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157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
projected onto this ground plane so that the axis of rotation appears as a point. In this case, the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the body are scalars and the fact that they are vectors along the rotation axis is ignored. This is usually preferred for introductions to the topic. But in ... | 1,600 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
angular momentum vector for the planar movement of a rigid system of particles is given by
Use the center of mass formula_129 as the reference point so
and define the moment of inertia relative to the center of mass formula_131 as
then the equation for angular momentum simplifies to
The moment of ... | 1,601 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
skaters can change their moment of inertia by pulling in their arms. Thus, the angular velocity achieved by a skater with outstretched arms results in a greater angular velocity when the arms are pulled in, because of the reduced moment of inertia. A figure skater is not, however, a rigid body.
### K... | 1,602 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
for a rigid system of formula_114 particles, formula_115, can be written in terms of a resultant force and torque at a reference point formula_116, to yield
where formula_125 denotes the trajectory of each particle.
The kinematics of a rigid body yields the formula for the acceleration of the partic... | 1,603 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
of movement, which simplifies this acceleration equation. In this case, the acceleration vectors can be simplified by introducing the unit vectors formula_152 from the reference point formula_116 to a point formula_125 and the unit vectors formula_126, so
This yields the resultant torque on the syste... | 1,604 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
of inertia appear as elements in a matrix when a system of particles is assembled into a rigid body that moves in three-dimensional space. This inertia matrix appears in the calculation of the angular momentum, kinetic energy and resultant torque of the rigid system of particles.
Let the system of fo... | 1,605 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
product can be equivalently written as matrix multiplication by combining the first operand and the operator into a, skew-symmetric, matrix, formula_174, constructed from the components of formula_175:
The inertia matrix is constructed by considering the angular momentum, with the reference point for... | 1,606 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
relative to the center of mass formula_129.
## Kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy of a rigid system of particles can be formulated in terms of the center of mass and a matrix of mass moments of inertia of the system. Let the system of formula_114 particles formula_115 be located at the coordinates f... | 1,607 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
system of particles is given by
where formula_185 is the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass and formula_200 is the total mass.
## Resultant torque.
The inertia matrix appears in the application of Newton's second law to a rigid assembly of particles. The resultant torque on this system i... | 1,608 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
formula_129 as the reference point, and introduce the skew-symmetric matrix formula_211 to represent the cross product formula_212, to obtain
The calculation uses the identity
obtained from the Jacobi identity for the triple cross product as shown in the proof below:
Thus, the resultant torque on t... | 1,609 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
is called the parallel axis theorem.
Consider the inertia matrix formula_219 obtained for a rigid system of particles measured relative to a reference point formula_116, given by
Let formula_129 be the center of mass of the rigid system, then
where formula_224 is the vector from the center of mass ... | 1,610 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
matrix formula_231 constructed from formula_224.
The result is the parallel axis theorem,
where formula_224 is the vector from the center of mass formula_129 to the reference point formula_116.
Note on the minus sign: By using the skew symmetric matrix of position vectors relative to the reference ... | 1,611 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
formula_241, of a body about a specified axis whose direction is specified by the unit vector formula_34 and passes through the body at a point formula_116 is as follows:
where formula_219 is the moment of inertia matrix of the system relative to the reference point formula_116, and formula_182 is th... | 1,612 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
line to the particle formula_145 is obtained from formula_257 by removing the component that projects onto formula_34.
where formula_260 is the identity matrix, so as to avoid confusion with the inertia matrix, and formula_261 is the outer product matrix formed from the unit vector formula_34 along t... | 1,613 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
have been interchanged. Exchanging products, and simplifying by noting that formula_257 and formula_34 are orthogonal:
Thus, the moment of inertia around the line formula_5 through formula_116 in the direction formula_34 is obtained from the calculation
where formula_219 is the moment of inertia mat... | 1,614 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
tensor is constructed from the nine component tensors, (the symbol formula_279 is the tensor product)
where formula_281 are the three orthogonal unit vectors defining the inertial frame in which the body moves. Using this basis the inertia tensor is given by
This tensor is of degree two because the ... | 1,615 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
for a continuous body is given by
where formula_28 defines the coordinates of a point in the body and formula_292 is the mass density at that point. The integral is taken over the volume formula_87 of the body. The inertia tensor is symmetric because formula_294.
