wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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750227 | Simple public-key infrastructure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple%20public-key%20infrastructure | Simple public-key infrastructure
est. Another side-effect of this design element is that it is difficult to monetize SPKI/SDSI by itself. It can be a component of some other product, but there is no business case for developing SPKI/SDSI tools and services except as part of some other product.
The most prominent general deployments of SPKI/SDSI are E-speak, a middleware product from HP that used SPKI/SDSI for access control of web methods, and UPnP Security, that uses an XML dialect of SPKI/SDSI for access control of web methods, delegation of rights among network participants, etc.
# See also.
- SPKAC
# External links.
- SPKI homepage,
- JSDSI (open source development effort)
- CDSA (open source development effort). | 15,600 |
750228 | Hubert Work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert%20Work | Hubert Work
Hubert Work
Hubert Work (July 3, 1860December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator and physician. He served as the United States Postmaster General from 1922 until 1923 during the presidency of Warren G. Harding. He served as the United States Secretary of the Interior from 1923 until 1928 during the administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge.
# Early life and career.
Work was born in Marion Center, Pennsylvania, to Tabitha Van Horn and Moses Thompson Work. He attended medical school at the University of Michigan from 1882 to 1883 and received an M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. He settled in Colorado and founded Woodcroft Hospital in Pueblo, Colorado, in 1896.
Work | 15,601 |
750228 | Hubert Work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert%20Work | Hubert Work
was active in the Republican Party and served as the Colorado state chairman in 1912. In 1914, Work ran unsuccessfully in a special election for the United States Senate. He was defeated by Democrat Charles S. Thomas, later the governor of Colorado.
Work received 98,728 votes (39 percent) compared to Thomas' 102,037 ballots (40.3 percent). This was Colorado's first Senate election by popular vote under the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. During World War I, Work served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel.
From 1921 to 1922, Work served as the president of the American Medical Association. He was the Colorado delegate to the Republican | 15,602 |
750228 | Hubert Work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert%20Work | Hubert Work
National Convention in 1920 and was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1928 to 1929.
Work served as the U.S. Assistant Postmaster General from 1921 to 1922, and as the U.S. Postmaster General from 1922 to 1923 under President Harding. He served as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1923 to 1928, under the administrations of President Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. During Work's tenure as the Secretary of the Interior, American citizenship was formally granted to the Native Americans in the United States. He resigned from the Department of the Interior on July 24, 1928, and was replaced by Roy O. West. He was the first physician to serve in the U.S. Cabinet.
# Personal | 15,603 |
750228 | Hubert Work | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert%20Work | Hubert Work
signed from the Department of the Interior on July 24, 1928, and was replaced by Roy O. West. He was the first physician to serve in the U.S. Cabinet.
# Personal life.
In 1887, Work married Laura M. Arbuckle (18591924), with whom he had three children: Philip, Dorcas "Doris" Logan, and Robert Van Horn Work. Work's first wife died and he married the former Ethel Reed Gano in 1933.
Work died in Denver, Colorado, on December 14, 1942. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, next to his first wife.
# External links.
- Hubert Work biography at americanpresident.org
- Photographs of Hubert Work's Gravestone
- Hubert Work papers at the Hoover Institution Archives | 15,604 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
John Maynard Woodworth
John Maynard Woodworth (August 15, 1837 – March 14, 1879) was an American physician and member of the Woodworth political family. He served as the first Supervising-Surgeon General under U.S. president Ulysses S. Grant, then changed to Surgeon General of the United States Marine Hospital Service from 1871 to 1879.
# Early life and education.
Woodworth was born at Big Flats, Chemung County, New York. His family soon moved to Illinois, where Woodworth attended school in Warrenville. He studied pharmacy at the University of Chicago and worked as a pharmacist for a time.
Woodworth was one of the organizers of the Chicago Academy of Science and in 1858 became curator of | 15,605 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
its museum. In this capacity, he made several trips west of the Mississippi River to collect natural history specimens. He was appointed naturalist by the University of Chicago in 1859 and asked to establish a museum of natural history. Woodworth also spent time working at the Smithsonian Institution over the next few years. He then decided to embark on medical studies, and graduated from the Chicago Medical College in 1862.
# Career.
Almost immediately upon graduating from medical school, Woodworth was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the Union Army. He was soon promoted to Surgeon and eventually became Medical Director of the Army of the Tennessee. Woodworth served under General William Tecumseh | 15,606 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
Sherman, and on "Sherman's March to the Sea" he was in charge of the ambulance train, bringing the sick and wounded to Savannah without the loss of a single man.
After the war, Woodworth became a companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.
Following the Civil War, Woodworth spent a year in Europe, receiving clinical instruction chiefly in the hospitals of Berlin and Vienna. In 1866, he became demonstrator in anatomy at the Chicago Medical College. He was also appointed Surgeon of the Soldier's home of Chicago and Sanitary Inspector of the Chicago Board of Health in that same year.
# Surgeon General.
In 1871, Woodworth was appointed | 15,607 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
the first Supervising Surgeon of the Marine Hospital Service. The Service had its origins in a 1798 Act of Congress "for the relief of sick and disabled seamen." The 1798 law created a fund to be used by the Federal Government of the United States to provide medical services to merchant seamen in American ports, which was expanded to include military and others who made their living associated with seagoing. The marine hospital fund was administered by the Treasury Department and financed through a monthly deduction from the wages of the seamen. Medical care was provided through contracts with existing hospitals and, increasingly as time went on, through the construction of new hospitals for | 15,608 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
this purpose. The earliest marine hospitals were located along the East Coast of the United States, with Boston being the site of the first such facility, but later they were also established along inland waterways, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf Coast and Pacific Coast.
The marine hospitals hardly constituted a system in the Antebellum period. Funds for the hospitals were inadequate, political rather than medical reasons often influenced the choice of sites for hospitals and the selection of physicians, and the Treasury Department had little supervisory authority over the hospitals. During the Civil War, the Union and Confederate forces occupied the hospitals for their own use, and in 1864 | 15,609 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
only 8 of the 27 hospitals listed before the war were operational. In 1869, the United States Secretary of the Treasury commissioned an extensive study of the marine hospitals, and the resulting critical report led to the passage of reform legislation in the following year.
The 1870 reorganization converted the loose network of locally controlled hospitals into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C.. The position of Supervising Surgeon (later Surgeon General) was created to administer the Service. Woodworth began his service in the position on March 29, 1871, and he moved quickly to reform the system. He adopted a military model for his medical | 15,610 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
staff, instituting examinations for applicants instead of appointing physicians on the recommendation of the local Collector of Customs. Physicians, whom Woodworth placed in uniforms, were no longer appointed to serve in a particular facility, but appointed to the general Service. In this way, Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians who could be assigned and moved as needed to the various marine hospitals. The uniformed services component of the Marine Hospital Service was formalized as the Commissioned Corps by legislation enacted in 1889 under Woodworth's successor, John B. Hamilton.
In 1872, Woodworth initiated the publication of annual reports of the Marine Hospital | 15,611 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
Service. That same year he also served as one of the founders of the American Public Health Association.
From the time of his appointment, Woodworth envisioned broader responsibilities for the Marine Hospital Service, well beyond the care of merchant seamen. In 1873, his title was changed to Supervising Surgeon General. He issued publications on cholera and yellow fever, and laid the foundations for the passage of the National Quarantine Act of 1878. This Act conferred quarantine authority on the Marine Hospital Service, initiating a process whereby over the next half a century the Service progressively took over quarantine functions from the states. The Act also authorized the publication | 15,612 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
of "Bulletins of the Public Health" (the forerunner of the Service's journal "Public Health Reports"). The Marine Hospital Service thus moved into public health activities under Woodworth, paving the way for its later evolution into the Public Health Service.
Woodworth also designed the seal of the Service, which he first used on a publication that he authored in 1874 on Nomenclature of Diseases. The seal consisted of a fouled anchor, to represent the seamen cared for by the Service, and the caduceus of Mercury. The latter symbol was particularly appropriate since it served as a symbol of commerce (which could represent the merchant marine) but was also used by the Army Medical Corps as its | 15,613 |
750202 | John Maynard Woodworth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Maynard%20Woodworth | John Maynard Woodworth
ic Health Service.
Woodworth also designed the seal of the Service, which he first used on a publication that he authored in 1874 on Nomenclature of Diseases. The seal consisted of a fouled anchor, to represent the seamen cared for by the Service, and the caduceus of Mercury. The latter symbol was particularly appropriate since it served as a symbol of commerce (which could represent the merchant marine) but was also used by the Army Medical Corps as its symbol. With minor changes in design, this device has remained the seal of the Public Health Service to the present day.
Woodworth remained in the position of Supervising Surgeon General until his death in Washington, DC, on 14 March 1879. | 15,614 |
750251 | Samantha Smith (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samantha%20Smith%20(tennis) | Samantha Smith (tennis)
Samantha Smith (tennis)
Samantha "Sam" Smith (born 27 November 1971) is a British former professional tennis player, who was the British ladies' No. 1 from 1996 to 1999. She now commentates on the game, predominantly for the BBC, ITV, Sky Sports, BT Sport and Eurosport, as well as in Australia on the Australian Open which she has been a part of for 11 years with the Seven Network and as of 2019 the Nine Network.
