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750113 | Clan Keith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan%20Keith | Clan Keith
4th Viscount Stonehaven, 4th Baron Stonehaven, 5th Baronet, 6th of Ury (b. 15 April 1976).
# Castles.
- Keith Marischal House, three miles south of Pencaitland, East Lothian, is an L-plan tower house that dates from the sixteenth century. It is on the site of an earlier castle that was built by the Keiths from the fourteenth century.
- Dunnottar Castle stands on a cliff-girt promontory above the sea a couple of miles south of Stonehaven, Kincardineshire. There has been a strong-hold there since the twelfth century, although it was held by the Keiths from 1382 after they exchanged their property of Struthers with the Clan Lindsay for Dunnottar. The present ruins at Dunnottar include a tower, | 15,500 |
750113 | Clan Keith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan%20Keith | Clan Keith
courtyard, chapel and the entrance to the castle that is up a steep ascent through a tunnel. Donald, King of Scots was killed there in 900 and William Wallace captured the castle from the English in 1297. Mary, Queen of Scots stayed at the castle in 1562 and James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose unsuccessfully laid siege to the castle in 1645. William Keith, 9th Earl Marischal entertained Charles II of England at the castle in 1650 and the Scottish regalia was kept there when Oliver Cromwell invaded in 1651. Cromwell besieged the castle in 1652 and it only capitulated after eight months by starvation and mutiny. The castle garrison had then been commanded by Sir Robert Keith, fourth son of | 15,501 |
750113 | Clan Keith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan%20Keith | Clan Keith
the 6th Earl Marischal. The castle was held for William of Orange in 1689 and many Jacobites were imprisoned in it. The Duke of Argyll partly slighted the castle after George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal had supported the Jacobite rising of 1715.
- Keith Hall in Aberdeenshire, once known as Caskieben, is the current seat of the chief of Clan Keith. It is a Z-plan tower house dating from the sixteenth century.
- Fetteresso Castle passed from the Clan Strachan to the Clan Keith chief, Earl Marischal during the early 14th century.
- Ackergill Tower, a couple of miles north of Wick, Caithness is a tower and mansion that dates from the fifteenth century. It rises to five storeys and was originally | 15,502 |
750113 | Clan Keith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan%20Keith | Clan Keith
held by the Cheynes but passed to the Keith Earls Marischal in about 1350. The Keiths who inhabited Caithness had a long and bitter feud with the Clan Gunn. In 1556 the Keiths were besieged in the castle by the Clan Sinclair before eventually selling it to them in 1612. Sir Robert Keith of Benholm had also once attacked the castle during a family dispute.
# Bibliography.
- References from the 1911 Encyclopædia: See
- "Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland", edited by J. Bain (4 vols., Edinburgh, 1881–1888); Peter Buchan,
- "An Account of the Ancient and Noble Family of Keith" (Edinburgh, 1828);
- "Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert Murray Keith", edited by Mrs. Gillespie Smyth | 15,503 |
750113 | Clan Keith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan%20Keith | Clan Keith
(London, 1849);
- John Spalding, "Memorials of the Troubles in Scotland, 1624–1645" (2 vols., Spalding Club Publ. 21, 23, Aberdeen, 1850–1851);
- Sir Robert Douglas, rev. John Philip Wood, "The Peerage of Scotland" (Edinburgh, 1813);
- G.E.C., "Complete Peerage", vol. iv (London, 1892).
- Homer Dixon B. "The Border or Riding Clans and History of Clan Dickson" Albany, New York Joel Munsell's Sons, Publishers 1889
- Alexander Nisbet. "Nisbet's System of Heraldry" published in Edinburgh 1722
- Frank Adam and Thomas Innes. "The Clans, Septs and Regiments of the Scottish Highlands" 1934
- Chris Brown. "Robert the Bruce, A Life Chronicled" Tempus Publishing Stroud 2004.
- "Liber S. Marie de | 15,504 |
750113 | Clan Keith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan%20Keith | Clan Keith
., "Complete Peerage", vol. iv (London, 1892).
- Homer Dixon B. "The Border or Riding Clans and History of Clan Dickson" Albany, New York Joel Munsell's Sons, Publishers 1889
- Alexander Nisbet. "Nisbet's System of Heraldry" published in Edinburgh 1722
- Frank Adam and Thomas Innes. "The Clans, Septs and Regiments of the Scottish Highlands" 1934
- Chris Brown. "Robert the Bruce, A Life Chronicled" Tempus Publishing Stroud 2004.
- "Liber S. Marie de Calchou : registrum cartarum abbacie tironensis de Kelso, 1113–1567", II vols. Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh 1846.
# External links.
- Clan Keith USA
- Clan Keith Society, Canada
- Keith Highlanders Pipe Band, Official Pipe Band of Clan Keith | 15,505 |
750170 | William H. Woodin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20H.%20Woodin | William H. Woodin
William H. Woodin
William Hartman Woodin (May 27, 1868 – May 3, 1934) was a U.S. industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Treasury under Franklin Roosevelt in 1933.
# Biography.
Woodin was born in Berwick, Pennsylvania. He was closely involved in Jackson and Woodin Manufacturing Company. His father, Clemuel Ricketts "Clement" Woodin, preceded him in the presidency of the company and his grandfather, also named William Hartman Woodin, was an early partner in the company. He was a member of the Union League Club of New York. Woodin graduated from Columbia College School of Mines in 1890.
Jackson & Woodin grew under this combined leadership to become the largest railroad car builder in the | 15,506 |
750170 | William H. Woodin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20H.%20Woodin | William H. Woodin
eastern United States, and was one of the 13 companies that merged in 1899 to form American Car and Foundry Company (ACF).
Woodin married Annie Jessup, on October 9, 1889. They had three daughters and one son: Mary, Annie Jessup, William Hartman, Jr., and Elizabeth Foster Woodin. They lived in New York City.
Woodin stayed on with ACF for a while after the merger.
Woodin worked up through ACF management to become president in 1916. He was a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1927 through 1932.
As Will Woodin, he collaborated with children's author Johnny Gruelle, composing music for the 1930 book "Raggedy Ann's Sunny Songs" and was the namesake of Gruelle's character Little | 15,507 |
750170 | William H. Woodin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20H.%20Woodin | William H. Woodin
Wooden Willie. In 1933, Woodin composed a march in honor of Roosevelt.
Woodin was a Republican businessman and was a major contributor to Roosevelt's campaign in 1932. Woodin served as the Treasury Secretary from March 4, 1933 until he resigned effective December 31, 1933. Because of his poor health, for some weeks in 1933 Treasury Under-Secretary Dean Acheson served as the Acting Secretary of the Treasury. Woodin was involved in major decisions that the new Roosevelt administration made to combat the Great Depression.
On March 4, 1933, when Roosevelt first took the oath of office, banks were closing their doors all over the United States as waves of panic led depositors to demand immediate | 15,508 |
750170 | William H. Woodin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20H.%20Woodin | William H. Woodin
payment of their money. Woodin was the point man in the administration's declaration of a "Bank Holiday" which closed every bank in the U.S. until bank examiners could determine which were sound enough to re-open. With "seals of approval" from the examiners, depositors regained confidence, and the vast majority left their money in bank deposits. This preceded the creation of deposit insurance and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation with the passage of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933.
Woodin also presided over the Roosevelt Administration's withdrawal from the international monetary conference in London and the decision to take the United States off the international gold standard there. | 15,509 |
750170 | William H. Woodin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20H.%20Woodin | William H. Woodin
While he was the Secretary of the Treasury, the Administration also began the decision-making process that eventually led to the administration's decision to buy all the gold in private hands in the United States (other than that used by dentists and jewelers) and then to raise the dollar price of gold, devaluing the dollar against gold.
Treasury Under Secretary Dean Acheson opposed FDR on the latter two decisions and was forced to resign in November 1933. Woodin was an avid coin collector and when gold was withdrawn from private hands, he made certain that an exception was put in place for "rare or unusual" coins.
From 1930 until 1934 he was a trustee of Lafayette College.
He died in New | 15,510 |
750170 | William H. Woodin | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20H.%20Woodin | William H. Woodin
ld in private hands in the United States (other than that used by dentists and jewelers) and then to raise the dollar price of gold, devaluing the dollar against gold.
Treasury Under Secretary Dean Acheson opposed FDR on the latter two decisions and was forced to resign in November 1933. Woodin was an avid coin collector and when gold was withdrawn from private hands, he made certain that an exception was put in place for "rare or unusual" coins.
