) February 14 – Solomon Swale, English politician (d. 1678) March 3 – Pierre Dupuis, French painter (d. 1682) March 4 (bapt.) – William Dobson, English portraitist and painter (d. 1646) March 14 Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis, English politician (d. 1662) Simon Louis, Count of Lippe-Detmolt (1627–1636) (d. 1636) April–June April 22 – Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691) May 12 – Arent Berntsen, Norwegian statistician (d. 1680) May 17 – Joseph Poncet, French missionary (d. 1675) May 18 – Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (d. 1664) June 1 – Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh, Dutch painter (d. 1670) June 17 – Birgitte Thott, Danish scholar, writer and translator (b. 1662) June 24 – Thomas Hales, Connecticut settler (d. 1679) July–September July 2 – Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu in the Peerage of England (d. 1682) July 6 – Hugh Forth, English politician (d. 1676) July 8 (bapt.) – Richard Deane, English military commander and regicide (d. 1653) July 11 – William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington, English landowner, politician (d. 1651) July 14 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1670) July 18 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish dramatist and historian (d. 1686) July 28 (bapt.) – Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist (d. c.1643) July 30 – Lorens von der Linde, Swedish field marshal (d. 1670) August 2 – Edward Master, English politician (d. 1691) August 4 – Cornelis Evertsen the Elder, Dutch admiral (d. 1666) August 23 – Susanna Margarete of Anhalt-Dessau, Princess of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1663) September 4 – Giovanni Andrea Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1670) September 6 Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena, Italian noble (d. 1658) Luke Robinson, English politician (d. 1669) David Wemyss, 2nd Earl of Wemyss, Scottish earl (d. 1679) September 10 – Sir Edward Seymour, 3rd Baronet, Member of Parliament (d. 1688) September 24 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese political theorist, philosopher, naturalist, writer and soldier (d. 1695) September 28 – Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough, English Royalist army commander in the English Civil War (d. 1666) September 29 – Gabriel Druillettes, French missionary (d. 1681) October–December October 3 – Gabriel Lalemant, Jesuit missionary in New France, beginning in 1646 (d. 1649) October 6 – Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier, the governor of the Louis |
1692) Thomas Fitch, Connecticut settler (d. 1704) October 18 – John Eliot, English politician (d. 1685) October 19 – Nicolas Chaperon, French painter (d. 1656) October 20 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, Anglo-Irish nobleman, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland, Cavalier (d. 1698) October 23 – Henry Lingen, English politician (d. 1662) October 25 – James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, Scottish soldier (d. 1650) October 26 – Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester (d. 1658) October 27 – Margravine Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Electress of Saxony by marriage (1656–1680) (d. 1687) October 30 – Paul Würtz, Swedish general (d. 1676) November 7 – Pierre Mignard, French painter (d. 1695) November 11 Jean Garnier, French historian (d. 1681) August Philipp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, Danish-German prince and member of the House of Oldenburg (d. 1675) Richard Sherlock, English priest (d. 1689) November 17 – Dorgon, Chinese Manchu prince (d. 1650) November 28 – Sir Thomas Whitmore, 1st Baronet, English politician and Baronet (d. 1653) December 2 – David Ryckaert III, Flemish painter (d. 1661) Deaths January–March January 4 – Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel, Dutch writer (b. 1549) January 9 – Leonard Holliday, Lord Mayor of London, 1605-1606 (b. 1550) January 11 – Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi Dynasty of Golkonda; founded the city of Hyderabad (b. 1565) January 12 – Charles III de Croÿ, Belgian noble (b. 1560) January 13 – Jane Dormer, English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (b. 1538) January 20 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, Austrian Habsburg ruler (b. 1552) February 6 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1538) February 9 – Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (b. 1562) February 12 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish cartographer (b. 1563) February 17 – Ernest of Bavaria, German Catholic bishop (b. 1554) February 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (b. 1531) February 21 – Christian Barnekow, Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (b. 1556) March 16 – Margaret Fiennes, 11th Baroness Dacre (b. 1541) March 18 – Bartholomew Legate, English anti-Trinitarian martyr (b. c. 1575) March 19 – Sophia Olelkovich Radziwill, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1585) April–June April 5 – Diana Scultori, Italian engraver April 8 – Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (b. 1575) April 11 Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (b. 1535) Edward Wightman, English Baptist preacher (burned at the stake) (b. 1580) April 19 – Anne d'Escars de Givry, French Catholic cardinal (b. 1546) April 21 – David van Goorle, theologian and theoretical scientist (b. 1591) May – False Dmitry III, pretender to the Russian throne (secretly executed) May 19 – Gregorio Petrocchini, Italian Cardinal Bishop, Conclave member, Cardinal protector of the Augustines (b. 1535) May 24 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (b. 1563) May 31 – Willem Isaacsz Swanenburg, Dutch engraver (b. 1580) June 5 – Arima Harunobu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1567) June 8 – Hans Leo Hassler, German composer (b. 1562) June 21 – Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp (b. 1561) June 26 – Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland, eldest surviving son of John Manners (b. 1576) July–September July 16 – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (b. 1536) July 24 Ottavio Mirto Frangipani, Italian bishop and papal diplomat (b. 1544) John Salusbury, Welsh politician (b. 1567) July 29 – Jacques Bongars, French scholar and diplomat (b. 1554) August 3 – John Bond, English politician and classicist (b. 1550) August 4 – Hugh Broughton, English scholar (b. 1549) August 9 – Philipp Ludwig II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1580–1612) (b. 1576) August 12 – Giovanni Gabrieli, Italian composer (b. c. 1554) August 15 – Michael Hicks, English politician (b. 1543) August 18 – Giacomo Boncompagni, Italian feudal lord of the 16th century (b. 1548) August 20 – Naitō Nobunari, Japanese samurai and daimyō of Omi Province (b. 1545) September 9 – Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese warlord (b. 1570) September 12 – Tsar Vasili IV of Russia (b. 1552) September 13 – Karin Månsdotter, Queen of Sweden (b. 1550) September 24 – Johannes Lippius, German theologian, philosopher, composer, and music theorist (b. 1585) September 27 – Piotr Skarga, Polish Jesuit and polemicist (b. 1536) September 28 – Ernst Soner, German physician (b. 1572) October–December October 7 Menso Alting, Dutch preacher and reformer (b. 1541) Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet (b. 1538) October 10 – Bernardino Poccetti, Italian painter (b. 1548) October 23 – János | Jane Dormer, English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (b. 1538) January 20 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, Austrian Habsburg ruler (b. 1552) February 6 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1538) February 9 – Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (b. 1562) February 12 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish cartographer (b. 1563) February 17 – Ernest of Bavaria, German Catholic bishop (b. 1554) February 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (b. 1531) February 21 – Christian Barnekow, Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (b. 1556) March 16 – Margaret Fiennes, 11th Baroness Dacre (b. 1541) March 18 – Bartholomew Legate, English anti-Trinitarian martyr (b. c. 1575) March 19 – Sophia Olelkovich Radziwill, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1585) April–June April 5 – Diana Scultori, Italian engraver April 8 – Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (b. 1575) April 11 Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (b. 1535) Edward Wightman, English Baptist preacher (burned at the stake) (b. 1580) April 19 – Anne d'Escars de Givry, French Catholic cardinal (b. 1546) April 21 – David van Goorle, theologian and theoretical scientist (b. 1591) May – False Dmitry III, pretender to the Russian throne (secretly executed) May 19 – Gregorio Petrocchini, Italian Cardinal Bishop, Conclave member, Cardinal protector of the Augustines (b. 1535) May 24 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (b. 1563) May 31 – Willem Isaacsz Swanenburg, Dutch engraver (b. 1580) June 5 – Arima Harunobu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1567) June 8 – Hans Leo Hassler, German composer (b. 1562) June 21 – Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp (b. 1561) June 26 – Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland, eldest surviving son of John Manners (b. 1576) July–September July 16 – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (b. 1536) July 24 Ottavio Mirto Frangipani, Italian bishop and papal diplomat (b. 1544) John Salusbury, Welsh politician (b. 1567) July 29 – Jacques Bongars, French scholar and diplomat (b. 1554) August 3 – John Bond, English politician and classicist (b. 1550) August 4 – Hugh Broughton, English scholar (b. 1549) August 9 – Philipp Ludwig II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1580–1612) (b. 1576) August 12 – Giovanni Gabrieli, Italian composer (b. c. 1554) August 15 – Michael Hicks, English politician (b. 1543) August 18 – Giacomo Boncompagni, Italian feudal lord of the 16th century (b. 1548) August 20 – Naitō Nobunari, Japanese samurai and daimyō of Omi Province (b. 1545) September 9 – Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese warlord (b. 1570) September 12 – Tsar Vasili IV of Russia (b. 1552) September 13 – Karin Månsdotter, Queen of Sweden (b. 1550) September 24 – Johannes Lippius, German theologian, philosopher, composer, and music theorist (b. 1585) September 27 – Piotr Skarga, Polish Jesuit and polemicist (b. 1536) September 28 – Ernst Soner, German physician (b. 1572) October–December October 7 Menso Alting, Dutch preacher and reformer (b. 1541) Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet (b. 1538) October 10 – Bernardino Poccetti, Italian painter (b. 1548) October 23 – János Petki, Hungarian politician (b. 1572) October 28 – Edward Darcy, English politician (b. 1544) November 1 – Charles, Count of Soissons, French prince du sang and military commander in the struggles over religion and the throne (b. 1566) November 2 – Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, 1581–1612 (b. 1551) November 6 Nicholas Fitzherbert, English martyr (b. 1550) Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, elder son of King James I & VI and Anne of Denmark (b. 1594) November 9 – Paul Jenisch, German pastor (b. 1551) November 16 – William Stafford, English spy (b. 1554) November 20 – John Harington, English courtier, writer and inventor of a flush toilet (b. 1561) November 23 Juan Fernández de Olivera, Spanish colonial governor (b. 1560) Elizabeth Jane Weston, English Czech poet (b. 1582) November |