# Early life.
Smith was born in Essex and was educated at Bancroft's School. She took three years out of tennis to attend the University of Exeter where she attained an upper second class Honours degree in history.
# Tennis career.
Smith competed on the WTA Tour from 1990 to 1992 | 15,615 |
750251 | Samantha Smith (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samantha%20Smith%20(tennis) | Samantha Smith (tennis)
and from 1995 to 2000. Her highest achievement was in reaching the fourth round at the Wimbledon Championships in 1998, when she beat Anne-Gaëlle Sidot, Mariana Díaz Oliva and former champion Conchita Martínez before losing to eventual runner up Nathalie Tauziat. In so doing she picked up an ankle injury that required her to have two operations and spend four months in plaster; this effectively ended her career. She peaked at No. 55 in the WTA rankings before the injury curtailed her climb up the rankings.
At the Australian Open, she competed in the first round of the women's doubles competition in 1992 (with Ilana Berger), and reached the second round in 1999.
At the French Open at Roland | 15,616 |
750251 | Samantha Smith (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samantha%20Smith%20(tennis) | Samantha Smith (tennis)
Garros, she competed in the first round in 1991 and 1999.
At Wimbledon, she competed eight times and reached the fourth round in 1998.
At the US Open, she competed in the first round in 1998 and reached the second round in 1997.
At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics she reached the second round.
Smith won a silver medal in the mixed doubles at the 1995 Universiade (World University Games) in Fukuoka, Japan, partnering Paul Robinson. She also reached the quarterfinals in the singles.
She won the ITF tournaments at Nottingham in 1995 (singles and doubles) and Frinton-on-Sea in 2000. She represented Britain in the Fed Cup and European Cup in 1991 and from 1996 to 1999. She was unbeaten in her five | 15,617 |
750251 | Samantha Smith (tennis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samantha%20Smith%20(tennis) | Samantha Smith (tennis)
d in 1991 and 1999.
At Wimbledon, she competed eight times and reached the fourth round in 1998.
At the US Open, she competed in the first round in 1998 and reached the second round in 1997.
At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics she reached the second round.
Smith won a silver medal in the mixed doubles at the 1995 Universiade (World University Games) in Fukuoka, Japan, partnering Paul Robinson. She also reached the quarterfinals in the singles.
She won the ITF tournaments at Nottingham in 1995 (singles and doubles) and Frinton-on-Sea in 2000. She represented Britain in the Fed Cup and European Cup in 1991 and from 1996 to 1999. She was unbeaten in her five singles matches in the 1997 Fed Cup. | 15,618 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
Circassian languages
Circassian , also known as Cherkess , is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family. There are two Circassian languages, defined by their literary standards, Adyghe (, also known as West Circassian), with half a million speakers, and Kabardian (, also known as East Circassian), with a million. The languages are mutually intelligible with one another, but differ to a degree where they would be considered clear-cut dialects. The earliest extant written records of the Circassian languages are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century.
There is a strong consensus among the linguistic community about the fact that | 15,619 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
Adyghe and Kabardian are typologically distinct languages. However, the local terms for these languages refer to them as dialects. The Circassian people call themselves "Адыгэ" "Adygè" (English: Adyghe) in their native language. In the southwestern part of European Russia, there is also a Federal Subject called Adygea (Russian: Адыгея "Adygeja"), enclaved within Krasnodar Krai, which is named after the Circassian endonym. In the Russian language, Circassian subdivision is treated as a single language and called Адыгский ("Adygskij", meaning the Adyghe language), whereas the Adyghe language is called Адыгейский ("Adygejskij", meaning the language of those in [the Republic of] Adygea). The terms | 15,620 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
"Circassian" and "Cherkess" are sometimes used in several languages as synonyms for the Northwest Caucasian languages in general or the Adyghe language in particular.
# Circassian languages.
- Adyghe language
- The Black Sea coast dialects
- Zhaney dialect
- Natukhai dialect (; Netʼx́uajebze)
- Shapsug dialect (; Şapsıǵabze)
- North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (Шапсыгъэ шху; Şapsıǵ şıxu)
- Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (Кӏэмгуе-шапсыгъ; Çʼemgueý-şapsıǵ)
- South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу; Şapsıǵe-cʼıkʼuı) dialect.
- Kfar Kama dialect (Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ; Kfar Kamem işapsıǵebze): Shapsug dialect spoken | 15,621 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
by the villagers of Kfar Kama in Israel.
- Hakuchi dialect (ХьакӀуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ; Hakʼuıcuıbze, Qaracxaýbze)
- The Kuban river dialects
- Bzhedug dialect (; Bɀedıǵuıbze) : Spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea and Biga.
- Temirgoy (; Çʼemıguıyabze, Çʼemguibze) : Literary Adyghe. Also spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea.
- Abzakh dialect (; Abźaxabze) : Spoken by the Circassians in Rehaniya in Israel and the Circassians in Syria from Golan Heights.
- Mamkhegh dialect
- Yegeruqay dialect
- Hatuqwai dialect
- Mequash dialect
- Kabardian language
- Kabardian
- West Kabardian
- Kuban
- Kuban-Zelenchuk (Cherkess)
- Central Kabardian
- Baksan (Basis for the | 15,622 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
literary language)
- Malka
- Eastern Kabardian
- Terek
- Mozdok
- North Kabardian
- Mulka
- Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 "Soviet Zaparika")
- Baslaney dialect (; Besłınıýbze)
# Alphabet.
- Adyghe language (also known as West Circassian, ; Çʼaxıbze, ) — The language of the west Circassian tribes: Shapsug, Abzakh, Natukhai, Bzhedug, Temirgoy. The Alphabet is based on the Temirgoy dialect. The Circassian alphabet was created in 1918 by the Kabardian linguist Naguma Shora.
Adyghe Alphabet
- Kabardian language (also known as East Circassian, ; Qeberdeýbze, ) — The language of the east Circassian tribes : Kabarday and Baslaney. The Alphabet is based on the Kabardian dialect.
Kabardian Alphabet
Dialectal | 15,623 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
letters
# Sound changes.
Sound changes between Adyghe (Temirgoy) and Kabardian:
- Adyghe a ↔ э Kabardian: "адыгабзэ ↔ aдыгэбзэ" (Adyghe); "бае ↔ бей" (rich); "аслъан ↔ аслъэн" (lion); къэплъан ↔ къаплъэн (tiger); "дунай ↔ дуней" (world); "тхьакӀумэ ↔ тхьэкӀумэ" (ear); "хьарыф ↔ хьэрф" (letter); "тхьаркъо ↔ тхьэрыкъуэ" (pigeon); "Ӏае ↔ Ӏей" (ugly); "хьамлыу ↔ хьэмбылу" (worm); "хьау ↔ хьэуэ" (no)
- Adyghe ы ↔ э Kabardian: "ны ↔ анэ" (mother)
- Adyghe э ↔ ы Kabardian: "хъэдэн ↔ хъыдан" (lilac)
- Adyghe а ↔ ы Kabardian: "Ӏахьыл ↔ Ӏыхьлы" (cloth)
- Adyghe и ↔ ы Kabardian: "мэлэӀич ↔ мэлэӀыч" (angel)
- Adyghe ы ↔ и Kabardian: "сабый ↔ сабий" (child)
- Adyghe ы ↔ е Kabardian: "жъэжъый ↔ жьэжьей" | 15,624 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
(kidney); "дэжъый ↔ дэжьей" (hazelnut)
