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750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
messages to Sviatoslav and Vsevolod, imploring them to come to their "father's city" and defend it, according to the "Russian Primary Chronicle". Sviatoslav and Vsevolod requested Iziaslav "not to lead the Poles in attack upon Kiev", stating that "if he intended to nurse his wrath and destroy the city, they would be properly concerned for the ancestral capital". Iziaslav partially acquiesced: he did not let his Polish allies enter the town, but his retinue slaughtered or mutilated many of his opponents in Kiev. He also attempted to punish Anthonythe founder of the Monastery of the Caves in Kievwho had supported his enemies, but Sviatoslav gave shelter to the saintly monk in Chernigov.
With | 15,700 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
Iziaslav's return to Kiev, the "triumvirate" was restored. The three brothers together visited Vyshhorod in order to participate in the translation of the relics of their saintly uncles, Boris and Gleb on 3 May 1072. According to "The Narrative, Passion, and Encomium of Boris and Gleb", Sviatoslav took Saint Gleb's hand and "pressed it to his injury, for he had pain in his neck, and to his eyes, and to his forehead" before placing it back into the coffin. In short Sviatoslav felt a pain at the top of his head and his servant found a fingernail of the saint under his cap. Most historians agree that the three brothers expanded their father's legal code on this occasion, but the exact date is unknown.
# | 15,701 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
Grand Prince of Kiev.
According to the "Russian Primary Chronicle", "the devil stirred up strife" among the three brothers shortly after the canonization of Saints Boris and Gleb. Sviatoslav and Vsevolod united their forces and expelled Iziaslav from Kiev on 22 March 1073. The chronicler put the blame for this action on Sviatoslav, stating that "he was the instigator of his brother's expulsion, for he desired more power". The chronicler also states that Sviatoslav had "misled Vsevolod by asserting that" Iziaslav "was entering into an alliance" with Vseslav Briacheslavich against them. Modern historians disagree about the motives of Sviatoslav's action. Franklin and Shepard write that he was | 15,702 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
driven by "straightforward greed"; Martin says that Sviatoslav who seems to have suffered from a grave illness wanted to secure his sons' right to Kiev which would have been lost if Sviatoslav "had predeceased Iziaslav without having ruled" the town. In fact, the "Russian Primary Chronicle" states that it was Sviatoslav who "ruled in Kiev after the expulsion" of Iziaslav.
Initially, the head of the Monastery of the Caves, Feodosy criticized Sviatoslav for usurping the throne. However, before his death in May 1074 he was reconciled with the grand prince, who supported the foundation of a stone church dedicated to the Mother of God in Kiev. Sviatoslav also supported the compilation of ecclesiastic | 15,703 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
works. Two "izborniki" or miscellaniescollections of excerpts from the Bible and from theological workswere completed under his auspices in 1073 and 1076. According to the "Izbornik of 1073", Sviatoslav, who is praised as a "new Ptolemy", had by that time collected a great number of spiritual books.
Sviatoslav's rule was short and uneventful. His dethroned brother first fled to Poland, but Duke Boleslav II, who was Sviatoslav's son-in-law, expelled him from his lands. Next Iziaslav sought the assistance of the German monarch, Henry IV. The latter, in 1075, sent his envoysincluding Sviatoslav's brother-in-law, Burchardto Kiev to collect more information. According to the "Russian Primary Chronicle", | 15,704 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
"in his pride", Sviatoslav "showed them his riches", displaying them "the innumerable quantity of his gold, silver and silks". In 1076 Sviatoslav sent reinforcements to Poland to help his son-in-law against the Bohemians.
Sviatoslav died on 27 December 1077. The "Russian Primary Chronicle" writes that "the cutting of a sore" caused his death. He was buried in the Holy Savior Cathedral in Chernigov. Within a year, his elder brother Iziaslav was restored and Sviatoslav's sons lost most parts of his domains.
# Family.
According to the "Lyubetskiy sinodik", Sviatoslav's wife was Killikiya or Kelikia (Cecilia). On the other hand, German chroniclers write that his wife was Oda of Stade, a sister | 15,705 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
of Burchard, the Provost of Trier and she gave birth to one son. A portrait depicting Sviatoslav and his family in the "Izbornik of 1073" shows that he had five sons and four of them were adults at the time their portrait was made. Based on these sources, Sviatoslav married twice.
According to Dimnik, Sviatoslav married his first wife, Killikiya between 1043 and 1047. Their first child seems to have been a daughter, Vysheslava. Her eldest brother Gleb became prince of Tmutorakan and later of Novgorod. The second son of Sviatoslav and Killikiya was Oleg, the future prince of Chernigov. Davyd, the future prince of Novgorod and Chernigov was born around 1051. Roman, who became prince of Tmutorakan, | 15,706 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
was born around 1052.
Sviatoslav married his second wife, Oda of Stade in about 1065, according to Dimnik. Oda, the daughter of Lothair Udo I, Margrave of the Nordmark, was in some way related to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. She gave birth to Sviatoslav's fifth son, Yaroslav, who later became prince of Murom and Chernigov. After Sviatoslav's death, Oda and her son moved to the Holy Roman Empire.
# See also.
- List of Ukrainian rulers
- List of Russian rulers
# Sources.
## Primary sources.
- "The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text" (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America. .
- "The Narrative, Passion, | 15,707 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
thair Udo I, Margrave of the Nordmark, was in some way related to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. She gave birth to Sviatoslav's fifth son, Yaroslav, who later became prince of Murom and Chernigov. After Sviatoslav's death, Oda and her son moved to the Holy Roman Empire.
# See also.
- List of Ukrainian rulers
- List of Russian rulers
# Sources.
## Primary sources.
- "The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text" (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America. .
- "The Narrative, Passion, and Encomium of Boris and Gleb" In Kantor, Marvin (1983). "Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes". University of Michigan. . | 15,708 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
Ledley King
Ledley Brenton King (born 12 October 1980) is an English former footballer who was a one-club man, spending his entire career playing 321 competitive matches for Tottenham Hotspur from 1999 to 2012. Highly rated as a central defender, in 2009 he was named by "The Times" as Tottenham's 25th best player of all time. From 2002 to 2010, King made 21 international appearances for England, scoring twice and representing the nation at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
In the latter part of his career, King was plagued by chronic knee problems, for which no effective treatment or remedy was found. Instead of training with the rest of the squad King undertook fitness exercises | 15,709 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
on his own, allowing him to play one first team game per week. His former manager Harry Redknapp called King "an absolute freak" for being able to perform at Premiership level despite not training. Whilst playing, King was cited by opponents and pundits as one of the best defenders in the Premier League.
King announced his retirement from all forms of football on 19 July 2012 as a result of the chronic knee injuries that plagued much of his career. He continues to represent Tottenham Hotspur on an ambassadorial level.
# Early career.
King was born in Bow, London in 1980. As a youth footballer, he played for Senrab F.C. and the Tower Hamlets district representative team. He attended the Blessed | 15,710 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
John Roche RC School, which is now closed. King joined Tottenham as a trainee in July 1996 and progressed through the youth system. Whilst a trainee, he was identified as having qualities and instincts similar to Bobby Moore.
# Club career.
## Tottenham Hotspur.
### 1999–2001.
His debut came in May 1999 at Anfield ending in a 3–2 defeat to Liverpool. When breaking into the first team under former manager George Graham he was often used as a midfielder. It was with a performance in central midfield during Tottenham's 2–1 win over Liverpool in November 2000 that he established himself as a regular in the Spurs side. His first goal for Tottenham came in December 2000 in a 3–3 draw away to Bradford | 15,711 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
City after just 10 seconds, setting a new Premier League record for the quickest goal. This record stood for over 18 years, finally beaten by Shane Long, scoring for Southampton on 23 April 2019 after only 7.69 seconds.
