wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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621339 | Paul Hunter (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player) | Paul Hunter (snooker player)
He would like to reassure his fans and supporters that, as with his snooker career, he is tenacious and positive in his fight against the disease." Hunter had been receiving chemotherapy for his illness.
Hunter returned to the circuit for the start of the 2005/2006 season, but lost to Rory... | 14,000 |
621339 | Paul Hunter (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player) | Paul Hunter (snooker player)
first round of the 2006 World Championship 5–10 to Neil Robertson, his last ever match.
He slipped from 5th to 34th in the 2006/2007 rankings. Hunter admitted that he was worse than the previous year and confirmed that he had been in continuous pain. On 27 July 2006, the WPBSA confirmed th... | 14,001 |
621339 | Paul Hunter (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player) | Paul Hunter (snooker player)
matches on 12 October 2006, players Jimmy White, Ronnie O'Sullivan, Ken Doherty and Ding Junhui, along with referee Alan Chamberlain and commentators Willie Thorne and Phil Yates, all stood for a moment of silence to remember Hunter. He left a wife, Lindsey, and one daughter.
His funeral t... | 14,002 |
621339 | Paul Hunter (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player) | Paul Hunter (snooker player)
German Open was renamed the Paul Hunter Classic in his honour; a tournament first won by Hunter. Also in 2007, the amateur English Open tournament was renamed the Paul Hunter English Open. On 20 April 2016, the Masters trophy was indeed renamed in Hunter's honour. World Snooker chairman Bar... | 14,003 |
621339 | Paul Hunter (snooker player) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Hunter%20(snooker%20player) | Paul Hunter (snooker player)
pen tournament was renamed the Paul Hunter English Open. On 20 April 2016, the Masters trophy was indeed renamed in Hunter's honour. World Snooker chairman Barry Hearn said that the organisation "messed up" by not doing so sooner.
In 2006, Hunter was posthumously awarded the BBC Sports Per... | 14,004 |
1214581 | Bellona Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellona%20Foundation | Bellona Foundation
Bellona Foundation
The Bellona Foundation is an international environmental NGO based in Oslo, Norway. Founded in 1986 by Frederic Hauge and Rune Haaland as a direct action protest group to curb Norway's oil and gas industry pollution, it became multi-disciplinary and international in scope and now ... | 14,005 |
1214581 | Bellona Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellona%20Foundation | Bellona Foundation
and other NGOs to address environmental problems, find sustainable solutions and move towards the green society. These include dealing with climate change fall-out, the clean-up of the Cold War nuclear legacy in Russia, and the safety of the oil and gas extraction and processing in Norway and Europe.... | 14,006 |
1214581 | Bellona Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellona%20Foundation | Bellona Foundation
and Envirofacts.
# History.
In 1994, the Bellona Foundation's report "Sources of Radioactive Contamination in Murmansk
and Archangel Counties" raised serious concerns about the safety of the decommissioned soviet nuclear-powered submarines after the dissolution of the USSR. In February 1996, Russi... | 14,007 |
1214581 | Bellona Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellona%20Foundation | Bellona Foundation
the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP15) in Copenhagen, Bellona presented "101 Solutions to Climate Change".
In 2013, Bellona Foundation filed a police report after it learned that a "disposal well in the Norwegian Sea owned by Norway’s state oil company Statoil leaked 3,428 tons of... | 14,008 |
1214581 | Bellona Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellona%20Foundation | Bellona Foundation
Conoco Phillips Norway, Coop Norge, E-CO, Eidesvik, Eiendomsspar, Energos Energy and Industry, Eramet, Ferrolegeringens Forskningsforening, Norwegian Fishing Vessels Owners Association, Fred Olsen, Marine Harvest, Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry (NHO), Federation of Norwegian Process... | 14,009 |
1214581 | Bellona Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellona%20Foundation | Bellona Foundation
environment. Through B7 program, Bellona wanted to aid those enterprises that were willing to take the environment protection in earnest. It also wanted to offer businesses an arena on which they could take the step from being a part of the problem to becoming a part of the solution.
Bellona has als... | 14,010 |
1214581 | Bellona Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellona%20Foundation | Bellona Foundation
6 million was received from business sector to implement the B7 program; 2 million came from sales of reports, donations and gifts..