From 1930 until 1934 he was a trustee of Lafayette College.
He died in New York City, New York, and was buried in Pine Grove Cemetery, near his birthplace of Berwick, Pennsylvania.
Woodin is the great-grandfather of mathematician W. Hugh Woodin. | 15,511 |
750182 | George David Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20David%20Woods | George David Woods
George David Woods
George David Woods (July 27, 1901 – August 20, 1982) was a U.S. banker. He served as President of the World Bank from January 1963 until March 1968.
# Biography.
George Woods was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1901. After completing high school he was employed as an office boy at Harris, Forbes & Co., an underwriting firm. At the company's urging, he attended night school in banking, and later became a buyer in the underwriting department. By the age of 26 he had been promoted to a vice president position. In 1930 the firm was acquired by Chase Bank, and Woods was made vice president of the new firm; he later became vice president and member of the board of First Boston | 15,512 |
750182 | George David Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20David%20Woods | George David Woods
Corporation, a newly formed securities company.
First Boston became one of the largest investment banking firms in the United States, and Woods played a major role in it. In 1947 he became one of two executive vice presidents, then in 1948 became chairman of the executive committee. Then, in 1951 Woods became chairman of the board.
# World Bank Service.
Woods tenure at the World Bank accompanied its transformation into a more global institution, One emphasis he had was to work to correct the disparity between rich and poor, and North and South. Under Woods, there was an increasing focus on economic analysis in determining root causes for constrained growth in developing nations, and less | 15,513 |
750182 | George David Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20David%20Woods | George David Woods
and North and South. Under Woods, there was an increasing focus on economic analysis in determining root causes for constrained growth in developing nations, and less focus on the basis determination of country creditworthiness.
Under his tenure, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) was established, which provided assurance for nervous private investors.
Woods was also leader of the World Bank during the effort to assist India, which resulted in the devaluation of the rupee in 1966.
# Honour.
## Foreign honour.
- : Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (1973)
# References.
- Biography of George David Woods (website) | 15,514 |
750186 | William Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Woods | William Woods
William Woods
William, Bill or Billy Woods may refer to:
# Sports.
- Billy Woods (Irish footballer) (born 1973), Irish semi-professional footballer
- Billy Woods (New Zealand footballer), New Zealand international football (soccer) player
- Bill Woods (Australian footballer) (1890–?), Australian rules footballer
# Politicians.
- William Woods (congressman) (1790–1837), U.S. Representative from New York, 1823–1825
- William Burnham Woods (1824–1887), American jurist, politician, and soldier
- William Woods (Irish politician) (died 1966), Irish politician
- William Carlton Woods (1891–1965), politician in Saskatchewan, Canada
# Others.
- William Aaron Woods (born 1942), researcher in | 15,515 |
750186 | William Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Woods | William Woods
language processing and semantics
- William Woods (officer of arms) (1785–1842), British officer of arms at the College of Arms in London
- William Allen Woods (1837–1901), U.S. federal judge
- William Woods University, university in Fulton, Missouri
- Billy Woods (rapper), American hip-hop artist
- William Maitland Woods (1864–1927), Australian Anglican minister, army chaplain and colonial militia
- William Cleaver Woods (1852–1943), physician, politician and pioneer in Australian medical science
- Bill Woods (born 1962), Australian television broadcaster
# See also.
- William Woods Holden (1818–1892), governor of North Carolina, 1865 and 1868–1871
- William Wood (disambiguation) | 15,516 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
Wycliffe (TV series)
Wycliffe is a British television series, based on W. J. Burley's novels about Detective Superintendent Charles Wycliffe. It was produced by HTV and broadcast on the ITV Network, following a pilot episode on 7 August 1993, between 24 July 1994 and 5 July 1998. The series was filmed in Cornwall, with a production office in Truro. Music for the series was composed by Nigel Hess, who was nominated for the Royal Television Society award for the best original television theme in 1997 . Wycliffe is played by Jack Shepherd, assisted by DI Doug Kersey (Jimmy Yuill) and DI Lucy Lane (Helen Masters).
Each episode deals with a murder investigation. In the early series, the stories | 15,517 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
are adapted from Burley's books and are in classic whodunit style, often with quirky characters and plot elements. In later seasons, the tone becomes more naturalistic and there is more emphasis on internal politics within the police.
# Setting and characters.
The Cornish setting is an important feature of the series, providing both picturesque landscapes and glimpses into the local way of life. Many characters work in the tourist industry. Problems of the region such as the struggling fishing industry, long-term unemployment, and prejudice against new age travellers are shown in various episodes. Wycliffe and his team are responsible for a large geographical area and often have to spend time | 15,518 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
away from home during an investigation. This can cause problems for Wycliffe, who is shown as a contented family man, married to a teacher (Lynn Farleigh) and with two teenage children; it also makes it difficult for Lane and Kersey, who are both single, to form relationships outside work.
Wycliffe's beat appears to cover mainly central and west Cornwall. There are frequent mentions of certain major towns, including the city of Truro, Newquay, Camborne and Penzance (these places were also used as locations). But others in the same area, such as Falmouth, St Austell and St Ives, figure less frequently, although Falmouth probably provided some of the backgrounds to scenes in 'Time Out', which | 15,519 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
is the only episode for which a fictional Cornish town ('Eastgate') was invented, complete with a red light district.
It is reasonable to assume that, as a Detective Superintendent, Wycliffe is the head of CID for one division, the boundary of which appears to run approximately from Padstow on the north coast to St Austell and Carlyon Bay on the south. He does not deal with places in north and east Cornwall, such as Bude or Launceston. Bodmin (actually mainly Bodmin Moor) features strongly in one episode, about the so-called Beast of Bodmin (which is said to be a big cat), but that's about as far east as Wycliffe ever gets. In the final episode ("Land's End") Wycliffe refers to Wadebridge, | 15,520 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
near Bodmin, as being on "the other side of the county".
One of the recurring characters who appeared in 22 episodes, Detective Constable Ian Potter, was played by Adam Barker (son of Ronnie Barker). Adam Barker was jailed in 2012 for possessing child pornography; he had been on the run for eight years.
## Miscellanea.
Wycliffe's hobby of playing jazz piano reflects Jack Shepherd's interest in music. Shepherd did all his own piano playing in the series. Helen Masters became pregnant at the beginning of Series 5 and storylines were adjusted so that her character D.I.Lane (later D.C.I. Lane) was also pregnant. Although the towns (apart from Eastgate) were real, fictional villages and hamlets | 15,521 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
featured in a number of episodes, while a station called 'Trewenna' in 'Dead on arrival' was actually St Erth, the main line junction for St Ives.
# Murder investigations and police themes.
The series shows detective and forensic work in a reasonably accurate way, but the emphasis is more on the human stories surrounding the murders. Wycliffe is a quiet, thoughtful man, a skilled observer of people and an astute interviewer, and these qualities enable him to solve the crimes.
Internal police politics provide slow-burning story arcs in the later series, with Wycliffe constantly having to deal with red tape, budget restraints and a blustering, image-obsessed Deputy Chief Constable. Lane is | 15,522 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
offered promotion, though she later realises she is being used to fulfil sexual equality quotas in the force rather than being judged on her ability; as a result there are tensions between her and Kersey, though they have previously been close. Kersey is the subject of an internal investigation and is forced to reconsider his future career after being accused of causing the death of a prisoner in custody.
Wycliffe's frequent meetings with the Deputy Chief Constable, Stevens, are slightly odd. In real life, there would almost certainly be a Detective Chief Superintendent as the head of CID throughout the force, who would report in turn to one of a series of Assistant Chief Constables, each with | 15,523 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
a particular responsibility such as Operations or Personnel. The Deputy Chief Constable is normally too senior to be troubled with operational details, unless a major crisis occurs.
The police force is described as "South West Constabulary", which is a fictional title. However, assuming that SWC covers at least Cornwall and Devon (which is a real force area), it is also strange that Stevens is so often on hand, and even appears to have an office in the Divisional HQ. Such a postholder would really be based at County HQ (in the case of the real life Devon and Cornwall Constabulary the HQ is at Exeter) and not be so free to get in Wycliffe's way.