### 2006–2012.
After injuring his knee in training before the start of the season, King did not start his season until mid-September. Then after breaking his metatarsal again, he did not feature for Spurs from Boxing Day until the UEFA Cup quarter-final clash with Sevilla in mid-April. Spurs played 59 games in all competitions that season, but King featured in less than half of them. Tottenham only managed 3 clean sheets against top flight opposition without King in the side. | 15,712 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
In a Premier League clash with reigning champions Chelsea at White Hart Lane, Spurs went on to win the game 2–1, meaning King had captained Tottenham to their first league win over Chelsea since 1990, and the first at White Hart Lane since 1987.
King underwent surgery in the summer, meaning he would miss the start of the season. Manager Martin Jol had been sacked and replaced by Juande Ramos. But on Boxing Day 2007, King made a surprise return to the starting line-up against Fulham, playing 73 minutes before being replaced by Adel Taarabt. He appeared sporadically for the rest of the season, but captained Tottenham to a 2–1 victory over Chelsea in the 2008 League Cup final, the first major | 15,713 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
honour of his career.
On 3 April 2008, it was announced that he would be rested for the remainder of the season, Spurs having been knocked out of the UEFA Cup, FA Cup and unable to qualify for the Champions League through the League. King had featured in just 10 games all season, with just four Premiership games under his belt.
On 12 August 2008, King picked up the trophy for the cleanest team in the Premier league for the season. He received the award at the 'Get on with the Game' programme which was shown on Sky Sports News.
It became clear at the start of the 2008–09 season that King's injury problems meant that he could not play in every game. Ramos picked him in all five of the cup games | 15,714 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
he managed the club for that season, but only two of the eight league games. With Spurs rooted to the bottom of the league, having picked up just 2 points from those 8 games, Ramos was sacked and replaced by Harry Redknapp, who chose to prioritise the league and only play King in those games. On 26 October 2008, King made his 200th league appearance for Tottenham Hotspur as they defeated Bolton Wanderers 2–0. He captained the club in the League Cup final yet again, this time against Manchester United, keeping a clean sheet after 120 minutes of play, but Tottenham lost on penalties.
Harry Redknapp said of King's knee injury:
"There's no cure. There's no cartilage, nothing to operate on. It's | 15,715 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
just bone on bone. So it's just a question of managing it. It swells up after games and it normally takes seven days to recover but having played on Monday night he's had less time than usual. He rarely trains, he mostly just goes to the gym to keep himself ticking over. But not running or anything like that. But even if he only plays 20 games a season, he's worth having because he's so good we have a much better chance of winning."
King won his first game ever against Arsenal in the league on 14 April 2010, with a 2–1 win, of which he played 90 minutes. Exactly three weeks later, on 5 May 2010 King captained Tottenham to a 1–0 away victory at Manchester City, thus guaranteeing Tottenham's | 15,716 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
highest ever finish in the Premier League and securing entry into the qualification round of the UEFA Champions League for the first time. King had been a major doubt for the match having played against Bolton just 4 days earlier, however his performance in this game and many other games in early 2010 look to have secured his place in Fabio Capello's England squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. On 16 May 2010 it was reported that King had signed a new two-year contract extension with Spurs which would keep him at the club until 2012. It was rumoured that King had been released by Tottenham after The Premier League released a list of players who would not be staying at their clubs; | 15,717 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
with King included on the list. This was confirmed to be incorrect by Tottenham, who said they were still in the process of offering King a new deal.
In 2011, a steel statue of King was erected in Mile End Park.
On 19 July 2012, King announced he would retire from football. He has continued at Tottenham as a club ambassador. Many fans and fellow professionals believe that King would have gone on to become one of the best centre backs to have played the game. Thierry Henry stated he was the best defender he had played against and the only one to tackle him without resorting to fouling. Throughout the whole of his career King received only eight yellow cards, unusual even for a relatively short | 15,718 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
career.
### Testimonial.
On 12 May 2014, Ledley made a final playing appearance at White Hart Lane in his testimonial match. King with a Guests XI featuring David Ginola, Teddy Sheringham and Dimitar Berbatov faced a Tottenham Hotspur team made up of first and reserve team players. The game finished 6–3 to the Ledley XI, with King opening the scoring from the penalty spot, and Louis Saha netting a second half hat trick for the XI.
# International career.
King's England debut came in a 1–2 loss to Italy in March 2002. He was called into the England squad for the friendly against Portugal on 18 February 2004, and netted his first goal on his third appearance.
King received his England call-up | 15,719 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
for Euro 2004 deputising for the injured John Terry in the opener against France in Portugal. He also made a substitute appearance in midfield in the final group game against Croatia.
After featuring regularly in the qualifiers, King looked a likely participant in the England 2006 World Cup squad before fracturing a bone in his foot on 15 April 2006. Although not as bad as a similar injury affecting David Beckham, Gary Neville and Steven Gerrard, King's injury prevented him from being named in Sven-Göran Eriksson's squad. "Ledley King is injured and he can't train. If you talk about centre-halves we are very well covered, so taking another one half-injured when we have so many good ones it | 15,720 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
is not a good idea."
King played in the Euro 2008 qualifier against Estonia on 6 June 2007. King played 90 minutes and England won 3–0. Although he featured in Fabio Capello's first squad, he had to pull out through injury. Due to the chronic knee condition which preventing him holding down a regular place in the club side he was also not selected for England games for the rest of 2007 and during the whole of 2008.
On 22 March 2009, King was given a recall by head coach Fabio Capello to the team to play Slovakia and Ukraine. However, two days later he was removed from the squad after being assessed by England's medical staff, who thought it was in his best interests to continue his personal | 15,721 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
training regime at his club, due to the chronic knee condition that he has.
Fabio Capello later said, in response to Harry Redknapp's objection to King's call-up, "Without doubt, King is one of the best central defenders in England. If he was fit, Redknapp would not need to make the journey. King could come with us." He later promoted King's cause again, saying that "We hope (he has an international future), because he's a very interesting player – one of the best centre-backs. But I don't know the future."
On 11 May 2010, King was named in the 30-man provisional squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup alongside fellow Spurs central defender Michael Dawson. He went on to score a headed goal against | 15,722 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
Mexico in the first preparation friendly on 24 May.
King made it into England's World Cup 2010 squad. On 12 June 2010, King played 45 minutes for England in their opening match against the US, before picking up a groin injury which kept him out of the rest of the tournament.
# Personal life.
King is cousins with West Ham United full-back Ben Johnson.
## 2009 arrest.
On 10 May 2009 at 2:30 am, King was arrested on Soho Street on suspicion of a racially aggravated common assault outside a London nightclub. He spent the night in a police cell and was subsequently bailed until mid-July while the police investigated the incident. King later issued an apology to his club, saying:
"I sincerely | 15,723 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
regret that a night out with friends went too far. I have apologised to Harry and I fully appreciate that, as a professional footballer, I have a duty to behave in a responsible manner", King said in a statement on the club's website. "I am assisting the police with their enquiries. Anyone who knows me, knows that much of what has been suggested is totally out of character. I am keen to resolve this as soon as possible and concentrate on my football."
This prompted his manager at Tottenham, Harry Redknapp, to promise a ban on alcohol for Tottenham players:
"I'll implement a strong rule next season that drinking is a no-no here. Footballers should not drink. You shouldn't put diesel in a Ferrari. | 15,724 |
750206 | Ledley King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledley%20King | Ledley King
i. I know it's hard but they are earning big money, they are role models to kids. We wouldn't get these problems if the players weren't drinking. There's still too much of a drinking culture in English football but it's not as bad as it used to be. At Tottenham we do a lot with kids, a lot of them underprivileged. We have to set an example. Too much drinking goes on in this country. Too many people are not happy unless they have had a drink."
# Honours.
Tottenham Hotspur
- Football League Cup: 2007–08; runner-up: 2001–02, 2008–09
Individual
- Premier League Player of the Month: September 2004
# External links.
- TheFA.com profile
- King's international data at England Football Online | 15,725 |
750273 | John Wrathall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Wrathall | John Wrathall
John Wrathall
John James Wrathall GCLM, ID (28 August 1913 – 31 August 1978) was a Rhodesian politician. He was the last white President of Rhodesia (later holders of the post were only acting as such). He formerly worked as a chartered accountant.