a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–June January 6 – Spanish Captain Hernando de Santana founds the city of Valledupar, in modern-day Colombia. February 8 – Pope Julius III succeeds Pope Paul III as the 221st pope. March 12 – Arauco War: Battle of Penco – Several hundred Spanish and indigenous troops under the command of Pedro de Valdivia defeat an army of 60,000 Mapuche in modern-day Chile. March 12 – Acapulco is founded by 30 families sent from Mexico City March 24 – "Rough Wooing": England and France sign the Treaty of Boulogne, by which England withdraws from Boulogne in France and returns territorial gains in Scotland. March 29 – Sherborne School in England is refounded by King Edward VI. April 16 – The Valladolid debate on the rights and treatment of indigenous peoples of the Americas by their Spanish conquerors opens at the Colegio de San Gregorio in Valladolid, Castile. June 12 – The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden. July–December July (at least) – John Dee finishes his studies at the Old University of Leuven. July 7 – Chocolate is introduced to Europe. July 21 – The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is approved by Pope Julius III. October 2 – Battle of Sauðafell in Iceland: Daði Guðmundsson of Snóksdalur defeats the forces of Catholic Bishop Jón Arason who is captured and executed, resulting in Iceland becoming fully Protestant. Date unknown Altan Khan crosses the Great Wall of China and besieges Beijing, burning the suburbs. The summit level canal between Alster and the Trave in Germany ceases to be navigable. The first grammatical description of the French language is published by Louis Maigret. The first book in Slovene, Catechismus, written by Protestant reformer Primož Trubar, is printed in Schwäbisch Hall, Holy Romanh Empire. Nostradamus' first almanac is written. Approximate date – The discovery of silver at Zacatecas and Guanajuato in Mexico | succeeds Pope Paul III as the 221st pope. March 12 – Arauco War: Battle of Penco – Several hundred Spanish and indigenous troops under the command of Pedro de Valdivia defeat an army of 60,000 Mapuche in modern-day Chile. March 12 – Acapulco is founded by 30 families sent from Mexico City March 24 – "Rough Wooing": England and France sign the Treaty of Boulogne, by which England withdraws from Boulogne in France and returns territorial gains in Scotland. March 29 – Sherborne School in England is refounded by King Edward VI. April 16 – The Valladolid debate on the rights and treatment of indigenous peoples of the Americas by their Spanish conquerors opens at the Colegio de San Gregorio in Valladolid, Castile. June 12 – The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden. July–December July (at least) – John Dee finishes his studies at the Old University of Leuven. July 7 – Chocolate is introduced to Europe. July 21 – The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is approved by Pope Julius III. October 2 – Battle of Sauðafell in Iceland: Daði Guðmundsson of Snóksdalur defeats the forces of Catholic Bishop Jón Arason who is captured and executed, resulting in Iceland becoming fully Protestant. Date unknown Altan Khan crosses the Great Wall of China and besieges Beijing, burning the suburbs. The summit level canal between Alster and the Trave in Germany ceases to be navigable. The first grammatical description of the French language is published by Louis Maigret. The first book in Slovene, Catechismus, written by Protestant reformer Primož Trubar, is printed in Schwäbisch Hall, Holy Romanh Empire. Nostradamus' first almanac is written. Approximate date – The discovery of silver at Zacatecas and Guanajuato in Mexico stimulates silver rushes. Births January 18 – Tsugaru Tamenobu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1607) February 1 – John |
(d. 1699) February 28 – John Pearson, English theologian and scholar (d. 1686) March 6 Stjepan Gradić, Croatian philosopher and scientist (d. 1683) Anna Moroni, Italian educator (d. 1675) March 11 – Francesco Caetani, 8th Duke of Sermoneta, Governor of the Duchy of Milan (d. 1683) March 12 – André Le Nôtre, French landscape and garden designer (d. 1700) March 19 – John Swinfen, English politician (d. 1694) March 24 – Antonia of Württemberg, princess, literary figure, patron and Christian Kabbalist (d. 1679) March 28 – Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, concubine of Qing dynasty ruler Hong Taiji (d. 1688) March 29 – Louis-Isaac Lemaistre de Sacy, French Bible translator (d. 1684) April–June April 1 Giulio Bartolocci, Italian Biblical scholar (d. 1687) Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier and writer (d. 1703) April 7 – Gerrit Dou, Dutch painter (d. 1675) April 18 – Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton, English soldier (d. 1696) April 21 – Franciscus Plante, Dutch painter, chaplain (d. 1690) April 29 – Christoph Bach, German musician (d. 1661) May 9 – Mattias de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1667) May 10 – François Chauveau, French painter (d. 1676) May 15 – George Seton, Lord Seton, Scottish noble (d. 1648) May 31 – John George II, Elector of Saxony (1656-1680) (d. 1680) June 1 – William Wirich, Count of Daun-Falkenstein, German nobleman (d. 1682) June 13 – Johann Ernst, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1641–1642) (d. 1642) June 16 – John Cleveland, English poet (d. 1658) July–September July 15 – Gu Yanwu, Chinese philologist and geographer (d. 1682) July 16 – Alderano Cybo, Catholic cardinal (d. 1700) August 7 – William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Dutch stadtholder (d. 1664) August 15 – Gilles Ménage, French scholar (d. 1692) August 18 – Sir Thomas Peyton, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1684) August 20 – Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg, German poet composer and (by marriage) Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1676) August 24 – Bartholomew Holzhauser, German priest, founder of a religious community, visionary, writer of prophecies (d. 1658) August 29 – John Jolliffe, English politician and businessman (d. 1680) September 8 – Henri Albert de La Grange d'Arquien, Catholic cardinal (d. 1707) September 15 – François de La Rochefoucauld, French writer (d. 1680) September 19 – Sir John Norwich, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1661) September 25 – Claude Perrault, French architect (d. 1688) October–December October 3 – Marion Delorme, French courtesan known for her relationships with the important men of her time (d. 1650) October 12 – Jacques d'Arthois, Flemish painter (d. 1686) October 13 Luisa de Guzmán, Duchess of Braganza, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1666) Adriaan Heereboord, Dutch philosopher (d. 1661) October 19 – Charles of Sezze, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d. 1670) October 28 – Edmund Bowyer, English politician (d. 1681) November 5 – Isaac de Benserade, French poet (d. 1691) November 12 – Sir Ralph Verney, 1st Baronet, of Middle Claydon, English Baronet (d. 1696) November 16 – Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1635–1670) (d. 1670) November 20 – Tyman Oosdorp, Dutch Golden Age brewer and magistrate of Haarlem (d. 1668) November 24 – John Knight, Member of the Parliament of England (d. 1683) November 25 – Philip VII, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1638–1645) (d. 1645) December 4 (bapt.) – Samuel Butler, English satirist (d. 1680) December 10 – Izaak van Oosten, Flemish painter (d. 1661) December 11 – Amar Singh Rathore, Rajput nobleman affiliated with the royal house of Marwar (d. 1644) December 23 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Field Marshal of Sweden (d. 1676) December 28 – | 15 – François de La Rochefoucauld, French writer (d. 1680) September 19 – Sir John Norwich, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1661) September 25 – Claude Perrault, French architect (d. 1688) October–December October 3 – Marion Delorme, French courtesan known for her relationships with the important men of her time (d. 1650) October 12 – Jacques d'Arthois, Flemish painter (d. 1686) October 13 Luisa de Guzmán, Duchess of Braganza, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1666) Adriaan Heereboord, Dutch philosopher (d. 1661) October 19 – Charles of Sezze, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (d. 1670) October 28 – Edmund Bowyer, English politician (d. 1681) November 5 – Isaac de Benserade, French poet (d. 1691) November 12 – Sir Ralph Verney, 1st Baronet, of Middle Claydon, English Baronet (d. 1696) November 16 – Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1635–1670) (d. 1670) November 20 – Tyman Oosdorp, Dutch Golden Age brewer and magistrate of Haarlem (d. 1668) November 24 – John Knight, Member of the Parliament of England (d. 1683) November 25 – Philip VII, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1638–1645) (d. 1645) December 4 (bapt.) – Samuel Butler, English satirist (d. 1680) December 10 – Izaak van Oosten, Flemish painter (d. 1661) December 11 – Amar Singh Rathore, Rajput nobleman affiliated with the royal house of Marwar (d. 1644) December 23 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Field Marshal of Sweden (d. 1676) December 28 – Bullen Reymes, English courtier, diplomat and politician (d. 1672) Date unknown Henry Vane, English politician (d. 1662) Khushal Khan Khattak, Afghan poet (d. 1690) Probable Richard Crashaw, English poet (d. 1649) Deaths January–July January 2 – Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire (b. 1539) January 12 – George Blackwell, English Catholic archpriest (b. 1545) January 18 – Antoon Claeissens, Flemish Baroque painter (b. 1536) January 27 – Anna of Saxony, German noblewoman (b. 1567) January 28 – Thomas Bodley, English diplomat and library founder (b. 1545) February 14 – Juan García López-Rico, Spanish Catholic priest from the Trinitarian Order, founded the Order of Discalced Carmelites (b. 1561) February 16 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (b. 1531) February 27 – Pietro Facchetti, Italian painter (b. 1539) March 2 – Rudolph Snellius, Dutch linguist and mathematician (b. 1546) March 13 – Giovanni Battista Caccini, Italian artist (b. 1556) March 16 Sigrid Sture, Swedish Governor (b. 1538) Ikeda Terumasa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1565) March 23 – Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont, Spanish inventor (b. 1553) March 27 – Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (b. 1572) April 27 – Robert Abercromby, Scottish Jesuit missionary (b. 1532) June 3 – Allahverdi Khan, Georgian-born Iranian general (b. 1590) June 8 – Cigoli, Italian painter (b. 1559) |