A feature-length 'special' was filmed between | 15,524 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
Series 4 and Series 5, which ended with Wycliffe being shot by a criminal. During Series 5, he is shown struggling to recover from the trauma of this injury; the darker tone of this series culminates with Wycliffe falsely accused of a crime and only proven innocent at the last moment.
On occasion, the plot of an episode could anticipate events in real life. In the episode "Dead on arrival" (Series 3, Episode 1), broadcast on 9 June 1996, several illegal immigrants were found to be suffocated in an airtight container lorry. Four years later, fifty-eight illegal immigrants did indeed suffocate in a lorry in Dover, an event which inspired the Hong Kong action film "Stowaway".
# List of episodes.
Wycliffe | 15,525 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
ran for five series from 24 July 1994 to 5 July 1998, and included a pilot episode (originally shown on 7 August 1993) and a Christmas special shown between the fourth and fifth series.
Notes:br
## Series 1.
The first series of "Wycliffe" was originally aired on ITV in the summer of 1994.
The pilot episode was originally aired one year earlier than the commissioned first series, in the summer of 1993. The cast of the pilot differs from that used for the commissioned series; Jack Shepherd plays Wycliffe in both the pilot and the commissioned series.
Notes:
## Series 2.
The second series of "Wycliffe" was originally aired on ITV in the summer of 1995.
## Series 3.
The third series of | 15,526 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
"Wycliffe" was originally aired on ITV in the summer of 1996. There was a short hiatus in the third series due to ITV's coverage of the Euro '96 football tournament.
## Series 4.
The fourth series of "Wycliffe" was originally aired on ITV in the summer of 1997.
## Series 5.
The final series of "Wycliffe" was originally aired on ITV in the summer of 1998. The Christmas special was originally aired about five months earlier in December 1997.
The fifth and final series saw Jack Shepherd directing two episodes: "On Offer"; and "Standing Stone". During the filming of this series, Jimmy Yuill fell ill with meningitis. While he was in hospital the production company (HTV) terminated his contract. | 15,527 |
750157 | Wycliffe (TV series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wycliffe%20(TV%20series) | Wycliffe (TV series)
Shepherd directing two episodes: "On Offer"; and "Standing Stone". During the filming of this series, Jimmy Yuill fell ill with meningitis. While he was in hospital the production company (HTV) terminated his contract. Though he made a full recovery, HTV refused to allow him to return to the programme, apparently for insurance reasons. This caused considerable ill-feeling, and Jack Shepherd made it clear he did not wish to continue as Wycliffe. ITV did not recommission the programme.
Notes:
# Home Media.
All five series were released individually on DVD in the UK by Network between 27 July 2009, and 21 February 2011.
# External links.
- "Wycliffe on Television" page at www.wjburley.com | 15,528 |
750185 | Steve Tibbetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve%20Tibbetts | Steve Tibbetts
Steve Tibbetts
Steve Tibbetts (born 1954) is an American guitarist and composer. He views the recording studio as a tool for creating sounds. Most of his albums include percussionist Marc Anderson.
# Style.
Tibbetts plays acoustic and electric guitar and exotic percussive instruments such as the kendang and kalimba. His music has been described as rock, jazz, rock, ambient, experimental, and world music. Tibbets refers to it as "postmodern neo-primitivism". Often more than one genre or style is found in a single composition.
On guitar he uses a string-bending technique to imitate a sarangi while alternating between ambient soundscapes and electric distortion. He incorporates field recording, | 15,529 |
750185 | Steve Tibbetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve%20Tibbetts | Steve Tibbetts
such as the footsteps in the track "Running" from "Safe Journey" and the chanting of Nepalese villagers on "Big Map Idea". His albums often include percussion by Marc Anderson. The album "A Man About a Horse" included tracks based on rhythms built from different pitches and speeds. These recordings were then sampled, sequenced, and looped on synthesizers. He stated, "I go back and forth between the sampler and tape machine so much—looping, cutting, offsetting, and layering—that eventually I don't know where the sounds come from." A collection of his loops and textures entitled "Friendly Fire" was released in 2002 by Sonic Foundry for their "Acid Loops" series.
# History.
Tibbetts was born | 15,530 |
750185 | Steve Tibbetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve%20Tibbetts | Steve Tibbetts
in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1954. When he was twelve years old, he started to play guitar was attracted to the electric distortion of the Blind Joe Mendelbaum Blues Band. He went to college in St. Paul, Minnesota, where he experimented with distortion pedals and other devices that could be plugged into a guitar. He met drummer Marc Anderson in college, and the two began a lifelong collaboration. Tibbetts has cited jazz guitarist Bill Connors as an influence and the fingerstyle technique of Harvey Mandel.
His first album, released in 1976, received attention on Minnesota public radio. His second, "Yr" (Frammis, 1977) was the first to be recorded with Anderson. His first album for a major label | 15,531 |
750185 | Steve Tibbetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve%20Tibbetts | Steve Tibbetts
was "Northern Song" for ECM in 1982. This was an attempt to fit into producer Manfred Eicher's style of recording in two or three days. "Northern Song" received scathing reviews. Tibbetts returned to his method of recording slowly over a period of months or longer. His subsequent records gained better reviews. He released five albums in the 1980s, three in the 1990s. He has collaborated with Norwegian hardingfele player Knut Hamre and Tibetan Buddhist nun Chöying Drolma.
Tibbetts stopped doing live performances regularly in the mid-1980s. Tibbetts and Anderson have toured on other occasions, including a 1988 YR tour, a 1991–1992 Big Map Idea tour, and shows with Chöying Drolma in 1997, 1999, | 15,532 |
750185 | Steve Tibbetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve%20Tibbetts | Steve Tibbetts
and 2005. Starting in the late 1980s he travelled extensively in Nepal, which is where he met Drolma. Their first collaboration, "Chö", was not intended as a commercial record but it was released and gained some positive notice. The second album, "Selwa", was a more carefully considered collaboration and was praised as a successful meeting between different musical traditions. These albums helped establish Drolma's career on the Nepalese music chart.
# Discography.
- "Steve Tibbetts" (Frammis, 1977)
- "Yr" (Frammis, 1980)
- "Northern Song" (ECM, 1982)
- "Safe Journey" (ECM, 1984)
- "Exploded View" (ECM, 1986)
- "Big Map Idea" (ECM, 1989)
- "The Fall of Us All" (ECM, 1994)
- "Chö" (Hannibal, | 15,533 |
750185 | Steve Tibbetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve%20Tibbetts | Steve Tibbetts
a more carefully considered collaboration and was praised as a successful meeting between different musical traditions. These albums helped establish Drolma's career on the Nepalese music chart.
# Discography.
- "Steve Tibbetts" (Frammis, 1977)
- "Yr" (Frammis, 1980)
- "Northern Song" (ECM, 1982)
- "Safe Journey" (ECM, 1984)
- "Exploded View" (ECM, 1986)
- "Big Map Idea" (ECM, 1989)
- "The Fall of Us All" (ECM, 1994)
- "Chö" (Hannibal, 1997) with Chöying Drolma
- "A Man About a Horse" (ECM, 2002)
- "Selwa" (Six Degrees, 2004) with Chöying Drolma
- "Natural Causes" (ECM, 2010)
- "Life Of" (ECM, 2018)
# External links.
- Encyclopedia of Progressive Rock's entry on Steve Tibbetts | 15,534 |
750194 | 99 Posse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99%20Posse | 99 Posse
99 Posse
99 Posse is an Italian hip hop/reggae group from Naples. It raps both in Italian and in the local Naples dialect. Most of 99 Posse's songs deal with political or social issues, and the group members are considered left-wing hardliners. As a showing of their activism, all of the group's albums have been released with a "prezzo politico" ("political price"): each CD displays a sticker saying "Don't pay more than...". For "99 Posse", this means "putting into practice a specific understanding about their relationship with the market, a sort of ideal practice." The group has gained popularity in Italy through its songs and its voicing of progressive political causes.
Its first album, "Curre | 15,535 |
750194 | 99 Posse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99%20Posse | 99 Posse
Curre Guagliò" (1993), was mainly influenced by reggae and world music. Subsequent albums, "Cerco Tiempo" (1996) and "Corto Circuito" (1998), included new styles like drum 'n bass and trip hop. "Curre Curre Guaglio" was self-produced, but rose from its underground status to become an iconic album and cultural manifesto that eventually inspired the film "Sud" by Oscar-winning director Gabriele Salvatores. The group also has its own record label, Novenove, which works to promote underground artists.