Alternatively it can also be written... | 1,616 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
interpreted as the moment of inertia around the formula_90-axis when the object rotates around the formula_91-axis.
The components of tensors of degree two can be assembled into a matrix. For the inertia tensor this matrix is given by,
It is common in rigid body mechanics to use notation that explic... | 1,617 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
the body moves the components of the inertia matrix change with time. In contrast, the components of the inertia matrix measured in a body-fixed frame are constant.
## Body frame.
Let the body frame inertia matrix relative to the center of mass be denoted formula_309, and define the orientation of t... | 1,618 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
in the body frame the inertia matrix is a constant real symmetric matrix. A real symmetric matrix has the eigendecomposition into the product of a rotation matrix formula_317 and a diagonal matrix formula_318, given by
where
The columns of the rotation matrix formula_317 define the directions of the... | 1,619 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
form that defines a surface in the body called Poinsot's ellipsoid. Let formula_318 be the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass aligned with the principal axes, then the surface
or
defines an ellipsoid in the body frame. Write this equation in the form,
to see that the semi-principal diame... | 1,620 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
formula_333 around an axis in the direction formula_297, yields
Thus, the magnitude of a point formula_313 in the direction formula_297 on the inertia ellipsoid is
# See also.
- Central moment
- List of moments of inertia
- Rotational energy
# External links.
- Angular momentum and rigid-body r... | 1,621 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
Battle of Rivoli
The Battle of Rivoli (14–15 January 1797) was a key victory in the French campaign in Italy against Austria. Napoleon Bonaparte's 23,000 Frenchmen defeated an attack of 28,000 Austrians under General of the Artillery Jozsef Alvinczi, ending Austria's fourth and final attempt to reliev... | 1,622 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
country north of Mantua where Austrian superior numbers would be able to defeat Bonaparte's smaller Army of Italy. Alvinczi attacked Joubert's 10,000 men on January 12. However Joubert held him off and was subsequently joined by Louis-Alexandre Berthier and, at 2 a.m. on January 14, by Bonaparte, who b... | 1,623 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
He had united three Austrian columns between Caprino on the right and the chapel of San Marco on the left; the brigade of Franz Josef de Lusignan was advancing to the north of Monte Baldo; and the troops of Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich and Josef Philipp Vukassovich were pouring down the roads on either... | 1,624 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
gorge. Meanwhile, on the French right flank, Vukassovich had advanced down the east bank of the Adige and had established batteries opposite Osteria. The fire of his guns and the pressure from Quosdanovich forced the French out of the village of Osteria and onto the Rivoli plateau. By about 11 a.m. the... | 1,625 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
the 18th dispatched to check Lusignan, Bonaparte turned all his attention to Quosdanovich. He understood the defeat of this column was the key to the battle. Unfortunately the French had very few reserves left and mostly had to accomplish this with troops already at hand. Making the best of interior li... | 1,626 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
Austrian dragoons who broke and stampeded through their own infantry causing mass chaos. At this juncture the brigade of Charles Leclerc assaulted the column frontally while Joubert laid down heavy flanking fire from San Marco. Here Antoine Charles de Lasalle with just 26 horseman of the 22nd Horse Cha... | 1,627 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
realized he could not force the defile and ordered his troops to fall back out of artillery range. Meanwhile, while Lusignan was being engaged frontally by the brigade of Guillaume Brune, the division of Gabriel Rey, coming up from Castelnuovo and the brigade of Claude Victor (reserve) began to arrive.... | 1,628 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
of Alvinczi, all but destroying his columns, the remnants of which fled north up into the Adige Valley in confusion. The Battle of Rivoli was Bonaparte's greatest victory at the time. After that he turned his attention to Giovanni di Provera. On January 13, his corps (9,000 men) had crossed north of Le... | 1,629 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
from the rear by the division of Pierre Augereau, and were thus forced to surrender the entire force. The Austrian army in North Italy had ceased to exist. On February 2, Mantua surrendered with its garrison of 16,000 men, all that remained of an army of 30,000. The troops marched out with the 'honours... | 1,630 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
as the campaign had proceeded with uncertainty as to the fate of Italy. But with the fall of Mantua the Austrians were finally driven from Italian soil, and Pope Pius VI agreed to an armistice dictated by Bonaparte in Tolentino. Snow had closed the Alpine passes, but Austria still refused Bonaparte ter... | 1,631 |
157726 | Battle of Rivoli | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Rivoli | Battle of Rivoli