Viscount Beauchamp, son of Edward Seymour Sr. (d. 1612) September 28 – Roland Lytton, English politician (d. 1615) September 29 – Adriaan van Roomen, Belgian mathematician (d. 1615) October 11 (bapt.) – Thomas Lake, English Secretary of State to King James I (d. 1630) October 15 – Richard Field, English cathedral dean (d. 1616) October 24 – Anthony Babington, English criminal (d. 1586) October 27 – Mary Sidney, English writer, patroness and translator (d. 1621) November 1 – Francesco Usper, Italian composer (d. 1641) November 16 – Andreas Angelus, German pastor, teacher, chronicler of the Mark of Brandenburg (d. 1598) December 1 – Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, duchess consort of Pomerania-Wolgast (1577-1592) (d. 1631) December 7 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (d. 1625) December 9 – Edwin Sandys, English founder of the colony of Virginia (d. 1629) December 16 – Amandus Polanus, German theologian of early Reformed orthodoxy (d. 1610) date unknown – Stephen Bachiler, non-conformist minister and pioneer settler of New England (d. 1656) Deaths January 9 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1514) January 13 – Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach, (b. 1521) January 31 Menno Simons, Anabaptist religious leader and Mennonite founder (b. 1496) Bairam Khan, Turkoman noble and poet (assassinated) February 13 – Francis I, Duke of Nevers (b. 1516) February 26 – Jorge de Montemor, Spanish writer (b. 1520) March 6 – Gonçalo da Silveira, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (b. 1526) March 24 – Giulio d'Este, illegitimate son of Italian noble (b. 1478) March 25 – Conrad Lycosthenes, humanist and encyclopedist (b. 1518) March 28 – Bartholomeus V. Welser, German banker (b. 1484) April 9 – Jean Quintin, French priest, knight and writer (b. 1500) May 4 – Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (b. 1534) May 16 – Jan Tarnowski, Polish noble (b. 1488) June 23 – Saitō Yoshitatsu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1527) June 6 – Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Italian painter (b. 1483) July 9 – Sebald Heyden, German musicologist and theologian (b. 1499) July 19 – Henry Lauder, Lord St Germains, Lord Advocate of Scotland September 1 – Edward Waldegrave, English politician and recusant September 25 – Sehzade Bayezid, Ottoman Prince (b. 1525) October 27 – Lope de Aguirre, Basque rebel and conquistador (b. 1510) November 7 – Jeanne de Jussie, Swiss nun and writer (b. 1503) | a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–June January 31 – The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots in France. March 1 – Kingston Grammar School is founded in England. April 14 – The citizens of Nuremberg see what appears to be an aerial battle, followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and a large crash (with smoke) outside the city. A news notice (an early form of newspaper) is printed on April 14, describing the event. May 8 – Madrid is declared the capital of Spain, by Philip II. June 4 – Old St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London is badly damaged by fire, and the spire is destroyed after being struck by lightning. The spire is not rebuilt. June 4 – The nobility of Harrien-Wierland and the town of Reval (on June 6) of the Livonian Order swear allegiance to Sweden. June 25 – Francis Coxe, an English astrologer, is pilloried at Cheapside in London, and makes a public confession of his involvement in "sinistral and artes". June 29 – Erik XIV is crowned King of Sweden. July–December July – Arauco War: The hated encomendero Pedro de Avendaño and two other Spaniards are killed, triggering the Second Great Rebellion of the Mapuche. July 12 – Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow (started in 1534) is finished. August – English merchant Anthony Jenkinson arrives in Moscow on his second expedition to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. August 19 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is denied passage through England after returning from France. She arrives at Leith, Scotland on August 19. September 2 – The Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots into Edinburgh, a spectacular civic celebration for the Queen of Scotland, is marred by religious controversy. September – Protestant reformer John Knox has a three-day debate in Maybole, Ayrshire, Scotland with Quintin Kennedy, commendator of Crossraguel Abbey, on transubstantiation. The result is inconclusive, but Kennedy is fighting a losing battle against the Reformation, which had been confirmed by the Scottish government in 1560. October 10 – Siege of Moji in Japan ends with the defenders retaining their position. October 18 – Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima: Takeda Shingen defeats Uesugi Kenshin, in the climax of their ongoing conflicts. November 28 – The Treaty of Vilnius is concluded during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part of Livonia, with the exception of the Free imperial city of Riga, subjects itself to Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus with the Pacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis). In turn, Sigismund grants protection from the Tsardom of Russia, and confirms the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti. Date unknown Merchant Taylors' School is founded in the City of London by Sir Thomas White, Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar, and Stephen Hales. The first Calvinists settle in England, after fleeing Flanders. The Anglo-Genevan metrical psalter is published, including the Old 100th, the version of the hymn All People That on Earth Do Dwell made from Psalm 100, attributed to the probably-Scottish clergyman and biblical translator William Kethe, |
11 – Helena Fourment, Dutch model, second wife of Peter Paul Rubens (d. 1673) April 18 – Nicolas Robert, French painter (d. 1685) April 25 Hieronymus van Beverningh, Dutch diplomat and politician (d. 1690) Marc'Antonio Pasqualini, Italian opera singer and composer (d. 1691) May 10 – Zacharias Wagenaer, secretary, painter, then merchant and administrator (Dutch East-India Company) (d. 1668) May 12 – Giovanni Bernardo Carboni, Italian painter (d. 1683) May 28 – Gustav Evertsson Horn, Finnish-Swedish politician, Field Marshal (d. 1666) June 15 – Emilie of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst, Regent of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1646–1662) (d. 1670) June 24 – John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse of England (d. 1689) July–September July 10 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686) July 23 – Bonaventura Peeters the Elder, Flemish marine painter (d. 1652) August 3 – Juan de Arellano, Spanish artist (d. 1676) August 13 – Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, administrator of the archbishopric of Magdeburg (d. 1680) September 7 – Gustaf Otto Stenbock, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1685) September 11 – Philipp Buchner, German composer (d. 1669) September 12 – Robert Packer, English politician (d. 1682) September 20 – Martino Martini, Italian missionary, cartographer and historian (d. 1661) September 25 – Giles Hungerford, English politician (d. 1685) September 27 – Daniel Hallé, French painter (d. 1675) September 28 – Juan Hidalgo de Polanco, Spanish composer (d. 1685) October–December October 3 – Sigmund von Erlach, Swiss politician (d. 1699) October 6 – Francesco de' Medici, Tuscan prince (d. 1634) October 12 – Henry More, English philosopher (d. 1687) October 13 – Thomas Jones, English politician and judge (d. 1692) October 20 (bapt.) – Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont, Flemish alchemist (d. 1698) November 2 – Philip Dietrich, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1640–1645) (d. 1645) November 4 – Alexander Charles Vasa, 5th son of King Sigismund III of Poland (d. 1634) November 11 – John Bulkeley, English politician (d. 1662) November 27 – Fernando de Meneses, 2nd Count of Ericeira, Portuguese noble (d. 1699) November 30 – William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford of England (d. 1680) December 16 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674) December 21 – Francis Anderson, English politician (d. 1679) December 27 – Béatrix de Cusance, Frenc-Comtois noble woman (d. 1663) December 31 – Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament, French nun (d. 1698) Date unknown Franciscus Sylvius, German scientist (d. 1672) Song Wan, Qing Dyansty poet and politician Deaths January–March January 2 – Serafino Porrecta, Italian theologian (b. 1536) January 21 – Morosina Morosini-Grimani, Venetian patrician and dogaressa (b. 1545) February 5 – Jakob Ebert, German theologian (b. 1549) February 13 – Thomas Cambell, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1536) February 23 – Murakoshi Naoyoshi, Japanese samurai (b. 1562) February 27 – John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington of Exton, England (b. 1592) February 28 – Jean Richardot the Younger, Belgian politician (b. 1570) March 5 – Thomas Pounde, English Jesuit lay brother (b. 1538) March 14 – Henrich Smet, Flemish physician (b. 1535) March 22 – Filippo Salviati, Italian astronomer (b. 1582) April–June April 2 – Henri I de Montmorency, Marshal of France (b. 1534) April 7 – El Greco, or Domênikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος), Cretian painter, | Dietrich, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1640–1645) (d. 1645) November 4 – Alexander Charles Vasa, 5th son of King Sigismund III of Poland (d. 1634) November 11 – John Bulkeley, English politician (d. 1662) November 27 – Fernando de Meneses, 2nd Count of Ericeira, Portuguese noble (d. 1699) November 30 – William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford of England (d. 1680) December 16 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674) December 21 – Francis Anderson, English politician (d. 1679) December 27 – Béatrix de Cusance, Frenc-Comtois noble woman (d. 1663) December 31 – Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament, French nun (d. 1698) Date unknown Franciscus Sylvius, German scientist (d. 1672) Song Wan, Qing Dyansty poet and politician Deaths January–March January 2 – Serafino Porrecta, Italian theologian (b. 1536) January 21 – Morosina Morosini-Grimani, Venetian patrician and dogaressa (b. 1545) February 5 – Jakob Ebert, German theologian (b. 1549) February 13 – Thomas Cambell, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1536) February 23 – Murakoshi Naoyoshi, Japanese samurai (b. 1562) February 27 – John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington of Exton, England (b. 1592) February 28 – Jean Richardot the Younger, Belgian politician (b. 1570) March 5 – Thomas Pounde, English Jesuit lay brother (b. 1538) March 14 – Henrich Smet, Flemish physician (b. 1535) March 22 – Filippo Salviati, Italian astronomer (b. 1582) April–June April 2 – Henri I de Montmorency, Marshal of France (b. 1534) April 7 – El Greco, or Domênikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος), Cretian painter, sculptor and architect (b. 1541) April 28 – John Egerton, English politician (b. 1551) May 3 – Sasbout Vosmeer, Dutch Apostolic Vicar (b. 1548) June 13 – Sengoku Hidehisa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1552) June 15 – Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, important English aristocrat and courtier (b. 1540) June 17 – William Bathe, Irish Jesuit priest (b. 1564) June 27 – Maeda Toshinaga, Japanese daimyō (b. 1562) July–September July 1 Maximiliano de Austria, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (1603–1614) (b. 1555) Isaac Casaubon, French-born classical scholar (b. 1559) July 4 – Johannes Magirus the elder, German Lutheran theologian (b. 1537) July 6 Sir Anthony Cope, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1548) Man Singh I, Rajput Raja of Amer, India (b. 1550) July 14 – Camillus de Lellis, Italian saint (b. 1550) July 15 – Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme, French historian and biographer July 16 – Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich, pretender to the Russian throne, son of False Dmitry II (b. 1611) July 19 – Akizuki Tanenaga, Japanese samurai (b. 1567) July 28 – Felix Plater, Swiss physician (b. 1536) July 30 – Walter Cope, English noble (b. 1553) August 3 – François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, third son of Louis I de Bourbon (b. 1558) August 11 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter (b. 1552) August 21 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian serial killer (b. 1560) August 22 – Philipp Ludwig, Count Palatine of Neuburg, Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg from 1569 until 1614 (b. 1547) September – Giovanni de Macque, Dutch composer (b. c. 1550) September 21 – Jerome Gratian, Spanish Carmelite and writer (b. 1545) October–December October 2 – Carlo Sellitto, Italian painter (b. 1581) October 9 – Bonaventura Vulcanius, Flemish Renaissance humanist (b. 1538) October 15 – Peder Claussøn Friis, Norwegian clergyman |
been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Republic Consuls: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius. The Roman Senate confirms Octavian as propraetor with joint responsibility for the campaign against Antony. Hirtius and Octavian mobilize troops for the march to Mutina, while Pansa continues the levy. Embassy dispatched to treat with Antony. Gaius Antonius is defeated by Marcus Junius Brutus at Dyrrachium. Brutus proceeds to secure his position in Thrace and Macedonia. Gaius Cassius Longinus campaigns in Syria and defeats the army of Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Laodicea. March – Vibius Pansa set out to link up with Hirtius and Octavian, bringing four legions of recruits, having left one, the legio urbana, to defend Rome. April 14 – Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus Albinus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. Both consuls are killed (Hirtius does not die until after the Battle of Mutina). April 21 Cicero's 14th and last Philippic. Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year. Antony marches to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crosses the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, south-west of Genoa, and joins with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands. The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey becomes supreme commander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria. Summer – Gaius Cassius captures Rhodes after they refuse to pay tribute. Their fleet is defeated by Roman galleys in the Aegean Sea. He lands a military force on the island and plunders the city. Cassius puts to death 50 of the leading citizens and seizes all the gold he can lay hands on. July–August – Antony is again at the head of a | Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus Albinus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. Both consuls are killed (Hirtius does not die until after the Battle of Mutina). April 21 Cicero's 14th and last Philippic. Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year. Antony marches to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crosses the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, south-west of Genoa, and joins with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands. The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey becomes supreme commander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria. Summer – Gaius Cassius captures Rhodes after they refuse to pay tribute. Their fleet is defeated by Roman galleys in the Aegean Sea. He lands a military force on the island and plunders the city. Cassius puts to death 50 of the leading citizens and seizes all the gold he can lay hands on. July–August – Antony is again at the head of a large army; Octavian enters Rome in force without opposition. It is clear that Cicero's plan to divide them against each other has failed. August 19th – Gaius Octavian taking office as consul, the day before his 20th birthday, is prevailed to pass the lex Pedia, a law establishing the murder of Caesar as a capital crime. November 26 – Octavian meets Antony and Lepidus in Bononia and the three enter into an official five-year autocratic pact, the Second Triumvirate (see lex Titia). To cement their reconciliation Octavian agrees to marry Claudia, a daughter of Antony's wife Fulvia by her former husband Publius Clodius Pulcher. November – The triumvirs introduce proscriptions in which allegedly 130 senators and 2,000 equites are branded as outlaws and deprived of their property. December 7 – Marcus Tullius Cicero is killed in Formiae in a litter going to the seaside, by a party led by Herennius (a centurion) and Popilius (a military tribune). His head and hands are displayed on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum. Gaul Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon) is founded. First reference to Cularo (Grenoble). Asia According to legend, Nagasena creates the Emerald Buddha figurine in Patna, India. Births March 20 – Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Roman poet (d. AD 17/18) Iotapa, princess of Media Atropatene (daughter of Artavasdes I) Iullus Antonius, |
Republic The Romans under Quintus Servilius Caepio seize the Gold of Tolosa while recapturing the Volcae town. Anatolia Nicomedes III of Bythinia and Mithridates VI of Pontus share their dominion over Paphlagonia. Asia The Chinese and the Persians establish diplomatic ties. Births January 3 | Year 106 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caepio and Serranus (or, less frequently, year 648 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 106 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era |
Mughal Emperor Jahangir, sailing in the Lyon under the command of captain Christopher Newport. March 10 – John Ogilvie, a Jesuit priest, is hanged and drawn at Glasgow Cross in Scotland for refusing to pledge allegiance to King James VI of Scotland; he will be canonised in 1976, becoming the only post-Reformation Scottish saint. April 21 – The Wignacourt Aqueduct is inaugurated in Malta. May 6 – The Peace of Tyrnau is signed between Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, and Gábor Bethlen. June 2 – The first Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. June 3 – The Eastern Army of Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Osaka Army of Toyotomi Hideyori clash during the Battle of Dōmyōji and the Battle of Tennōji. June 4 – Forces under shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu take Osaka Castle in Japan, beginning a period of peace which lasts nearly 250 years. Bands of Christian samurai support Ieyasu's enemies at the Battle of Osaka. June 21 – The Peace of Asti is concluded between the Spanish Empire and Savoy. July–December September 17 – Los Banos, Laguna is founded. October – Spánverjavígin: 31 Spanish Basque whalers are killed, after a conflict with the people of Iceland, in the Westfjords Peninsula. November The Mughals under Jahangir launch the first offensive against Kajali, a border post of the Ahom kingdom. Hasekura Tsunenaga visits Pope Paul V in Rome, to request a trade treaty between Japan and Mexico. December 6 – In England, John Winthrop, later governor of the future Massachusetts Bay Colony, marries his second wife (of four), Thomasine Clopton, daughter of William Clopton of Castleins, near Groton, Suffolk. Date unknown Easter – Persian Safavid hordes, led by Shah Abbas the Great, kill all the monks at the David Gareja monastery complex in Georgia, and set fire to its collection of manuscripts and works of art. Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, is released from the Tower of London, in recognition of her role in helping to discover the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. The Somers Isles Company is founded to administer Bermuda. John Browne is created the first King's Gunfounder in England. Austrian merchants receive economic privileges in the Ottoman Empire. The Perse School in Cambridge, England, is founded by Dr Stephen Perse. Wilson's School in Wallington, near London, is founded by Royal Charter. The Grolsch Brewery is founded in Groenlo, Netherlands. Konoike Shinroku opens an office in Osaka, and begins shipping tax-rice from western Japan to Osaka. Johannes Kepler publishes Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo, in response to Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons. Manuel Dias, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, introduces for the first time in China the telescope, in his book Tian Wen Lüe (Explicatio Sphaerae Coelestis). The second volume of Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote ("El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha") is published, and is as successful as the first. Don Quixote eventually becomes the only truly famous work its author ever writes. Births January–March January 6 – Richard Waldron, colonial settler, acting President of the Province of New Hampshire (d. 1689) January 10 – Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of London, English politician (d. 1680) January 13 – Henrik Bjelke, Norwegian military officer (d. 1683) January 14 – John Biddle, English theologian (d. 1662) January 20 – Karmabai, Indian Jat known as Bhakt Shiromani Karmabai (d. 1634) January 25 – Govert Flinck, Dutch painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1660) January 27 – Nicolas Fouquet, French Superintendent of Finances (d. 1680) January 30 – Thomas Rolfe, only child of Pocahontas and her English husband (d. 1675) February 18 – Maria Caterina Farnese, Duchess of Modena and Reggio (d. 1646) February 27 – Isaac Thornton, English politician (d. 1669) March 10 – Hans Ulrik Gyldenløve, illegitimate son of King Christian IV of Denmark and his | Spánverjavígin: 31 Spanish Basque whalers are killed, after a conflict with the people of Iceland, in the Westfjords Peninsula. November The Mughals under Jahangir launch the first offensive against Kajali, a border post of the Ahom kingdom. Hasekura Tsunenaga visits Pope Paul V in Rome, to request a trade treaty between Japan and Mexico. December 6 – In England, John Winthrop, later governor of the future Massachusetts Bay Colony, marries his second wife (of four), Thomasine Clopton, daughter of William Clopton of Castleins, near Groton, Suffolk. Date unknown Easter – Persian Safavid hordes, led by Shah Abbas the Great, kill all the monks at the David Gareja monastery complex in Georgia, and set fire to its collection of manuscripts and works of art. Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, is released from the Tower of London, in recognition of her role in helping to discover the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. The Somers Isles Company is founded to administer Bermuda. John Browne is created the first King's Gunfounder in England. Austrian merchants receive economic privileges in the Ottoman Empire. The Perse School in Cambridge, England, is founded by Dr Stephen Perse. Wilson's School in Wallington, near London, is founded by Royal Charter. The Grolsch Brewery is founded in Groenlo, Netherlands. Konoike Shinroku opens an office in Osaka, and begins shipping tax-rice from western Japan to Osaka. Johannes Kepler publishes Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo, in response to Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons. Manuel Dias, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, introduces for the first time in China the telescope, in his book Tian Wen Lüe (Explicatio Sphaerae Coelestis). The second volume of Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote ("El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha") is published, and is as successful as the first. Don Quixote eventually becomes the only truly famous work its author ever writes. Births January–March January 6 – Richard Waldron, colonial settler, acting President of the Province of New Hampshire (d. 1689) January 10 – Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of London, English politician (d. 1680) January 13 – Henrik Bjelke, Norwegian military officer (d. 1683) January 14 – John Biddle, English theologian (d. 1662) January 20 – Karmabai, Indian Jat known as Bhakt Shiromani Karmabai (d. 1634) January 25 – Govert Flinck, Dutch painter of the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1660) January 27 – Nicolas Fouquet, French Superintendent of Finances (d. 1680) January 30 – Thomas Rolfe, only child of Pocahontas and her English husband (d. 1675) February 18 – Maria Caterina Farnese, Duchess of Modena and Reggio (d. 1646) February 27 – Isaac Thornton, English politician (d. 1669) March 10 – Hans Ulrik Gyldenløve, illegitimate son of King Christian IV of Denmark and his mistress (d. 1645) March 11 – Johann Weikhard of Auersperg, Austrian prime minister (d. 1677) March 13 – Pope Innocent XII (d. 1700) March 17 – Gregorio Carafa, Grandmaster of the Order of Saint John (d. 1690) March 20 – Dara Shikoh, Indian prince (d. 1659) March |
to defend it against the Dutch East India Company. A contract with the inhabitants, accepting James I of England as their sovereign, makes it part of the English colonial empire. Date unknown Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns occur as progressive combats. Abbas I of Persia captures Tbilisi following a conflict with the Georgian soldiers and the general populace. After the capture of Tbilisi, Abbas I confronts an Ottoman army. The battle takes place near Lake Gökçe, and results in a Safavid victory. Nurhaci declares himself khan (emperor) of China, and founds the Later Jin Dynasty. Manchurian leader Qing Tai Zu crowns himself king. The Tepehuán Revolt in Nueva Vizcaya tests the limits of Spanish and Jesuit colonialism, in western and northwestern Durango and southern Chihuahua, Mexico. Oorsprong en voortgang der Nederlandtscher beroerten (Origin and progress of the disturbances in the Netherlands), by Johannes Gysius, is published. The Collegium Musicum is founded in Prague. Physician Aleixo de Abreu is granted a pension of 16,000 reis, for services to the crown in Angola and Brazil, by Philip III of Spain, who also appoints him physician of his chamber. Ngawang Namgyal arrives in Bhutan, having escaped Tibet. The Swiss Guard is appointed part of the household guard of King Louis XIII of France. Week-long festivities in honor of the Prince of Urbano, of the Barberini family, occur in Florence, Italy. Richard Steel and John Crowther complete their journey from Ajmeer in the Mughal Empire to Ispahan in Persia. Captain John Smith publishes his book A description of New England in London. Smith relates one voyage to the coast of Massachusetts and Maine, in 1614, and an attempted voyage in 1615, when he was captured by French pirates and detained for several months before escaping. The New England Indian smallpox or leptospirosis epidemic of 1616–19 begins to depopulate the region, killing an estimated 90% of the coastal native peoples. A slave ship carries smallpox from the Kingdom of Kongo to Salvador, Brazil. In England, louse-borne epidemic typhus ravages the poor and crowded. A fatal disease of cattle, probably rinderpest, spreads through the Italian provinces of Padua, Udine, Treviso and Vicenza, introduced most likely from Dalmatia or Hungary. Great numbers of cattle die in Italy, as they had in previous years (1559, 1562, 1566, 1590, 1598) in other European regions when harvest failure also drives people to the brink of starvation (for example, 1595–97 in Germany). The consumption of beef and veal is prohibited, and Pope Paul V issues an edict prohibiting the slaughter of draught oxen that are suitable for plowing. Calves are also not slaughtered for some time afterwards, so that Italy's cattle herds can be replenished. At the behest of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Dr. Richard Vines, a physician, passes the winter of 1616–17 at Biddeford, Maine, at the mouth of the Saco River, that he calls Winter Harbor. This is the site of the earliest permanent settlement in Maine, of which there is a conclusive record. Maine will become an important refuge for religious dissenters persecuted by the Puritans. In Spanish Florida, the Cofa Mission at the mouth of the Suwannee River disappears. The first African slaves are brought to Bermuda, an English colony, by Captain George Bargrave to dive for pearls, because of their reputed skill in this activity. Harvesting pearls off the coast proves unsuccessful, and the slaves are put to work planting and harvesting the initial large crops of tobacco and sugarcane. At the same time, some English refuse to purchase Brazilian sugar because it is produced by slave labour. Italian natural philosopher Giulio Cesare Vanini publishes a radically heterodox book in France, after his English interlude De admirandis naturae reginae deaeque mortalium arcanis, for which he is condemned and forced to flee Paris. For his opinion that the world is eternal and governed by immanent laws, as expressed in this book, he is executed in 1619. Francesco Albani paints the ceiling frescoes of Apollo and the Seasons, at the Palazzo Verospi in Via del Corso, for Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi. Elizabethan polymath and alchemist Robert Fludd publishes Apologia Compendiaria, Fraternitatem de Rosea Cruce suspicionis … maculis aspersam, veritatis quasi Fluctibus abluens at Leiden, countering the arguments of Andreas Libavius. Fludd later becomes a cult figure, being linked with Rosicrucians and the Family of Love, without any historical evidence. Johannes Valentinus Andreae claims to be the author of Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz Anno 1459 published in Strasbourg. Witch trials: John Cotta writes his influential book The Triall of Witch-craft. Elizabeth Rutter is hanged as a witch in Middlesex, England, Agnes Berrye in Enfield, and nine women in Leicester on the testimony of a raving 13-year-old named John Smith, under the Witchcraft Act 1604. In Orkney, Elspeth Reoch is tried. In France Leger (first name unknown) is condemned for witchcraft on May 6, Sylvanie de la Plaine is burned at Pays de Labourde as a witch, and in Orléans eighteen witches are killed. A second witch-hunt breaks out in Biscay, Spain. An Edict of Silence is issued by the Inquisition, but the king overturns the Edict, and 300 accused witches are burned alive. Latest probable date of Thomas Middleton composition of The Witch, a tragicomedy that may have entered into the present-day text of Shakespeare's Macbeth. "Drink to me only with thine eyes" comes from Ben Jonson's love poem, To Celia. Jonson's poetic lamentation On my first Sonne is also from this year. Francis de Sales' literary masterpiece Treatise on the Love of God is published, while he is Bishop of Geneva. Orlando Gibbons' anthem See, the Word is Incarnate is written. Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna states that "tongue stones" (glossopetrae) are shark teeth, in his treatise De glossopetris dissertatio. An important English dictionary is published by Dr. John Bullokar with the title An English Expositor: teaching the interpretation of the hardest words used in our language, with sundry explications, descriptions and discourses. English mathematician Henry Briggs goes to Edinburgh, to show John Napier his efficient method of finding logarithms, by the continued extraction of square roots. Moralist writer John Deacon publishes a quarto entitled Tobacco Tortured in the Filthy Fumes of Tobacco Refined (supporting the views of James I of England). Deacon writes the same year that syphilis is a "Turkished", "Spanished", or "Frenchized" disease that the English contract by "trafficking with the contagious courruptions." Fortunio Liceti publishes De Monstruorum Natura in Italy, which marks the beginning of studies into malformations of the embryo. Dutch traders smuggle the coffee plant out of Mocha, a port in Yemen on the Red Sea, and cultivate it at the Amsterdam Botanical Gardens. The Dutch later introduce it to Java. Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, known as Allameh Majlesi, is born in the city of Isfahan. Fort San Diego, in Acapulco Bay, Mexico, is completed by the Spanish as a defence against their erstwhile vassals, the Dutch. Anti-Christian persecutions break out in Nanking, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time is over 3,000,000 strong. Master seafarer Henry Mainwaring, Oxford graduate and lawyer turned successful Newfoundland pirate, returns to England, is pardoned after rescuing a Newfoundland trading fleet near Gibraltar, and begins to write a revealing treatise on piracy. The first Thai embassy to Japan arrives. William Harvey gives his views on the circulation of blood, as Lumleian Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians. It is not until 1628 that he gives his views in print. The Dutch establish their colony of Essequibo, in the region of the Essequibo River, in northern South America (present-day Guyana), for sugar and tobacco production. The colony is protected by Fort Kyk-Over-Al, now in ruins. The Dutch also map the Delaware River in North America. The Ottoman Empire attempts landings at the shoreline between Cádiz and Lisbon. Croatian mathematician Faustus Verantius publishes his book Machinae novae, a book of mechanical and technological inventions, some of which are applicable to the solutions of hydrological problems, and others concern the construction of clepsydras, sundials, mills, presses bridges and boats for widely different uses. John Speed publishes an edition of his Atlas of Britain, with descriptive text in Latin. Pierre Vernier is employed, with his father, in making fine-scale maps of France (Franche-Comté area). Danish natural philosopher Ole Worm collects materials that will later be incorporated into his museum in Copenhagen. His museum is the nucleus of the University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum. Isaac Beeckman, Dutch intellectual and future friend of René Descartes, leaves his candle factory in Zierikzee, to return to Middelburg to study medicine. In Sardinia, the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Sassari is founded. Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpts Bacchanal: A Faun Teased by Children, at the age of 18 years. This work is now in New York, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The States of Holland set up a commission to advise them on the problem of Jewish residency and worship. One of the members of the commission is Hugo Grotius, a highly regarded jurist and one of the most important political thinkers of his day. Marie Venier (called Laporte) is the first female actress to appear on the stage in Paris. Jesuit astronomer Christoph Scheiner becomes the advisor to Archduke Maximilian, brother of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna. A lifelong enemy of Galileo, following a dispute over the nature of sunspots, Scheiner is credited with reopening the 1616 accusations against Galileo in 1633. Tommaso Campanella's book In Defence of Galileo is written. Istanbul's Sultan Ahmed Mosque (also known as the Blue Mosque) is completed during the rule of Ahmed I. In Tunis, the mosque of Youssef Deyis is built. Today it has an octagonal minaret crowned with a miniature green-tiled pyramid for a roof. Inigo Jones designs the Queen's House at Greenwich, near London. Ambrose Barlow, recently graduated from the College of Saint Gregory, Douai, France, and the Royal College of Saint Alban in Valladolid, Spain, enters the Order of Saint Benedict. In 1641 he will be martyred in England. John Vaughan, 1st Earl of Carbery is appointed to the post of comptroller, in the newly formed household of Prince Charles in England; Vaughan later claims that serving the Prince has cost him £20,000. Ongoing The Uskok War (1615–18) continues between the Austrians and Spanish (Habsburg Empire) on one side, and the Venetians, Dutch, and English on the other. An Austro-Turkish treaty is signed in Belgrade, under which the Austrians are granted the right to navigate the middle and lower Danube River by the Ottoman Empire. Births January–March January 1 – Nabeshima Naozumi, Japanese daimyō (d. 1669) January 5 – Alexander von Bournonville, Flemish noble and general (d. 1690) January 13 – Antoinette Bourignon, French-Flemish mystic and adventurer (d. 1680) January 16 – François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort, French soldier (d. 1669) January 20 – Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, Polish noble (szlachcic) (d. 1667) January 27 or January 28 – Christen Aagaard, Danish poet (d. 1664) February 1 – Sophie Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1650) February 2 – Sébastien Bourdon, French painter and engraver (d. 1671) February 14 – Marc Restout, French painter (d. 1684) February 25 – Isaack Luttichuys, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1673) February 27 – István Esterházy, member of the wealthy Hungarian Esterházy family (d. 1641) February 28 Kaspar Förster, German singer and composer (d. 1673) Frederick of Hesse-Darmstadt, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1682) March 1 – Maurizio Cazzati, Italian composer (d. 1678) March 9 – Robert Giguère, early pioneer in New France (d. 1709) March 13 – Joseph Beaumont, British academic and poet (d. 1699) March 16 – Thomas Jervoise, English politician (d. 1693) March 29 – Johann Erasmus Kindermann, German composer and organist (d. 1655) April–June April 1 – Christian Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen-Arnstadt (1642–1666) (d. 1666) April 2 – Herbert Morley, English politician (d. 1667) April 5 – Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1661) April 7 – Thomas Hopkins, early Providence, Rhode Island settler (d. 1684) April 19 – Louis IV of Legnica, Duke of Oława and Brzeg (1633–1654) (d. 1663) April 24 – Gustav, Count of Vasaborg, illegitimate son of King Gustavus Adolphus and his mistress Margareta Slots (d. 1653) April 27 – Jeremias Felbinger, German Socinian writer (d. 1690) May 1 – Frederick III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1625–1634) (d. 1634) May 16 – Archibald Primrose, Lord Carrington, Scottish judge (d. 1679) May 19 – Johann Jakob Froberger, German composer and keyboardist (d. 1667) May 23 – Sir Edward Bagot, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1673) May 24 – John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale (d. 1682) May 25 – Carlo Dolci, Italian painter (d. 1686) May 27 – Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Swedish Princess by birth; margravine of Baden-Durlach by marriage (d. 1662) June – John Thurloe, English spymaster for Oliver Cromwell (d. 1668) June 3 | Plessis, is named French Secretary of State by young king Louis XIII. Richelieu will change France into a unified centralised state, able to resist both England and the Habsburg Empire. December – In the Middle East, traveller Pietro Della Valle marries Jowaya, daughter of a Nestorian Christian father and an Armenian mother, in Baghdad. The couple then sets off (1617) to find the Shah in Isfahan. December 10 – An ordinance establishes parish schools in Scotland. The same act of the Privy Council commends the abolition of Gaelic. December 18 – A widely reported earthquake occurs in Leipzig, Germany (also dated December 22). December 22 – An Indian youth (called one of "the first fruits of India") is baptized with the name "Peter" in London at the St. Dionis Backchurch, in a ceremony attended by the Lord Mayor, the Privy Council, city aldermen, and officials of the Honourable East India Company. Peter thus becomes the first convert to the Anglican Church in India. He returns to India as a missionary, schooled in English and Latin. December 25 "Father Christmas" is a main character of Christmas, His Masque, written by Ben Jonson and presented at the court of King James I of England. Father Christmas is considered a papist symbol by Puritans, and later banished from England until the English Restoration. The traditional, comical costume for this jolly figure, as well as regional names, indicate that he is descended from the presenter of the medieval Feast of Fools. Captain Nathaniel Courthope reaches the nutmeg-rich island of Run in the Moluccas, to defend it against the Dutch East India Company. A contract with the inhabitants, accepting James I of England as their sovereign, makes it part of the English colonial empire. Date unknown Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns occur as progressive combats. Abbas I of Persia captures Tbilisi following a conflict with the Georgian soldiers and the general populace. After the capture of Tbilisi, Abbas I confronts an Ottoman army. The battle takes place near Lake Gökçe, and results in a Safavid victory. Nurhaci declares himself khan (emperor) of China, and founds the Later Jin Dynasty. Manchurian leader Qing Tai Zu crowns himself king. The Tepehuán Revolt in Nueva Vizcaya tests the limits of Spanish and Jesuit colonialism, in western and northwestern Durango and southern Chihuahua, Mexico. Oorsprong en voortgang der Nederlandtscher beroerten (Origin and progress of the disturbances in the Netherlands), by Johannes Gysius, is published. The Collegium Musicum is founded in Prague. Physician Aleixo de Abreu is granted a pension of 16,000 reis, for services to the crown in Angola and Brazil, by Philip III of Spain, who also appoints him physician of his chamber. Ngawang Namgyal arrives in Bhutan, having escaped Tibet. The Swiss Guard is appointed part of the household guard of King Louis XIII of France. Week-long festivities in honor of the Prince of Urbano, of the Barberini family, occur in Florence, Italy. Richard Steel and John Crowther complete their journey from Ajmeer in the Mughal Empire to Ispahan in Persia. Captain John Smith publishes his book A description of New England in London. Smith relates one voyage to the coast of Massachusetts and Maine, in 1614, and an attempted voyage in 1615, when he was captured by French pirates and detained for several months before escaping. The New England Indian smallpox or leptospirosis epidemic of 1616–19 begins to depopulate the region, killing an estimated 90% of the coastal native peoples. A slave ship carries smallpox from the Kingdom of Kongo to Salvador, Brazil. In England, louse-borne epidemic typhus ravages the poor and crowded. A fatal disease of cattle, probably rinderpest, spreads through the Italian provinces of Padua, Udine, Treviso and Vicenza, introduced most likely from Dalmatia or Hungary. Great numbers of cattle die in Italy, as they had in previous years (1559, 1562, 1566, 1590, 1598) in other European regions when harvest failure also drives people to the brink of starvation (for example, 1595–97 in Germany). The consumption of beef and veal is prohibited, and Pope Paul V issues an edict prohibiting the slaughter of draught oxen that are suitable for plowing. Calves are also not slaughtered for some time afterwards, so that Italy's cattle herds can be replenished. At the behest of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Dr. Richard Vines, a physician, passes the winter of 1616–17 at Biddeford, Maine, at the mouth of the Saco River, that he calls Winter Harbor. This is the site of the earliest permanent settlement in Maine, of which there is a conclusive record. Maine will become an important refuge for religious dissenters persecuted by the Puritans. In Spanish Florida, the Cofa Mission at the mouth of the Suwannee River disappears. The first African slaves are brought to Bermuda, an English colony, by Captain George Bargrave to dive for pearls, because of their reputed skill in this activity. Harvesting pearls off the coast proves unsuccessful, and the slaves are put to work planting and harvesting the initial large crops of tobacco and sugarcane. At the same time, some English refuse to purchase Brazilian sugar because it is produced by slave labour. Italian natural philosopher Giulio Cesare Vanini publishes a radically heterodox book in France, after his English interlude De admirandis naturae reginae deaeque mortalium arcanis, for which he is condemned and forced to flee Paris. For his opinion that the world is eternal and governed by immanent laws, as expressed in this book, he is executed in 1619. Francesco Albani paints the ceiling frescoes of Apollo and the Seasons, at the Palazzo Verospi in Via del