- Adyghe ц ↔ дз Kabardian: "цэ ↔ дзэ" (tooth); "цыгъо ↔ дзыгъуэ" (mouse); "пцэжъый ↔ бдзэжьей" (fish); "уцы ↔ удзы" (grass)
- Adyghe цу ↔ в Kabardian: "цу ↔ вы" (ox); "цуакъэ ↔ вакъэ" (shoe); "цунды ↔ вынд" (raven); "цунды ↔ вынд" (raven); "цуабзэ ↔ вабдзэ" (ploughshare)
- Adyghe ч ↔ ж Kabardian: "чэмы ↔ жэм" (cow); "чъыгы ↔ жыг" (tree); "чэщы ↔ жэщ" (night); "чылэ ↔ жылэ" (village, settlement); "пчъын ↔ бжын" (to count); "чъэн ↔ жэн" (to run)
- Adyghe ч ↔ дж Kabardian: "чэтыу ↔ джэду" (cat); "чэты ↔ джэд" (chicken); "апч ↔ абдж" (glass)
- Adyghe ч ↔ щ Kabardian: "пачъыхь ↔ пащтыхь" (king); "гъучӏы ↔ гъущӏ" (iron); "упчӏэ ↔ упщӏэ" (question); "чыӏу | 15,625 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
↔ щӏыӏу" (button); "чъыӏэ ↔ щӏыӏэ" (cold); "пчэдыжьы ↔ пщэдджыжь" (morning)
- Adyghe дз ↔ з Kabardian: "хъырбыдз ↔ хъарбыз" (watermelon)
- Adyghe дж ↔ ж Kabardian: "баджэ ↔ бажэ" (fox); "лъэмыдж ↔ лъэмыж" (arch, bridge); "аджал ↔ ажал" (death); "хьаджыгъэ ↔ хьэжыгъэ" (flour); "лъэгуанджэ ↔ лъэгуажьэ" (knee); "къуаджэ ↔ къуажэ" (village)
- Adyghe жь ↔ з Kabardian: "ежь ↔ езы" (him, itself)
- Adyghe жъ ↔ жь Kabardian: "жъы ↔ жьы" (old); "бжъэ ↔ бжьэ" (bowl, horn, slander); "жъэн ↔ жьэн" (to fry, to grill)
- Adyghe ж ↔ жь Kabardian: "бжыхьэ ↔ бжьыхьэ" (autumn); "жакӀэ ↔ жьакӀэ" (beard); "бжыдзэ ↔ бжьыдзэ" (flea); "жэ ↔ жьэ" (mouth)
- Adyghe жъу ↔ в Kabardian: "жъуагъо ↔ вагъо" (star); "зэжъу | 15,626 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
↔ зэвы" (narrow); "ӏужъу ↔ ӏувы" (wide); "гъэжъон ↔ гъэвэн" (to boil)
- Adyghe ш ↔ щ Kabardian: "нашэ ↔ нащэ" (melon)
- Adyghe щ ↔ ш Kabardian: "щэ ↔ шэ" (milk); "щай ↔ шай" (tea); "щыгъу ↔ шыгъу" (salt); "ахъщэ ↔ ахъшэ" (fund, money); "щэбзащ ↔ шабзэ" (arrow); "щыды ↔ шыд" (donkey); "щынагъо ↔ шынагъуэ" (fear); "щыбжьый ↔ шыбжий" (black pepper); "щэджагъо ↔ шэджагъуэ" (noon)
- Adyghe шъ ↔ щ Kabardian: "шъабэ ↔ щабэ"; "шъхьэ ↔ щхьэ" (head); "шъынэ ↔ щынэ" (lamp); "дышъэ ↔ дыщэ" (gold); "пшъашъэ ↔ пщащэ" (girl); "мышъэ ↔ мыщэ" (bear); "псэушъхь ↔ псэущхьэ" (animal); "шъэ ↔ ща" (100)
- Adyghe шӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: "шӀын ↔ щӀын" (to do); "шӀэн ↔ щӀэн" (to know); "гъашӀэ ↔ гъащӀэ" (life); "пшӀы | 15,627 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
↔ пщӀы" (ten)
- Adyghe кӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: "кӀэ ↔ щӀэ" (new); "кӀалэ ↔ щӀалэ" (young-man); "мэгыкӀэ ↔ мэгыщӀэ" (to launder, to wash); "тӀэкӀын ↔ тӀэщӀын" (to go off on); "икӀыӀу ↔ ищӀыӀу" (above); "макӀэ ↔ мащӀэ" (few); "хьакӀэ ↔ хьэщӀэ" (guest); "ӀункӀыбзэ ↔ ӀунщӀыбз " (key)
- Adyghe шъу ↔ ф Kabardian: "шъоу ↔ фо" (honey); "шъуз ↔ фыз" (wife); "ешъон ↔ ефэн" (to drink); "уашъо ↔ уафэ" (sky); "уцышъо ↔ удзыфэ" (green); "къашъо ↔ къафэ" (dance); "шъо ↔ фэ" (color, skin, you (plural)); "шъо ↔ фэ" (color, skin, you (plural)); "нэшъу ↔ нэф" (blind)
- Adyghe шӀу ↔ фӀ Kabardian: "шӀу ↔ фӀы" (well, good); "машӀо ↔ мафӀэ" (fire); "шӀуцӀэ ↔ фӀыцӀэ" (black); "шӀомыкӀы ↔ фӀамыщӀ" (coal); "ошӀу ↔ уэфӀ" | 15,628 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
(weather); "ӏэшӀу ↔ ӏэфӀ " (sweet); "шӀошӏын ↔ фӀэщын" (sweet)
- Adyghe ф ↔ ху Kabardian: "фыжьы ↔ хужьы" (white); "Ӏофы ↔ Ӏуэху" (work, job); "мафэ ↔ махуэ" (day); "гъэмафэ ↔ гъэмахуэ" (summer); "цӀыфы ↔ цӀыху" (person); "фабэ ↔ хуабэ" (hot); "фае ↔ хуей" (want, need); "фэд ↔ хуэд" (like); "нэфы ↔ нэху" (light); "нартыф ↔ нартыху" (corn); "фэгъэгъун ↔ хуэгъэгъун" (to forgive); "фэгъэгъун ↔ хуэгъэгъун" (to forgive); "бжьыныф ↔ бжьыныху" (garlic); "бзылъфыгъэ ↔ бзылъхугъэ " (woman)
- Adyghe хь ↔ хъ Kabardian: "нахь ↔ нэхъ" (more); "шынахьыкӏ ↔ шынэхъыщӏ" (younger brother); "шынахьыжъ ↔ шынэхъыжь" (older brother)
- Adyghe къ ↔ кхъ Kabardian: "къэ ↔ кхъэ" (grave)
- Adyghe къу ↔ кхъу Kabardian: | 15,629 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
"къуае ↔ кхъуей" (cheese); "къужъы ↔ кхъужь" (pear); "къухьэ ↔ кхъухь" (ship)
- Adyghe т ↔ д Kabardian: "тэ ↔ дэ" (we); "тамэ ↔ дамэ" (shoulder); "тамыгь ↔ дамыгъэ" (stamp, letter); "тыгъужъы ↔ дыгъужь" (wolf); "тыгъуас ↔ дыгъуасэ" (yesterday); "ты ↔ адэ" (father); "тыжьыны ↔ дыжьын" (silver); "такъикъ ↔ дакъикъэ" (minute); "атакъэ ↔ адакъэ" (rooster, cock); "хатэ ↔ хадэ" (garden); "псычэт ↔ псыджэд" (duck); "тхьаматэ ↔ тхьэмадэ" (leader, boss)
- Adyghe п ↔ б Kabardian: "панэ ↔ банэ" (thorn); "пытэ ↔ быдэ" (hard); "пчэны ↔ бжэн" (goat); "пыи ↔ бий" (enemy); "непэ ↔ нобэ" (today); "пчъын ↔ бжын" (to count)
- Adyghe м ↔ н Kabardian: "мамун ↔ номин" (monkey)
- Adyghe н ↔ Ø Kabardian: "гъунджэ | 15,630 |
750259 | Circassian languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circassian%20languages | Circassian languages
ыи ↔ бий" (enemy); "непэ ↔ нобэ" (today); "пчъын ↔ бжын" (to count)
- Adyghe м ↔ н Kabardian: "мамун ↔ номин" (monkey)
- Adyghe н ↔ Ø Kabardian: "гъунджэ ↔ гъуджэ" (mirror)
- Adyghe -Ø ↔ -р Kabardian: "Ӏехы ↔ Ӏехыр"; "сӀехы ↔ сӀехыр"; "тӀехы ↔ тӀехыр"
- Adyghe -Ø ↔ -щ Kabardian: "тӀыгъ ↔ тӀыгъщ"
- Adyghe Ø- ↔ и- Kabardian: "джыри ↔ иджыри" (yet)
# Loanwords.
Circassian languages contain "many loan-words from Arabic, Turkish, Persian (particularly in the area of religion) and Russian".
# See also.
- Circassia
# Literature.
- A Dictionary of the Circassian Language, in Two Parts. By Dr. L. Loewe.
- Кумахов М. А. Адыгские языки // Языки мира. Кавказские языки. М., 1999. (in Russian) | 15,631 |
750275 | Fanshawe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanshawe | Fanshawe
Fanshawe
Fanshawe (less commonly Fanshaw) can refer to:
# Places.
- Fanshawe, Oklahoma, a town in the United States
- Fanshawe College, a school in London, Ontario, Canada
- Fanshawe Dam in London, Ontario
- Fanshawe Lake in London, Ontario
- Fanshawe Pioneer Village in London, Ontario
# Other uses.
- Fanshawe (surname)
- Featherstonhaugh, of the same pronunciation as Fanshawe
- Anthony Royle, Baron Fanshawe of Richmond (1927–2001)
- "Fanshawe" (novel), a 19th-century novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne
- USS "Fanshaw Bay" (CVE-70), US navy aircraft carrier | 15,632 |
750252 | William Wallace Wotherspoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wallace%20Wotherspoon | William Wallace Wotherspoon
William Wallace Wotherspoon
William Wallace Wotherspoon (November 16, 1850 – October 21, 1921) was a United States Army general who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1914.
# Early life.
Wotherspoon was born in Washington, D.C., on November 16, 1850, the son of Army surgeon Alexander Summerville Wotherspoon (1817–1884) and Louisa Kuhn Wotherspoon. Alexander Wotherspoon was a veteran of the Mexican War; in addition to serving on Winfield Scott's staff, he was present when President Zachary Taylor became ill in 1850, and treated Taylor during his final illness.
William Wotherspoon was educated in private schools and served aboard ship as a mate in the United States Navy from | 15,633 |
750252 | William Wallace Wotherspoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wallace%20Wotherspoon | William Wallace Wotherspoon
1870 to 1873.
# Army career.
Wotherspoon was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 12th Infantry in October 1873. From 1874 to 1881, he served in the West during the Indian wars as a troop officer and quartermaster.
After a year of absence from the Army for being sick, he became the superintendent and did much needed work to expand the Soldiers' Home in Washington, D.C. He then served at Fort Sully and at Mount Vernon Barracks, where he trained a company of Apache prisoners from 1890 to 1894. In 1893 he became an hereditary member of the Aztec Club of 1847.