On July 18, 2009 they came back without Meg in Naples, during a concert created by movements against repression and the blocking of 21 activists for G8 in Turin's university.
# Band members.
## | 15,536 |
750194 | 99 Posse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99%20Posse | 99 Posse
Former members.
- Luca "'O Zulù" Persico - vocals
- Marco "Kaya Pezz8" Messina - sampler and dub master
- Massimo "JRM" Jovine - bass
- Sacha Ricci - keyboard
- Claudio "Clark Kent" Marino - drums
## Ex-members.
- Maria "Meg" Di Donna - vocals
# Bibliography.
- Behan, Tom. (2007) "Putting spanners in the works: the politics of the 99 Posse". Popular Music 26.03, 497-504.
- Cavallo, Vincenzo; Chambers, Iain. (n.d.). "Neapolitan Nights: from Vesuvian Blues to Planetary Vibes"
- Dello Iacovo, Rosario. (2014) Curre curre guagliò: Storie dei 99 Posse. Milan: Baldini&Castoldi.
- Dines, Nick. (1999) "Centri sociali: occupazioni autogestite a Napoli negli anni novanta", Quaderni di sociologia, | 15,537 |
750194 | 99 Posse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99%20Posse | 99 Posse
Iacovo, Rosario. (2014) Curre curre guagliò: Storie dei 99 Posse. Milan: Baldini&Castoldi.
- Dines, Nick. (1999) "Centri sociali: occupazioni autogestite a Napoli negli anni novanta", Quaderni di sociologia, 43(21), 90-111.
- Messina, Marcello. (2016) "Cattivi guagliuni: the identity politics of 99 Posse". In P. Guerra, & T. Moreira (Eds.), Keep it Simple, Make it Fast! An approach to underground music scenes, Vol. 2, (pp. 131-136). Porto: University of Porto. Faculty of Arts and Humanities.
- Pugliese, Joseph. (2008). "Whiteness and the blackening of Italy: La guerra cafona, extracomunitari and provisional street justice". PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 5(2). | 15,538 |
750177 | Harry Hines Woodring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry%20Hines%20Woodring | Harry Hines Woodring
Harry Hines Woodring
Harry Hines Woodring (May 31, 1887September 9, 1967) was an American politician. A Democrat, he was the 25th Governor of Kansas and was Secretary of War in President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's administration from 1936 to 1940. He was also the United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1933 to 1936.
# Biography.
Harry Hines Woodring was born in 1887 in Elk City, Kansas, the son of farmer and Union Army soldier Hines Woodring. He was educated in city and county schools and at sixteen began work as a janitor in the First National Bank of Neodesha, Kansas. He attended Lebanon Business University in Lebanon, Indiana for one year, which gained him employment as a bookkeeper | 15,539 |
750177 | Harry Hines Woodring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry%20Hines%20Woodring | Harry Hines Woodring
and assistant cashier of the First National Bank in Elk City.
# Career.
Woodring soon became assistant cashier at the First National Bank of Neodesha. Woodring moved up quickly to become vice president and owner of the bank until he enlisted as a private in the US Army. He was later commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Tank Corps in World War I. He was elected department commander of the American Legion in Kansas then in 1928 he sold his banking business to enter politics.
Woodring won the Kansas gubernatorial election of 1930 in a controversial three-way race with Republican Frank Haucke and write-in candidate and goat-gland transplantation specialist, John Brinkley. Brinkley won the | 15,540 |
750177 | Harry Hines Woodring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry%20Hines%20Woodring | Harry Hines Woodring
most votes, but the state only counted ballots with "J. R. Brinkley" written in, disqualifying tens of thousands of ballots with variants like "John Brinkley" written in. Woodring himself admitted he would have lost, had all Brinkley's votes been counted. Woodring served as governor of Kansas from 1931 to 1933. As the only Democrat elected to a statehouse office, his efforts to cut expenditures were largely blocked by Republicans, so he cut his own salary and the Highway Department, the one place where Democrats had control.
Woodring ran for re-election in 1932, but lost to Republican Alf Landon in a three-way race, again featuring John Brinkley.
On July 25, 1933, Woodring married Helen Coolidge, | 15,541 |
750177 | Harry Hines Woodring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry%20Hines%20Woodring | Harry Hines Woodring
with whom had three children. Coolidge was the daughter of United States Senator Marcus A. Coolidge.
Woodring served as Assistant Secretary of War from 1933 to 1936, with supervision over procurement matters. He was promoted and served as Secretary of War under President Franklin Roosevelt from 1936 to 1940. He projected the recommendations of his predecessor for increasing the strength of the Regular Army, National Guard, and the Reserve Corps. During his tenure he directed a revision of mobilization plans to bring personnel and procurement into balance and stressed the need to perfect the initial (peacetime) protective force.
A strict non-interventionist, Woodring came under pressure from | 15,542 |
750177 | Harry Hines Woodring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry%20Hines%20Woodring | Harry Hines Woodring
other cabinet members to resign in the first year of World War II. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes met with Roosevelt at least twice to call for Woodring's firing, but FDR was at first unwilling to do so, instead appointing outspoken interventionist Louis A. Johnson as Woodring's assistant secretary of war. Woodring and Johnson were immediately at odds, and quickly reached the point where they refused to speak to each other. On June 20, 1940, Roosevelt ended the struggle by finally firing Woodring, replacing him with long-time Republican politician Henry Stimson. Woodring remained isolationist, opposing the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940.
Woodring ran unsuccessfully for Governor | 15,543 |
750177 | Harry Hines Woodring | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry%20Hines%20Woodring | Harry Hines Woodring
g, replacing him with long-time Republican politician Henry Stimson. Woodring remained isolationist, opposing the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940.
Woodring ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Kansas in 1946, and for the Democratic Party nomination for that post in 1956.
# Death.
Woodring died following of stroke in Topeka, Kansas, on September 9, 1967. He is interred at the Mount Hope Cemetery in Topeka.
# Further reading.
- Book Reviews From "Parameters", Autumn 2006, pp. 124–49.
# External links.
- National Governors Association
- Kansapedia
- The Evening Independent
- Publications concerning Kansas Governor Woodring's administration available via the KGI Online Library | 15,544 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
Osoyoos
Osoyoos (, ) is the southernmost town in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia between Penticton and Omak. The town is north of the United States border with Washington state and is adjacent to the Osoyoos Indian Reserve. The origin of the name Osoyoos was the word "sẁiẁs" (pronounced "soo-yoos") meaning "narrowing of the waters" in the local Okanagan language ("Syilx'tsn"). The "O-" prefix is not indigenous in origin and was attached by settler-promoters wanting to harmonize the name with other place names beginning with O in the Okanagan region (Oliver, Omak, Oroville, Okanogan). There is one local newspaper, the "Osoyoos Times".
The town’s population of 5,085 (2016) swells in the | 15,545 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
summer months with seasonal visitors. Seniors (age 65 and over) comprise 43% of the town population. Another 1,858 people live around the town within Electoral Area A of the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen, and 762 more in the Osoyoos 1 Indian Reserve.
# History.
Aboriginal people have lived in the Osoyoos area for thousands of years, as evidenced by rock and an oral tradition explaining their history before Europeans arrived to the valley in 1811.
The first Europeans to Osoyoos were fur traders working for the Pacific Fur Company, an American enterprise. They ventured up the Okanagan River to Osoyoos Lake and farther north. After the Hudson’s Bay Company took over the fur trade | 15,546 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
in 1821, the Okanagan Valley became a major trade route for supplies to inland forts of British Columbia and furs that were shipped south to the Columbia River and the Pacific to European and Asian markets. The final Hudson’s Bay Company brigade in 1860 was the end of an era, as gold rushes transformed the economy of the new Colony of British Columbia. As parties of miners headed for the Fraser goldfields via the Okanagan Trail, they commonly met conflict with the Okanagan people.
Thousands of miners heading to the goldfields and drovers with large herds of livestock crossed the 49th parallel after 1858. A custom house was built in Osoyoos in 1861 with John Carmichael Haynes as the tax collector. | 15,547 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
Haynes was also the first pioneer settler who obtained land along the Okanagan River north of Osoyoos that had been part of the Osoyoos Indian Reserve established by the Joint Indian Reserve Commission in 1877. These lands, now known as the Haynes Lease lands, can still be visited today and are home to an original barn.