# Biography.
## Early life.
Wrathall was born in Lancaster in Lancashire, Great Britain, and went to Lancaster Royal Grammar School. Having qualified as a chartered accountant in 1935, he emigrated to Southern Rhodesia the next year. He worked for the Southern Rhodesian Government in its income tax department for the next ten years.
## Rhodesian career.
In 1946 Wrathall set up in private practice as an accountant in Bulawayo and also became involved | 15,726 |
750273 | John Wrathall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Wrathall | John Wrathall
in politics. In 1949 he was elected to Bulawayo City Council, where he served for a decade. Wrathall was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Bulawayo South in the 1954 general election, as a member of the United Rhodesia Party, then led by Garfield Todd, but stood down after one term in 1958.
## Ministerial office.
By 1962 Wrathall was no longer a supporter of the United Federal Party and became a founder member of the Rhodesian Front under Winston Field. He was elected in Bulawayo North in the December 1962 election under the RF banner, defeating the incumbent, Cyril Hatty, by 67 votes. As one of the party's most experienced members, in October 1963 he was made Minister of African Education. | 15,727 |
750273 | John Wrathall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Wrathall | John Wrathall
A month later he also took on the Ministry of Health, which was being transferred from the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland on its demise at the end of 1963.
Wrathall was among the members of the Rhodesian Front who deposed Winston Field and instead installed Ian Smith as Prime Minister in April 1964. Smith promoted him to be Minister of Finance and of Posts and Telecommunications. As such, he was one of the signatories to the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on 11 November 1965. He was Deputy Prime Minister from 7 September 1966. Known as "the quiet man of Rhodesian politics", he nevertheless was a key figure in the secret struggle against United Nations sanctions imposed after | 15,728 |
750273 | John Wrathall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Wrathall | John Wrathall
UDI.
As Minister of Finance, Wrathall also oversaw the adoption of a new decimal currency to replace the Rhodesian pound, known as the Rhodesian dollar, a name which he regarded as having international substance.
In July 1973 Wrathall ceded his responsibility as Minister of Posts; during the 1974 general election he stood down from the House of Assembly and transferred to the Senate. In 1975 he presented his 12th (and last) consecutive Budget as Rhodesia's longest serving Finance Minister.
## Presidency.
In 1976, Wrathall became the second President of Rhodesia, succeeding Clifford Dupont.
On 14 January of that year, he was sworn in as President by the Chief Justice, Sir Hugh Beadle, in | 15,729 |
750273 | John Wrathall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Wrathall | John Wrathall
utive Budget as Rhodesia's longest serving Finance Minister.
## Presidency.
In 1976, Wrathall became the second President of Rhodesia, succeeding Clifford Dupont.
On 14 January of that year, he was sworn in as President by the Chief Justice, Sir Hugh Beadle, in a ceremony at Government House witnessed by Prime Minister Ian Smith and his Cabinet ministers. Wrathall served for two and a half years, and died in office of a heart attack.
# External links.
- Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, President John Wrathall and his wife Doreen, attend opening of Parliament in Salisbury, 22 June 1977, AP Archive
- Funeral of President John Wrathall - 5000 line streets, 7 September 1978, AP Archive | 15,730 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
The Giving Tree
The Giving Tree is an American children's picture book written and illustrated by Shel Silverstein. First published in 1964 by Harper & Row, it has become one of Silverstein's best-known titles, and has been translated into numerous languages.
This book has been described as "one of the most divisive books in children's literature"; the controversy stems from whether the relationship between the main characters (a boy and the titular tree) should be interpreted as positive (i.e., the tree gives the boy selfless love) or negative (i.e., the boy and the tree have an abusive relationship).
# Background.
Silverstein had difficulty finding a publisher for "The Giving Tree". An | 15,731 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
editor at Simon & Schuster rejected the book's manuscript because he felt that it was "too sad" for children and "too simple" for adults. Tomi Ungerer encouraged Silverstein to approach Ursula Nordstrom, who was a publisher with Harper & Row.
An editor with Harper & Row stated that Silverstein had made the original illustrations "scratchy" like his cartoons for "Playboy", but that he later reworked the art in a "more pared-down and much sweeter style." The final black-and-white drawings have been described as "unadorned… visual minimalism." Harper & Row published a small first edition of the book, consisting of only 5,000–7,500 copies, in 1964.
# Plot summary.
The book follows the lives of | 15,732 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
a female apple tree and a boy, who develop a relationship with one another. The tree is very "giving" and the boy evolves into a "taking" teenager, man, then elderly man. Despite the fact that the boy ages in the story, the tree addresses the boy as "Boy" his entire life.
In his childhood, the boy enjoys playing with the tree, climbing her trunk, swinging from her branches, carving "Me + T (Tree)" into the bark, and eating her apples. However, as the boy grows older, he spends less time with the tree and tends to visit her only when he wants material items at various stages of his life, or not coming to the tree alone (such as bringing a lady friend to the tree and carving "Me +Y.L." (her initials) | 15,733 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
into the tree. In an effort to make the boy happy at each of these stages, the tree gives him parts of herself, which he can transform into material items, such as money (from her apples), a house (from her branches), and a boat (from her trunk). With every stage of giving, "the Tree was happy".
In the final pages, both the tree and the boy feel the sting of their respective "giving" and "taking" nature. When only a stump remains for the tree (including the carving "Me + T"), she is not happy, at least at that moment. The boy does return as a tired elderly man to meet the tree once more. She tells him she is sad because she cannot provide him shade, apples, or any materials like in the past. | 15,734 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
He ignores this (because his teeth are too weak for apples, and he is too old to swing on branches and too tired to climb her trunk) and states that all he wants is "a quiet place to sit and rest," which the tree, who is weak being just a stump, could provide. With this final stage of giving, "the Tree was happy".
# Reception.
Interest in the book increased by word of mouth; for example, in churches "it was hailed as a parable on the joys of giving." As of 2001, over 5 million copies of the book had been sold, placing it 14th on a list of hardcover "All-Time Bestselling Children's Books" from "Publishers Weekly." By 2011, 8.5 million copies of the book had been sold.
In a 1999–2000 National | 15,735 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
Education Association online survey of children, among the "Kids' Top 100 Books," the book was 24th. Based on a 2007 online "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children" poll by the National Education Association, the book came in third. It was 85th of the "Top 100 Picture Books" of all time in a 2012 poll by "School Library Journal". "Scholastic Parent & Child" magazine placed it #9 on its list of "100 Greatest Books for Kids" in 2012. As of 2013, it ranked third on a Goodreads list of "Best Children's Books."
# Interpretations.
There are numerous interpretations of the book, including:
## Religious interpretation.
Ursula Nordstrom attributed the book's success partially to "Protestant ministers | 15,736 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
and Sunday-school teachers", who believed that the tree represents "the Christian ideal of unconditional love."
## Environmental interpretation.
Some people believe that the tree represents Mother Nature and the boy represents humanity. The book has been used to teach children environmental ethics. An educational resource for children describes the book as an "allegory about the responsibilities a human being has for living organisms in the environment," Lisa Rowe Fraustino states that “some curricula use the book as a what-not-to-do role model."
## Friendship interpretation.
One writer believes that the relationship between the boy and the tree is one of friendship. As such, the book teaches | 15,737 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
children "as your life becomes polluted with the trappings of the modern world — as you 'grow up' — your relationships tend to suffer if you let them fall to the wayside." Another writer's criticism of this interpretation is that the tree appears to be an adult when the boy is young, and cross-generational friendships are rare.