In 1894, he became aide to General Oliver O. Howard, commander of the Department of the East, and was the Rhode Island | 15,634 |
750252 | William Wallace Wotherspoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wallace%20Wotherspoon | William Wallace Wotherspoon
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (today named the University of Rhode Island) first Professor Military Science and Tactics from 1894 to 1898.
## Spanish–American War.
In 1898, while on recruiting duty at Fort McPherson, he organized the 3rd Battalion, 12th Infantry. He served in the Philippines against insurgents and as collector of customs at Iloilo from 1899 to 1901.
## Senior command.
In 1901, he was promoted to major and transferred to the 30th Infantry. He commanded the 2nd Battalion, 6th Infantry at Fort Leavenworth and then taught at the Command and General Staff College from 1902 to 1904. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel and assigned to the 14th Infantry in 1904 and | 15,635 |
750252 | William Wallace Wotherspoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wallace%20Wotherspoon | William Wallace Wotherspoon
later was transferred to the 19th Infantry and became the director of the U.S. Army War College from 1904 to 1906. Wotherspooon was the chief of staff of the Army of Cuban Pacification from 1906 to 1907.
Wotherspoon served as the acting president of the Army War College and chief of the Third Division, General Staff in 1907. He was promoted to brigadier general in October 1907, advanced over 140 officers with more seniority. He was president of the Army War College, serving from 1907 to 1909 and again from 1910 to 1912. Wotherspoon was largely instrumental in transforming the Army War College from an adjunct of the General Staff to an autonomous educational institution, he became assistant | 15,636 |
750252 | William Wallace Wotherspoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wallace%20Wotherspoon | William Wallace Wotherspoon
to the chief of staff from 1901 to 1910 and again in 1912 to 1914. He was promoted to major general in May 1912 and served as the commander of the Department of the Gulf until that September.
## Army Chief of Staff.
Wotherspoon became the Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1914; he served from April 21 to November 15. During his term, he highlighted the shortage of experienced officers and noncommissioned as the Army began to prepare for possible involvement in World War I. He also emphasized the need to improve coastal defenses to match battleships that were increasing in size and armament, oversaw establishment of the Army's first aviation section as a branch of the Signal Corps, | 15,637 |
750252 | William Wallace Wotherspoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wallace%20Wotherspoon | William Wallace Wotherspoon
and completion of the Panama Canal and its opening to ship traffic.
# Retirement.
Wotherspoon retired upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64 on November 16, 1914 After retiring, he was New York State Superintendent of Public Works from 1915 to 1920.
Wotherspoon died in Washington, D.C. on October 21, 1921. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 3, Site 1949.
# Family.
In 1887, while stationed in northern New York, he married Mary C. Adams (1865–1953) of Utica, New York. They were the parents of a son, Alexander Somerville Wotherspoon (1892–1976). Alexander Wotherspoon was a career officer in the United States Navy, and retired as a rear | 15,638 |
750252 | William Wallace Wotherspoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wallace%20Wotherspoon | William Wallace Wotherspoon
etion of the Panama Canal and its opening to ship traffic.
# Retirement.
Wotherspoon retired upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64 on November 16, 1914 After retiring, he was New York State Superintendent of Public Works from 1915 to 1920.
Wotherspoon died in Washington, D.C. on October 21, 1921. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 3, Site 1949.
# Family.
In 1887, while stationed in northern New York, he married Mary C. Adams (1865–1953) of Utica, New York. They were the parents of a son, Alexander Somerville Wotherspoon (1892–1976). Alexander Wotherspoon was a career officer in the United States Navy, and retired as a rear admiral. | 15,639 |
750254 | American Pie (Don McLean album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Pie%20(Don%20McLean%20album) | American Pie (Don McLean album)
American Pie (Don McLean album)
American Pie is the second studio album by the American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released by United Artists Records on 24 October 1971. The folk/rock album reached number one on the "Billboard" 200, containing the chart-topping singles "American Pie" and "Vincent." Recorded in May and June 1971 at The Record Plant in New York City, the LP is dedicated to Buddy Holly, and was reissued in 1980 minus the track "Sister Fatima". The album was released to much acclaim, later being included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".
# Background.
"American Pie" is McLean’s second album; his first, "Tapestry", having been released to only moderate | 15,640 |
750254 | American Pie (Don McLean album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Pie%20(Don%20McLean%20album) | American Pie (Don McLean album)
commercial success and acclaim in 1970. McLean was a protégé of Pete Seeger, having played with him in the 1960s. The album "American Pie" was intended as a unified work, as McLean has said that he was influenced by the Beatles' "Sgt Pepper" album and envisioned "American Pie" to be a similar album. Believing that an artist's work should stand by itself, McLean generally did not offer explanations for his work's themes or meaning, though he did describe the title song as involving "a sense of loss". McLean dedicated the album to Buddy Holly, one of his childhood icons, and it was released in 1971. It has a melancholy feel and rather sparse arrangements. At the time of the writing McLean’s first | 15,641 |
750254 | American Pie (Don McLean album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Pie%20(Don%20McLean%20album) | American Pie (Don McLean album)
marriage was failing and the optimism and hopefulness of the 1960s was giving way to the nihilism and hedonism of the 1970s.
# Production.
The album was recorded in Studio A at The Record Plant on West 44th street in New York City. The producer, Ed Freeman, decided to use accomplished musicians who were not "studio musicians who could act like a metronome" because he wanted to capture the feel of a "band that was really cooking," so he rented a rehearsal studio and they rehearsed the title song for two weeks before they recorded it. Because McLean rarely phrased his singing the same way twice there were as many as 24 takes for some of the voice parts, but the rhythm tracks are mostly one take.
The | 15,642 |
750254 | American Pie (Don McLean album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Pie%20(Don%20McLean%20album) | American Pie (Don McLean album)
title track contains references to the death of Buddy Holly (McLean being a 13-year-old paper-boy at the time). The phrase "The Day the Music Died" was used by McLean on this song, and has now become an unofficial name for the tragedy.
The original United Artists Records inner sleeve featured a free verse poem written by McLean about William Boyd, also known as Hopalong Cassidy, along with a picture of Boyd in full Hopalong regalia. This sleeve was removed within a year of the album's release. The words to this poem appear on a plaque at the hospital where Boyd died. The Boyd poem and picture tribute do appear on a special remastered 2003 CD.
On the original release, the title of the song | 15,643 |
750254 | American Pie (Don McLean album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Pie%20(Don%20McLean%20album) | American Pie (Don McLean album)
"Sister Fatima" is misspelled "Sister Faima"
"Babylon" is a close paraphrase of the 1st Verse of the 137th Psalm, based on the canon "By the Waters of Babylon" by Philip Hayes.
# Back-up singers.
The final chorus of "American Pie" features multi-tracked overdubs, credited in the sleeve notes to the "West Forty Fourth Street Rhythm and Noise Choir". Although the individual choristers have never been publicly named, the album's producer, Ed Freeman, has claimed that the choir included Pete Seeger, James Taylor, Livingston Taylor and Carly Simon.
# Release and reception.
The album reached number 1 within two weeks of release and was certified gold within six months, spending almost a year | 15,644 |
750254 | American Pie (Don McLean album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Pie%20(Don%20McLean%20album) | American Pie (Don McLean album)
on the "Billboard" album charts. Its appeal cut across genres, in what was becoming a fragmented music scene.
# Reissue.
The album was reissued in 1980 without the song "Sister Fatima", and again on June 27, 2003 with the track restored, along with the addition of two bonus tracks. Also the first Spanish issue delivered by Hispavox was released without "Sister Fatima".
# Legacy.
In February 2003 George Michael recorded a cover of "The Grave" as a protest against the imminent Iraq War.
# Track listing.
All songs written by Don McLean except where noted.
# Personnel.
- Don McLean – vocals, acoustic guitar, banjo
- Warren Bernhardt – piano ("Crossroads")
- Ray Colcord – electric piano
- | 15,645 |
750254 | American Pie (Don McLean album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20Pie%20(Don%20McLean%20album) | American Pie (Don McLean album)
003 George Michael recorded a cover of "The Grave" as a protest against the imminent Iraq War.
# Track listing.
All songs written by Don McLean except where noted.
# Personnel.
- Don McLean – vocals, acoustic guitar, banjo
- Warren Bernhardt – piano ("Crossroads")
- Ray Colcord – electric piano
- Tom Flye – drums ("The Grave"), engineering
- Ed Freeman – string arrangements
- Paul Griffin – piano ("American Pie")
- Lee Hays – arranger
- Mike Mainieri – marimba, vibraphone
- Roy Markowitz – drums, percussion
- Gene Orloff – concertmaster
- Bob Rothstein – bass, vocals
- David Spinozza – electric guitar ("American Pie")
- West Forty Fourth Street Rhythm and Noise Choir – chorus | 15,646 |
750243 | Manfred Wörner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred%20Wörner | Manfred Wörner
Manfred Wörner
Manfred Hermann Wörner (24 September 1934 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt – 13 August 1994 in Brussels) was a German politician and diplomat. He served as the defense minister of West Germany between 1982 and 1988. He then served as the seventh Secretary General of NATO from 1988 to 1994. His term as Secretary General saw the end of the Cold War and the German reunification. Whilst serving in that position, he was diagnosed with cancer, but, in spite of his illness, continued serving until his final days.
