wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage, among other civil rights. In many jurisdictions, they continued to be excluded from representation by at-large electoral systems, which allowed the majority of ... | 1,500 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.
In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years.
, there are a total of 3,326,812 registered voters, with 2,979,576 active, and the others ... | 1,501 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
only token Republican challengers running in the General Election. Since the mid to late 20th century, however, there has been a realignment among the two major political parties, and white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party. In Alabama, majority-white districts are now expected to regularly... | 1,502 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper, Sr.. Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court. This ultimately led to a collapse of support for Democrats at the ballot box in the next three or four election cycles. The Democrats l... | 1,503 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. The last remaining statewide Democrat, who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission was defeated in 2012.
Only three Republican lieutenant governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction, when Republicans generally represented... | 1,504 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
rural counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary. Similarly many metropolitan and suburban counties are majority-Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary, although there are exceptions.
Alabama's 67 cou... | 1,505 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
counties. , the state of Alabama has one female sheriff, in Morgan County, Alabama, and ten African-American sheriffs.
### Federal elections.
The state's two U.S. senators are Republican Richard C. Shelby and Democrat Doug Jones. Shelby was originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and re-elected... | 1,506 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
black portions of Birmingham, Tuscaloosa and Montgomery.
# Education.
## Primary and secondary education.
Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Toget... | 1,507 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama.
While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to ... | 1,508 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year. The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed only by Mississippi and Arkansas.
## Colleges and universities.
Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 privat... | 1,509 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
School of Dentistry), an optometry college (University of Alabama at Birmingham), two pharmacy schools (Auburn University and Samford University), and five law schools (University of Alabama School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, Cumberland School of Law, Miles Law School, and the Thomas Goode Jones School of... | 1,510 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
enrolled for fall 2016. Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions ... | 1,511 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
the Council on Occupational Education (COE), and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).
According to the 2011 "U.S. News & World Report", Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and Univ... | 1,512 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
in Alabama include:
- ABC
- WGWW 40.2 ABC, Anniston
- WBMA 58/WABM 68.2 ABC, Birmingham
- WDHN 18 ABC, Dothan
- WAAY 31 ABC, Huntsville
- WEAR 3 ABC Pensacola, FL/Mobile
- WNCF 32 ABC, Montgomery
- WDBB 17.2 ABC, Tuscaloosa
- CBS
- WIAT 42 CBS, Birmingham
- WTVY 4 CBS, Dothan
- WHNT 19 CBS, Huntsvil... | 1,513 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
WIIQ 41 PBS, Demopolis
- WDIQ 2 PBS, Dozier
- WFIQ 36 PBS, Florence
- WHIQ 25 PBS, Huntsville
- WGIQ 43 PBS, Louisville
- WEIQ 42 PBS, Mobile
- WAIQ 26 PBS, Montgomery
- WCIQ 7 PBS, Mount Cheaha
- The CW
- WTTO 21, Homewood/Birmingham
- WTVY 4.3, Dothan
- WHDF 15, Florence/Huntsville
- WFNA 55, Gulf... | 1,514 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
80,000 fans, both numbers among the top 20 in the nation in average attendance. Bryant–Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team, and has a seating capacity of 101,821, and is the fifth largest stadium in America. Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn football team and seats up to 87,... | 1,515 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham.
### Professional sports.
Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams, including three minor league base... | 1,516 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
from 1973 to 1980.
Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments, such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek, the Barbasol Championship (PGA Tour), the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions, Airbus LPGA Classic, and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic (LPGA Tour), and The Tradition (Champions To... | 1,517 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Amtrak schedules the "Crescent", a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with station stops at Anniston, Birmingham, and Tuscaloosa.
## Roads.
Alabama has six major interstate roads that cross the state: Interstate 65 (I-65) travels north–south roughly through the middle of the state; I-... | 1,518 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Mobile. I-22 enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee. In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Decatur and Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden. A sixth route, I-6... | 1,519 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
US-84, US-90, US-98, US-231, US-278, US-280, US-331, US-411, and US-431.
There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Tuscaloosa Bypass in Tuscaloosa; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in Orange Beach.
## Ports.
The Port of Mobile, Alabama's only saltw... | 1,520 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
are on rivers with access to the Gulf of Mexico.
Water ports of Alabama, listed from north to south:
# See also.
- Outline of Alabama – organized list of topics about Alabama
- Index of Alabama-related articles
- Sweet Home Alabama: a Lynyrd Skynyrd song about the state
# References.
- "Alabama – History... | 1,521 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
Harvey H. "Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State" (2004)
- Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" "Alabama Review" 2002 55(4): 243–274.