ate of Italy. But with the fall of Mantua the Austrians were finally driven from Italian soil, and Pope Pius VI agreed to an armistice dictated by Bonaparte in Tolentino. Snow had closed the Alpine passes, but Austria still refused Bonaparte terms of a peace agreement. He prepared one last campaign to ... | 1,632 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Battle of Novi (1799)
The Battle of Novi (15 August 1799) saw a combined army of Habsburg Austrians and Imperial Russians under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov attack a Republican French army under General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert. After a prolonged and bloody struggle, the Austro-Russians br... | 1,633 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Russian and Austrian forces swept across the Po River valley, recapturing lands taken by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796. The French troops in Italy were badly defeated at the major battles of Magnano, Cassano and the Trebbia. Subsequently, French and Cisalpine Italian troops retreated into Genoa and t... | 1,634 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
French left flank and the battle was on. After a delay, Suvorov committed a Russian corps to attack the center and Michael von Melas' Austrian corps to attack the French right flank. Kray's troops suffered heavy losses but by evening the French army was badly beaten and the French hold on the Ital... | 1,635 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Paul Kray triumphed over the Republican French army of Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer. While suffering losses of 4,000 killed and wounded and 2,000 captured, Kray's Austrians inflicted casualties of 3,500 killed and wounded and captured 4,500 men, 18 artillery pieces and seven colors from the Fre... | 1,636 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
commander ordered his crippled army to withdraw. As the soldiers fell back, the skies opened up and turned the retreat into a sodden nightmare.
On 15 April 1799, the veteran Russian field marshal Alexander Suvorov formally took command of the combined Austro-Russian army in Italy. On 27 April Suv... | 1,637 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
where Suvorov's 37,000-strong Austro-Russian army mauled Jacques MacDonald's 33,000-man French army. The Allies suffered 5,500 casualties while inflicting 16,500 on the French including the taking of 7,000 prisoners. Meanwhile, Coalition forces successfully besieged a number of key fortresses. Pes... | 1,638 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
men, six guns and three colors. On 22 June Suvorov halted pursuit by his army, exhausted by continuous marching and fighting. At first a division was allowed to follow the French, but this was soon reduced to an Austrian advanced guard under Johann von Klenau which went on to clear the Grand Duchy... | 1,639 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
and wounded in this encounter.
By 27 June, Suvorov moved his main army west to cover the sieges of Alessandria and Tortona while Kray was still reducing Mantua. Suvorov and his Austrian chief of staff Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles planned to evict the weakened and battered French forces ... | 1,640 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
in Austria's sphere of influence. For his part, Suvorov was annoyed with Viennese officials for trying to direct the war from long distance.
Repeated military defeats shook the public's faith in the French Directory. The Coup of 30 Prairial VII occurred on 18 June which pushed Emmanuel-Joseph Sie... | 1,641 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
was Joubert a talented general, but he was believed to be lacking political ambitions and thus not a threat to the government. When Joubert arrived in the theater on 4 August, Moreau gracefully stepped aside and offered his assistance.
The Allies successfully wrapped up the siege of Alessandria o... | 1,642 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Kray was ordered to join the main army as quickly as possible. The rest of Suvorov's army was deployed in the area of Alessandria and Tortona. In the meantime, Chasteler was seriously wounded by a canister shot on 17 July during the siege of Alessandria and replaced by another Austrian, Anton von ... | 1,643 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
of France under Napoleon along with Joubert's chief of staff Louis Gabriel Suchet and division commander Emmanuel Grouchy. Joubert's generals wished to wait for Championnet's army to come up on their left around 20 August before advancing. However, Joubert believed that his orders to attack from t... | 1,644 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
of Terzo then swung east through Acqui Terme, Rivalta Bormida and Capriata d'Orba. Saint-Cyr arrived alone at Novi Ligure on 13 August, but Suvorov declined to attack, hoping to lure the French into the plains where his superior cavalry and artillery might prove decisive. That same day contact was... | 1,645 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
every indication that the French offensive was still in full swing. Joubert had hoped that he was facing only 8,000 enemies. But he was stunned to see that he was facing at least 36,000 enemies including Kray's corps in the plains below. Both Pérignon and Saint-Cyr counseled retreat, but Joubert p... | 1,646 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Wilhelm Derfelden's 9,850 Russians and Melas' 8,800 Austrians would join the battle. Farther north, Johann Baptist Alcaini's 5,260-strong force besieged Tortona, covered by Andrei Grigorevich Rosenberg's 8,270 Russians.