Osoyoos was incorporated as a village in 1946 when the railway arrived and became a town in the 1980s. The railway was discontinued, and its stationhouse and grounds now serve as the Osoyoos Sailing Club.
# Location, geography, and ecology.
Osoyoos is situated on the east-west Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) with a significant ascent out of the Okanagan Valley in either direction. | 15,548 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
The Crowsnest headed east begins with an switchback up the flank of the Okanagan Highland with a rise to the mining and ranching region of Anarchist Mountain, which is part of the Boundary Country (the stretch of rising highway is also referred to as Anarchist Mountain). Highway 3 westbound leads to Keremeos and the Similkameen Valley via Richter Pass. On Highway 97 south is a 24-hour border crossing between Canada and the United States between Osoyoos and Oroville, Washington. The Canada–United States border is located south of the Highway 3 and 97 intersection on the northwest side of town.
The town is situated on Osoyoos Lake, which has a perimeter of , an elevation of , a maximum depth | 15,549 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
of , and a mean depth of . The lake’s elevation marks the lowest point in Canada of the Okanagan Valley.
The far southern reaches of the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys are part of a threatened ecosystem in Canada known as shrub-steppe. Specifically, the ecosystem of the area is named after the antelope brush plant typical of the local climate. This ecosystem was once more prevalent in the South Okanagan but is now becoming fragmented and degraded due to the spread of agriculture, urban development, and other human activities.
Since 2003, a feasibility study by Parks Canada has been going on to determine the need for protection of a large area of grasslands west of the town known as the South | 15,550 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
Okanagan-Lower Similkameen National Park Reserve Feasibility Study.
# Climate.
The climate, according to the Köppen climate classification, is cold semiarid (""BSk"") with summers that are generally hot and dry. September and October are usually dry and sunny with cool mornings. Winters are short and mild by Canadian standards, and usually dry, but can be cold for brief periods during Arctic outflow conditions bringing sporadic snowfall. Spring arrives earlier than other parts of the Okanagan. Osoyoos averages 7 months at or above .
During the summer, the southern Okanagan Valley is on average one of the hottest areas in Canada during the day. Temperatures exceed on average 17 days per summer, | 15,551 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
sometimes topping . Although days are hot, the humidity is low and nights cool adequately. Daytime temperatures are the hottest in Canada as Osoyoos has the highest average annual daily maximum temperature in Canada as per table below. However, the summer mean is higher in Windsor in Ontario due to warmer nights where July averages . The USDA places Osoyoos in Plant Hardiness Zone 7a.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Osoyoos was on 27 July 1998. The highest daytime low temperature was on 25 July 2006. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 31 December 1968, 23 January 1969, and 29 December 1990.
Average number of days:
- above 20 °C (68 °F): 142.4
- above 30 °C (86 °F): 36.0
- | 15,552 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
above 35 °C (95 °F): 5.3
# Agriculture.
Although the fruit-growing possibilities were noticed by early settlers, the first commercial orchard in the area was not established until 1907, growing cherries, apricots, nectarines, peaches, plums, pears and apples. Osoyoos Orchard Limited was formed in 1920 and an irrigation project was planned which finally brought water to the west bench via “The Ditch” in 1927. The former shrub-steppe environment was transformed into a lush agricultural belt and Osoyoos promoted “the earliest fruit in Canada”.
Today, the area continues to produce tree fruits. Aside from tourism, agriculture is a major component of the local economy, as is evident by the abundant | 15,553 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
produce stands along Highways 3 and 97, and the numerous commercial orchards surrounding the town. With the growing popularity of viticulture, some of these orchards are being converted to vineyards, as the area is a major wine-producing region of Canada. After clearing of mainly sagebrush, parcels of bench land have been replanted for viticulture.
The vast majority of the land in the valley bottom surrounding the town is protected by the Agricultural Land Reserve which prevents valuable agricultural lands from being converted into other uses.
# Tourism.
Tourism in the Osoyoos area has become a large contributor to the local economy. This tourism is brought on by the many amenities in the | 15,554 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
Osoyoos area.
Osoyoos Lake is "the warmest freshwater lake in Canada" according to the town of Osoyoos and the BC Parks System, with reported average summer water temperatures of 24 °C (75 °F). The lake is surrounded by kilometres of beaches (public and private), parks and picnic grounds, such as Gyro Beach, Lions Centennial Park, Kinsmen Park, Legion Beach and Sẁiẁs Provincial Park. There are also major plans to revitalize the waterfront along the town core, spurred on by recent major developments such as the Watermark Beach Resort which include increased public space and an expanded marina.
Spotted Lake is a saline endorheic alkali lake located northwest of Osoyoos.
There are two centres | 15,555 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
dedicated to preserving the ecosystem of the Okanagan Desert. The Osoyoos Desert Centre is located north of Osoyoos off Highway 97, while the Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre is located adjacent to the Nk'mip Winery on the Osoyoos Indian Reserve.
The area is served by three 18-hole golf courses - Osoyoos Golf Club, Fairview Mountain Golf Club (Oliver) and the Nk’Mip Canyon Desert Golf Course (Oliver) - and one nine-hole course, Sonora Dunes (Osoyoos).
# Demographics.
The town's popularity among retirees is reflected in the age of the average resident at 55.4 years (2016) compared to 40.8 years for the rest of the population of British Columbia. The average age of the Osoyoos senior population | 15,556 |
750154 | Osoyoos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osoyoos | Osoyoos
ntain Golf Club (Oliver) and the Nk’Mip Canyon Desert Golf Course (Oliver) - and one nine-hole course, Sonora Dunes (Osoyoos).
# Demographics.
The town's popularity among retirees is reflected in the age of the average resident at 55.4 years (2016) compared to 40.8 years for the rest of the population of British Columbia. The average age of the Osoyoos senior population is second in Canada only to Qualicum Beach, BC (60.1 years).
The town is served by a high school, Osoyoos Secondary School.
# Notable people.
- Chuck Kobasew - retired professional hockey player
- Jack B. Newton - amateur astronomer
- Alison Smith - television journalist and anchor
# External links.
- Town of Osoyoos | 15,557 |
750215 | Fannett | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fannett | Fannett
Fannett
Fannett can refer to:
- Fannett Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania
- Fannett, Texas | 15,558 |
750176 | Edita Gruberová | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edita%20Gruberová | Edita Gruberová
Edita Gruberová
Edita Gruberová (born 23 December 1946), is a Slovak coloratura soprano. She is noted for her great tonal clarity, agility, dramatic power, endurance, and ability to sing high notes with great power and sustained vocal consistency, which made her an ideal Queen of the Night in her early years. In recent years, she has enjoyed huge success with a number of the most important bel canto roles.
# Education.
Gruberová began her musical studies at Bratislava Conservatory where she was a student of Mária Medvecká. She then continued at Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava (VŠMU). While studying, she was a singer of the Lúčnica folk ensemble and appeared several times in the Slovak | 15,559 |
750176 | Edita Gruberová | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edita%20Gruberová | Edita Gruberová
National Theatre.
# Career.
In 1968, Gruberová made her operatic debut in Bratislava as Rosina in "The Barber of Seville". After winning a singing competition in Toulouse, she was then engaged as a soloist of the opera ensemble of the "J. G. Tajovský Theatre" in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, from 1968 to 1970. Since communist Czechoslovakia was going through a period called Normalization, during which the borders were closed with non-communist countries, Medvecká surreptitiously arranged for an audition for Gruberová in the summer of 1969 at Vienna State Opera, which immediately engaged her. The following year, she made her first major breakthrough when she sang the Queen of the Night. Gruberová | 15,560 |
750176 | Edita Gruberová | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edita%20Gruberová | Edita Gruberová
then decided to emigrate to the West. In subsequent years, she became a soloist in Vienna and was invited to sing at many of the most important opera houses in the world, especially in coloratura roles.
Gruberová made her debut at Glyndebourne in 1973 and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1977, both as the Queen of the Night. In 1977, she first appeared at the Salzburg Festival, as Thibault in "Don Carlo", under Herbert von Karajan. In 1982, she appeared opposite Ingvar Wixell and Luciano Pavarotti in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's film of "Rigoletto". Gruberová made her Royal Opera House début as Giulietta in Bellini's "I Capuleti e i Montecchi" in 1984. Other important roles she has sung include Zerbinetta, | 15,561 |
750176 | Edita Gruberová | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edita%20Gruberová | Edita Gruberová
Gilda, Violetta, Lucia, Konstanze, Manon and Oscar; she sang Donna Anna at La Scala in 1987, Marie in "La fille du régiment" in 1987, "Semiramide" in 1992 at Zürich, Queen Elizabeth I in Donizetti's "Roberto Devereux" in Vienna in 1990. In 2003, she added title role in "Norma" to her repertoire, and sang it in Munich in 2008/09.