- Peirce, Neal R. "The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South ... | 1,522 |
303 | Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama | Alabama
4): 243–274.
- Peirce, Neal R. "The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States" (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960–72.
- Williams, Benjamin Buford. "A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century" 1979.
- WPA. "Guide to Alabama" (1939)
# E... | 1,523 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
Battle of Montereau
The Battle of Montereau (18 February 1814) was fought during the War of the Sixth Coalition between an Imperial French army led by Emperor Napoleon and a corps of Austrians and Württembergers commanded by Crown Prince Frederick William of Württemberg. While Napoleon's army maule... | 1,524 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
overrun or brushed aside.
Ordered to hold Montereau until nightfall on the 18th, the Crown Prince of Württemberg posted a strong force on the north bank of the Seine River. All morning and past noon, the Allies stoutly held off a series of French attacks. However, under increasing French pressure, ... | 1,525 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
Allied advance.
On 10 February, the Army of Bohemia under Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg began advancing from Troyes. On the right, Peter Wittgenstein and Karl Philipp von Wrede headed for Nogent and Bray on the Seine River supported by the Guards and Reserves. On the left, Crown Prince Fred... | 1,526 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
Allix de Vaux.
Tasked with the defense of the Seine, Marshal Claude Perrin Victor held Nogent and Marshal Nicolas Oudinot defended Montereau. On the 12th the Allies captured Bray from a weak force of French National Guards as well as the bridge at Pont-sur-Seine near Montereau. Afraid of being surr... | 1,527 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
and its garrison wiped out. Cossacks roamed freely in the Forest and Palace of Fontainebleau. When Victor's wagon train appeared at Charenton-le-Pont the Parisians were thrown into panic. Meanwhile, fleeing peasants reported that Paris would soon be attacked by 200,000 Cossacks.
## French counterof... | 1,528 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
February with the Imperial Guard and Emmanuel Grouchy's cavalry. In an epic march, with some infantry traveling in carts and wagons, Napoleon's leading forces reached Guignes at 3:00 pm on the 16th after moving in 36 hours. Another authority stated that some troops marched in 36 hours.
Hearing of B... | 1,529 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
Bianchi were posted near Montereau while Gyulai held Pont-sur-Yonne and the Austrian Reserve was at Sens. If the Army of Bohemia needed to retreat farther, it was important to hold the position at Montereau. Matvei Platov was to the west at Nemours where his 2,100 Cossacks captured 600 men of an Imp... | 1,530 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
its allies were being cut to pieces. Finally, Hardegg allowed 550 troopers from the Schwarzenberg Uhlan Regiment Nr. 2 to assist the Russians. The Reval and Selenginsk Infantry Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they were withdrawn from the campaign. Next, the French struck Wrede's advance gu... | 1,531 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
Guard. This force headed for Bray. The left column, made up of Oudinot's VII Corps and François Étienne de Kellermann's cavalry, pursued Wittgenstein east toward Provins. Pierre Claude Pajol's cavalry and Michel-Marie Pacthod's National Guards set out from Melun and advanced southeast toward Montere... | 1,532 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
were retreating in disorder and Lhéritier missed a chance to deliver the "coup de grace" with his cavalry. Nevertheless, Wrede's corps sustained 2,500 casualties during the day. Victor's soldiers were exhausted, so he called a halt. Napoleon was furious that Victor disobeyed his orders to press on t... | 1,533 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
one battalion of Light Infantry Regiment Nr. 10. Christoph Friedrich David Döring's brigade was made up of two battalions each of Infantry Regiments Duke Wilhelm Nr. 2, Nr. 3 and Nr. 7. Prince Karl von Hohenlohe-Kirchberg's brigade included two battalions each of Infantry Regiments Nr. 4 and Crown P... | 1,534 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
battery. All four batteries were armed with four 6-pound cannons and two howitzers.
Attached to the IV Corps was Joseph Schäffer's Austrian brigade. This unit consisted of two battalions each of Infantry Regiments Gyulai Nr. 21, Esterhazy Nr. 32 and Josef Colloredo Nr. 57, three battalions of Infan... | 1,535 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
of the 11th and 24th Light and the 2nd, 19th, 37th and 56th Line Infantry Regiments. Duhesme's 2nd Division included 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 4th, 18th and 46th Line and 1st Battalions of the 72nd and 93rd Line and 26th Light. Chateau's division numbered only 1,536 officers and men, since all u... | 1,536 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
Félix Jan de La Hamelinaye. The 1st Division was made up of one battalion each of the 5th, 12th, 15th and 29th Light and the 32nd, 58th and 135th Line. The 2nd Division comprised the 26th, 82nd, 86th, 121st, 122nd and 142nd Line. Gérard's force had 214 artillerists from three companies attached.