# Forces.
Kray's corps was divided into two Austrian divisions under Bellega... | 1,647 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
40 Infantry Regiments, two battalions of the "Vukassovich" Nr. 48 Infantry Regiment, one battalion of the "Szluiner" Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 4, and six squadrons of the "Archduke John" Dragoon Regiment Nr. 3. Ott commanded 9,979 infantry and 906 cavalry for a total of 10,885.
Bellegarde's div... | 1,648 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
of 13,520 troops. To Bellegarde's right was a screening force under Seckendorff which was made up of two battalions of the "Oranien" Nr. 15 Infantry Regiment, one battalion of the "Szluiner" Grenz and three squadrons of the Hussar Regiment Nr. 5. The screening force counted 2,491 infantry and 524 ... | 1,649 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Regiment Nr. 36, 2,081 men, and two battalions of the "Stuart" Infantry Regiment Nr. 18, 1,576 troops. One brigadier was Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein, though the troops under his command are not given. Franz Joseph, Marquis de Lusignan led the "Fürstenberg", "Morzin", "Paar", "Pertusi"... | 1,650 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Regiment.
Derfelden's 15,552-man Russian corps was divided into a division under Derfelden himself, a second division led by Mikhail Miloradovich and an Advance Guard led by Bagration. The Advance Guard consisted of two battalions each of the "Bagration" and "Miller" Jäger Regiments, 1,189 foot, ... | 1,651 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
each of the "Schveikovsky", "Förster", "Tyrtov" and "Baranovsky" Musketeer Regiments and two battalions of the "Rosenberg" Grenadier Regiment. Miloradovich's 3,720-man infantry division had two battalions each of the "Jung-Baden", "Dalheim" and "Miloradovich" Musketeer Regiments. The strength of S... | 1,652 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
to Spencer C. Tucker, the total French force amounted 35,000. The French supply arrangements had collapsed and the troops were tired, thirsty and starving. Some soldiers were reduced to eating grass and leaves. Pérignon's wing consisted of the infantry divisions of Grouchy and Louis Lemoine plus a... | 1,653 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
consisted of the 93rd and 99th Line Demi Brigades. Lemoine's 6,410-strong division included a first brigade under Louis Gareau with the 26th Line and 80th Line and one battalion of the 5th Light and a second brigade under Jean Mathieu Seras counting the 20th Light and 34th Line. The three squadron... | 1,654 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
wing comprised the infantry divisions of Pierre Garnier de Laboissière, François Watrin and Jean Henri Dombrowski, a strong independent brigade under Louis Léonard Colli-Ricci, plus infantry and cavalry reserves. Laboissière's division numbered between 3,645 and 3,976 men in six battalions and had... | 1,655 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
advanced guard counted the 8th, 15th and 27th Light and 2nd Line, Antoine Arnaud's brigade consisted of the 12th and 30th Light and Pierre Étienne Petitot's brigade had the 62nd and 78th Line. Dombrowski's division counted between 2,130 and 2,340 troops in seven battalions. Dombrowski's units were... | 1,656 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
in five squadrons of the 16th and 19th Dragoons and 19th Chasseurs à Cheval.
# Battle.
Joubert did not plan on fighting at Novi Ligure, but the position that his troops held was well-suited for a defensive battle. Facing north, the French held an arc of high ground from Serravalle on the right t... | 1,657 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
the Riasco stream emerged from its ravine. The crackle of muskets began at 3:20 am as the Austrian columns bumped into French picket lines. This provoked a great racket in the French camps as their surprised troops rushed into formation. At first light, the Allies saw that the heights were crowned... | 1,658 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Novi while the rest of Laboissière's division lined the heights behind the town. Farther to the left was Lemoine's division and then Grouchy's division on the far left. The left was braced by the reserves of Clausel, Partouneaux and Richepanse.