## Parent–child interpretations.
A common interpretation of the book is that the tree and the boy have a parent–child relationship, as in a 1995 collection of essays about the book edited by Richard John Neuhaus in the journal "First Things". Among the essayists, some were positive about the relationship; for example, Amy A. Kass wrote about the story that "it is wise | 15,738 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
and it is true about giving and about motherhood," and her husband Leon R. Kass encourages people to read the book because the tree "is an emblem of the sacred memory of our own mother's love." Other essayists put forth negative views. Mary Ann Glendon wrote that the book is "a nursery tale for the 'me' generation, a primer of narcissism, a catechism of exploitation," and Jean Bethke Elshtain felt that the story ends with the tree and the boy "both wrecks."
A 1998 study using phenomenographic methods found that Swedish children and mothers tended to interpret the book as dealing with friendship, while Japanese mothers tended to interpret the book as dealing with parent–child relationships.
## | 15,739 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
Interpretation as satire.
Some authors believe that the book is not actually intended for children, but instead should be treated as a satire aimed at adults along the lines of "A Modest Proposal" by Jonathan Swift.
# Criticism and controversy.
Elizabeth Bird, writing for the "School Library Journal", described "The Giving Tree" as "one of the most divisive books in children's literature". Criticism revolves about the depiction of the relationship between the boy and the tree.
Winter Prosapio said that the boy never thanks the tree for its gifts. In an interview with "Horn Book Magazine", Phyllis J. Fogelman, an editor with Harper & Row, said the book is "about a sadomasochistic relationship" | 15,740 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
and "elevates masochism to the level of a good", which mirrors Mary Daly's analysis in "Gyn/Ecology: the Metaethics of Radical Feminism".
One college instructor discovered that the book caused both male and female remedial reading students to be angry because they felt that the boy exploited the tree. For teaching purposes, he paired the book with a short story by Andre Dubus entitled "The Fat Girl" because its plot can be described as "The Giving Tree" "in reverse."
## Author's photograph.
The photograph of Silverstein on the back cover of the book has attracted attention. One writer described the photograph as showing the author's "jagged menacing teeth" and "evil, glaring eyes." Another | 15,741 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
writer compared the photograph to the one on the back of "Where the Sidewalk Ends" in which Silverstein resembles "the Satanist Anton LaVey." In the book "", the father threatens the protagonist with the photograph to make sure that he does not leave his room at night.
# Cultural influences and adaptations.
## Other versions.
A short animated film of the book, produced in 1973, featured Silverstein's narration.
Silverstein also wrote a song of the same name, which was performed by Bobby Bare and his family on his album "Singin' in the Kitchen" (1974).
Silverstein created an adult version of the story in a cartoon entitled "I Accept the Challenge." In the cartoon, a nude woman cuts off a | 15,742 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
nude man's arms and legs with scissors, then sits on his torso in a pose similar to the final drawing in "The Giving Tree" in which the old man sits on the stump.
Jackson and Dell (1979) wrote an "alternative version" of the story for teaching purposes that was entitled "The Other Giving Tree." It featured two trees next to each other and a boy growing up. One tree acted like the one in "The Giving Tree", ending up as a stump, while the other tree stopped at giving the boy apples, and does not give the boy its branches or trunk. At the end of the story, the stump was sad that the old man chose to sit under the shade of the other tree.
## Cultural influences.
The Giving Tree Band took its | 15,743 |
750272 | The Giving Tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Giving%20Tree | The Giving Tree
One tree acted like the one in "The Giving Tree", ending up as a stump, while the other tree stopped at giving the boy apples, and does not give the boy its branches or trunk. At the end of the story, the stump was sad that the old man chose to sit under the shade of the other tree.
## Cultural influences.
The Giving Tree Band took its name from the book. Plain White T's EP "Should've Gone to Bed" has a song “The Giving Tree,” written by Tim Lopez.
The 2010 short film "I'm Here", written and directed by Spike Jonze, is based on "The Giving Tree"; the main character Sheldon is named after Shel Silverstein.
The book's story was briefly parodied in Nostalgia Critic's review of "The Lorax". | 15,744 |
750292 | Second corporal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20corporal | Second corporal
Second corporal
Second corporal is a rank in the armed forces of some countries.
# Portugal.
Second corporal ("segundo cabo" in Portuguese) is an enlisted rank of the Portuguese Army and the Portuguese Air Force. Its rank insignia is a single chevron. The rank is immediately below first corporal ("primeiro cabo"). The rank of second corporal was created in the late 19th century to replace the former rank of lance-corporal ("anspeçada").
# United Kingdom.
Second corporal was a former rank in the Royal Engineers and Army Ordnance Corps of the British Army. Second corporals wore one rank chevron like lance-corporals, but unlike the latter, which was an appointment, they held full non-commissioned | 15,745 |
750292 | Second corporal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second%20corporal | Second corporal
ndo cabo" in Portuguese) is an enlisted rank of the Portuguese Army and the Portuguese Air Force. Its rank insignia is a single chevron. The rank is immediately below first corporal ("primeiro cabo"). The rank of second corporal was created in the late 19th century to replace the former rank of lance-corporal ("anspeçada").
# United Kingdom.
Second corporal was a former rank in the Royal Engineers and Army Ordnance Corps of the British Army. Second corporals wore one rank chevron like lance-corporals, but unlike the latter, which was an appointment, they held full non-commissioned officer rank. They were thus equivalent to bombardiers in the Royal Artillery. The rank was abolished in 1920. | 15,746 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
Free to Be... You and Me
Free to Be… You and Me is a children's entertainment project, conceived, created and executive-produced by actress and author Marlo Thomas. Produced in collaboration with the Ms. Foundation for Women, it was a record album and illustrated book first released in November 1972 featuring songs and stories sung or told by celebrities of the day (credited as "Marlo Thomas and Friends") including Alan Alda, Rosey Grier, Cicely Tyson, Carol Channing, Michael Jackson, Roberta Flack, Shirley Jones, Jack Cassidy, and Diana Ross. An ABC special, also created by Thomas, using poetry, songs, and sketches, followed two years later in March 1974. The basic concept was to encourage | 15,747 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
post-1960s gender neutrality, saluting values such as individuality, tolerance, and comfort with one's identity. A major thematic message is that anyone—whether a boy or a girl—can achieve anything.
# Overview.
The original idea to create the album began with Marlo Thomas, who wanted to teach her then-young niece Dionne about life, in particular that it is acceptable to refute or reject the gender stereotypes expressed in children's books of the period. In an Emmy Legends interview Thomas explains:
I told my sister Terre "it would take Dionne 30 years to get over it (stories featuring traditional gender roles) the same as it took all of us. We need to find her some different books to read" | 15,748 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
and she said "You go and find 'em."
Well there weren't any. And not only weren't there any, I was in the bookstore one day looking around and found this one (picture book - I'm Glad I'm a Boy! I'm Glad I'm a Girl! by Whitney Darrow, Jr.) that showed a pilot on one page and a stewardess on a facing page (with a caption) that said "Boys are pilots, girls are stewardesses." Well I nearly had a heart attack right there in the bookstore. So I said "I'll make a record for Dionne. I'll ask everybody to donate their talents and it'll be fun."
Produced by Carole Hart, with music produced by Stephen J. Lawrence and Bruce Hart, with stories and poems directed by Alan Alda, the title has never been out | 15,749 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
of print.
Proceeds went to the Ms. Foundation for Women. The album was originally released on Bell Records in 1972 and since 1975 has been available on Arista Records cassettes and CDs.
Well-known songs include "It's All Right to Cry," sung by football hero Rosey Grier; the title track by the New Seekers; "Helping," a Shel Silverstein poem performed by Tom Smothers; "Sisters and Brothers" by the Voices of East Harlem; and "When We Grow Up" performed by Diana Ross on the album and by Roberta Flack and a teenage Michael Jackson on the special.