Pa... | 1,537 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
Albert, François Pierre Joseph Amey and Michel Sylvestre Brayer. Lhéritier commanded the V Cavalry Corps which was formed from three mounted divisions. Hippolyte Piré's 3rd Light Cavalry Division included the 14th, 26th and 27th Chasseurs à Cheval and the 3rd Hussars, André Louis Briche's 3rd Heavy ... | 1,538 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
and the 2nd and 3rd Guard Cavalry Divisions. Marshal Michel Ney led the two Young Guard divisions while Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty led the Guard cavalry divisions. The 2nd Guard Cavalry was made up of the 1st Polish Guard Lancer, Empress Dragoon and Polish and 3rd Éclaireur Regiments... | 1,539 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
25th Dragoons from Jean Antoine de Collaert's brigade, 9th Lancers and 22nd Chasseurs à Cheval from Kellermann's VI Cavalry Corps and the 7th Lancers, 9th Chasseurs à Cheval and 7th Hussars from unidentified corps. MacDonald's corps and the Guard infantry were not engaged.
## Action.
After issuing... | 1,540 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
is crowned by a height with a steep slope next to the river and a gentler slope on the north side. Atop the ridge, Surville chateau overlooks the bridges and town of Montereau, which was surrounded by vineyards and meadows to the south and east. The Paris road approached Montereau from the northwest... | 1,541 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy in 1419.
The Crown Prince deployed 8,500-foot soldiers, 1,000 horsemen and 26 field guns on the north bank of the Seine. A second authority counted 12,000 defenders. The left flank was anchored in Les Ormeaux, the center incorporated the Surville chateau and p... | 1,542 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
pieces.
Napoleon ordered Victor to be at Montereau at 6:00 am but the first French forces to arrive were Pajol's cavalry and Pacthod's National Guards at 8:00 am. Aside from numbering no more than 4,500 men, the horsemen had almost no training while the National Guards were ill-equipped and ill-tra... | 1,543 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
into the forest. Unable to make any progress by 11:00 am, Victor awaited the coming of Gérard's corps. Angry at the marshal's slowness, Napoleon replaced Victor and placed command of the II Corps in Gérard's hands.
Gérard led his troops up the heights but the Allied artillery was well-served and th... | 1,544 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
Ormeaux, causing the Crown Prince to order Schäffer's Austrians to cover the retreat. As the Württembergers began pulling back, Pajol launched a cavalry charge down the Paris highway against the Allied left flank. At this time, French infantry rushed the Surville chateau and made its garrison prison... | 1,545 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
men and was nearly captured by the French cavalry. The French emperor ordered 60 guns onto the Surville heights where they unlimbered and fired their missiles into the fleeing mob of Allies crowding the bridges. When Napoleon personally sighted one of the cannons, his guardsmen begged him to leave. ... | 1,546 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
joined Hohenlohe's brigade and began a disorderly retreat toward Le Tombe, a village on the road to Bray. The movement was covered by Jett's cavalry brigade. Napoleon sent Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre and his own cavalry escort in pursuit toward Bray. An eyewitness wrote that Lefebvre foamed at ... | 1,547 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
The French lost 2,000 killed and wounded. A source quoted by Smith gave 4,895 Allied casualties and 15 guns lost. Francis Loraine Petre asserted that the Allies lost nearly 5,000 men and 15 field pieces. David G. Chandler stated that the Allies suffered 6,000 casualties and lost 15 cannons; the Fren... | 1,548 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
at least half his guns and transport would have been taken." In his disappointment he turned on his generals. After the battle when Victor complained to the emperor about losing his command, Napoleon unleashed a storm of abuse on his hapless subordinate. He also raged against Victor's wife who he ac... | 1,549 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
at Valjouan, Jean François Aimé Dejean for not providing enough artillery ammunition and Claude-Étienne Guyot for losing some cannons.