# Family.
He grew up in his grandfather's house in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt and attended the Johannes-Kepler-Gymnasium there. He was married to Elfie Wörner, who was supporting several | 15,647 |
750243 | Manfred Wörner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred%20Wörner | Manfred Wörner
German army related humanitarian agencies, and who died of a tumor on 4 July 2006.
# Education.
After graduation in 1953 he studied Law at Heidelberg, Paris, and Munich. He closed his studies 1957 with the first and 1961 the second Staatsexamen. He got his Dr. jur. in 1961 writing about International law. Afterwards he worked for the administration of Baden-Württemberg. He was a county official for Oehringen until 1962, for the Baden-Württemberg Landtag until 1965 and the County Göppingen. Wörner was a jet pilot and reserve officer of the Luftwaffe.
# Political career.
Wörner was a member of the German CDU and was elected to the German parliament, representing Göppingen.
On 4 October 1982 | 15,648 |
750243 | Manfred Wörner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred%20Wörner | Manfred Wörner
he was appointed Federal Minister of Defence in Helmut Kohl's government. Wörner played an important role in defending NATO's decision to deploy intermediate-range ballistic missiles IRBM after arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union to reverse Soviet deployment of its SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missiles IRBM from the years before.
In 1983, Wörner faced criticism due to the scandal surrounding German General Günter Kießling. The German military secret service had accused Kießling of being homosexual—this was later revealed to be a case of mistaken identity—and Wörner had ordered Kießling's early retirement, as homosexuality was considered a security risk at the time. Kießling insisted | 15,649 |
750243 | Manfred Wörner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred%20Wörner | Manfred Wörner
on disciplinary procedures against himself and eventually achieved his reinstatement. Wörner accepted political responsibility for the affair and on 18 May 1984 offered his resignation, which was however rejected by German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.
In December 1987, the sixteen members of NATO elected Wörner Secretary General. He was the first German to be appointed to that position. Resigning from his post in the German government, he took office on 1 July 1988.
An address given by Wörner in 1990 to the Bremer Tabak Collegium became a subject of a controversy when Vladimir Putin cited it in his 2007 speech at 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy to claim that NATO made a promise not to | 15,650 |
750243 | Manfred Wörner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred%20Wörner | Manfred Wörner
expand eastward after the end of the Cold War.
Wörner executed his duties as NATO Secretary General despite a severe illness and until his death from Colorectal cancer in 1994. He is buried at the cemetery of Hohenstaufen nearby Göppingen.
# Personal life.
In December 1972 Wörner married Anna-Maria Caesar. From 1982 until his death he was married with Elfie Wörner, née Reinsch (1941–2006).
# Manfred Wörner Medal.
Since 1996, the Ministry of Defense has awarded the Manfred Wörner Medal on an annual basis to honour public figures who have rendered "special meritorious service to peace and freedom in Europe".
Since then it was given to:
- 1996 Richard Holbrooke, US diplomat and Special Envoy | 15,651 |
750243 | Manfred Wörner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred%20Wörner | Manfred Wörner
in Bosnia and Kosovo
- 1997 Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, publisher and initiator of the Munich Conference on Security Policy
- 1998 Dr. Gerd Wagner (postmortem), for the implementation of the Dayton Agreement
- 1999 Dr. Janusz Onyszkiewicz, Minister of Defense of Poland
- 2000 Elizabeth Pond, American Journalist
- 2001 Karsten Voigt, Coordinator at the German State Department for the German-American Cooperation
- 2002 Javier Solana, the EU's foreign policy chief and former Secretary General of NATO
- 2003 Prof. Dr. Catherine McArdle Kelleher, U.S. Naval War College and former Head of the Aspen Institute Berlin
- 2005 Hans Koschnick
- 2006 Christian Schwarz-Schilling
- 2007 | 15,652 |
750243 | Manfred Wörner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred%20Wörner | Manfred Wörner
nator at the German State Department for the German-American Cooperation
- 2002 Javier Solana, the EU's foreign policy chief and former Secretary General of NATO
- 2003 Prof. Dr. Catherine McArdle Kelleher, U.S. Naval War College and former Head of the Aspen Institute Berlin
- 2005 Hans Koschnick
- 2006 Christian Schwarz-Schilling
- 2007 Martti Ahtisaari
- 2009 Jörg Schönbohm
- 2011 Hans-Friedrich von Ploetz, German diplomat
# See also.
- Manfred Wörner Foundation
- NATO Declassified - Manfred Wörner (biography)
# Honours.
Wörner Gap on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Dr. Wörner in recognition of his contribution to European unification. | 15,653 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
Air Medal
The Air Medal is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. It was created in 1942 and is awarded for single acts of heroism or meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight.
# Criteria.
The Air Medal was established by , signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 11, 1942. It was awarded retroactive to September 8, 1939 to anyone who distinguishes himself by meritorious achievement while serving with the Armed Forces in aerial flight.
The original award criteria set by an Army Policy Letter dated September 25, 1942 was for one award of the Air Medal:
- per each naval vessel or three enemy aircraft in flight confirmed destroyed. An entire aircrew would | 15,654 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
be credited for the destruction of a ship, but only the pilot or gunner responsible would be credited for destroying an enemy aircraft.
- per 25 operational flights during which exposure to enemy fire is expected.
- per 100 operational flights during which exposure to enemy fire is not expected.
These criteria were altered by the commanding generals of each numbered Air Force to fit the conditions of their theater of operations and to maintain morale. The Distinguished Flying Cross would usually be awarded for roughly twice to five times the requirements of the Air Medal. This led to automatic "score card" awards of the Air Medal and Distinguished Flying Cross for completing a set number | 15,655 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
of operational missions rather than distinguished service, meritorious action, or bravery, as had been intended. On August 5, 1943, such score card awards were officially abolished by a Headquarters Army Air Forces Awards Board memorandum due to the embarrassment when airmen received the Air Medal for "score carding" five missions or more but were later removed from flying duties for "lack of moral fibre". Commanders could still issue the awards on those grounds, but the recipient must perform exceptional or meritorious service as well.
## Army Air Forces (1942–1947).
During World War II, the medal's award criteria varied widely depending on the theater of operations, the aircraft flown, and | 15,656 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
the missions accomplished. In Europe, the airspace was considered completely controlled by the enemy and heavy air defenses were encountered, so the criteria were altered from those of the original medal. Bomber, photographic reconnaissance, or observation crewmembers and air transport pilots received it for five sorties, fighter pilots received it for ten sorties, and individual pilots or air crewmen received one award per enemy aircraft shot down. Elsewhere in the Pacific and the China Burma India Theater, the pilots and crews flew mostly over uncontrolled or contested airspace for long hours and lighter air defenses were encountered, so much higher criteria were used. Anti-submarine patrols | 15,657 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
from the United States could qualify for the medal if an airman logged 200 hours of flight time.
## Air Force (1947–present).
The Air Medal may be awarded to recognize either single acts of merit or gallantry in combat or for meritorious service in a combat zone. Award of the Air Medal is primarily intended to recognize those personnel who are on current crew member or non-crew member flying status which requires them to participate in aerial flight on a regular and frequent basis in the performance of their primary duties. However, it may also be awarded to certain other individuals whose combat duties require regular and frequent flying in other than a passenger status, or individuals who | 15,658 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
perform a particularly noteworthy act while performing the function of a crew member but who are not on flying status. These individuals must make a discernible contribution to the operational land combat mission or to the mission of the aircraft in flight.
Examples of personnel whose combat duties require them to fly include those in the attack elements of units involved in air-land assaults against an armed enemy and those directly involved in airborne command and control of combat operations. Examples would be transport performing supporting "Dustoff" Medevac or resupply operations, or aircraft involved in reconnaissance over hostile airspace. Awards will not be made to individuals who use | 15,659 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
air transportation solely for the purpose of moving from point to point in a combat zone.
The Army may award the Air Medal for peacetime service, but approval authority is by general-grade officers at the group or brigade level or higher. The Air Force does not award the Air Medal for peacetime sustained operational activities and flights. Non-combat meritorious service is instead awarded the Aerial Achievement Medal, instituted in 1988.
### Ribbon devices.
- The Air Force uses the aircraft sortie designation as a tool, but uses Oak Leaf Clusters rather than Strike / Flight Numerals to indicate additional awards. A member's individual flight management records will list the sorties that are | 15,660 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
eligible for the award. These sorties are designated Combat, Combat Support, or Operational (Active Air Defense or Hostile Reconnaissance). Only the first sortie of the day counts. Armed aircraft crews require ten sorties for each award, while all others require twenty sorties.
- The United States Secretary of the Air Force approved the "V" Device for Air Medals awarded for heroism in combat effective October 21, 2004. This applies to all Air Force members (Active Duty, Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard), retirees, and veterans. The "V" device is not authorized for wear on the medal for an earlier date.
# Variants.
## US Air Force.
The United States Air Force does not utilize numeral | 15,661 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
devices on the Air Medal. Subsequent awards are annotated with the traditional oak leaf clusters (or OLCs). Enlisted members are also awarded three points toward promotion per award.
Each ribbon carries a maximum of 4 OLCs; the ribbon signifies the first award, a bronze OLC equals one additional award, and a silver OLC represents 5 additional awards. If there were more than four OLC devices awarded (like the 10th, 14th, 15th, 18th, 19th, and 20th awards), extra Air Medal ribbons were issued to wear the extra OLCs (although only one Air Medal was awarded). Multiple Air Medals were usually earned by aircrew with extensive flight time and long meritorious service records, like during World War | 15,662 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
II or Korea.