She is an Austrian Kammersängerin and honorary member of the Vienna State Opera.
Gruberová has made many recordings, most notably in recent years full-length recordings and extended selections from Donizetti's Tudor Queens trilogy and other "bel canto" operas, lately exclusively on Nightingale label. More than a dozen of her filmed and televised opera appearances have | 15,562 |
750176 | Edita Gruberová | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edita%20Gruberová | Edita Gruberová
many recordings, most notably in recent years full-length recordings and extended selections from Donizetti's Tudor Queens trilogy and other "bel canto" operas, lately exclusively on Nightingale label. More than a dozen of her filmed and televised opera appearances have been released on DVD, including "Die Zauberflöte", "Così fan tutte", "Die Entführung aus dem Serail", "Ariadne auf Naxos", "Norma", "Manon", "Beatrice di Tenda", "Lucrezia Borgia", and "Linda di Chamounix".
# Further reading.
- Niel Rishoi, "Edita Gruberová. Ein Portrait", Atlantis Musikbuch, Zürich and Mayence, 1996,
# External links.
- Bayerische Staatsoper mediathek where clips of Gruberová in performances can be found | 15,563 |
750212 | John VIII of Constantinople | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20VIII%20of%20Constantinople | John VIII of Constantinople
John VIII of Constantinople
John VIII Xiphilinos (; c. 1010 – 2 August 1075), a native of Trebizond, was a Byzantine intellectual and Patriarch of Constantinople from 1064–1075. He was the uncle of John Xiphilinos the Epimator. He is considered "an innovator in the field of the methodology of jurisprudential research."
# Biography.
John Xiphilinos was born in Trebizond. He pursued studies at the University of Constantinople and eventually became "nomophylax" of its School of Law. Later he became a monk and was eventually selected by Emperor Constantine X (1059–67) to succeed Constantine Leichoudes.
In 1072 John VIII presided over an assembly of metropolitans and archbishops at the oratory | 15,564 |
750212 | John VIII of Constantinople | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20VIII%20of%20Constantinople | John VIII of Constantinople
of Saint Alexius in which the question of the election of bishops to vacant sees was discussed. Michael Keroularios had forbidden metropolitans who were resident in Constantinople from participating in such elections. John, however, recognized that metropolitans sometimes had to remain for a long period in the capital due to ecclesiastical business or illness. The assembly with John's consent decreed that metropolitans who gave the patriarch advance notification of their intent could again vote while resident in Constantinople. After his death his remains were buried at the monastery of Angourion on 2 August 1075.
One of the leading Byzantine intellectuals of his day and a leader of legal studies, | 15,565 |
750212 | John VIII of Constantinople | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20VIII%20of%20Constantinople | John VIII of Constantinople
illness. The assembly with John's consent decreed that metropolitans who gave the patriarch advance notification of their intent could again vote while resident in Constantinople. After his death his remains were buried at the monastery of Angourion on 2 August 1075.
One of the leading Byzantine intellectuals of his day and a leader of legal studies, Xiphilinos was exiled, became a monk, and then was made Ecumenical Patriarch.
John VIII also wrote a hagiography of Saint Eugenios of Trebizond.
# Feast day.
John VIII has been canonized in the Eastern Orthodox Church and his feast day is celebrated on August 30.
# External links.
- John VIII Xiphilinos – Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World | 15,566 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
Joseph Emerson Worcester
Joseph Emerson Worcester (August 24, 1784 – October 27, 1865) was an American lexicographer who was the chief competitor to Noah Webster of "Webster's Dictionary" in the mid-nineteenth-century. Their rivalry became known as the "dictionary wars". Worcester's dictionaries focused on traditional pronunciation and spelling, unlike Noah Webster's attempts to Americanize words. Worcester was respected by American writers and his dictionary maintained a strong hold on the American marketplace until a later, posthumous version of Webster's book appeared in 1864. After Worcester's death in 1865, their war ended.
# Biography.
## Early life.
Worcester was born August 24, 1784, | 15,567 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
in Bedford, New Hampshire, and worked on a farm in his youth, entering Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1805. In 1809, he entered Yale University and graduated in two years. He began a school in Salem, Massachusetts in March 1812, but gave up on the project by 1815. One of his students had been a young Nathaniel Hawthorne; Worcester tutored Hawthorne privately at the boy's home. During this time, Worcester worked on several works on geography, including "A Geographical Dictionary, or Universal Gazetteer, Ancient and Modern", which was published in 1817. In 1823, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences He wrote a much-used textbook, "Elements of History, Ancient and | 15,568 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
Modern, accompanied by an Historical Atlas", published in 1827. Worcester collected philological works and wrote a journal in Europe in 1831. For many years, he co-edited the annual "American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge". He earned LL.D. degrees from Brown University (1847) and Dartmouth College (1856).
## Dictionary war.
Worcester's first edited dictionary was an abridgment of Samuel Johnson's "English Dictionary, as Improved by Todd, and Abridged by Chalmers; with Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary Combined", published in the United States in 1827, the year before Noah Webster's "American Dictionary" appeared. Having worked as an assistant on the production of Webster's dictionary, | 15,569 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
he produced an abridgment of Webster's work in 1829. Worcester believed that Webster's dictionary sacrificed tradition and elegance. Worcester's version added new words, excluded etymology, and focused on pronunciation.
Worcester published his "Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory English Dictionary" in 1830, inciting charges of plagiarism from Webster. Worcester protested that he had worked on his dictionary before working for Webster and had used his own research. Webster's first accusations against Worcester were in March 1831, when he wrote to ask if Worcester had taken many definitions from his own work. Worcester replied, "No, not many." Accusation became attack in 1834, the Worcester, | 15,570 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
Massachusetts-based "Palladium" published an article that called Worcester's book "a gross plagiarism" and stated that its author "pilfer[ed] the products of the mind, as readily as... the common thief." Webster later published an open letter to Worcester in the "Palladium" dated January 25, 1835, accusing Worcester of stealing the definitions of 121 words, claiming their definitions were not published in any other dictionary and challenging Worcester to prove otherwise. Worcester responded saying that the burden of proof fell on Webster but provided his sources anyway. In what is often referred to as the "dictionary wars", rivalry and contention between the two dictionaries continued beyond | 15,571 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
Webster's death in 1843, and long after with Webster's successor, the G. & C. Merriam Company, which bought rights to the "American Dictionary".
Worcester continued to revise his dictionary, producing "A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language" in 1846. When a British edition of the work stated that it was based on the work of Noah Webster, and omitted Worcester's introductory statement claiming otherwise, he responded with "A Gross Literary Fraud Exposed".
In 1860, Worcester published "A Dictionary of the English Language", a substantially revised and expanded work which was soon recognized as a major English language dictionary. The first copies were electrotype printed | 15,572 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
at the Boston Stereotype Foundry. The dictionary featured numerous illustrations throughout the text, a relatively new innovation. However, Worcester's work was not technically the first American dictionary to feature illustrations. Having heard about the plans for Worcester's new edition, Webster's publishers, George and Charles Merriam, rushed to put out a similar work. They managed to publish a Pictorial Edition of Webster's "American Dictionary" in 1859. The Pictorial Edition was basically a reprint of the 1847 "American Dictionary", with engravings taken from the Imperial Dictionary of the English Language. More competition arrived in the form of the Merriam's revised edition of Webster's | 15,573 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
"American Dictionary", which appeared in 1864. Worcester's dictionary was posthumously revised in 1886, but was eclipsed by "Webster's International" and other dictionaries of the 1890s.
## Marriage and family.
In 1841 he married Amy Elizabeth McKean; the couple had no children. McKean, daughter of the founder of Harvard College's Porcellian Club, had previously served as a teacher after taking over the post of Sophia Ripley.