Even before the battle started, Schwarzenberg ordered a general withdrawal to Troyes. He ordered Wrede to hold Bray until nightfall on 19 February and sent a dispat... | 1,550 |
157682 | Battle of Montereau | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Montereau | Battle of Montereau
er became precarious. Under the guise of negotiations with Allix, they retreated to join the wreckage of Schäffer's brigade at Saint-Sérotin. Seslavin was ordered to relinquish his far left flank position and take a position on the opposite flank. Napoleon's pursuit was hampered by a lack of bridges... | 1,551 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
Fulk, King of Jerusalem
Fulk (, or "Foulques"; c. 1089/92 – 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. During his reign, the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent... | 1,552 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
an opponent of King Henry I of England and a supporter of King Louis VI of France, but in 1118 or 1119 he had allied with Henry when he arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Henry's son and heir, William Adelin. Fulk went on crusade in 1119 or 1120, and became attached to the Knights Templa... | 1,553 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
Baldwin II had no male heirs but had already designated his daughter Melisende to succeed him. Baldwin II wanted to safeguard his daughter's inheritance by marrying her to a powerful lord. Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander, and a widower. His experience in the field ... | 1,554 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
bolstered Melisende's position in the kingdom by making her sole guardian of her son by Fulk, Baldwin III, born in 1130.
Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin II's death. From the start Fulk assumed sole control of the government, excluding Melisende altogethe... | 1,555 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
control of Antioch once more after the death of her father. She allied with Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin II of Edessa to prevent Fulk from marching north in 1132; Fulk and Pons fought a brief battle before peace was made and Alice was exiled again.
In Jerusalem as well, Fulk was resented by the... | 1,556 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
Hugh rebelled in protest. Hugh secured himself to Jaffa, and allied himself with the Muslims of Ascalon. He was able to defeat the army set against him by Fulk, but this situation could not hold. The Patriarch interceded in the conflict, perhaps at the behest of Melisende. Fulk agreed to peace a... | 1,557 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
in terror of their lives" in the palace. Contemporary author and historian William of Tyre wrote of Fulk "he never attempted to take the initiative, even in trivial matters, without (Melisende's) consent". The result was that Melisende held direct and unquestioned control over the government fro... | 1,558 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
the greatest concern during Fulk's reign was the rise of Atabeg Zengi of Mosul.
In 1137 Fulk was defeated in battle near Baarin but allied with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, the vizier of Damascus. Damascus was also threatened by Zengi. Fulk captured the fort of Banias, to the north of Lake Tiberias and t... | 1,559 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
raids on the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Fulk sought to neutralise this threat.
In 1137 and 1142, Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus arrived in Syria attempting to impose Byzantine control over the crusader states. John's intention of making a pilgrimage, accompanied by his impressive army, to Jer... | 1,560 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
His horse stumbled, fell, and Fulk's skull was crushed by the saddle, "and his brains gushed forth from both ears and nostrils", as William of Tyre describes. He was carried back to Acre, where he lay unconscious for three days before he died. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in... | 1,561 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
military affairs"." His chief fault was an inability to remember names and faces.
William of Tyre described Fulk as a capable soldier and able politician, but observed that Fulk did not adequately attend to the defense of the crusader states to the north. Ibn al-Qalanisi (who calls him "al-Kund... | 1,562 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
Maine. Their four children were:
- 1. Geoffrey V of Anjou (1113–1151, father of Henry II of England.
- 2. Sibylla of Anjou (1112–1165, Bethlehem), married in 1123 William Clito (div. 1124), married in 1134 Thierry, Count of Flanders.
- 3. Matilda of Anjou (1106–1154, Fontevrault), married Wil... | 1,563 |
157702 | Fulk, King of Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulk,%20King%20of%20Jerusalem | Fulk, King of Jerusalem
lda of Anjou (1106–1154, Fontevrault), married William Adelin; after his death in the White Ship disaster of 1120, she became a nun and later Abbess of Fontevrault.
- 4. Elias II of Maine (died 1151)
His second wife was Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
- 1. Baldwin III of Jerusalem
- 2. Amalric... | 1,564 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
Hemiola
In music, hemiola (also hemiolia) is the ratio 3:2. The equivalent Latin term is sesquialtera. In pitch, "hemiola" refers to the interval of a perfect fifth. In rhythm, "hemiola" refers to three beats of equal value in the time normally occupied by two beats.