The award of the medal is sometimes denoted on a member's gravestone with the abbreviation "AM" followed by an ampersand and the number of oak leaf clusters or "OLC". For example, "AM&5 OLC" means Air Medal and 5 oak leaf clusters.
## US Army.
### Air Medal [Army] (1947–1968).
The United States Army used the same criteria as the Air Force. Oak Leaf Clusters were awarded on the Air Medal's ribbon for additional awards – Bronze OLCs for every additional award and Silver OLCs for every 5 additional awards. Extra ribbons were worn to hold extra OLCs if the recipient had earned more than 4 OLCs.
One award was credited per every 25 hours of combat assault flights (any flight in which | 15,663 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
the aircraft was directly involved in combat), 50 hours of combat support flights (Visual Reconnaissance or Resupply), or 100 hours of non-combat service flights (Administrative or VIP flights). Flight hours were calculated in 6-minute blocks.
In 1968 numerals replaced the Oak Leaf Clusters to simplify their display.
### Air Medal [Army] (1968–2006).
During the Vietnam War, the US Army awarded the Air Medal to Warrant Officer or Commissioned pilots and enlisted aircrew for actual flight time (awards were also made to infantry troops who flew on combat assault missions). This became a bureaucratic nightmare to correctly log because of the short flight time of typical helicopter flights. Later, | 15,664 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
an equivalent "flight hours" conversion was created and an award standard was set by individual commands. This eventually was standardized in theater to one award per every 24 "flight hours" logged. A simplified set time was awarded depending on the type of mission, regardless of the actual flight time. Administrative or VIP flights counted for 1/4 hour, regular duties (such as Visual Reconnaissance or Resupply) counted for 1/2 hour, and hazardous duties (combat assaults or extractions) counted for 1 hour. Pilots and aircrew could log over 1,000 "flight hours" a year and earn a 40 or higher numeral on their Air Medal ribbon.
The "score card" system was retained after the war. This was changed | 15,665 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
on December 11, 2006 to an award for every six months of meritorious service instead of the number of flight hours.
### Air Medal [Army] (2006–present).
Currently (as per AR 600-8-22 [December 11, 2006]) the medal can be awarded for every six months of meritorious service. The recipient must perform flight-related duties while serving in a combat zone. The number of flight hours logged is no longer a criterion. The soldier must be assigned as air crew with flight status (i.e., as a pilot, navigator, or gunner). Soldiers without flight status can be eligible if they help with an aerial attack during general transport (e.g., as a door gunner), serve as a combat controller (e.g., as a Pathfinder | 15,666 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
or Forward Air Controller) or the combat commander of an air or land operation at the Group or Brigade level or lower. Soldiers being transported by air as passengers are not eligible for the meritorious service award, but they may be eligible for the gallantry award.
### Ribbon devices.
- Subsequent awards of the Air Medal are denoted in the U.S. Army by Numeral devices displayed on the medal and ribbon. The Army originally used Oak Leaf Clusters to signify additional awards. However, this was changed to numeral devices in September 1968, during the Vietnam War, when the number of Air Medals awarded became too large to be annotated on a single ribbon.
- Since February 29, 1964, the medal | 15,667 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
may be awarded with a "V" Device for an act of heroism against an armed enemy less than the criteria for the Distinguished Flying Cross.
## US Navy/US Marine Corps.
The United States Navy and United States Marine Corps have two types of Air Medal awards: "Individual" for singular meritorious acts and "Strike/Flight" for participation in sustained aerial flight operations.
### Ribbon devices.
- As of September 27, 2006, gold Numeral devices are used to denote the number of "Individual" Air Medals. (This is a return to the standard used before November 22, 1989.)
- Bronze Strike/Flight numerals denote the total number of Strike/Flight awards. Sorties are missions or sustained operations involving | 15,668 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
aircraft, like: delivering ordnance against the enemy, landing or evacuating personnel in an assault, or in which personnel are engaged in search and rescue operations. Strikes are combat sorties that encounter enemy opposition. Flights are combat sorties that do not encounter enemy opposition.
Officers of Captain (USN) or Colonel (USMC) rank and above are not eligible for award of the Air Medal on a Strike/Flight basis unless the sorties they fly are required in the performance of their regular duties.
- Since April 5, 1974, the Combat "V" may be authorized for awards for heroism or meritorious action in conflict with an armed enemy.
### Ribbon devices (1989–2006).
In the interval between | 15,669 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
November 22, 1989, and September 27, 2006, inch bronze stars, inch gold stars, and inch silver stars denoted the number of "Individual" Air Medals. A bronze star was used to denote a first award. Gold stars were used for the second through the fifth awards, seventh through tenth awards, and so on. Silver stars were used in lieu of five gold stars, and denote the sixth and eleventh (and so on) awards. For "Individual" Air Medals, the Combat "V" may be authorized.
Bronze Strike/Flight numerals denoted the number of Strike/Flight awards. They are authorized for operations in hostile or disputed territory and count the total number of Strikes (operations that faced enemy opposition) and Flights | 15,670 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
(operations that did not encounter enemy opposition) added together.
## US Coast Guard.
The Commandant of the United States Coast Guard may award the Air Medal to any person in the Armed Forces of the United States who distinguishes themselves by heroic or meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight.
The Coast Guard awards the "Individual" Air Medal but not the Strike/Flight Award.
### Ribbon devices.
- Gold and silver inch stars are authorized for wear to denote additional Air Medal awards. The gold star denotes the second through fifth awards of the Air Medal.
- Valor Device may be authorized for wear if the award is for performance of a heroic act or acts while directly | 15,671 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
performing in conflict or combat with an armed enemy.
## Civil Air Patrol.
During World War II, the Air Medal was also awarded to members of the Civil Air Patrol who participated in the CAP's anti-submarine patrol program. This was not made public at the time, since the Federal government did not want to admit it was arming civilian aircraft.
# Design.
The medal's design is prescribed by law.
Description: A Bronze compass rose 1 inches circumscribing diameter and charged with an eagle volant carrying two lightning flashes in its talons. A fleur-de-lis at the top point holds the suspension ring. The points of the compass rose on the reverse are modeled with the central portion plain for | 15,672 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
engraving the name of the recipient.
Ribbon: The ribbon is 1 inches wide and consists of the following stripes:
- 1. inch Ultramarine Blue 67118;
- 2. ¼ inch Golden Orange 67109;
- 3. center inch Ultramarine Blue;
- 4. ¼ inch Golden Orange; and
- 5. inch Ultramarine Blue.
Components: The following are authorized components of the Air Medal and the applicable specifications for each:
- a. Decoration (regular size): MIL-D-3943/23. NSN for decoration set is 8455-00-269-5747. For replacement medal NSN 8455-00-246-3837.
- b. Decoration (miniature size): MIL-D-3943/23. NSN 8455-00-996-5002.
- c. Ribbon: MIL-R-11589/7. NSN 8455-00-252-9963.
- d. Lapel Button: MIL-L-11484/17. NSN 8455-00-257-4308.
Designer: | 15,673 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
Walker Hancock. Hancock had competed for the medal design as a civilian, but prior to the award of the competition had been inducted into the army.
# Notable recipients.
- Buzz Aldrin
- Irv Anderson
- Henry Arnold
- Russ Baker
- Kermit Beahan
- John Beal
- Chuck Bednarik (Pro Football Hall of Fame Linebacker/Center)
- Bruce Bennett
- Leo Berman
- Larry "Scrappy" Blumer
- Roy Boehm
- Richard Bong
- Bill Bower
- Patrick Henry Brady (with "V" device and award numeral 52)
- Kenneth Cecil Bunch
- George H. W. Bush
- Ben Nighthorse Campbell
- Jeffrey B. Cashman
- Howard Cannon
- Roger Chaffee
- David Christian, Vietnam, with "V" Device and oak leaf cluster
- Raymond M. Clausen, | 15,674 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
Jr.
- Robert L. Coffey, Jr.
- Bruce P. Crandall (23 awards)
- Ray Crawford
- Jacob Bruntz (With "V" Device, 2 awards)
- Jack Crichton
- Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.
- Bud Day
- Morton Deutsch
- John A. B. Dillard
- Jimmy Doolittle
- Wayne A. Downing (with Valor and numeral 9)
- Thomas Andrews Drake
- Tammy Duckworth
- Michael Durant
- Thomas Ferebee
- Clark Gable
- Francis Gabreski
- John Glenn
- Gordon M. Graham
- David E. Grange, Jr. (23 awards)
- Gus Grissom
- David Hackworth, Vietnam, with "V" Device and award numeral 34
- Joe R. Hooper
- Bob Hoover
- Robert L. Howard
- John F. G. Howe
- James D. Hughes
- John E. Hunt
- Jack H. Jacobs
- Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr.
- | 15,675 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer)
- Russell Johnson
- William T. Kane
- Brian Keith
- Ben Kuroki
- Clyde Lassen
- Curtis LeMay
- John Levitow
- Nancy Harkness Love
- Jim Lovell
- Aleda E. Lutz, WWII Army Flight nurse, second most decorated woman in U.S. military history.
