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750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
I, Frank left Chicago for Wisconsin and placed John in charge of his Chicago office. John oversaw the construction of Midway Gardens, utilizing sculpture from his friend Iannelli. John accompanied his father to Japan to oversee the design of the Imperial Hotel. However, an argument over John's salary resulted in his firing and the two again became estranged.
In 1913, John married Jeanette Winters, whom he had met in Los Angeles. He designed a home for them in Chicago they called the Bird Center. Now without an architectural practice, John focused on some of his hobbies, including toys. It was at this time that he perfected the design for his Lincoln Logs, an idea he had conceived while in Japan. | 15,800 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
Construction of the Imperial Hotel required beams to be designed in an interlocking method to make it safe for earthquakes, and John realized that this design could be adapted into a toy version. He used his own funds to bring the idea to market in 1918 as the Red Square Toy Company (so named after his father's famous symbol). The toys were notched miniature logs about in diameter that could be arranged to build miniature log cabins. Wright received a patent on August 31, 1920, and had the name registered on August 28, 1923. Wright later sold the patent which became one of the most popular toys ever designed.
## Long Beach and Del Mar.
In 1920, John and Jeanette divorced; Wright moved back | 15,801 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
to the Oak Park studio with his mother. He remarried in 1921 to Hazel Lundin, and they had a child, Elizabeth, in 1922.
John sought out his father's former employer, Louis Sullivan, and had a series of conversations which inspired him to practice architecture again. The next year, he and his family moved to Long Beach, Indiana, so that he could establish his own, independent practice. Wright also opened a second office in the Warren Building in nearby Michigan City. His second child, John Lloyd Wright, Jr., was born in 1925. During this time John's designs began to shift from his father's Prairie School style to the emerging International Style. This transition was particularly notable following | 15,802 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
a 1929 trip to Europe. Among the houses he designed were the Hoover-Timme House (1929), John and Isabel Burnham House (1934), Lowell E. and Paula G. Jackson House (1938), and George and Adele Jaworowski House (1945-1946), all listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.
Aside from houses, Wright was also commissioned to build the local elementary school and town hall. Because Long Beach was populated with wealthy vacationers, Wright was able to receive a steady stream of commissions during the Great Depression. Wright received two Works Progress Administration commissions during the depression, including the Arcade Cabins Hotel in Indiana Dunes State Park. In 1939, a fire devastated | 15,803 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
Wright's house when his automobile caught fire in his garage. The fire destroyed most of his records and designs. Like his father, Wright fell in love with one of his clients, Frances Welsh, and left his family.
During World War II, residential commissions stopped. Wright did manage to receive a commission to design two buildings for the Kingsbury Ordnance Plant 20 miles south of Long Beach. In 1946, Wright published a biography of his father, "My Father Who Is on Earth". Wright and Hazel Lundin were divorced in 1942, and Wright married Frances Welsh in 1946. Wright designed a home for him and his third wife in Del Mar, California, later that year. He also resumed his architectural toy designs, | 15,804 |
750282 | John Lloyd Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Lloyd%20Wright | John Lloyd Wright
Kingsbury Ordnance Plant 20 miles south of Long Beach. In 1946, Wright published a biography of his father, "My Father Who Is on Earth". Wright and Hazel Lundin were divorced in 1942, and Wright married Frances Welsh in 1946. Wright designed a home for him and his third wife in Del Mar, California, later that year. He also resumed his architectural toy designs, designing Wright Blocks and Timber Toys. He designed nearly four dozen houses in California until his death on December 20, 1972, eight days after his eightieth birthday.
# Bibliography.
- Wright, John Lloyd. "My Father Who Is On Earth". New York: G.P. Putnam's sons, 1946.
# External links.
- John Lloyd Wright from Incredible @rt | 15,805 |
750304 | Black Celebration | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Celebration | Black Celebration
Black Celebration
Black Celebration is the fifth studio album by English electronic music band Depeche Mode. It was released on 17 March 1986 by Mute Records. The album further cemented the darkening sound created by Alan Wilder, which the band later used for their subsequent albums "Music for the Masses", "Violator", and "Songs of Faith and Devotion", a sound that was initially hinted towards on their albums "Construction Time Again" and "Some Great Reward".
"Black Celebration" reached number four on the UK Albums Chart, and has been cited as one of the most influential albums of the 1980s. To promote the album, the band embarked on the Black Celebration Tour. Three years after its release, | 15,806 |
750304 | Black Celebration | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Celebration | Black Celebration
"Spin" ranked it at number fifteen on its list of the "25 Greatest Albums of All Time".