# Etymology.
The word "hemiola" comes fro... | 1,565 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
Beginning in the 15th century, both words were also used to describe rhythmic relationships, specifically the substitution (usually through the use of coloration—red notes in place of black ones, or black in place of "white", hollow noteheads) of three imperfect notes (divided into two parts) for two perfect on... | 1,566 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
ratio of a perfect fifth means that the upper note makes three vibrations in the same amount of time that the lower note makes two. In the cent system of pitch measurement, the 3:2 ratio corresponds to approximately 702 cents, or 2% of a semitone wider than seven semitones. The just perfect fifth can be heard w... | 1,567 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
Greek authors such as Aristoxenus and Ptolemy use the word to describe smaller intervals as well, such as the hemiolic chromatic "pyknon", which is one-and-a-half times the size of the semitone comprising the enharmonic "pyknon".
# Rhythm.
In rhythm, "hemiola" refers to three beats of equal value in the time ... | 1,568 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
for successive values and the "preferred term for a vertical two against three … is "sesquialtera"." "The New Harvard Dictionary of Music" states that in some contexts, a sesquialtera is equivalent to a hemiola. "Grove's Dictionary", on the other hand, has maintained from the first edition of 1880 down to the m... | 1,569 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
between successive sections.
#### Sub-Saharan African music.
A repeating vertical hemiola is known as polyrhythm, or more specifically, cross-rhythm. The most basic rhythmic cell of sub-Saharan Africa is the 3:2 cross-rhythm. Novotney observes: "The 3:2 relationship (and [its] permutations) is the foundation ... | 1,570 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
hand (upper notes) sounds the three cross-beats.
#### European music.
In compound time ( or ). Where a regular pattern of two beats to a measure is established at the start of a phrase. This changes to a pattern of three beats at the end of the phrase.
The minuet from J. S. Bach's keyboard Partita No. 5 in G... | 1,571 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
was the 16th-century French composer Claude Le Jeune, a leading exponent of musique mesurée à l'antique. One of his best-known chansons is "Revoici venir du printemps" , where the alternation of compound-duple and simple-triple metres with a common counting unit for the beat subdivisions can be clearly heard:
... | 1,572 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
and later periods, were far from usual in 1800, and here they are made to sound especially eccentric owing to frequent sforzandi on the last quaver of the bar... it looks ahead to later works and must have sounded very disconcerting to contemporary audiences."
Later in the nineteenth century, Tchaikovsky frequ... | 1,573 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
exploiting the hemiola's potential for large-scale thematic development. Writing about the rhythm and meter of Brahms's Symphony No. 3, says "Perhaps in no other first movement by Brahms does the development of these elements play so critical a role. The first movement of the third is cast in meter that is also... | 1,574 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
song form, refers to the following figure as a "horizontal hemiola" or "sesquialtera" (which he translates as if it were Spanish rather than Latin: "six that alters"). It is "a cliché of various Spanish and Latin American musics ... well established in Spain since the sixteenth century", a twelve-beat scheme wi... | 1,575 |
157706 | Hemiola | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemiola | Hemiola
ar Latin American musics.. It is also a fundamental feature of the Czech furiant dance form, familiar from the two examples in Dvořák's Slavonic Dances Op. 48. The horizontal hemiola suggests metric modulation ( changing to ). This interpretational switch has been exploited, for example, by Leonard Bernstein, i... | 1,576 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
Moment of inertia
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration. I... | 1,577 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
component subsystems (all taken about the same axis). Its simplest definition is the second moment of mass with respect to distance from an axis. For bodies constrained to rotate in a plane, only their moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane, a scalar value, matters. For bodies free... | 1,578 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
given angular acceleration (the rate of change in angular velocity) is proportional to the moment of inertia of the body. Moment of inertia may be expressed in units of kilogram meter squared (kg·m) in SI units and pound-foot-second squared (lbf·ft·s) in imperial or US units.
Moment of inertia plays ... | 1,579 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
point from the axis, and formula_3 is the mass. For an extended rigid body, the moment of inertia is just the sum of all the small pieces of mass multiplied by the square of their distances from the axis in question. For an extended body of a regular shape and uniform density, this summation sometimes... | 1,580 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
into Euler's second law.
The natural frequency of oscillation of a compound pendulum is obtained from the ratio of the torque imposed by gravity on the mass of the pendulum to the resistance to acceleration defined by the moment of inertia. Comparison of this natural frequency to that of a simple pen... | 1,581 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
movement has a single scalar that defines the moment of inertia, while for spatial movement the same calculations yield a 3 × 3 matrix of moments of inertia, called the inertia matrix or inertia tensor.