- George Marrett
- Barry McCaffrey
- John McCain, Senator and presidential candidate
- Anne McClain
- Charles McGee (with 25 Oak Leaf Clusters)
- Ed McMahon actor, entertainer, and Marine pilot
- George McGovern, US congressman, presidential candidate
- Evan Mecham
- John C. Meyer
- Edward S. Michael
- Hal Moore
- Robin L. Moore, Jr.
- Wayne Morris
- Patricia Northrup
- Michael Novosel (64 awards)
- Robin | 15,676 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
Olds
- Joseph R. Pitts
- Stephen Pless
- Colin Powell
- George Preddy
- Bob Price
- Chesty Puller
- Raleigh Rhodes
- Gene Roddenberry
- Cesar Rodriguez
- Andy Rooney
- Robert Rosenthal
- H. Norman Schwarzkopf
- Clarence A. Shoop
- Arthur D. Simons
- William M. Steger
- James Stewart
- Bert Stiles
- James Stockdale
- Oliver Stone
- Bruce Sundlun
- Charles Sweeney
- William Y. Thompson
- Paul Tibbets
- Witold Urbanowicz
- Regis F. A. Urschler
- David Ray "Dave" Wallace
- Patrick M. Walsh
- Yenwith K. Whitney
- Bobby Wilks
- Ted Williams
- Delbert Wong
- Chuck Yeager
- Hubert Zemke
# External links.
- Factsheets: Air Medal U.S. Air Force site
- Online Army Study | 15,677 |
750263 | Air Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air%20Medal | Air Medal
- Bob Price
- Chesty Puller
- Raleigh Rhodes
- Gene Roddenberry
- Cesar Rodriguez
- Andy Rooney
- Robert Rosenthal
- H. Norman Schwarzkopf
- Clarence A. Shoop
- Arthur D. Simons
- William M. Steger
- James Stewart
- Bert Stiles
- James Stockdale
- Oliver Stone
- Bruce Sundlun
- Charles Sweeney
- William Y. Thompson
- Paul Tibbets
- Witold Urbanowicz
- Regis F. A. Urschler
- David Ray "Dave" Wallace
- Patrick M. Walsh
- Yenwith K. Whitney
- Bobby Wilks
- Ted Williams
- Delbert Wong
- Chuck Yeager
- Hubert Zemke
# External links.
- Factsheets: Air Medal U.S. Air Force site
- Online Army Study Guide - Awards and Decorations
- U.S. Army Veteran Medal Description | 15,678 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
Salimbeni Prize
The Salimbeni Prize ("Il Premio Salimbeni per la Storia e la Critica d'Arte") is awarded by the Fondazione Salimbeni per le Arti Figurative of San Severino Marche to honour excellence in the writing of art history on an Italian subject. The "Premio Salimbeni" was established in 1983.
# List of winners.
- 1983: Franco Mazzini, "I Mattoni e le Pietre di Urbino", Editore Argalia, Urbino, 1982.
- 1984: Sir James Byam Shaw, "The Italian Drawing of the Frits Lugt Collection", Institut Néerlandais, Paris.
- 1985: Cristoph Luitpold Frommel, Stefano Ray, Manfredo Tafuri, "Raffaello Architetto", Electa Editrice, Milan, 1984.
- 1986: Miklos Boskovits, "The Fourteenth Century. The Painters | 15,679 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
of Miniaturist Tendency", in "A Critical and Historical Corpus of Florentine Painting", Edizioni Giunti-Barbera, Florence, 1984.
- 1987: Fabio Mariano (Editor) and Marcello Agostinelli, "Francesco di Giorgio e il Palazzo della Signoria a Jesi", edizioni Cassa di Risparmio di Jesi, Jesi 1986, with Maria Luisa Polichetti (Editor), "Il Palazzo di Federico da Montefeltro. Restauri e Ricerche", Edizioni Quattroventi, Urbino, ex aequo.
- 1988: David Alan Brown, "Andrea Solario", Electa Editrice, Milan, with Bruno Contardi, Serena Romano, "Filippo Titi. Studio di Pittura, Scultura et Architettura nella Chiese di Roma", Editrice Centro Di, Firenze, and with Nicola Spinosa, "Pittura Napoletana del | 15,680 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
Settecento", Electa Napoli Editrice.
- 1989: Giulia De Marchi, "Mostre di Quadri in San Salvatore in Lauro (1682-1725) - Stime di Collezioni Romane. Note e appunti di Giuseppe Ghezzi", Miscellanea della Società Romana di Storia Patria, XXVII, Roma, presso la Società della Biblioteca Vallicelliana, 1987.
- 1990: Filippo Todini, "La Pittura Umbra dal Duecento al primo Cinquecento", tomi I - II, Longanesi, 1988.
- 1991: Paride Berardi, "Giovanni Antonio Bellinzoni da Pesaro", Nuova Alfa Editoriale - Banca Popolare Pesarese, 1988.
- 1992: Bruce Boucher, "The Sculpture of Jacopo Sansovino", Yale University Press, London, 1991, with Giuliana Algeri e Anna de Floriani, "La Pittura in Liguria. Il | 15,681 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
Quattrocento", Cassa di Risparmio di Genova e Imperia, 1991.
- 1993: Paolo Dal Poggetto (a cura di), "Le Arti nelle Marche al tempo di Sisto V", Cassa di Risparmio di Ascoli Piceno, realizzazione Silvana Editoriale, 1992.
- 1994: Julian Kliemann, "Gesta Dipinte. La grande decorazione nelle dimore italiane dal Quattrocento al Seicento".
- 1995: Arnold Nesselrath, "Das Fossombroner Skizzenbuch", Warburg Institute, University of London, 1993.
- 1996: Julian Gardner, Serena Romano, Maria Andaloro, Alessandro Tomei, Patrizia Tosini, Gianluigi Colalucci, Bruno Zanardi, "Sancta Sanctorum", Editrice Electa, Milan, 1996.
- 1997: Aldo Nestori, "Il Mausoleo e il Sarcofago di Flavius Iulius Catervius | 15,682 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
a Tolentino", Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, Città del Vaticano.
- 1998: Brigitte Kuhn Forte, "Die Kirchen Innerhalb der Mauern Roms", Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenshaften, with Louise Rice, "The Altars and Altarpieces of new St. Peter's. Outfitting the Basilica. 1621-1666", Cambridge University Press, 1997, and with Pierluigi Leone de Castris, "Pittura del Cinquecento a Napoli", Electa, Naples, 1996.
- 1999: Cristina Acidini Luchinat, "Taddeo e Federico Zuccari fratelli pittori del Cinquecento", Jandi Sapi Editori, Rome, 1998.
- 2000: Carmen C. Bambach, "Drawing and Painting in the Italian Renaissance Workshop. Theory and Practice, 1300 - 1600", Cambridge University | 15,683 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
Press, 1999, with Oreste Ferrari, Serenita Papaldo, "Le Sculture del Seicento a Roma", Ugo Bozzi Editore, Roma, 1999, and with' Anna Ottani Cavina, "Felice Giani e la cultura di fine secolo 1758 - 1823", Electa, Milan, 1999.
- 2001: Olga Raggio and Antoine M. Wilmering "The Gubbio Studiolo and Its Conservation" (2000)
- 2002: Tracy Ehrlich, "Landscape and Identity in Early Modern Rome: Villa Culture at Frascati in the Borghese Era", Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- 2003:
- 2004: Riccardo Spinelli, "Giovan Battista Foggini", Edifir Edizioni, Florence, 2003.
- 2005: Matteo Ceriana, Keith Christiansen, Emanuela Daffra and Andrea de Marchi, "Frà Carnevale. Un artista rinascimentale da Filippo | 15,684 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
Lippi e Piero della Francesca", Edizioni Olivares, Milan, 2004.
- 2006: Eckhard Leuschner, "Antonio Tempesta: Ein Bahnbrecher des römischen Barock und seine europäische Wirkung", Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg, 2005.
- 2007: Gabriele Barucca and Jennifer Montagu, "Ori e argenti. Capolavori del 700 da Arrighi a Valadier", Skira Editore 2007.
- 2008: Edouard Pommier, "L'invenzione dell'arte nel Rinascimento", Giulio Einaudi Editore, Turin 2007.
- 2009: Anna Ambrosini Massari, "Dotti amici. Amico Ricci e la nascita della storia dell'arte nelle Marche, Ancona 2008, with Andrea De Marchi and Matteo Mezzalupi, "Pittori ad Ancona nel Quattrocento", Federico Motta, Milan 2007.
- 2010: Nicole | 15,685 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
Hegener, "DIVI IACOBI EQVES. Selbstdarstellung im Werk des Florentiner Bildhauers Baccio Bandinelli", Munich, Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2008, with Clare Robertson, "The Invention of Annibale Carracci", Cinisello Balsamo, Silvana, 2008.
- 2011: Claudio Pizzorusso and Alessandra Giannotti, "Federico Barocci 1535 - 1612. L’ incanto del colore; una lezione per due secoli", Cinisello Balsamo, Silvana, 2009.
- 2012: Victoria Avery, "Vulcan's Forge in Venus' City: The Story of Bronze in Venice, 1350-1650", London, Oxford University Press, 2011.
- 2013: Laura Paola Gnaccolini, "Il segreto dei segreti: i tarocchi Sola Busca e la cultura ermetica fra le Marche e il Veneto alla fine del Quattrocento", | 15,686 |
750279 | Salimbeni Prize | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salimbeni%20Prize | Salimbeni Prize
Carracci", Cinisello Balsamo, Silvana, 2008.