# Criticism.
In Norway, the Bellona Foundation was criticized for "publicity seeking", and in Russia — for accepting funds from the Norwegian government. Some maintai... | 14,011 |
1214581 | Bellona Foundation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellona%20Foundation | Bellona Foundation
llion came from sales of reports, donations and gifts..
# Criticism.
In Norway, the Bellona Foundation was criticized for "publicity seeking", and in Russia — for accepting funds from the Norwegian government. Some maintain that Bellona damaged its environmental credibility by "cooperating with mar... | 14,012 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
Threshold limit value
The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is believed to be a level to which a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effects. Strictly speaking, TLV is a reserved term of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy... | 14,013 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
level (NOAEL) in animal testing, but whereas a NOAEL can be established experimentally during a short period, TLV, ADI, and TDI apply to human beings over a lifetime and thus are harder to test empirically and are usually set at lower levels. TLVs, along with biological exposure indices (BEIs), ar... | 14,014 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
limits. The TLV is a recommendation by ACGIH, with only a guideline status. As such, it should not be confused with exposure limits having a regulatory status, like those published and enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The OSHA regulatory exposure limits permiss... | 14,015 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) publishes recommended exposure limits (RELs) which OSHA takes into consideration when promulgating new regulatory exposure limits.
# Definitions.
The TLV for chemical substances is defined as a concentration in air, typically for inhalation or skin expo... | 14,016 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
average (TLV-TWA): average exposure on the basis of a 8h/day, 40h/week work schedule
- 2. Threshold limit value − short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL): spot exposure for a duration of 15 minutes, that cannot be repeated more than 4 times per day with at least 60 minutes between exposure periods
... | 14,017 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
limits are based on available toxicology and epidemiology data to protect nearly all workers over a working lifetime. Exposure assessments in occupational settings are most often performed by Occupational / Industrial Hygiene (OH/IH) professionals who gather "Basic Characterization" consisting of ... | 14,018 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
occupational exposure limit. For retrospective exposure assessments performed in occupational environments, the "decision statistic" is typically a central tendency such as the mean or geometric mean or median for each worker or group of workers. Methods for performing occupational exposure assess... | 14,019 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
occupational exposure limits include:
## United States.
- WEEL (Workplace Environmental Exposure Level), formerly created by a committee of the American Industrial Hygiene Association; as of January 1, 2012, new WEELs are created by a committee of volunteers that is supported by the Occupational... | 14,020 |
1214579 | Threshold limit value | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold%20limit%20value | Threshold limit value
LE ("")
- Germany
- AGW (" trans. Workplace Limit Value")
- MAK (" trans. Maximum Workplace Concentration")
- Indonesia
- NAB ("Nilai ambang batas")
- Malaysia
- PEL ("Permissible exposure limit")
- Netherlands
- MAC (" trans. Maximum Acceptable Concentration")
- New Zealand
- WES ("Wor... | 14,021 |
1214586 | TLV | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TLV | TLV
TLV
TLV may refer to:
- Tel Aviv, Israel
- Ben Gurion Airport, near Tel Aviv, Israel, IATA code
- Banca Transilvania, Romania, BVB stock exchange symbol
- Threshold limit value for a chemical substance
- TLV mirror, Han dynasty, China
- Type-length-value, data communications encoding
- Total liquid ventilat... | 14,022 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
Feathered dinosaur
Since scientific research began on dinosaurs in the early 1800s, they were generally believed to be closely related to modern reptiles, such as lizards. The word "dinosaur" itself, coined in 1842 by paleontologist Richard Owen, comes from the Greek for "fearsome lizard". This view... | 14,023 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
discovered throughout the 2000s and 2010s and as technology has enabled scientists to study fossils more closely. Among non-avian dinosaurs, feathers or feather-like integument have been discovered in dozens of genera via direct and indirect fossil evidence. Although the vast majority of feather disc... | 14,024 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
feather-like pycnofibers in pterosaurs. Crocodilians also possess beta keratin similar to those of birds, which suggests that they evolved from common ancestral genes.