Other sketches, some of them animated in the television special, include "Atalanta," co-narrated by Thomas and Alda, a retelling of the ancient Greek | 15,750 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
legend of Atalanta; "Boy Meets Girl" with Thomas and Mel Brooks providing the voices for puppets, designed, performed and manipulated by Wayland Flowers, resembling human babies, who use cultural gender stereotypes to try to discover which is a boy and which a girl; "William's Doll", based on Charlotte Zolotow's picture book about a boy whose family resists his requests for a doll until his grandmother explains that William wishes to practice being a good father; and "Dudley Pippin" with Robert Morse and Billy De Wolfe, based on stories by Phil Ressner.
A number of pieces from the record did not make the special, most for lack of time, although "Housework" was left off due to the somewhat condescending | 15,751 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
tone it lent to its description of domestic workers.
Thomas says in the Emmy Legends 40th anniversary interview:
The children pictured on the original LP jacket were schoolmates of Abigail, Robin, and David Pogrebin, children of Letty Cottin Pogrebin, then editor of "Ms." Most of the children attended Corlears School.
"Marlo Thomas and Friends" followed "Free to Be... You and Me" with a 1988 sequel, "Free to Be... a Family", the first primetime variety show created and produced in both the United States and the Soviet Union.
# Reception.
Reviewing the LP in "" (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: "I've been giving this high-minded feminist kiddie record to various young Americans on the theory | 15,752 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
that it is not necessary, or easy, to like the New York Dolls at age five. I figured it would be good for them, like baths. Surprise number one is that they all love it, to a person. Surprise number two is that I myself would much rather listen to Carol Channing on housework than to Robert Klein on dope."
According to Thomas, "Larry Uttal at Bell Records told me, this kind of record might sell 15,000 copies tops. Well it went Gold right away, went Platinum within two years and went Diamond in under ten years. EVERYBODY was amazed it had touched such a nerve. It's still in the top 100 albums of all time over 40 years later."
"Free to Be" faced backlash from some conservative religious leaders, | 15,753 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
including Evangelical author and psychologist James Dobson. Kyle Smith from the "New York Post" claimed the project emasculated men. "The Daily Beast" issued a rebuttal.
In her 2010 memoir, "Growing Up Laughing", Thomas reflected on the astonishing impact the Free to Be projects had on the culture.
The show won an Emmy and a Peabody, the book became number one on the "New York Times" best-seller list and the record went gold. We were floored by the impact it all had. My little message for Dionne had gone straight to the hearts of moms and dads and aunties and uncles and, most of all, teachers, who embraced it as a way to teach the kids in their lives a new way of thinking about themselves.
# | 15,754 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
Television special.
The television special, produced by Marlo Thomas and Free to Be Productions, in association with Teru Murakami-Fred Wolf Films, Inc. and cosponsored by the Ms. Foundation, first aired March 11, 1974, on ABC. It earned an 18.6 rating/27 share and went on to win an Emmy. Sixteen-mm prints of the special were also struck, and some schoolchildren from the 1970s and 1980s remember seeing the television special, or the filmstrip based on the special, in their school during that period.
The special appeared occasionally on HBO in the 1980s. It was released on VHS through Vestron Video subsidiary Children's Video Library in 1983. It was also seen on the cable channel TV Land, yet | 15,755 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
has not been aired on any network since.
A Region 1 DVD of the television special was released in November 2001, and in 2010, a newly remastered version was released featuring a number of new extras including a deleted scene showcasing Dustin Hoffman.
## TV cast.
- Marlo Thomas
- Alan Alda
- Harry Belafonte
- Mel Brooks
- Rita Coolidge
- Billy De Wolfe
- Roberta Flack
- Rosey Grier
- Dustin Hoffman
- Michael Jackson
- Kris Kristofferson
- Robert Morse
- The New Seekers
- Tom Smothers
- Cicely Tyson
- Voices of East Harlem
- Dionne Warwick
- Jack Cassidy
# Track listing (New York Cast album).
Some material here is left out of the TV special and vice versa while other material | 15,756 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
appears only in the accompanying hardcover book.
## Act One.
- 1. "Free To Be... You And Me" – Music by Stephen J. Lawrence, Lyrics by Bruce Hart, Performed by The New Seekers
- 2. "Boy Meets Girl" – Written by Carl Reiner and Peter Stone, Performed by Mel Brooks and Marlo Thomas
- 3. "When We Grow Up" – Music by Stephen J. Lawrence, Lyrics by Shelly Miller, Performed by Roberta Flack and Michael Jackson on the special and Diana Ross on the Original Cast CD.
- 4. "Don't Dress Your Cat In An Apron" – Written by Dan Greenburg, Performed by Billy De Wolfe
## Act Two.
- 1. "Parents Are People" – Music and Lyrics by Carol Hall, Performed by Harry Belafonte and Marlo Thomas
- 2. "Housework" | 15,757 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
– Written by Sheldon Harnick, Performed by Carol Channing
- 3. "Helping" – Written by Shel Silverstein, Performed by Tom Smothers
- 4. "Ladies First" – Performed by Marlo Thomas (based on a Shel Silverstein poem about a girl whose insistence on always getting to "go first" simply because she is a girl ends up making her the chosen meal of hungry tigers)
- 5. "Dudley Pippin And The Principal" – Written by Phil Ressner, Performed by Billy De Wolfe, Bobby Morse, and Marlo Thomas
## Act Three.
- 1. "It's All Right to Cry" – Music and Lyrics by Carol Hall, Performed by Rosey Grier
- 2. "Sisters and Brothers" – Music by Stephen J. Lawrence, Lyrics by Bruce Hart, Performed by The Voices of East | 15,758 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
Harlem
- 3. "William's Doll" – Music by Mary Rodgers, Lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, Performed by Alan Alda and Marlo Thomas (based on the children's book of the same name, about a boy whose family is perplexed by his desire for a doll to care for)
- 4. "My Dog is a Plumber" – Written by Dan Greenburg, Performed by Dick Cavett
## Act Four.
- 1. "Atalanta" – Written by Betty Miles, Performed by Alan Alda and Marlo Thomas
- 2. "Grandma" – Written by Carole Hart, Performed by Diana Sands
- 3. "Girl Land" – Music by Mary Rodgers, Lyrics by Bruce Hart, Performed by Jack Cassidy and Shirley Jones
- 4. "Dudley Pippin And His No-Friend" – Written by Phil Ressner, Performed by Bobby Morse and Marlo | 15,759 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
Thomas
- 5. "Glad To Have A Friend Like You" – Music and Lyrics by Carol Hall, Performed by Marlo Thomas
## Epilogue.
- 1. "Free To Be... You And Me" – Reprise
## Bonus tracks.
Different performances from those included in the film – and not included on the original LP or CD
- 1. "Let's Hear It For Babies" – Words and music by Edward Kleban – Performed by Marlo Thomas and Mel Brooks
- 2. “The Sun And The Moon” – Words by Elaine Laron, music by Stephen J. Lawrence – Performed by Dionne Warwick
- 3. "Circle of Friends" – Music by Stephen J. Lawrence, lyrics by Bruce Hart – Performed by Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge and cast
# 40th anniversary.
In March 2014, The Paley Center for | 15,760 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
Media hosted an event commemorating the 40th anniversary of "Free to Be", co-moderated by Marlo Thomas and Gloria Steinem, which included many of the participants in the original project.
## Book.
To commemorate the 40th anniversary of the original project, a book called "When We Were Free to Be: Looking Back at a Children's Classic and the Difference It Made" was published.
# Further reading.
- Thomas, Marlo. "Free to Be--a Family." Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.
- Mickenberg, Julia L., and Lynne Vallone. "The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
- "Happily Ever After: Free to Be … You and Me, Second-Wave Feminism, and 1970s American Children’s | 15,761 |
750266 | Free to Be... You and Me | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free%20to%20Be...%20You%20and%20Me | Free to Be... You and Me
ssic and the Difference It Made" was published.
# Further reading.
- Thomas, Marlo. "Free to Be--a Family." Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.