# Critical reception.
Contemporary reviews for "Black Celebration" in the British press were mixed. "Melody Maker"s Steve Sutherland lambasted the album and wrote that Depeche Mode came off as "pussycats desperate to appear perverted as an escape from the superficiality of teen stardom", and "Sounds" published a similar scathing review. While criticizing chief songwriter Martin Gore's "adolescent fragments of despair", Sean O'Hagan of "NME" nonetheless praised "Black Celebration"s "perfectly constructed jigsaw melodies" and concluded, "When the songs address topics other than the composer's state of mind | 15,807 |
750304 | Black Celebration | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Celebration | Black Celebration
– as on the evocative exploration of loneliness that is 'World Full of Nothing' – Depeche Mode sound like a lot more than just a high tech, low-life melodrama". Betty Page of "Record Mirror" felt that the band should be admired for their "refusal to follow anything but their own fashion" and "unswerving ability to come up with great, fresh melodies".
"Black Celebration" has since been reappraised in retrospective reviews. In 2007, Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" referred to the album as an "instant classic for the band's fans" that at the time of its release had seemingly been "utterly ignored by everybody else".
# Re-release.
In 2007, "Black Celebration" was re-released with a bonus DVD. | 15,808 |
750304 | Black Celebration | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Celebration | Black Celebration
It was released on 20 March 2007 in the United States, on 26 March in the United Kingdom and on 2 April in the rest of Europe, as a part of the third wave of re-issues (along with "Construction Time Again"). The first CD was remastered and (except in the US) released on a CD/SACD hybrid. The bonus DVD includes the B-sides in addition to the singles and B-sides for "Shake the Disease" and "It's Called a Heart", two songs that were recorded shortly before the album and were released too early to be put on the album. There are also several live versions of some of the songs from "Black Celebration". The album is released the way it was originally intended and ends with "New Dress" (not "Black Day" | 15,809 |
750304 | Black Celebration | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Celebration | Black Celebration
or "But Not Tonight").
Like the other reissues, the DVD includes a documentary on the album. The title—"The Songs Aren't Good Enough, There Aren't Any Singles and It'll Never Get Played on the Radio"—is Gore paraphrasing Daniel Miller about his demos for "Black Celebration" in the film. The double-documentary discusses both "The Singles 81→85" and "Black Celebration", its more challenging commercial success (especially the song "Stripped") and all five related singles. It also includes a plethora of behind-the-scenes footage of the making of "Black Celebration" and the ensuing tour. Highlights include the band meeting The Cure, and behind the scenes footage of several of the music videos. The | 15,810 |
750304 | Black Celebration | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Celebration | Black Celebration
documentary is nearly an hour long.
The remastered album was released on vinyl on 2 April 2007 in Europe and on 11 September 2007 in the United States.
# Personnel.
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Black Celebration".
Depeche Mode
- Alan Wilder
- Andrew Fletcher
- David Gahan
- Martin Gore
Artwork
- Martyn Atkins – design
- David A. Jones – design
- Mark Higenbottam – design
- Brian Griffin – photography
- Stuart Graham – photography assistance
Technical
- Depeche Mode – production
- Gareth Jones – production
- Daniel Miller – production
- Richard Sullivan – engineering assistance
- Peter Schmidt – engineering assistance
- Tim Young – mastering
- Dave Allen – recording
- | 15,811 |
750304 | Black Celebration | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black%20Celebration | Black Celebration
.
# Personnel.
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Black Celebration".
Depeche Mode
- Alan Wilder
- Andrew Fletcher
- David Gahan
- Martin Gore
Artwork
- Martyn Atkins – design
- David A. Jones – design
- Mark Higenbottam – design
- Brian Griffin – photography
- Stuart Graham – photography assistance
Technical
- Depeche Mode – production
- Gareth Jones – production
- Daniel Miller – production
- Richard Sullivan – engineering assistance
- Peter Schmidt – engineering assistance
- Tim Young – mastering
- Dave Allen – recording
- Phil Tennant – recording assistance
# External links.
- Album information from the official Depeche Mode website
- Official remaster info | 15,812 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (; , ) was a large and powerful state located on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region. It began in the 9th century as the County of Castile ("Condado de Castilla"), an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century its counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157 it was again united with León, and after 1230 this union became permanent. Throughout this period the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic | 15,813 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
# History.
### The beginnings.
According to the chronicles of Alfonso III of Asturias; the first reference to the name "Castile" (Castilla) can be found in a document written during AD 800. In Al-Andalus chronicles from the Cordoban Caliphate, the oldest sources refer to it as Al-Qila, or "the castled" high plains past the territory of Alava, more south to it and the first encountered in their expeditions from Zaragoza. The name reflects its origin as a march on the eastern frontier of the Kingdom | 15,814 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
of Asturias, protected by castles, towers or castra.
The County of Castile, bordered in the south by the northern reaches of the Spanish Sistema Central mountain system, just north of modern-day Madrid province. It was re-populated by inhabitants of Cantabria, Asturias, Vasconia and Visigothic and Mozarab origins. It had its own Romance dialect and customary laws.