# History of research.
## Early.
Shortly after the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species", British biolog... | 14,025 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
"Archaeopteryx" represents a transitional fossil. In 1868 he published "On the Animals which are most nearly intermediate between Birds and Reptiles", making the case. The first restoration of a feathered dinosaur was Thomas Henry Huxley's depiction in 1876 of a feathered "Compsognathus" to accompany... | 14,026 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
hypotheses including 'crocodylomorph' and 'thecodont' ancestors, rather than dinosaurs or other archosaurs.
## 'Dinosaur renaissance'.
In 1969, John Ostrom described "Deinonychus antirrhopus", a theropod that he had discovered in Montana in 1964 and whose skeletal resemblance to birds seemed unmist... | 14,027 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
shoulder blade, the clavicle and the breast bone. In all, over a hundred distinct anatomical features are shared by birds and theropod dinosaurs. Other researchers drew on these shared features and other aspects of dinosaur biology and began to suggest that at least some theropod dinosaurs were feath... | 14,028 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
shown with its camouflage.
Before the discovery of feathered dinosaur fossils, the evidence was limited to Huxley and Ostrom's comparative anatomy. Some mainstream ornithologists, including Smithsonian Institution curator Storrs L. Olson, disputed the links, specifically citing the lack of fossil ev... | 14,029 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
Formation in the northeastern United States. Gierlinski (1996, 1997, 1998) and Kondrat (2004) have interpreted traces between two footprints in this fossil as feather impressions from the belly of a squatting dilophosaurid. Although some reviewers have raised questions about the naming and interpreta... | 14,030 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
exhibiting remarkable richness and completeness in its fossils—in Liaoning, China. The area had repeatedly been smothered in volcanic ash produced by eruptions in Inner Mongolia 124 million years ago, during the Early Cretaceous epoch. The fine-grained ash preserved the living organisms that it burie... | 14,031 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
of the evolutionary development of feathers and flight. Turner "et al". (2007) reported quill knobs from an ulna of "Velociraptor mongoliensis", and these are strongly correlated with large and well-developed secondary feathers.
Behavioural evidence, in the form of an oviraptorosaur on its nest, sho... | 14,032 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
China, turned out to be a forgery. Comparing the photograph of the specimen with another find, Chinese paleontologist Xu Xing came to the conclusion that it was composed of two portions of different fossil animals. His claim made "National Geographic" review their research and they too came to the sa... | 14,033 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
and birds. Initial analysis suggests that some of the feathers were used for insulation, and not flight. More complex feathers were revealed to have variations in coloration similar to modern birds, while simpler protofeathers were predominantly dark. Only 11 specimens are currently known. The specim... | 14,034 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
It is the first definitive discovery of dinosaur material in amber.
In March 2018, scientists reported that "Archaeopteryx" was likely capable of flight, but in a manner substantially different from that of modern birds.
# Current knowledge.
## Non-avian dinosaur species preserved with evidence of... | 14,035 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
(the fused vertebrae at the tail tip which often supports large feathers).
## Primitive feather types.
Integumentary structures that gave rise to the feathers of birds are seen in the dorsal spines of reptiles and fish. A similar stage in their evolution to the complex coats of birds and mammals ca... | 14,036 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
with a cylindrical epidermal depression around the base of the feather papilla. The first feather resulted when undifferentiated tubular follicle collar developed out of the old keratinocytes being pushed out. At stage II, the inner, basilar layer of the follicle collar differentiated into longitudin... | 14,037 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
midline of the follicle fuse together, forming the rachis. The creation of a posterior barb locus follows, giving an indeterminate number of barbs. This resulted in a feather with a symmetrical, primarily branched structure with a rachis and unbranched barbs. In stage IIIb, barbules paired within the... | 14,038 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
barb. Stage V developmental novelties gave rise to additional structural diversity in the closed pennaceous feather. Here, asymmetrical flight feathers, bipinnate plumulaceous feathers, filoplumes, powder down, and bristles evolved.