Around this time, Worcester was living in the Craigie House in Cambridge, Massachusetts, renting rooms from the widow of Andrew Craigie, first apothecary general of the United States. When Mrs. Craigie died, Worcester rented out the entire house from her heirs and subleased | 15,574 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
rooms to the poet and professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. In 1843, after the house was purchased by Nathan Appleton on Longfellow's behalf, Worcester rented a portion of the house from Longfellow until the construction of his own home a few doors down was completed that spring. The home is still standing at 121 Brattle Street in Cambridge.
## Death.
Worcester died on October 27, 1865. He is interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The historian Howard Jackson notes it was not until Worcester's death that the "dictionary war" was finally over.
# Critical response and legacy.
Unlike Webster, Worcester adhered to British pronunciation and spellings, calling them "better", | 15,575 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
"more accurate", "more harmonious and agreeable". He opposed Webster's phonetic spelling reforms (e.g. "tuf" for "tough", "dawter" for "daughter"), to Webster's disapproval. The 20th century lexicographer and scholar James Sledd noted that the commercial rivalry between the two attracted significant public interest in lexicography and dictionaries. It was not until 1864, when the much-improved "Webster-Mahn Dictionary", which completely revised etymologies, was published, that the Worcester dictionary was outsold in the American marketplace.
Worcester sent a copy of one of his dictionaries to the author Washington Irving, who predicted it would be used "to supply the wants of common schools". | 15,576 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
Though Webster's dictionary was the more popular, Worcester's book proved to be a favorite among writers. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. wrote that the book was one "on which, as is well known, the literary men of this metropolis are by special statute allowed to be sworn in place of the Bible." Edward Everett Hale wrote of the 1860 "Dictionary of the English Language": "We have at last a good dictionary."
# Works.
- "A Geographical Dictionary, or Universal Gazetteer, Ancient and Modern" (1817, enlarged 1823)
- "A Gazetteer of the United States" (1818)
- "Elements of Geography, Ancient and Modern" (1819)
- "Sketches of the Earth and its Inhabitants" (1823)
- "Elements of History, Ancient and | 15,577 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
Modern, accompanied by an Historical Atlas" (1826)
- "Epitome of History" (reissue of above, 1827)
- "Outlines of Scripture Geography" (1828)
- "Johnson's Dictionary, as improved by Todd and abridged by Chalmers, with Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary combined, to which is added Walker's Key" (1828)
- "A Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language with Pronouncing Vocabularies" (1830)
- "A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language" (1846)
- "A Gross Literary Fraud exposed; relating to the Publication of Worcester's Dictionary in London: Together with Three Appendixes; Including the Answer of S. Converse to an Attack on him by Messrs. G. & | 15,578 |
750211 | Joseph Emerson Worcester | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Emerson%20Worcester | Joseph Emerson Worcester
Language with Pronouncing Vocabularies" (1830)
- "A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language" (1846)
- "A Gross Literary Fraud exposed; relating to the Publication of Worcester's Dictionary in London: Together with Three Appendixes; Including the Answer of S. Converse to an Attack on him by Messrs. G. & C. Merriam" (1854)
- "A Dictionary of the English Language" (1860)
- "An Elementary Dictionary for the Common Schools with Pronouncing Vocabularies of Classical Scripture and Modern Geographical Names"
- "An Elementary Dictionary of the English Language"
- "A Primary Dictionary of the English Language"
# External links.
- "Dictionary Wars" at "History House" magazine | 15,579 |
750190 | William Burnham Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Burnham%20Woods | William Burnham Woods
William Burnham Woods
William Burnham Woods (August 3, 1824 – May 14, 1887) was a United States Circuit Judge and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court as well as an Ohio politician and soldier in the Civil War.
# Early life, education and career.
Woods was born on August 3, 1824, in Newark, Ohio. He was the older brother of Charles R. Woods, who also became a general in the Civil War. He attended college at Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in Hudson, Ohio, before transferring to Yale University, from which he received an Artium Baccalaureus in 1845 with honors.
After graduating he returned to Newark, and read law by clerking for S. D. King, | 15,580 |
750190 | William Burnham Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Burnham%20Woods | William Burnham Woods
a prominent local lawyer. Woods was admitted to the bar in 1847. He entered the firm of his mentor, King, and became his partner. He practiced law with King in Newark, from 1847 to 1862.
# Political career.
Woods, a loyal Democrat, was elected Mayor of Newark in 1856. He was next elected to the Ohio General Assembly in 1858, and was selected soon after as Speaker of the House. He also served as Minority Leader.
# Military service.
Although Woods opposed the Civil War, because he opposed slavery, he came to accept a Union victory as a necessity. In 1862 he left the Ohio state house to join the Union Army. He was commissioned as lieutenant colonel of the 76th Ohio Infantry, which served in | 15,581 |
750190 | William Burnham Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Burnham%20Woods | William Burnham Woods
the Western Theater. He fought at the battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg, and was breveted brigadier general.
Woods commanded his regiment under William T. Sherman during the Atlanta Campaign and the Sherman's March to the Sea. During the Carolinas Campaign, he fought with distinction at the Battle of Bentonville, where he commanded the brigade. He was appointed a brevet major general and was promoted to full Brigadier General in early 1865. He left the Army in February 1866.
# Settlement in the South.
He decided to settle in the South, living for a year in Mobile, Alabama, where he reopened a law practice. He moved to the state capital of before moving to Montgomery, to continue his practice | 15,582 |
750190 | William Burnham Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Burnham%20Woods | William Burnham Woods
of law. There he bought property and cultivated cotton, hiring free African-American workers, likely as sharecroppers. He served as a Chancellor, Middle Chancery Division of Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama from 1868 to 1869.
# Federal judicial career.
## Circuit Court service.
Woods was appointed as a United States Circuit Judge for the United States Circuit Courts for the Fifth Circuit. Woods was nominated by President Ulysses S. Grant on December 8, 1869, to a new seat, created by 16 Stat. 44. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 22, 1869, and received commission the same day. He was appointed to the United States Supreme Court, and resigned from the circuit court on December | 15,583 |
750190 | William Burnham Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Burnham%20Woods | William Burnham Woods
23, 1880.
The "Slaughter-House Cases", which "tested the issue of the reach and breadth of the 14th Amendment", were the most important cases that Woods adjudicated in the lower courts. He found that a state act that created a monopoly in the slaughterhouse business violated the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the new 14th Amendment and "therefore was void". Three years later, a majority of the Supreme Court reversed his decision in the "Slaughter-House Cases". At this point (relatively early in his career), Woods had a broad interpretation of the provisions of the 14th Amendment.
## Supreme Court service.
Woods was nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes on December 15, 1880 to be | 15,584 |
750190 | William Burnham Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Burnham%20Woods | William Burnham Woods
an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to a seat vacated by William Strong. He was confirmed by the United States Senate, by a vote of 39 to 8, on December 21, 1880, and received commission the same day. He took the oath of office on January 5, 1881.
Woods was the first person to be named to the Supreme Court from a former Confederate state since 1853. But he was known as a Northerner, Union veteran, and Republican Party member, so was acceptable to the U.S. Senate's Republican majority.
Woods is not considered to have been a major contributor to the Court. He served six years on the bench, until his death in Washington, D.C.on May 14, 1887.
# Legacy and honors.
During | 15,585 |
750190 | William Burnham Woods | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Burnham%20Woods | William Burnham Woods
er 21, 1880, and received commission the same day. He took the oath of office on January 5, 1881.
Woods was the first person to be named to the Supreme Court from a former Confederate state since 1853. But he was known as a Northerner, Union veteran, and Republican Party member, so was acceptable to the U.S. Senate's Republican majority.
Woods is not considered to have been a major contributor to the Court. He served six years on the bench, until his death in Washington, D.C.on May 14, 1887.
# Legacy and honors.
During World War II the Liberty ship , built in Brunswick, Georgia, was named in his honor.
# See also.
- List of American Civil War generals (Union)
- "Slaughter-House Cases" | 15,586 |
750244 | Iziaslav | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iziaslav | Iziaslav
Iziaslav
Iziaslav may refer to:
- Iziaslav, Ukraine, a city
- Iziaslav Raion, a raion in Khmelnytskyi Oblast in Ukraine
- Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich (born 1186)
- Iziaslav (Brutskiy) (1926–2007), primate of the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
- Iziaslav of Kiev (disambiguation), several people
# See also.
- Iziaslav Vladimirovich (disambiguation) | 15,587 |
750205 | Theodore Dwight Woolsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Dwight%20Woolsey | Theodore Dwight Woolsey
Theodore Dwight Woolsey
Theodore Dwight Woolsey (October 31, 1801 – July 1, 1889) was an American academic, author and President of Yale College from 1846 through 1871.