Corso, for Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi. Elizabethan polymath and alchemist Robert Fludd publishes Apologia Compendiaria, Fraternitatem de Rosea Cruce suspicionis … maculis aspersam, veritatis quasi Fluctibus abluens at Leiden, countering the arguments of Andreas Libavius. Fludd later becomes a cult figure, being linked with Rosicrucians and the Family of Love, without any historical evidence. Johannes Valentinus Andreae claims to be the author of Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz Anno 1459 published in Strasbourg. Witch trials: John Cotta writes his influential book The Triall of Witch-craft. Elizabeth Rutter is hanged as a witch in Middlesex, England, Agnes Berrye in Enfield, and nine women in Leicester on the testimony of a raving 13-year-old named John Smith, under the Witchcraft Act 1604. In Orkney, Elspeth Reoch is tried. In France Leger (first name unknown) is condemned for witchcraft on May 6, Sylvanie de la Plaine is burned at Pays de Labourde as a witch, and in Orléans eighteen witches are killed. A second witch-hunt breaks out in Biscay, Spain. An Edict of Silence is issued by the Inquisition, but the king overturns the Edict, and 300 accused witches are burned alive. Latest probable date of Thomas Middleton composition of The Witch, a tragicomedy that may have entered into the present-day text of Shakespeare's Macbeth. "Drink to me only with thine eyes" comes from Ben Jonson's love poem, To Celia. Jonson's poetic lamentation On my first Sonne is also from this year. Francis de Sales' literary masterpiece Treatise on the Love of God is published, while he is Bishop of Geneva. Orlando Gibbons' anthem See, the Word is Incarnate is written. Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna states that "tongue stones" (glossopetrae) are shark teeth, in his treatise De glossopetris dissertatio. An important English dictionary is published by Dr. John Bullokar with the title An English Expositor: teaching the interpretation of the hardest words used in our language, with sundry explications, descriptions and discourses. English mathematician Henry Briggs goes to Edinburgh, to show John Napier his efficient method of finding logarithms, by the continued extraction of square roots. Moralist writer John Deacon publishes a quarto entitled Tobacco Tortured in the Filthy Fumes of Tobacco Refined (supporting the views of James I of England). Deacon writes the same year that syphilis is a "Turkished", "Spanished", or "Frenchized" disease that the English contract by "trafficking with the contagious courruptions." Fortunio Liceti publishes De Monstruorum Natura in Italy, which marks the beginning of studies into malformations of the embryo. Dutch traders smuggle the coffee plant out of Mocha, a port in Yemen on the Red Sea, and cultivate it at the Amsterdam Botanical Gardens. The Dutch later introduce it to Java. Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, known as Allameh Majlesi, is born in the city of Isfahan. Fort San Diego, in Acapulco Bay, Mexico, is completed by the Spanish as a defence against their erstwhile vassals, the Dutch. Anti-Christian persecutions break out in Nanking, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time is over 3,000,000 strong. Master seafarer Henry Mainwaring, Oxford graduate and lawyer turned successful Newfoundland pirate, returns to England, is pardoned after rescuing a Newfoundland trading fleet near Gibraltar, and begins to write a revealing treatise on piracy. The first Thai embassy to Japan arrives. William Harvey gives his views on the circulation of blood, as Lumleian Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians. It is not until 1628 that he gives his views in print. The Dutch establish their colony of Essequibo, in the region of the Essequibo River, in northern South America (present-day Guyana), for sugar and tobacco production. The colony is protected by Fort Kyk-Over-Al, now in ruins. The Dutch also map the Delaware River in North America. The Ottoman Empire attempts landings at the shoreline between Cádiz and Lisbon. Croatian mathematician Faustus Verantius publishes his book Machinae novae, a book of mechanical and technological inventions, some of which are applicable to the solutions of hydrological problems, and others concern the construction of clepsydras, sundials, mills, presses bridges and boats for widely different uses. John Speed publishes an edition of his Atlas of Britain, with descriptive text in Latin. Pierre Vernier is employed, with his father, in making fine-scale maps of France (Franche-Comté area). Danish natural philosopher Ole Worm collects materials that will later be incorporated into his museum in Copenhagen. His museum is the nucleus of the University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum. Isaac Beeckman, Dutch intellectual and future friend of René Descartes, leaves his candle factory in Zierikzee, to return to Middelburg to study medicine. In Sardinia, the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Sassari is founded. Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpts Bacchanal: A Faun Teased by Children, at the age of 18 years. This work is now in New York, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The States of Holland set up a commission to advise them on the problem of Jewish residency and worship. One of the members of the commission is Hugo Grotius, a highly regarded jurist and one of the most important political thinkers of his day. Marie Venier (called Laporte) is the first female actress to appear on the stage in Paris. Jesuit astronomer Christoph Scheiner becomes the advisor to Archduke Maximilian, brother of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna. A lifelong enemy of Galileo, following a dispute over the nature of sunspots, Scheiner is credited with reopening the 1616 accusations against Galileo in 1633. Tommaso Campanella's book In Defence of Galileo is written. Istanbul's Sultan Ahmed Mosque (also known as the Blue Mosque) is completed during the rule of Ahmed I. In Tunis, the mosque of Youssef Deyis is built. Today it has an octagonal minaret crowned with a miniature green-tiled pyramid for a roof. Inigo Jones designs the Queen's House at Greenwich, near London. Ambrose Barlow, recently graduated from the College of Saint Gregory, Douai, France, and the Royal College of Saint Alban in Valladolid, Spain, enters the Order of Saint Benedict. In 1641 he will be martyred in England. John Vaughan, 1st Earl of Carbery is appointed to the post of comptroller, in the newly formed household of Prince Charles in England; Vaughan later claims that serving the Prince has cost him £20,000. Ongoing The Uskok War (1615–18) continues between the Austrians and Spanish (Habsburg Empire) on one side, and the Venetians, Dutch, and English on the other. An Austro-Turkish treaty is signed in Belgrade, under which the Austrians are granted the right to navigate the middle and lower Danube River by the Ottoman Empire. Births January–March January 1 – Nabeshima Naozumi, Japanese daimyō (d. 1669) January 5 – Alexander von Bournonville, Flemish noble and general (d. 1690) January 13 – Antoinette Bourignon, French-Flemish mystic and adventurer (d. 1680) January 16 – François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort, French soldier (d. 1669) January 20 – Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, Polish noble (szlachcic) (d. 1667) January 27 or January 28 – Christen Aagaard, Danish poet (d. 1664) February 1 – Sophie Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1650) February 2 – Sébastien Bourdon, French painter and engraver (d. 1671) February 14 – Marc Restout, French painter (d. 1684) February 25 – Isaack Luttichuys, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1673) February 27 – István Esterházy, member of the wealthy Hungarian Esterházy family (d. 1641) February 28 Kaspar Förster, German singer and composer (d. 1673) Frederick of Hesse-Darmstadt, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1682) March 1 – Maurizio Cazzati, Italian composer (d. 1678) March 9 – Robert Giguère, early pioneer in New France (d. 1709) March 13 – Joseph Beaumont, British academic and poet (d. 1699) March 16 – Thomas Jervoise, English politician (d. 1693) March 29 – Johann Erasmus Kindermann, German composer and organist (d. 1655) April–June April 1 – Christian Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen-Arnstadt (1642–1666) (d. 1666) April 2 – Herbert Morley, English politician (d. 1667) April 5 – Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1661) April 7 – |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By Place Europe June 20 – Emperor Louis the Pious falls ill and dies at his hunting lodge, on an island in the Rhine, near his imperial palace at Ingelheim, while suppressing a revolt. His eldest son Lothair I succeeds him as Holy Roman Emperor, and tries to seize all the territories of the late Charlemagne. Charles the Bald, 17, becomes king of the Franks, and joins with his half-brother Louis the German, in resisting Lothair. Vikings from Norway capture Dublin, and establish a Norse kingdom in Ireland. Britain King Wigstan of Mercia, grandson of former ruler Wiglaf (see 839), declines his kingship in preference of the religious life. He asks his widowed mother, Princess Ælfflæd, to act as regent. A nobleman of the line of the late king Beornred, named Berhtric, wishes to marry her but he is a relative. Wigstan refuses the match, and is murdered by followers of Berhtric at Wistow. He is buried at Repton Abbey, and later revered as a saint. The Mercian throne is seized by Berhtric's father, Beorhtwulf. Vikings make permanent settlements with their first 'wintering over', located at Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland (approximate date). Asia Emperor Wen Zong (Li Ang) dies after a 13-year reign, in which he has failed to break the power of his palace eunuchs. He is succeeded by his brother Wu Zong, as Chinese ruler of the Tang Dynasty. The Yenisei Kirghiz settle along the Yenisei River, and sack with a force of around 80,000 horsemen the Uyghur capital, Ordu-Baliq (driving the Uyghurs out of Mongolia). This ends | relative. Wigstan refuses the match, and is murdered by followers of Berhtric at Wistow. He is buried at Repton Abbey, and later revered as a saint. The Mercian throne is seized by Berhtric's father, Beorhtwulf. Vikings make permanent settlements with their first 'wintering over', located at Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland (approximate date). Asia Emperor Wen Zong (Li Ang) dies after a 13-year reign, in which he has failed to break the power of his palace eunuchs. He is succeeded by his brother Wu Zong, as Chinese ruler of the Tang Dynasty. The Yenisei Kirghiz settle along the Yenisei River, and sack with a force of around 80,000 horsemen the Uyghur capital, Ordu-Baliq (driving the Uyghurs out of Mongolia). This ends the Uyghur Khaganate. 840 Erzurum earthquake. It took place in the city of Qaliqala (modern Erzurum). By topic Religion Nobis becomes bishop of St. David's, in the Welsh Kingdom of Dyfed (approximate date). Births January – Michael III, Byzantine emperor (d. 867) This uncertain, though January 840 is the most probable, however, 839 is also possible. October 25 – Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, founder of the Saffarid dynasty (d. |