Some evidence suggests that the original function of simple feather... | 14,039 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
"Tyrannosaurus rex" weighed about as much as an African elephant. If large tyrannosauroids were endotherms, they would have needed to radiate heat efficiently. However, due to the different structural properties of feathers compared to fur, as well as a larger surface area per cubic square meter, it ... | 14,040 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
and flight, were ed. This hypothesis has been supported by the discovery of pigmented feathers in multiple species. Supporting the display hypothesis is the fact that fossil feathers have been observed in a ground-dwelling herbivorous dinosaur clade, making it unlikely that feathers functioned as pre... | 14,041 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
(2006), the binocular field of view for "Velociraptor" has been estimated to be 55 to 60 degrees, which is about that of modern owls. Visual acuity for "Tyrannosaurus" has been predicted to be anywhere from about that of humans to 13 times that of humans. However, as both "Velociraptor" and "Tyrannos... | 14,042 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
has disulfide bonds between amino acids that give it stability and elasticity. The metabolism of amino acids containing sulfur can be toxic; however, if the sulfur amino acids are not catabolized at the final products of urea or uric acid but used for the synthesis of keratin instead, the release of ... | 14,043 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
simple "protofeathers" arose, or whether they arose once or independently multiple times. Filamentous structures are clearly present in pterosaurs, and long, hollow quills have been reported in specimens of the ornithischian dinosaurs "Psittacosaurus" and "Tianyulong". In 2009, Xu et al. noted that t... | 14,044 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
findings in Russia of the basal neornithischian "Kulindadromeus" report that although the lower leg and tail seemed to be scaled, "varied integumentary structures were found directly associated with skeletal elements, supporting the hypothesis that simple filamentous feathers, as well as compound fea... | 14,045 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
that "Epidexipteryx" was either secondarily flightless, or that display feathers evolved before flight feathers in the bird lineage. Plumaceous feathers are found in nearly all lineages of Theropoda common in the northern hemisphere, and pennaceous feathers are attested as far down the tree as the Or... | 14,046 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
fossil feather specimens have been found to show certain similarities. Due to these similarities and through developmental research, many scientists believe that feathers have only evolved once in dinosaurs. Feathers would then have been passed down to all later, more derived species, unless some lin... | 14,047 |
1214539 | Feathered dinosaur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feathered%20dinosaur | Feathered dinosaur
used to infer the type of feathers a species may have had, since the developmental history of feathers is now reasonably well-known. All feathered species had filamentaceous or plumaceous (downy) feathers, with pennaceous feathers found among the more bird-like groups. The following cladogram is adap... | 14,048 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
David Edward Johnson (born 23 October 1951 in Liverpool, England) was a forward who won major trophies for Liverpool in the 1970s and 1980s. He also played for Ipswich Town, Everton and other clubs.
# Everton.
Johnson signed for Liverpool ri... | 14,049 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
Robson's Ipswich Town in the November 1972 swapping for Ipswich's top goalscorer, Rod Belfitt and £40,000). He made his Ipswich debut on 4 November 1972 at Portman Road in a 2–2 draw with Leeds United. His first goal for the club came on 2 December the same year in the 1–1 draw wit... | 14,050 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
by a goal to nil at home and held Real to a goalless draw at the Bernabéu in front of 80,000 supporters. In the next round Italian side S.S. Lazio. 4–0 down with just 20 minutes remaining, Johnson had the ball when Giancarlo Oddi went to close him down. Oddi then put in a waist hig... | 14,051 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
the tie back in the balance. In the 88th minute with the score 5–4 on aggregate, Robson turned to Johnson. With virtually his first touch he scored the goal that would finally settle the tie in Ipswich's favour. Ipswich beat Dutch side FC Twente in the next round but went out in th... | 14,052 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
match at Wembley on 21 May 1975. Wales were the visitors with the game ending 2–2 with Johnson scoring both the goals. He also scored twice in a 3–1 victory over world champions Argentina at Wembley, a game which saw the first appearance in England of Diego Maradona. Johnson was in... | 14,053 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
signed for Liverpool. He made his debut for the club on 21 August 1976 in a 1–0 league win over Norwich at Anfield. He scored his first goal a week later on the 28th, but his goal was not enough to prevent Birmingham City beating Liverpool 2–1 at St Andrews.
In his first season, h... | 14,054 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
lost 2–1 to Manchester United. Johnson made little impact and was substituted by Ian Callaghan in the second half.