- Mickenberg, Julia L., and Lynne Vallone. "The Oxford Handbook of Children's Literature." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
- "Happily Ever After: Free to Be … You and Me, Second-Wave Feminism, and 1970s American Children’s Culture." by Leslie Paris. pp. 519–538.
- Rotskoff, Lori, and Laura L. Lovett. "When We Were Free to Be Looking Back at a Children's Classic and the Difference It Made." Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
- FTB Foundation on Youtube - videos available for viewing
# External links.
- Free to Be Foundation | 15,762 |
750293 | Joseph Robert Wright Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Robert%20Wright%20Jr. | Joseph Robert Wright Jr.
Joseph Robert Wright Jr.
Joseph R. Wright Jr. (born 1938) works currently works in business. Prior he used to work in the United States government as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget for president Ronald Reagan.
# Career in business.
Joseph R. Wright Jr. (Joe) currently serves as Executive Partner/Consultant to Comvest Partners. He is also Chairman of the Investment Committees of Surry Capital, LLC, ClearSky Power and Technology Fund, LLC and ClearSky Security Fund, Executive Chairman of Federal Data Systems and Senior Advisor to Chart Capital Partners.
Joe is on the Boards of The Cowen Group and EBIX. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Council for Excellence | 15,763 |
750293 | Joseph Robert Wright Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Robert%20Wright%20Jr. | Joseph Robert Wright Jr.
in Government, Council of Chief Executives, Committee for Responsible Federal Budget, The Economic Club of New York and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF).
Joe was Chairman of Intelsat, CEO of PanAmSat, Chairman of GRC International, Executive Chairman of MTN Satellite Communications, CEO of Scientific Games, Co-Chairman of Baker & Taylor, EVP, Vice Chairman and Director of W. R. Grace, Chairman of Grace Energy Company and President of Grace Environmental Company, Senior Advisor to Providence Equity, Vice Chairman of Terremark, President of two Citibank subsidiaries and Vice President and Partner of Booz Allen and Hamilton, in addition to executive positions in several other smaller | 15,764 |
750293 | Joseph Robert Wright Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Robert%20Wright%20Jr. | Joseph Robert Wright Jr.
companies.
# Career in Government.
Joe served in the U.S. Government under President Reagan as Deputy Director and Director of the Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and a member of the President’s Cabinet. Prior to that he was Deputy Secretary of the Department of Commerce. In addition, he held various management and economic positions in the Federal Departments of Defense, Commerce and Agriculture.
Joe received the Distinguished Citizens Award from President Reagan, was appointed to the President’s Export Council by President H.W. Bush as Chairman of the Export Control Sub-Committee. He was also appointed to the President’s Commission on U.S. Postal Service Reform and the National | 15,765 |
750293 | Joseph Robert Wright Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Robert%20Wright%20Jr. | Joseph Robert Wright Jr.
Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC), the Federal Communications Commission’s Network Reliability and Interoperability Council and several other advisory boards by President George W. Bush. He served on the Defense Business Board under three Presidents, including the present administration. Joe has active Top Secret and SCI clearances with the U.S. Government.
# Financial Sector.
Before the 1980s, Joe was President of Citicorp Retail Services and Retail Consumer Services, credit card subsidiaries of Citibank.
He began his career at Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. where he became a Partner and the Division Head of the Growth Services consulting business.
# Service on Boards.
Joe | 15,766 |
750293 | Joseph Robert Wright Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Robert%20Wright%20Jr. | Joseph Robert Wright Jr.
previously served on the Board of Directors of Travelers, Harcourt Brace Janovich, Kroll, Titan, Proxim, Federal Signal, Hampton University, Priority Holdings, AT&T Government Markets and others.
Joe is on the Boards of The Cowen Group and EBIX. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Council for Excellence in Government, Council of Chief Executives, Committee for Responsible Federal Budget, The Economic Club of New York and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF).
# Awards.
Joe received the Distinguished Citizens Award from President Reagan and the Distinguished Achievement Award from Colorado School of Mines. He was also awarded the Government Computer News Annual Award | 15,767 |
750293 | Joseph Robert Wright Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Robert%20Wright%20Jr. | Joseph Robert Wright Jr.
of Chief Executives, Committee for Responsible Federal Budget, The Economic Club of New York and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF).
# Awards.
Joe received the Distinguished Citizens Award from President Reagan and the Distinguished Achievement Award from Colorado School of Mines. He was also awarded the Government Computer News Annual Award for Excellence at the Government Computer Expo. in 1985.
# Education.
Joe received a master's degree in Industrial Administration from Yale University and a Professional Engineering Degree from the Colorado School of Mines.
# Personal life.
Joe lives with his wife, Ellen, in New York City.
# References.
- Jefferson Consulting biography) | 15,768 |
750299 | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fat-tailed%20dwarf%20lemur | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
The fat-tailed dwarf lemur ("Cheirogaleus medius"), also known as the lesser dwarf lemur, western fat-tailed dwarf lemur, or spiny forest dwarf lemur, is endemic to Madagascar.
# Hibernation.
Recent research has shown that "C. medius" hibernates (or aestivates), even though in the tropical winter of Madagascar, temperatures remain high. It is the first tropical mammal and only primate in which hibernation has been demonstrated. However, the Malagasy winter is dry, and it appears that the lemur is avoiding the drought. It can hibernate for seven months. Unlike animals that hibernate in temperate regions, the lemur does not control its body temperature while hibernating, | 15,769 |
750299 | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fat-tailed%20dwarf%20lemur | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
and if the tree hole in which it is sleeping is not well insulated, its body temperature fluctuates in accordance with the outside temperature. During torpor, this lemur has been found to periodically enter REM sleep; non-REM sleep has not been observed, a pattern opposite that found in hibernating ground squirrels. The REM sleep episodes occurred during periods of higher ambient temperature (averaging 27 C, versus an average of 20 C during nonsleeping intervals while in torpor).
"C. medius" has a significantly longer lifespan than other strepsirrhinine or nonstrepsirrhinine primates of similar size, and this longevity is thought to be related to its status as the only primate that is an obligatory | 15,770 |
750299 | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fat-tailed%20dwarf%20lemur | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
hibernator. Its maximum lifespan in captivity is nearly 30 years.
Like other fat-tailed lemurs, "C. medius" is able to store fat in its tail, and this provides a source of energy during its period of dormancy.
# Taxonomy.
Between 2000 and 2009, a population of dwarf lemur was known as a separate species, the southern fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus adipicaudatus). It was described by taxonomist Colin Groves as having a pelage coloration that is dark dorsally and gray ventrally, with a vaguely expressed dorsal stripe running down the back, a relatively short white median facial stripe, and black eye-rings. However, in 2009, Groeneveld "et al." demonstrated genetically that "Cheirogaleus | 15,771 |
750299 | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fat-tailed%20dwarf%20lemur | Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
ur was known as a separate species, the southern fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus adipicaudatus). It was described by taxonomist Colin Groves as having a pelage coloration that is dark dorsally and gray ventrally, with a vaguely expressed dorsal stripe running down the back, a relatively short white median facial stripe, and black eye-rings. However, in 2009, Groeneveld "et al." demonstrated genetically that "Cheirogaleus adipicaudatus" was a synonym of "Cheirogaleus medius", so the southern fat-tailed dwarf Lemur is no longer recognized as a species.
# Traits.
This species is nocturnal, with a diet of insects, other small animals, fruits and flowers. The adult lemur mass is 160 grams. | 15,772 |
750298 | Louis Booker Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis%20Booker%20Wright | Louis Booker Wright
Louis Booker Wright
Louis Booker Wright (March 1, 1899 – December 26, 1984) was an American author, educator and librarian.
Wright was the director of the Folger Shakespeare Library, the author of numerous books about the American colonial period, and in 1928 he was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship.