At the foot of the plateau, Ott and Bellegarde deplo... | 1,659 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
center in the contest against Ott. In this phase of the battle Joubert was fatally hit while leading a counterattack by the 26th Light Demi Brigade. Despite mounting losses, the Austrian infantry bravely and repeatedly struggled forward in columns. As they reached the top of the slope and tried to... | 1,660 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
more they were defeated with loss. While Clausel and Richepanse helped repulse Bellegarde's division, Partouneaux counterattacked Ott. Encouraged by his success, Partouneaux unwisely charged down into the plain where his troops were scattered by four squadrons of the "Archduke Joseph" Hussars and ... | 1,661 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
out of gear.
Suvorov realized that every man must be thrown into the battle. Bagration's command belatedly attacked Novi at 10:00 am. As the Russians moved forward they were subjected to an intense artillery barrage. Bagration's troops were able to press back the French skirmish lines but were fo... | 1,662 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Bagration's Cossacks found employment by luring French skirmishers into the plain and then killing or capturing them.
In due course, Derfelden's division arrived at the front and was hurled into a new attack near Novi. Kray's wing attacked once more and his attack stalled. Around 11:30 am Suvarov... | 1,663 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
left wing moved down the west bank of the river with Mittrowsky's brigade on the left and the grenadier brigades on the right. Melas instructed Lusignan's brigade to attack to the east of Novi while Loudon's brigade made a wider sweep to the east.
Around 3:00 pm the most recent Austro-Russian att... | 1,664 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
threw the 106th Line Demi Brigade into a counterattack which stopped the Austrians and captured Lusignan, who was wounded. By 5:00 pm, Watrin and the 106th were finally beaten by superior numbers and retreated. On the opposite flank Kray attacked again between 3:00 and 4:00 pm.
Around 5:30 pm the... | 1,665 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
three days later. As the French left started to pull back, the Allies closed in for the kill, unleashing their cavalry. Earlier, Bellegarde had posted a battalion and four squadrons near Pasturana on the far right. Now, as the French retreated they had to negotiate the streets of Pasturana, the Br... | 1,666 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
after suffering three wounds including a deep saber cut above his left eye. Colli and at least 2,000 other French soldiers and 21 artillery pieces were captured, mostly in the bottleneck at Pasturana. As night fell, the French army streamed away and the exhausted Allies stopped. Near midnight, som... | 1,667 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
4,200 wounded and 1,400 captured or missing, plus three guns. Russian generals Aleksey Gorchakov, Tyrtoff and Tschubaroff were wounded. The French lost 1,500 killed, 5,500 wounded and 4,500 prisoners. The Allies also captured 37 guns, 40 munition wagons and eight colors. Christopher Duffy stated t... | 1,668 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Gunther E. Rothenberg asserted that both sides lost 7,000 killed and wounded, while the Allies had 2,000 missing and the French had 4,000 prisoners or missing plus 37 guns. David G. Chandler rounded the casualties to 8,000 Allied and 11,000 French. According to Spencer C. Tucker, 11,000 were kille... | 1,669 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
its escape route via Arquata Scrivia. Saint-Cyr was unable to dislodge the Austrians with Dombrowski's men and finally shoved Nobili out of the way by using Watrin's division. Suvorov brought up Rosenberg's corps to the battlefield but did not launch a pursuit. The Russian commander in chief still... | 1,670 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
Liguria were dashed forever when fresh instructions from Emperor Francis reached him. A new strategy put forward by the British and approved by Czar Paul and the Austrians directed Suvorov to take command of a new Russian army assembling in Switzerland. This army would be formed by joining the Rus... | 1,671 |
157707 | Battle of Novi (1799) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Novi%20(1799) | Battle of Novi (1799)
e Austrians directed Suvorov to take command of a new Russian army assembling in Switzerland. This army would be formed by joining the Russian troops in Italy to another Russian army in Germany under Alexander Korsakov. The army was to invade France through the Jura Mountains. When Korsakov arrive... | 1,672 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
Anti-Flag
Anti-Flag is an American punk rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The band is well known for politically charged lyrics and activism, focusing on anti-war activism, anti-imperialism, class struggle, human rights, and various sociopolitical sentiments. The line-up includes singer... | 1,673 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
Most recently, the band has declared solidarity with the global Occupy Together movement.