# Biography.
Theodore Dwight Woolsey was born October 31, 1801 in New York City. His mother was Elizabeth Dwight (1772–1813) and father was William Walton Woolsey (1766–1839).
He graduated from Yale College in 1820, spent a year in legal study in Philadelphia, and two years of the study of theology at Princeton. For some time, he was a tutor at Yale, then went abroad to study Greek in Leipzig, Bonn, and Berlin. From 1831 to 1846 he was professor of Greek at Yale. His mother's brother Timothy Dwight (1752–1817) had been president | 15,588 |
750205 | Theodore Dwight Woolsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Dwight%20Woolsey | Theodore Dwight Woolsey
of Yale 1795–1817. Jeremiah Day was the only president Yale had in between the family members. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1845. After being chosen as president of Yale, he instructed students of history, political economy, political science, and especially international law.
He resigned as president of Yale in 1871. After Noah Porter served as president, the office was back in the family as his cousin once removed Timothy Dwight V (1828–1916), was selected in 1886.
During his 25 years as president, Yale advanced in wealth and influence and two new departments, the Scientific School and the School of Fine Arts, were begun. Woolsey was | 15,589 |
750205 | Theodore Dwight Woolsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Dwight%20Woolsey | Theodore Dwight Woolsey
one of the founders of the "New Englander", chairman of the American commission for the revision of the Authorized Version of the Bible, president of the World's Evangelical Alliance at its international meeting in New York, a lifelong member and at one time president of the American Oriental Society, and a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. Among his writings and publications are these: Editions of the "Alcestis" of Euripides (1834), of the "Antigone" of Sophocles (1835), of the "Prometheus" of Æschylus (1837), of the "Electra" of Sophocles (1837), and of the "Gorgias" of Plato (1843); an edition of Lieber's "Civil liberty and Self Government", and:
- "Introduction to the study of International | 15,590 |
750205 | Theodore Dwight Woolsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Dwight%20Woolsey | Theodore Dwight Woolsey
Law" (1860, many times republished)
- "Essays on Divorce and Divorce Legislation" (1869)
- "Religion of the Present and Future", a collections of sermons (1871)
- "Political Science" (1877)
- "Communism and Socialism" (1880)
- "Helpful Thoughts for Young Men" (1882)
# Family and legacy.
Dwight married twice and had a total of 13 children.
On September 5, 1833 he married Martha Salisbury, who was born November 30, 1812 and died November 3, 1852. Their children were:
- 1. Edward Salisbury Woolsey was born June 10, 1834, but died from scarlet fever on December 17, 1843.
- 2. Elizabeth Woolsey was born November 30, 1835, but died in the same scarlet fever epidemic on the same day as her | 15,591 |
750205 | Theodore Dwight Woolsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Dwight%20Woolsey | Theodore Dwight Woolsey
two brothers.
- 3. Agnes Woolsey was born June 30, 1838, married Edgar Laing Heermance (1833–1888), had three children and died in 1915.
- 4. William Walton Woolsey was born June 12, 1840, and died in the 1843 scarlet fever epidemic.
- 5. Laura Woolsey was born June 22, 1842 but died of typhoid fever on March 23, 1861.
- 6. Catherine Woolsey was born January 17, 1845 but died June 7, 1854.
- 7. Martha Woolsey was born July 7, 1847 but died December 6, 1870.
- 8. Helen Woolsey was born August 7, 1849 but died December 8, 1870.
- 9. Theodore Salisbury Woolsey was born October 22, 1852 and died April 24, 1929.
On September 6, 1854 he married Sarah Sears Prichard, who was born March 3, 1824 | 15,592 |
750205 | Theodore Dwight Woolsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Dwight%20Woolsey | Theodore Dwight Woolsey
and died in 1900.
Their children were:
- 1. Mary Pritchard Woolsey born September 1, 1855, married Alfred Terry Bacon and died in 1931.
- 2. John Muirson Woolsey was born February 13, 1858 but died from typhoid fever March 13, 1861.
- 3. George Woolsey was born May 2, 1861
- 4. Edith Woolsey was born July 2, 1864.
Dwight died July 1, 1889 in New Haven.
Dwight was a descendant of George (Joris) Woolsey, one of the earliest settlers of New Amsterdam, and Thomas Cornell (settler)
Woolsey Hall at Yale, completed in 1901, and Woolsey Street in New Haven, Connecticut are named in his honor. The statue erected in his memory, now displayed on Yale's Old Campus, has a golden toe from being rubbed | 15,593 |
750205 | Theodore Dwight Woolsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Dwight%20Woolsey | Theodore Dwight Woolsey
y 13, 1858 but died from typhoid fever March 13, 1861.
- 3. George Woolsey was born May 2, 1861
- 4. Edith Woolsey was born July 2, 1864.
Dwight died July 1, 1889 in New Haven.
Dwight was a descendant of George (Joris) Woolsey, one of the earliest settlers of New Amsterdam, and Thomas Cornell (settler)
Woolsey Hall at Yale, completed in 1901, and Woolsey Street in New Haven, Connecticut are named in his honor. The statue erected in his memory, now displayed on Yale's Old Campus, has a golden toe from being rubbed for good luck.
# See also.
- New England Dwight family
# External links.
- Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999). "Yale: A History." New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 810552 | 15,594 |
750249 | William Wotherspoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wotherspoon | William Wotherspoon
William Wotherspoon
William Wotherspoon may refer to:
- William Wotherspoon (rugby union) (1868-1942), Scottish rugby union international
- William Wallace Wotherspoon (1850-1921), Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army
- William Wallace Wotherspoon (painter) (1821-1888), American landscape painter | 15,595 |
750227 | Simple public-key infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple%20public-key%20infrastructure | Simple public-key infrastructure
Simple public-key infrastructure
Simple public key infrastructure (SPKI, pronounced "spoo-key") was an attempt to overcome the complexity of traditional X.509 public key infrastructure. It was specified in two Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request For Comments (RFC) specifications— and —from the IETF SPKI working group. These two RFCs never passed the "experimental" maturity level of the IETF's RFC status. The SPKI specification defined an authorization certificate format, providing for the delineation of privileges, rights or other such attributes (called authorizations) and binding them to a public key. In 1996, SPKI was merged with Simple Distributed Security Infrastructure (SDSI, | 15,596 |
750227 | Simple public-key infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple%20public-key%20infrastructure | Simple public-key infrastructure
pronounced "sudsy") by Ron Rivest and Butler Lampson.
# History and overview.
The original SPKI had identified principals only as public keys but allowed binding authorizations to those keys and delegation of authorization from one key to another. The encoding used was attribute:value pairing, similar to headers.
The original SDSI bound local names (of individuals or groups) to public keys (or other names), but carried authorization only in Access Control Lists (ACLs) and did not allow for delegation of subsets of a principal's authorization. The encoding used was standard S-expression.
The combined SPKI/SDSI allows the naming of principals, creation of named groups of principals and the | 15,597 |
750227 | Simple public-key infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple%20public-key%20infrastructure | Simple public-key infrastructure
delegation of rights or other attributes from one principal to another. It includes a language for expression of authorization - a language that includes a definition of "intersection" of authorizations. It also includes the notion of threshold subject - a construct granting authorizations (or delegations) only when formula_1 of formula_2 of the listed subjects concur (in a request for access or a delegation of rights). SPKI/SDSI uses S-expression encoding, but specifies a binary form that is extremely easy to parse - an LR(0) grammar - called Canonical S-expressions.
SPKI/SDSI does not define a role for a commercial certificate authority (CA). In fact, one premise behind SPKI is that a commercial | 15,598 |
750227 | Simple public-key infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple%20public-key%20infrastructure | Simple public-key infrastructure
CA serves no useful purpose.
As a result of that, SPKI/SDSI is deployed primarily in closed solutions and in demonstration projects of academic interest. Another side-effect of this design element is that it is difficult to monetize SPKI/SDSI by itself. It can be a component of some other product, but there is no business case for developing SPKI/SDSI tools and services except as part of some other product.
The most prominent general deployments of SPKI/SDSI are E-speak, a middleware product from HP that used SPKI/SDSI for access control of web methods, and UPnP Security, that uses an XML dialect of SPKI/SDSI for access control of web methods, delegation of rights among network participants, | 15,599 |
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