Wright resided in Greenwood County, South Carolina, his birthplace, until he attended Wofford College, where he enlisted in the Student Army Training Corps. He was subsequently stationed at Plattsburgh, New York, for six months during World War I. He did not return directly to Wofford after the war, but spent several months as an airmail pilot before resuming his studies. In 1920 he graduated | 15,773 |
750298 | Louis Booker Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis%20Booker%20Wright | Louis Booker Wright
from Wofford with a B.A. in chemistry. In 1923, he became an English teaching assistant at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he wrote his Master's thesis in 1924. In 1926, he received his Ph.D from Chapel Hill and became an Assistant Professor of English there. During this period, he married Francis Black. Louis and Francis moved to London in 1928 upon his reception of a Guggenheim Fellowship.
In 1931, joined the staff of the Huntington Library as an administrator and scholar. Much of his research at the Huntington was concerned with the English Renaissance and the colonial period of the United States. While at the Huntington, he also served as a visiting professor at the | 15,774 |
750298 | Louis Booker Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis%20Booker%20Wright | Louis Booker Wright
University of California, Los Angeles, the California Institute of Technology, and Pomona College.
Before his appointment as director of the Folger Shakespeare Library in 1947, Wright was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters by Princeton University. He officially began working for the Folger in the summer of 1948. While director, Wright used administrative insight gained at the Huntington to initiate more modern and efficient practices at the Folger, adding reference works and improving lighting in the main research room. During his time as director, the Folger also adopted the Library of Congress' classification system. With Virginia LaMar, the Folger's executive secretary, Wright edited | 15,775 |
750298 | Louis Booker Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis%20Booker%20Wright | Louis Booker Wright
an early series of Folger Shakespeare Library editions of Shakespeare's plays, drawing on Folio and Quarto editions of the plays and compiling notes to make the plays as accessible as possible to the casual reader. The editions were published in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Among the organizations Wright served after his retirement in 1968 were the National Geographic Society, the Modern Language Association, and the Harry S. Truman Institute for National and International Affairs. Wright died in 1984 of cardiovascular disease in Chevy Chase, Maryland. He is buried in West Oakwood Cemetery, Spartanburg, SC with his wife and her parents.
# Publications.
Wright, Louis B. "The First Gentlemen | 15,776 |
750298 | Louis Booker Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis%20Booker%20Wright | Louis Booker Wright
with his wife and her parents.
# Publications.
Wright, Louis B. "The First Gentlemen of Virginia, Intellectual Qualities of the Early Colonial Ruling Class." San Marino: Huntington Library Publications, 1940.
Wright, Louis B. "The Cultural Life of the American Colonies, 1607-1763." London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1949.br
Wright, Louis B. "The Dream of Prosperity in Colonial America." New York: New York University Press, 1965.
Wright, Louis B. "Life on the American Frontier." New York: Capricorn Books, 1971.
# Sources.
- "New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors"
# External links.
- Louis B. Wright biography on the Folger Library website
- Louis Booker Wright Find A Grave memorial | 15,777 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
John Lorimer Worden
John Lorimer Worden (March 12, 1818 – October 19, 1897) was a U.S. Navy officer in the American Civil War, who took part in the Battle of Hampton Roads, the first-ever engagement between ironclad steamships at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 9 March 1862.
Commanding the Union’s only warship of this class, , Worden challenged the Confederate vessel "Virginia", a converted steam-frigate that had sunk two Union blockaders and damaged two others. After a four-hour battle, both ships withdrew, unable to pierce the other’s armour.
# Background and early career.
Worden was born in Scarborough, New York. He grew up in Swartwoutville, Dutchess County, New York, and was married to Olivia | 15,778 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
Toffey, the aunt of Daniel Toffey, captain's clerk of the USS "Monitor". He was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 10, 1834. He served his first three years in the sloop-of-war "Erie" on the Brazil Station. Following that, he was briefly assigned to the sloop before he reported to the Naval School at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for seven months of instruction. He returned to sea in July 1840 for two years with the Pacific Squadron.
Between 1844 and 1846, Worden was stationed at the Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. During the Mexican–American War, he cruised the west coast, primarily in the store ship "Southampton", but in other ships as well. In 1850, he returned to the Naval Observatory | 15,779 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
for another two-year tour of duty. The ensuing nine years were filled with sea duty which took Worden on several cruises in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas.
# Civil War service.
Brought to Washington early in 1861, he received orders in April to carry secret dispatches—regarding the reinforcement of Fort Pickens—south to the warships at Pensacola. During the return journey north, Worden was arrested near Montgomery, Alabama, and was held prisoner until exchanged about seven months later.
## Taking command of the "Monitor".
Though still ill as a result of his imprisonment, Lieutenant Worden accepted orders to command the new ironclad "Monitor" on January 16, 1862. He reported to her | 15,780 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
building site at Greenpoint in Brooklyn on Long Island and supervised her completion. He placed the new warship in commission at the New York Navy Yard on February 25 and two days later sailed for Hampton Roads. However, steering failure forced the ironclad back to New York for repairs. On March 6, she headed south again, this time under tow by "Seth Low".
On the afternoon of March 8, "Monitor" approached Cape Henry, Virginia, while inside Hampton Roads, the Confederacy's own ironclad, CSS "Virginia", wrought havoc with the Union Navy's wooden blockading fleet. During that engagement, the Southern warship sank both the sloop and the frigate , as well as severely damaging the steam frigate before | 15,781 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
retiring behind Sewell's Point. Arriving on the scene too late to participate in the engagement, Worden and his ship set about assisting the grounded "Minnesota".
## The battle of the ironclads.
At daybreak on the 9th, "Virginia" emerged once more from behind Sewell's Point to complete her reduction of the Federal fleet at Hampton Roads. As the Confederate ironclad approached "Minnesota", Worden maneuvered "Monitor" from the grounded ship's shadow to engage "Virginia" in the battle that revolutionized naval warfare. For four hours, the two iron-plated ships slugged it out as they maneuvered in the narrow channel of Hampton Roads, pouring shot and shell at one another to almost no visible effect. | 15,782 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
Three hours into the slug fest, Worden received facial wounds when a Confederate shell exploded just outside the pilot house that partially blinded him. He relinquished command to his first officer, Samuel D. Greene. About an hour later, "Monitor" withdrew from the battle temporarily and, upon her return to the scene, found that "Virginia", too, had withdrawn. The first battle between steam-driven, armored ships had ended in a draw.
## Other wartime commands.
After the battle, Worden moved ashore to convalesce from his wounds. During that recuperative period, he received the accolade of a grateful nation, the official thanks of the United States Congress, and promotion to commander. Late in | 15,783 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
1862, he took command of the ironclad monitor "Montauk" and placed her in commission at New York on December 14, 1862. Later in the month, Worden took his new ship south to join the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Port Royal, South Carolina. On January 27, 1863, he led his ship in the bombardment of Fort McAllister. A month later, newly promoted Captain Worden took his ship into the Ogeechee River, found the Confederate privateer "Rattlesnake" (formerly CSS "Nashville"), and destroyed her with five well-placed shots. His last action came of April 7, 1863, when "Montauk" participated in an attack on Charleston, South Carolina.
# Post-war career and last years.
Not long after the Charleston | 15,784 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
attack, Capt. Worden received orders to shore duty in conjunction with the construction of ironclads in New York. That assignment lasted until the late 1860s. He was promoted to commodore in May 1868. In 1869, Commodore Worden began a five-year tour as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. In 1872, Worden was promoted to Rear Admiral. In 1873 he became the first president of the United States Naval Institute.
During the late 1870s, he commanded the European Squadron, visiting ports in northern Europe and patrolling the eastern Mediterranean during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. He returned ashore and concluded his naval career as a member of the Examining Board and as President | 15,785 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
of the Retiring Board. When he retired on December 23, 1886, Congress voted him full sea pay in his grade for life.
Admiral Worden was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Sons of the American Revolution, Naval Order of the United States and the Military Order of Foreign Wars.