- 2011: Claudio Pizzorusso and Alessandra Giannotti, "Federico Barocci 1535 - 1612. L’ incanto del colore; una lezione per due secoli", Cinisello Balsamo, Silvana, 2009.
- 2012: Victoria Avery, "Vulcan's Forge in Venus' City: The Story of Bronze in Venice, 1350-1650", London, Oxford University Press, 2011.
- 2013: Laura Paola Gnaccolini, "Il segreto dei segreti: i tarocchi Sola Busca e la cultura ermetica fra le Marche e il Veneto alla fine del Quattrocento", Milano, Skira, 2012.
- 2014: Cecilia Martelli, "Bartolomeo della Gatta pittore e miniatore tra Arezzo, Roma e Urbino", Florence, Centro Di, 2013.
# External links.
- Il Premio Salimbeni | 15,687 |
750258 | Norseman, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norseman,%20Western%20Australia | Norseman, Western Australia
Norseman, Western Australia
Norseman is a town located in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia along the Coolgardie-Esperance Highway, east of Perth and above sea level. It is also the starting point of the Eyre Highway, and the last major town in Western Australia before the South Australian border to the east. At the 2016 census, Norseman had a population of almost 600.
# History.
The quest for gold led to the establishment of Norseman, on the traditional lands of the Kalaako. Today there are a number of small goldmining operations in the area but only the Central Norseman Gold Corporation can be considered a major producer. Gold was first found in the Norseman area in 1892, | 15,688 |
750258 | Norseman, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norseman,%20Western%20Australia | Norseman, Western Australia
about 10 km south of the town, near Dundas. The "Dundas Field" was proclaimed in August 1893 and a townsite gazetted there.
In August 1894, Lawrence Sinclair, his brother George Sinclair, and Jack Alsopp discovered a rich gold reef which Sinclair named after his horse, Hardy Norseman. The family originally came from the Shetland Isles in December 1863. Laurie's brother James was working in Esperance as the Post and Telegraphist Master. In January 1895 the mining warden asked the Government to declare a townsite for the 200 or so miners who had arrived. It was gazetted on 22 May. The Aboriginal name for the area is "Jimberlana". A mining entrepreneur from Melbourne Mr Ernest McCaughan led a | 15,689 |
750258 | Norseman, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norseman,%20Western%20Australia | Norseman, Western Australia
party of 13 by Steamship from Melbourne to Esperance to walk inland and discover the central part of the Gold Field. He later went on to develop substantial mining interests in Western Australia and Tasmania.
Norseman initially struggled to develop because of the established town of Dundas; but, between 1895 and 1901, a post office, banks, doctor, courthouse, stores and churches were established and, in 1899 Cobb & Co, mail coaches started delivering mail to Norseman. In 1935, Western Mining Corporation came to Norseman and invested significantly in its infrastructure, resulting in new bitumen roads, electricity and an extension of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme to the town.
The population | 15,690 |
750258 | Norseman, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norseman,%20Western%20Australia | Norseman, Western Australia
of the town was 418 (262 males and 156 females) in 1898.
Once it was the second-richest goldfield in Western Australia, next to the Golden Mile of Kalgoorlie. It is claimed that since 1892, over 100 tonnes of gold have been extracted from the area. The Norseman Gold Mine is Australia’s longest continuously running gold mining operation. As of 2006, it had been in operation for more than 65 years, producing in excess of 5.5 million ounces of gold in that time.
# Present day.
Modern Norseman is a small, sprawling town driven by mining and tourism and dominated by a huge tailings dump.
Norseman is located 724 km east of Perth via Great Eastern Highway and Coolgardie-Esperance Highway, and has | 15,691 |
750258 | Norseman, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norseman,%20Western%20Australia | Norseman, Western Australia
inated by a huge tailings dump.
Norseman is located 724 km east of Perth via Great Eastern Highway and Coolgardie-Esperance Highway, and has a population of about 1,000. It contains a district high school (opened 1894), shopping facilities, accommodation (hotel, motel, caravan park), district hospital, council offices and a telecentre are located within the town. Being at the start of the Eyre Highway, two fuel outlets are available.
# Geography.
## Climate.
Norseman experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification "BSh").
# See also.
- Eyre Highway
- Nullarbor Plain
- Shire of Dundas
- Norseman Gold Mine
# External links.
- Shire of Dundas
- Norseman Visitor Centre | 15,692 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
Sviatoslav II of Kiev
Sviatoslav II Iaroslavich or Sviatoslav II Yaroslavich (1027 – 27 December 1077 in Kiev) was Grand Prince of Kiev between 1073 and 1077. He was born as a younger son of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise. His baptismal name was Nicholas.
He ruled the Principality of Vladimir in Volhynia in his father's lifetime (from around 1040 to 1054). Yaroslav the Wise, who divided the Kievan Rus' between his five sons in his testament, willed the Principality of Chernigov to Sviatoslav. Sviatoslav joined his brothers, Iziaslav of Kiev and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav, in forming a princely "triumvirate" that oversaw the affairs of Kievan Rus' until 1072. The three brothers together fought against | 15,693 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
their enemies, including the nomadic Oghuz Turks, and their distant relative, Prince Vseslav of Polotsk. The Cumans defeated their united force in the autumn of 1068, but Sviatoslav routed a Cuman band plundering his principality.
The "triumvirate" broke up, when Sviatoslav, supported by his younger brother Vsevolod, dethroned and replaced their older brother Iziaslav in 1073. He commissioned the compilation of at least two miscellanies of theological works. Otherwise, his short reign was uneventful.
# Early life.
Sviatoslav was the fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, and his wife, Ingegerd of Sweden. He was born in 1027. The "Lyubetskiy sinodik"a list of the princes of | 15,694 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
Chernigov which was completed in the Monastery of Saint Anthony in Lyubechwrites that his baptismal name was Nicholas.
The "Russian Primary Chronicle" writes that Sviatoslav was staying "at Vladimir" (Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Ukraine) in Volhynia around the time his father fell seriously ill before his death. According to the historian Martin Dimnik, the chronicle's report shows that Yaroslav the Wise had, most probably in about 1040, appointed Sviatoslav to rule this important town of the Kievan Rus'.
On his deathbed, Yaroslav the Wise divided the most important towns of his realm among his five sonsIziaslav, Sviatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor, and Vyacheslavwho survived him. To Sviatoslav, he bequeathed | 15,695 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
Chernigov (Chernihiv, Ukraine). The dying grand prince also ordered that his four younger sons should "heed" their eldest brother, Iziaslav who received Kiev.
# Triumvirate.
Yaroslav the Wise died on 20 February 1054. His three elder sonsIziaslav of Kiev, Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Vsevolod of Pereyaslavdecided to jointly govern the Kievan Rus'. Historian Martin Dimnik writes that taking into account Sviatoslav's political and military skills it "is reasonable to assume that he was one of the main motivating forces, if not the actual architect, of many of the policies adopted" by the three brothers. The "triumviri" closely cooperated in the following years. In 1059 they liberated their uncle, | 15,696 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
Sudislav whom their father had sent to prison around 1035. They made a joint expedition "by horse and ship against the Torks" or Oghuz Turks, according to the "Russian Primary Chronicle", in 1060. On hearing of the arrival of the Rus' forces, the Torks fled from their lands without resistance.
In 1065, Sviatoslav led his troops against his nephew, Rostislav Vladimirovich, who had in the previous year expelled by force Sviatoslav's son, Gleb from Tmutorakan. Upon Sviatoslav's arrival, Rostislav withdrew from this important center of his uncle's domains, but he reoccupied it after Sviatoslav had returned to Chernigov. A distant cousin of the "triumviri", Vseslav Briacheslavich (Prince of Polotsk), | 15,697 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
attacked Pskov in 1065, according to "The Chronicle of Pskov". Vseslav Briacheslavich could not take this town, but he seized and plundered Novgorodwhich had been ruled by Iziaslav of Kiev's son, Mstislavin the next winter. Izyaslav, Sviatoslav and Vsevolod soon united their forces and set forth against Vseslav, "though it was the dead of winter", according to the "Russian Primary Chronicle". They routed Vseslav's army by the Nemiga River (near Minsk) on 3 March 1066. Vseslav, who fled from the battlefield, agreed to enter into negotiations with the "triumviri", but they treacherously captured him at a meeting at Orsha in early June.
The Cumans, who had emerged as the dominant power of the | 15,698 |
750220 | Sviatoslav II of Kiev | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav%20II%20of%20Kiev | Sviatoslav II of Kiev
Pontic steppes in the early 1060s, invaded the southern regions of Kievan Rus' in 1068. The three brothers together marched against the invaders, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River. From the battlefield, Sviatoslav withdrew to Chernigov and regrouped his troops. He returned to defeat the Cumans with a smaller force at the town of Snovsk on 1 November, thus enhancing his prestige among the populace. In the meantime, the townspeople of Kiev had dethroned and expelled Sviatoslav's brother, Iziaslav. Taking advantage of Iziaslav's absence, Sviatopluk sent his own son, Gleb to Novgorod to rule the town.
Iziaslav returned at the head of Polish reinforcements. The townspeople of Kiev sent | 15,699 |
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