The moment of inertia of a rotating flywheel is used in a machine to resist variations in applied ... | 1,582 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
formula_6 around a principal axis, that is
If the angular momentum of a system is constant, then as the moment of inertia gets smaller, the angular velocity must increase. This occurs when spinning figure skaters pull in their outstretched arms or divers curl their bodies into a tuck position during ... | 1,583 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
distance formula_2 from the pivot point as,
Thus, moment of inertia depends on both the mass formula_3 of a body and its geometry, or shape, as defined by the distance formula_2 to the axis of rotation.
This simple formula generalizes to define moment of inertia for an arbitrarily shaped body as the... | 1,584 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
pendulum.
Moment of inertia can be measured using a simple pendulum, because it is the resistance to the rotation caused by gravity. Mathematically, the moment of inertia of the pendulum is the ratio of the torque due to gravity about the pivot of a pendulum to its angular acceleration about that piv... | 1,585 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
to and from the force to the torque axis, and formula_29 is the net force on the mass. Associated with this torque is an angular acceleration, formula_30, of the string and mass around this axis. Since the mass is constrained to a circle the tangential acceleration of the mass is formula_31. Since for... | 1,586 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
a simple pendulum, which is calculated from the velocity formula_39 of the pendulum mass around the pivot, where formula_40 is the angular velocity of the mass about the pivot point. This angular momentum is given by
using a similar derivation to the previous equation.
Similarly, the kinetic energy ... | 1,587 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
from an assembly of particles of continuous shape that rotates rigidly around a pivot. Its moment of inertia is the sum of the moments of inertia of each of the particles that it is composed of. The natural frequency (formula_45) of a compound pendulum depends on its moment of inertia, formula_46,
wh... | 1,588 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
pivot point formula_51 so that it swings freely in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the desired moment of inertia, then measure its natural frequency or period of oscillation (formula_52), to obtain
where formula_52 is the period (duration) of oscillation (usually averaged over multiple peri... | 1,589 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
around the center of mass of a body that has the same moment of inertia. The radius of gyration formula_19 is calculated from the body's moment of inertia formula_55 and mass formula_3 as the length
### Center of oscillation.
A simple pendulum that has the same natural frequency as a compound pendul... | 1,590 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
natural frequency of formula_69 for the pendulum. In this case, the distance to the center of oscillation, formula_5, can be computed to be
Notice that the distance to the center of oscillation of the seconds pendulum must be adjusted to accommodate different values for the local acceleration of grav... | 1,591 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
by three wires designed to oscillate in torsion around its vertical centroidal axis. The period of oscillation of the trifilar pendulum yields the moment of inertia of the system.
# Motion in a fixed plane.
## Point mass.
The moment of inertia about an axis of a body is calculated by summing formul... | 1,592 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
the kinetic energy of an assembly of formula_74 masses formula_75 that lie at the distances formula_76 from the pivot point formula_51, which is the nearest point on the axis of rotation. It is the sum of the kinetic energy of the individual masses,
This shows that the moment of inertia of the body i... | 1,593 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
many point particles. Thus the limits of summation are removed, and the sum is written as follows:
Another expression replaces the summation with an integral,
Here, the function formula_83 gives the mass density at each point formula_84, formula_28 is a vector perpendicular to the axis of rotation a... | 1,594 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
a plane and the second moment of area of a beam's cross-section are often confused. The moment of inertia of a body with the shape of the cross-section is the second moment of this area about the formula_89-axis perpendicular to the cross-section, weighted by its density. This is also called the "pola... | 1,595 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
around a pivot at the other end of the rod, begins with the calculation of the moment of inertia of the thin rod and thin disc about their respective centers of mass.
/math
where formula_94 is the mass of the rod.
where formula_101 is its mass.
where formula_5 is the length of the pendulum. Notice... | 1,596 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
point of the assembly.
As one more example, consider the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of constant density about an axis through its center of mass. This is determined by summing the moments of inertia of the thin discs that form the sphere. If the surface of the ball is defined by the equation... | 1,597 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
occurs around an axis formula_34 perpendicular to this plane. In this case, the moment of inertia of the mass in this system is a scalar known as the "polar moment of inertia". The definition of the polar moment of inertia can be obtained by considering momentum, kinetic energy and Newton's laws for t... | 1,598 |
157700 | Moment of inertia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment%20of%20inertia | Moment of inertia
movement the angular velocity vector is directed along the unit vector formula_122 which is perpendicular to the plane of movement. Introduce the unit vectors formula_123 from the reference point formula_116 to a point formula_125, and the unit vector formula_126, so
This defines the relative positio... | 1,599 |
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