Rear Admiral Worden resided in Washington, D.C., until his death from pneumonia on October 19, 1897. After funeral services at St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington, he was buried in the Pawling Cemetery in Pawling, New York. He was married to Olivia Toffey (1820–1903), and she and three of their four children survived him. His oldest son was John Lorimer Worden, Jr. (1845–1873), | 15,786 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
who served as a volunteer captain in the U.S. Army during the Civil War and later as a first lieutenant in the regular army until his death in 1873. The second son was Daniel Toffey Worden (1847–1914), a Wall Street stock broker. Worden also had two daughters, Grace Worden (1852–1905) and Olivia Steele Worden (1856–1933). Worden's widow and all of his children except Daniel were buried with him in Pawling, New York.
# Tiffany & Co. Sword.
After the battle of the "Monitor" and "Virginia" the state of New York celebrated their hero with the commissioning of a custom-made gold and silver inlaid sword from Tiffany & Co. The handle was emblazoned with the Roman god of the sea, Neptune, and included | 15,787 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
a gold-plated sheath and gold embroidered belt made at the cost of $550.
In 1912, fifteen years after his death, Worden's family donated the sword to the Naval Academy where it rested until 1931 when it was stolen. The subsequent naval investigation yielded no leads.
The sword was missing for over six decades until 1998 when the FBI began an investigation into several dealers of the PBS show Antiques Roadshow. By 2002, three men were in jail for $1 million in memorabilia fraud. The FBI continued to delve further into the records of the appraisers, searching for more stolen items. The sword had been purchased by an appraiser and then resold to a collector. After the FBI verified the sword was | 15,788 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
stolen, it was confiscated and returned to the Naval Academy.
# Namesake.
Fort Worden, located in Port Townsend, Washington and four United States Navy ships have been named USS "Worden" for him. The parade field at the United States Naval Academy is named in his honor. The John L. Worden Camp 150, Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, is based in Peekskill, N.Y., not far from Worden's grave in Pawling, N.Y.
# See also.
List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
# Bibliography.
- Nelson, James L. 2004. "The Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack". HarperCollins Publishers, NY.
- https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/14275
# | 15,789 |
750221 | John Lorimer Worden | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lorimer%20Worden | John Lorimer Worden
ocated in Port Townsend, Washington and four United States Navy ships have been named USS "Worden" for him. The parade field at the United States Naval Academy is named in his honor. The John L. Worden Camp 150, Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, is based in Peekskill, N.Y., not far from Worden's grave in Pawling, N.Y.
# See also.
List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
# Bibliography.
- Nelson, James L. 2004. "The Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack". HarperCollins Publishers, NY.
- https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/14275
# External links.
- Rear Admiral John L. Worden, USN
- Mizzentop's History | 15,790 |
750286 | Joseph Marshall Walker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Marshall%20Walker | Joseph Marshall Walker
Joseph Marshall Walker
Joseph Marshall Walker (July 1, 1784 – January 20, 1856) was a Louisiana soldier and politician. He was the 13th Governor of Louisiana, from 1850-1853.
Walker was born to an English father and a French-Creole mother in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. At that time Louisiana was a colony of Spain. In 1807, he went to Mexico and joined the Spanish army, serving as a lieutenant of dragoons, and later becoming master of a military school at Chihuahua.
After the outbreak of the War of 1812 he returned to New Orleans and enlisted in the Louisiana State Militia. He served fighting against the British in the Battle of New Orleans at Chalmette, Louisiana.
# Political | 15,791 |
750286 | Joseph Marshall Walker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Marshall%20Walker | Joseph Marshall Walker
career.
A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected to public office in 1820, as a member of the House of Representatives of Louisiana.
On January 22, 1822, he was made Brigadier General of the First Brigade of the State Militia, serving concurrently with his role as a member of the state house.
Walker was reelected to the legislature in 1822, 1832, and 1836. He was active in promoting the State Militia, and was credited with improving the organization and discipline of that force.
In 1846 he served as State Treasurer.
In 1849 he ran for Governor, winning against split Whig opposition from General Alexander De Clouet and Duncan F. Kenner. On 28 January 1850, he became the first | 15,792 |
750286 | Joseph Marshall Walker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Marshall%20Walker | Joseph Marshall Walker
governor inaugurated in the new state capital at Baton Rouge.
As governor he established a free public school system for white children.
There was widespread opposition to the 1846 State Constitution, and a convention adopted a new one in 1852. Walker strongly objected to this document, and resigned because of this the following year, and retired to a family plantation in Rapides Parish. He turned down offers from Democratic Party officials to be their candidate for the United States House of Representatives. Joseph Marshall Walker died three years later in 1856.
# References.
- Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978, Vol. | 15,793 |
750286 | Joseph Marshall Walker | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph%20Marshall%20Walker | Joseph Marshall Walker
hed a free public school system for white children.
There was widespread opposition to the 1846 State Constitution, and a convention adopted a new one in 1852. Walker strongly objected to this document, and resigned because of this the following year, and retired to a family plantation in Rapides Parish. He turned down offers from Democratic Party officials to be their candidate for the United States House of Representatives. Joseph Marshall Walker died three years later in 1856.
# References.
- Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978, Vol. 2, Westport, Conn.; Meckler Books, 1978. 4 vols.
- State of Louisiana - Biography | 15,794 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
John Lloyd Wright
John Lloyd Wright (December 12, 1892 – December 20, 1972) was an American architect and toy inventor. Born in Oak Park, Illinois, Wright was the second-oldest son of famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright. John Lloyd Wright became estranged from his father in 1909 and subsequently left his home to join his brother on the West Coast. After unsuccessfully working a series of jobs, he decided to take up the profession of his father in 1912. Shortly afterward, he was able to reconnect with his father, who took John under his wing. Differences in opinion regarding the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo caused the pair to again become disunited.
John Lloyd Wright took a break from architecture after | 15,795 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
this falling-out and focused on designing toys. The most successful of these inventions was Lincoln Logs in 1916, which would later be one of the original inductees into the National Toy Hall of Fame. In 1923, Wright moved to Long Beach, Indiana and designed several buildings. His style was characterized by the Prairie School of architecture with International Style influences. After marrying a third time in 1946, Wright left Indiana for Del Mar, California, where he spent the rest of his life designing houses.
# Biography.
## Early life.
John Lloyd Wright was born on December 12, 1892, while his father, Frank Lloyd Wright, was practicing in Chicago with Adler & Sullivan. He was the second-oldest | 15,796 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
of the six children of Frank Lloyd and Catherine Wright. They lived in Oak Park, Illinois, in what is now known as the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio. John became estranged from his father in 1909, when Frank abandoned his family to be with Mamah Borthwick Cheney. John was accepted to the University of Wisconsin shortly after, but soon dropped out. He moved to Portland, Oregon, to get away from his family. He traveled with his elder brother, Lloyd Wright, to San Diego, California, where they worked with the Olmsted Brothers as they prepared for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. He also sold posters designed by his brother and briefly worked a job pressing pants. Destitute and | 15,797 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
without direction, he decided to take up the profession of his father and become an architect.
## Early architecture.
While walking in San Diego, he saw a sign calling for a draftsman for the Pacific Building Company. Wright was hired and drew architectural details for bungalows. He soon realized that he had a talent for the profession and sought out a professional architectural firm. He found a position in the firm of Harrison Albright, one of the preeminent architects in Los Angeles. Originally acting as a clerk, Wright received his first design commission for a house in Escondido in 1912. The design was heavily borrowed from his father's Sherman M. Booth House in Glencoe, Illinois. Pleased | 15,798 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
with the results, Albright gave Wright the opportunity to design the Workingman's Hotel, a three-story building. During the project, Wright worked closely with sculptor Alfonso Iannelli, whom he would befriend. After the hotel was completed, Wright determined that he should receive formal architectural training. He intended to apprentice with Vienna Secession architect Otto Wagner in exchange for room and board in Vienna, Austria.
After John wrote a letter to his father, asking him for money for a ticket to Vienna, Frank wrote back that John was welcome to train with him. He accepted the opportunity, but struggled under the dominating personality of his father. In 1913, upon completion of Taliesin | 15,799 |
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