# History.
## Early years (1988/1992–1996).
Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists moved in and out of the b... | 1,674 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band in the summer of 1996 because of personal disputes between himself and Justin. For a brief time after Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan of Pittsburgh band the Bad Genes filled in on bass. It was during this time that Sean was also playing in another band (57 De... | 1,675 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
released their second full-length release, "Their System Doesn't Work For You". The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album "North America Sucks", as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and "Their System Doesn't Work... | 1,676 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army." In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover saying,"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity."
## Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004).
In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to partici... | 1,677 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
album is arguably the band's breakout from the hardcore underground to a more mainstream spotlight. The album continued to address the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the "hardcore scene") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first to contain the now-commonplace book... | 1,678 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
war with the album's title track "911 for peace". During this time, many music stores pulled Anti-Flag's records from shelves, as their music was labelled as "anti-American."
In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album "The Terror State" on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Admi... | 1,679 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.
## RCA (2005–2009).
In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper... | 1,680 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, and strays from the theme of war and back towards troubled youth. They finished their huge "War Sucks, Let's Party" United States headlining tour in April and work on some side projects like African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.
Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many ot... | 1,681 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The single "The Bright Lights Of America" was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.
In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent sing... | 1,682 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
objects at the band./ref
## SideOneDummy (2009–2014).
Beginning on September 30, 2008, Chris#2 began to post on his blog, at nowarwithoutwarriors.blogspot.com , that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their record, starting with "The Economy is... | 1,683 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their home town of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence i... | 1,684 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local ho... | 1,685 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Ap... | 1,686 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released that fall, with working title of "Magnum". Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk oriented solo material as well.
The band released ... | 1,687 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
"". The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993–2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since "The Terror State" in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.
## "American Spring" and "American Fall" (2015–present).
On January 16, 2015, the band anno... | 1,688 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
December 18, 2015. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right Rally, the band released a song titled "Racists" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017 the band announced a new album titled "American Fall" would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3,... | 1,689 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
release, "A New Kind of Army", saying "Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. An... | 1,690 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Anti-Flag didn't tone down any of their messages with their major label debut
# Studio projects.
Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happener... | 1,691 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
from those sessions: "Oh No!" and "Capital Gains". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records.
# ANTIFest.
ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the fi... | 1,692 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.br
ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.
# Activism.
Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical c... | 1,693 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against The Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against The Machine performed two songs using megaphones.
Most r... | 1,694 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
which the band donated money from the sale of "The People and the Gun", have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.
- "Greenpeace", with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhag... | 1,695 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.
They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary "Sounds Like A Revolution", about new protest music in America.
# Symbol.
The "Gun Star" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed b... | 1,696 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
– bass guitar, backing and lead vocals
- Chris Head – bass guitar , rhythm guitar, backing vocals
- Pat Thetic – drums, percussion
Former members
- Lucy Fester – bass guitar
- Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals
- Jamie "Cock" Towns – bass guitar
Touring members
- Erik Pitl... | 1,697 |
157683 | Anti-Flag | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Flag | Anti-Flag
State" (2003)
- "For Blood and Empire" (2006)
- "The Bright Lights of America" (2008)
- "The People or the Gun" (2009)
- "The General Strike" (2012)
- "American Spring" (2015)
- "American Fall" (2017)
# Videography.
- "This is the End (For You My Friend)"
- "Broken Bones"
- "The Economy is Suffering... | 1,698 |
157703 | Battle of Neresheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Neresheim | Battle of Neresheim
Battle of Neresheim
The Battle of Neresheim (11 August 1796) saw a victory of Republican French army under Jean Victor Marie Moreau over the Habsburg Austrian army of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen. Pursued by Moreau's "Army of Rhin-et-Moselle", Charles launched an attack against the French. Whi... | 1,699 |
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