For the 1977 European Cup final against Borussia Mönchengladbach in Rome three days later, manager Bob Paisley kept the team that had ended the match at Wembley, so C... | 14,055 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
and then retained the title, and in 1981 he played as Liverpool won their third European Cup (against Real Madrid in the final) and their first League Cup (against West Ham United). However, a sign of things to come was in that first League Cup success. After the first game at Wemb... | 14,056 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
Tottenham Hotspurs).
# Return to Everton and loan to Barnsley.
He returned to Everton in the August of '82 for £100,000. He did not see out his second season at Goodison after initially being loaned to Barnsley.
# Later playing career.
He ended the 83/84 season at Manchester Ci... | 14,057 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
programme aired on Friday's at 7.30pm where he provides what is known during the show as "The Doc's Diagnosis".
# Honours.
Ipswich Town
- Texaco Cup: 1973
Liverpool
- Football League First Division: 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82
- Football League Cup: 1980–81, 1981–82
-... | 14,058 |
1214575 | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Johnson%20(footballer,%20born%201951) | David Johnson (footballer, born 1951)
tball League First Division: 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82
- Football League Cup: 1980–81, 1981–82
- FA Charity Shield: 1976, 1977 (shared), 1979, 1980
- European Cup: 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81
- UEFA Super Cup: 1977
# External links.
- Player profile at LFChistory.net
... | 14,059 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
Schneider CA1
The Schneider CA 1 (originally named the Schneider CA) was the first French tank, developed during the First World War.
The Schneider was inspired by the need to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare which on the Western Front prevailed during most of the Great War. It was designed spec... | 14,060 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
of French armoured units, leading to an order in February 1916 for four hundred Schneider CA tanks, which were manufactured by SOMUA, a subsidiary of Schneider located in a suburb of Paris, between September 1916 and August 1918.
Like most early tanks, the Schneider was built like a simple armoured box, ... | 14,061 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
nose section, which had been designed to crush through the belts of barbed wire but in practice caused the tank to get stuck. Improved designs were almost immediately initiated but the production of these, the Schneider CA 2, CA 3 and CA 4, was eventually cancelled.
The Schneider CA 1 tanks were widely u... | 14,062 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
two months before the Armistice of 11 November 1918, their numbers having dropped considerably due to attrition. After the war the surviving tanks were mostly rebuilt as utility vehicles but six Schneider tanks were deployed by Spain in the Rif War in Morocco and the type saw its last action in the beginn... | 14,063 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
with engineer Eugène Brillié of Schneider & Co. to adapt the Castéran Flexible Track Tractor. When that year war broke out, Jacques Quellennec was drafted as an infantry sergeant, witnessed most men of his unit being slaughtered during the First Battle of the Marne and was then severely wounded at the end... | 14,064 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
and Brillié was chief designer with one of France's main arms manufacturers. Early December, Quellennec met Fouché in Paris and both then went to Brillié to present drawings of a tracked armoured fighting vehicle. During a second visit Quellennec urged Brillié to bring over two Holt Model 75 tractors, at ... | 14,065 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
company had been given the order to develop heavy artillery tractors in January 1915. On 30 January it sent out its chief designer, Brillié, to investigate tracked tractors from the American Holt Company, at that time participating in a test programme at Aldershot in England. On his return, Brillié, who h... | 14,066 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
started in May 1915 at the Schneider plant with a 75 hp wheel-directed model and the 45 hp integral caterpillar Baby Holt, showing the superiority of the latter. The Castéran and the Killen-Strait Tractor were also tested but rejected. Work was now begun on an "auto-mitrailleuse blindée à chenilles" ("tra... | 14,067 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
to be thirty centimetres lengthened. In August drawings were made of what was now designated the "tracteur blindé et armé" ("armoured and armed tractor"). In September 1915 the Schneider programme was combined with an official one for the development of an armoured barbed wire cutter by engineer and Membe... | 14,068 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
rejection) of the Levavasseur tank project in 1908.