Empire without an official leader, to deal with the Bohemian Revolt. April – Battle of Sarhu: Manchu leader Nurhaci is victorious over the Ming forces. May 8 – The Synod of Dort has its final meeting. May 13 – Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague, after having been convicted of treason. May 30 – Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, conquers Jayakarta, and renames it Batavia. June 10 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Sablat: Protestant forces are defeated. June 21 – Dulwich College founded by Edward Alleyn, in Dulwich, London. July–December July 30 – In Jamestown, Virginia, the first English-speaking representative assembly in the Americas, the Virginia General Assembly (later named House of Burgesses), convenes for the first time. August – A group "twenty and odd" enslaved Africans onboard the privateer ship White Lion are landed (the first in the state of Virginia) at Point Comfort in colonial Virginia."The First Africans". Jamestowne Rediscovery. Historic Jamestowne. Retrieved August 18, 2019. August 5 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Věstonice – Bohemian forces defeat the Austrians. August 10 – The Treaty of Angoulême ends the civil war between Louis XIII of France and his mother, Marie de' Medici. August 26 – Frederick V of the Palatinate is elected King of Bohemia by the states of the Bohemian Confederacy. August 28 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria and King of Bohemia, is elected Holy Roman Emperor unanimously by the prince-electors. October 8 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Munich is signed by Ferdinand II and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria. November 16 – William Parker School, Hastings, England, is founded by the will of Reverend William Parker. November 23 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Humenné – Polish Lisowczycy troops assist the Holy Roman Emperor by defeating a Transylvanian force, forcing Gabor Bethlen to raise his siege of Vienna. December 4 – Thirty-eight colonists from England disembark in Berkeley Hundred, Virginia from the Margaret of Bristol and give thanks to God (considered by some to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas). Date unknown Jahangir grants a British mission important commercial concessions at Surat, on the west coast of India. Salé Rovers declare the port of Salé on the Barbary Coast to be the Republic of Salé, independent of the Sultan of Morocco, with the Dutch-born corsair Jan Janszoon as president. The Danish–Dutch whaling settlement of Smeerenburg is founded in Svalbard. An expedition in Sri Lanka, led by Filipe de Oliveira, deposes and executes the last Jaffna king (Cankili II), putting an end to the Jaffna Kingdom. A Spanish expedition sails around Tierra del Fuego, mapping the coast and discovering the Diego Ramírez Islands. Births January–March January 10 – Philip Sidney, 3rd Earl of Leicester, English politician (d. 1698) January 14 Thomas Archer, English politician (d. 1685) Alexander von Spaen, German general (d. 1692) January 17 – Johanna Elisabeth of Nassau-Hadamar, by marriage Princess of Anhalt-Harzgerode (d. 1647) January 21 Anders Bording, Danish writer (d. 1677) John Rashleigh, English politician (d. 1693) January 24 – Yamazaki Ansai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1682) January 30 – Michelangelo Ricci, Roman Catholic cardinal, mathematician (d. 1682) February 1 – Robert Phelips, English politician (d. 1707) February 2 – Walter Charleton, English natural philosopher (d. 1707) February 9 – Queen Inseon, Korean royal consort (d. 1674) February 15 – Tsugaru Nobuyoshi, Japanese daimyō (d. 1655) February 24 Robert Aske, merchant in the City of London (d. 1689) Charles Le Brun, French painter and art theorist (d. 1690) February 26 – Francesco Morosini, Doge of Venice from 1688 to 1694 (d. 1694) February 28 – Giuseppe Felice Tosi, Italian composer (d. 1693) March 2 – Marcantonio Giustinian, 107th Doge of Venice (d. 1688) March 5 – Joseph Ames, English naval commander (d. 1695) March 6 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and poet (d. 1655) March 13 – Tobias Lohner, Austrian Jesuit theologian (d. 1697) March 15 – Jean Le Vacher, French Lazarist missionary and French consul (d. 1683) March 20 – Georg Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach (d. 1666) March 25 – Peter Mews, English Royalist theologian and bishop (d. 1706) March 28 – Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz (1657–1681) (d. 1681) April–June April 2 Onofrio Gabrieli, Italian painter (d. 1706) Anna Sophia I, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Dutch abbess (d. 1680) April 11 – Abraham van der Hulst, Dutch admiral (d. 1666) April 21 – Jan van Riebeeck, Dutch founder of Cape Town (d. 1677) April 30 – Johannes Spilberg, Dutch painter (d. 1690) May James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair, Scottish lawyer and statesman (d. 1695) André Félibien, French court historian (d. 1695) Andrew Ramsay, Lord Abbotshall, Scottish judge and politician (d. 1688) May 20 – Abiezer Coppe, English "Ranter" and pamphleteer (d. 1672) May 24 (bapt.) – Philips Wouwerman, Dutch painter (d. 1668) May 26 – King Pye Min of Burma (d. 1672) June 13 – Jan Victors, Dutch painter (d. 1676) June 14 (bapt.) – Sir Jeffrey Hudson, English court dwarf (d. 1682) June 24 – Rijcklof van Goens, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1682) July–September July 3 – Hyojong of Joseon, 17th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (1649–1659) (d. 1659) July 13 – Birgitta Durell, Swedish industrialist (d. 1683) July 27 – Sir Henry Felton, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1690) August 5 – Thomas Hall, English politician (d. | Thirty Years' War: Battle of Humenné – Polish Lisowczycy troops assist the Holy Roman Emperor by defeating a Transylvanian force, forcing Gabor Bethlen to raise his siege of Vienna. December 4 – Thirty-eight colonists from England disembark in Berkeley Hundred, Virginia from the Margaret of Bristol and give thanks to God (considered by some to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas). Date unknown Jahangir grants a British mission important commercial concessions at Surat, on the west coast of India. Salé Rovers declare the port of Salé on the Barbary Coast to be the Republic of Salé, independent of the Sultan of Morocco, with the Dutch-born corsair Jan Janszoon as president. The Danish–Dutch whaling settlement of Smeerenburg is founded in Svalbard. An expedition in Sri Lanka, led by Filipe de Oliveira, deposes and executes the last Jaffna king (Cankili II), putting an end to the Jaffna Kingdom. A Spanish expedition sails around Tierra del Fuego, mapping the coast and discovering the Diego Ramírez Islands. Births January–March January 10 – Philip Sidney, 3rd Earl of Leicester, English politician (d. 1698) January 14 Thomas Archer, English politician (d. 1685) Alexander von Spaen, German general (d. 1692) January 17 – Johanna Elisabeth of Nassau-Hadamar, by marriage Princess of Anhalt-Harzgerode (d. 1647) January 21 Anders Bording, Danish writer (d. 1677) John Rashleigh, English politician (d. 1693) January 24 – Yamazaki Ansai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1682) January 30 – Michelangelo Ricci, Roman Catholic cardinal, mathematician (d. 1682) February 1 – Robert Phelips, English politician (d. 1707) February 2 – Walter Charleton, English natural philosopher (d. 1707) February 9 – Queen Inseon, Korean royal consort (d. 1674) February 15 – Tsugaru Nobuyoshi, Japanese daimyō (d. 1655) February 24 Robert Aske, merchant in the City of London (d. 1689) Charles Le Brun, French painter and art theorist (d. 1690) February 26 – Francesco Morosini, Doge of Venice from 1688 to 1694 (d. 1694) February 28 – Giuseppe Felice Tosi, Italian composer (d. 1693) March 2 – Marcantonio Giustinian, 107th Doge of Venice (d. 1688) March 5 – Joseph Ames, English naval commander (d. 1695) March 6 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and poet (d. 1655) March 13 – Tobias Lohner, Austrian Jesuit theologian (d. 1697) March 15 – Jean Le Vacher, French Lazarist missionary and French consul (d. 1683) March 20 – Georg Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach (d. 1666) March 25 – Peter Mews, English Royalist theologian and bishop (d. 1706) March 28 – Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz (1657–1681) (d. 1681) April–June April 2 Onofrio Gabrieli, Italian painter (d. 1706) Anna Sophia I, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Dutch abbess (d. 1680) April 11 – Abraham van der Hulst, Dutch admiral (d. 1666) April 21 – Jan van Riebeeck, Dutch founder of Cape Town (d. 1677) April 30 – Johannes Spilberg, Dutch painter (d. 1690) May James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair, Scottish lawyer and statesman (d. 1695) André Félibien, French court historian (d. 1695) Andrew Ramsay, Lord Abbotshall, Scottish judge and politician (d. 1688) May 20 – Abiezer Coppe, English "Ranter" and pamphleteer (d. 1672) May 24 (bapt.) – Philips Wouwerman, Dutch painter (d. 1668) May 26 – King Pye Min of Burma (d. 1672) June 13 – Jan Victors, Dutch painter (d. 1676) June 14 (bapt.) – Sir Jeffrey Hudson, English court dwarf (d. 1682) June 24 – Rijcklof van Goens, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1682) July–September July 3 – Hyojong of Joseon, 17th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (1649–1659) (d. 1659) July 13 – Birgitta Durell, Swedish industrialist (d. 1683) July 27 – Sir Henry Felton, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1690) August 5 – Thomas Hall, English politician (d. 1667) August 6 – Barbara Strozzi, Italian singer and composer (d. 1677) August 7 – Anna Catherine Constance Vasa, Polish princess, daughter of King Sigismund III Vasa (d. 1651) August 15 Francesco Maria Farnese, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1647) Hubertus Quellinus, Flemish artist (d. 1687) August 21 – Sir John Borlase, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1672) August 28 Anne Geneviève de Bourbon, French princess who is remembered for her beauty and amours (d. 1679) Louis Thomassin, French bishop and theologian (d. 1695) August 29 – Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French minister of finance (d. 1683) September 20 – Sophie Elisabeth Pentz, daughter of Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1657) September 21 – Sir John Wray, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1664) October–December October 8 – Philipp von Zesen, German poet (d. 1689) October 10 Josias Calmady, English Member of Parliament (d. 1683) Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg, German princess (d. 1680) October 14 – Sir John Bright, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1688) October 16 – Johann Friedrich König, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1664) October 18 – Jean |
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