## The Souain experiment.
On 9 December 1915 in the Souain experiment, a Schneider prototype armoured tank, a Baby Holt chassis with boiler-plate armour, was demonstrated to the French Army. Among the onlookers were General Philippe Pétain, and Colonel... | 14,069 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
short to bridge German trenches, justifying the development of longer caterpillar tracks for the French tank project. For Estienne the vehicle shown embodied concepts about armoured fighting vehicles which he had been advocating since August 1914. Already on 1 December Estienne had proposed to the French ... | 14,070 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
of an elongated suspension protected by side armour.
## Estienne's proposal.
On 12 December Estienne presented to the High Command, represented by General Maurice Janin, a plan to form an armoured force equipped with tracked vehicles. In it he formulated some specifications. The machines should be twelv... | 14,071 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
twenty men with arms and equipment. Its armament should consist of two machine guns and a 37 mm gun, able to pierce the armour shields of enemy machine guns. The crew would total four men.
On 20 December Estienne, on leave in Paris, together with Ferrus visited Louis Renault in Boulogne-Billancourt, in v... | 14,072 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
vehicle production. It indicated it had the capacity to manufacture in total three hundred to four hundred units in 1916. At this point the Schneider project envisioned a ten tonne vehicle, armed by a 75 mm gun, protected by 10 mm chrome steel and powered by a specially developed 50 HP engine allowing for... | 14,073 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
extensions at the front and rear end to improve its trench-crossing capacity and successfully tested on 5 January 1916.
Estienne's plan met with approbation from Commander-in-chief Joffre, who on 7 January 1916 proposed the production of an "offensive engine" to Minister of Armaments Albert Thomas. On th... | 14,074 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
position in history as the creator of the first French tank. This is put into perspective by his limited involvement in its technical design; as early as January 1916 the actual completion was entrusted to a ministerial bureau headed by General Léon Augustin Jean Marie Mourret, director of the Army automo... | 14,075 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
part of the order of fifteen by Schneider on 21 September 1915, and property of the French State, were during two weeks from 2 February onwards in an army workshop combined into a single elongated vehicle, a "caterpillar offensif allongé", by Lieutenant Charles Fouché, assisted by a small team of mechanic... | 14,076 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
designated "L'appareil n° 1 Type A" ("Device Number 1 Type A") was tested at Vincennes, easily crossing trenches up to 1.75 metres wide and overcoming barbed wire obstacles. On 21 February successful tests were held at Vincennes, the Schneider company providing a non-elongated Baby Holt chassis for compar... | 14,077 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
simple towing vehicles, "tracteurs Estienne". The earlier order of 15 December for ten vehicles was hereby replaced. Fouché was ordered to improve the prototype, which resulted in a slightly changed "L'appareil n° 1 Type B", tested on 2 March. Further changes, now including improvised side armour extendin... | 14,078 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
this entire development line, even though its official order had been based on it, would not be ancestral to the Schneider tank. In the Spring of 1916, for reasons that are not entirely clear, there was a fundamental falling-out between the French Army and Schneider Cie. The latter company would develop a... | 14,079 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
"Char d'Assaut", literally "chariot" and today the full French word for "tank". However, the "CA" part first surfaces in a "Tracteur CA", as a next development step in 1916 after the "Tracteur A" (the lengthened Army prototype or "L'appareil n° 1 Type A"), "Tracteur B" and "Tracteur C". The term "char d'a... | 14,080 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
piece, the CD3. This would seem to indicate that the CA suffix was merely a Schneider product code similar to those used by Renault.
At the end of 1916, the type was called "Schneider CA 1" to make a distinction with a derived tank project, the "Schneider CA 2". In 1917 the Schneider CA 1 is also called ... | 14,081 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
is hardly recognizable as such and appears as an armoured steel box resting on top of a caterpillar tractor. It has no turret, and its inconspicuous main armament is a fortification 75 mm "Blockhaus Schneider", placed in a barbette in the right front corner of the tank. The right side had been chosen beca... | 14,082 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
1915 75 mm shell but with a reduced propelling charge, shortening the length of the round from 350 to 241 millimetres, allowing for a muzzle velocity of only two hundred metres per second. This limited the maximum range to 2200 metres, the practical range was six hundred metres and the tank needed to clos... | 14,083 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
is, because of the room needed for the main gun, positioned more to the rear than the left one. The machine guns have a traverse of 106°, a depression of -45° and an elevation of 20°. To the right of the cannon there is a bin for twenty readily accessible 75 mm rounds. Three other bins are positioned resp... | 14,084 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
is the slanted overhang of the frontal part of the chassis which has the form of a pointed nose, ending in a high obliquely protruding steel spur. It had been designed for cutting through and crushing down German barbed wire, thus opening passages for following French infantry, originally seen as the prim... | 14,085 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
crew, illuminated by three small electric lights, is entered through a double door in the back of the tank and is extremely cramped. The crew consisted of a commanding officer who was also the driver; an NCO who was the gunner, two machine gunners, a loader who assisted both the cannon and the machine gun... | 14,086 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
gunners. Most of the space however, had a height of just three feet between the roof and the covering of transmission and suspension: if the mechanic wanted to assist the right machine gun, he had to lie on his belly to load it. Part of each Schneider tank team were also three embedded riflemen who functi... | 14,087 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
in the front part of the tank, to the immediate left of the driver. The four cylinder, 135×170 9753 cc, engine is of a type specially constructed for the Schneider CA. It attains its maximum output of sixty horsepower at a thousand rpm. The three forward speeds gearbox, as well as the differentials, which... | 14,088 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
can also be applied to drive backwards. Steering was generally very tiring and there was a tendency to jump out of gear when the clutch was engaged too forcefully. The tank's official top speed is only 8.1 km/h. Practical terrain speed was even lower at two to four km/h. The first gear at 1000 rpm equals ... | 14,089 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
itself above a trench floor, until its centre of gravity shifts over the edge causing its hull to suddenly tumble forward. The trench-crossing capacity is about 175 centimetres. The wading capacity is eighty centimetres. Two fuel gravity-feed reservoirs placed above the engine below the right front roof a... | 14,090 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
of the left and the right, each sprung by a vertical coil of narrow diameter, are connected to each other by means of a yoke-like transverse beam, itself attached to the hull bottom by two wide vertical coils springs, diminishing rolling and tilt when crossing rough terrain. Ground clearance is forty-one ... | 14,091 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
with a width of thirty-six centimetres. The ground pressure is about 0.75 kg/cm².
As the traverse of the main gun was limited, it had first to be pointed in the general direction of the target by the driver-commander swivelling the entire vehicle. To facilitate this, a small rectangular frame is fitted o... | 14,092 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
with a vision slit, are further present to the front of each machine-gun. The main ventilation is provided by a large skylight slit running along the midline of the hull. It is doubly roofed with the lower roof having a second slit in its top, while the higher roof has open lower sides, creating oblique o... | 14,093 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
were delivered by the factory painted in the standard grey colour used by the Artillery Arm and other branches of the army and that was often called "artillery grey". It was a rather light pearl grey shade. At first, by the "Section Camouflage" in the field a specially designed complex striped flame patte... | 14,094 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
is that it represents a light green hue. Later, when the appliqué armour was added a much simpler scheme was used where the same hues were shown in large irregular areas, again demarcated in black. In the first combat actions, it became clear that German machine gunners concentrated their fire on the visi... | 14,095 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
markings consisted of simple numbers, to distinguish the individual tanks within a training unit. Early 1917 the combat units used small inconspicuous playing-card symbols, each symbol indicating one of four batteries within a "groupe". These were sprayed in white on the tank side, often combined with an ... | 14,096 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
months. Because Schneider had no experience in tracked armoured fighting vehicle production and a true pilot model was lacking, this was highly optimistic. Also the Schneider company had expected to be able to employ the other major French arms producer, the "Forges et Aciéries de la Marine et d'Homécourt... | 14,097 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
to finish the first vehicle chassis, which would on 8 September be delivered at the training centre at Marly. The first Army tests were carried out on 12 September. On the original deadline of 25 November the total had risen to just eight vehicles; on 4 January 1917 thirty-two were present. To aggravate m... | 14,098 |
621328 | Schneider CA1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schneider%20CA1 | Schneider CA1
28 January and 27 February to sixty between the latter date and 28 March and only twenty additional vehicles were manufactured until 12 April. On 15 March the total accepted by the Army had reached 150 tanks; by 1 April this number had risen to 208, by 1 June to 322. Then production almost came to a halt,... | 14,099 |
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