From the first half of the 9th century until the middle of the century, in which it came to be paid more closer attention to, its administration and defense by the monarchs of Leon – due the increased incursions from the Emirate of Córdoba – its first repopulation settlements were led by small abbots and local counts from the other | 15,815 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
side of the Cantabrian ridge neighbor valleys, Trasmiera and Primorias and smaller ones, being its first settlers from the contiguous maritime valleys of Mena and Encartaciones in nearby Biscay, some of whom had abandoned those exposed areas of the Meseta a few decades earlier, and taken refuge by the much dense and intractable woods of the Atlantic valleys, so they were not that foreign to them.
A mix of settlers from the Cantabrian and Basque coastal areas, which were recently swelled with refugees, was led under the protection of Abbot Vitulus and his brother, count Herwig, as registered in the local charters they signed around the first years of the 800's. The areas that they settled didn't | 15,816 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
extend far from the Cantabrian southeastern ridges, and not beyond the southern reaches of the high Ebro river valleys and canyon gores.
The first Count of a wider and more united Castile was Rodrigo in 850, under Ordoño I of Asturias and Alfonso III of Asturias, who settled and fortified the ancient Cantabrian hill town of Amaya, much farther west and south of the Ebro river to offer a more easy defense and command of the still functional Roman Empire main highway passing by, south of the Cantabrian ridge all the way to Leon, from the Muslim military expeditions. Subsequently, the region was subdivided, separate counts being named to Alava, Burgos, Cerezo & Lantarón, and a reduced Castile. | 15,817 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
In 931 the County was reunified by Count Fernán González, who rose in rebellion against the Kingdom of León, successor state to Asturias, and achieved an autonomous status, allowing the county to be inherited by his family instead of being subject to appointment by the Leonese king.
### Expansion and Union with the Kingdom of León.
The minority of Count García Sánchez led Castile to accept Sancho III of Navarre, married to the sister of Count García, as feudal overlord. García was assassinated in 1028 while in León to marry the princess Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León. Sancho III, acting as feudal overlord, appointed his younger son (García's nephew) Ferdinand as Count of Castile, marrying | 15,818 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
him to his uncle's intended bride, Sancha of León. Following Sancho's death in 1035, Castile returned to the nominal control of León, but Ferdinand, allying himself with his brother García Sánchez III of Navarre, began a war with his brother-in-law Vermudo. At the Battle of Tamarón Vermudo was killed, leaving no surviving heirs. In right of his wife, Ferdinand then assumed the royal title as king of León and Castile, for the first time associating the royal title with the rule of Castile.
When Ferdinand I died in 1065, the territories were divided among his children. Sancho II became King of Castile, Alfonso VI, King of León and García, King of Galicia, while his daughters were given towns, | 15,819 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
Urraca, Zamora, and Elvira, Toro.
Sancho II allied himself with Alfonso VI of León and together they conquered, then divided Galicia. Sancho later attacked Alfonso VI and invaded León with the help of El Cid, and drove his brother into exile, thereby reuniting the three kingdoms. Urraca permitted the greater part of the Leonese army to take refuge in the town of Zamora. Sancho laid siege to the town, but the Castilian king was assassinated in 1072 by Bellido Dolfos, a Galician nobleman. The Castilian troops then withdrew.
As a result, Alfonso VI recovered all his original territory of León, and became the king of Castile and Galicia. This was the second union of León and Castile, although | 15,820 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
the two kingdoms remained distinct entities joined only in a personal union. The [oath taken by El Cid] before Alfonso VI in Santa Gadea de Burgos regarding the innocence of Alfonso in the matter of the murder of his brother is well known.
During the first years of the 12th century, Sancho, the only son of Alfonso VI, died, leaving only his daughter. Due to this, Alfonso VI took a different approach from other European kingdoms, including France. He gave his daughters, Elvira, Urraca, and Theresa in marriage to Raymond of Toulouse, Raymond of Burgundy, and Henry of Burgundy respectively. In the Council of Burgos in 1080 the traditional Mozarabic rite was replaced by the Roman one.
Upon his | 15,821 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
death, Alfonso VI was succeeded by his daughter, the widowed Urraca, who then married Alfonso I of Aragon, but they almost immediately fell out. Alfonso tried unsuccessfully to conquer Urraca's lands, before he repudiated her in 1114. Urraca also had to contend with attempts by her son from her first marriage, the king of Galicia, to assert his rights. When Urraca died, this son became king of León and Castile as Alfonso VII. During his reign, Alfonso VII managed to annex parts of the weaker kingdoms of Navarre and Aragón which fought to secede after the death of Alfonso I of Aragon.
Alfonso VII refused his right to conquer the Mediterranean coast for the new union of Aragón with the County | 15,822 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
of Barcelona (Petronila and Ramón Berenguer IV).
### A Link Between Christianity and Islam.
The centuries of Moorish rule had established Castile's high central plateau as a vast sheep pasturage; the fact that the greater part of Spanish sheep-rearing terminology was derived from Arabic underscores the debt.
The 8th and 9th centuries was preceded by a period of Umayyad conquests, as Arabs took control of previously Hellenized areas such as Egypt and Syria in the 7th century. It was at this point they first encountered Greek ideas, though from the beginning, many Arabs were hostile to classical learning. Because of this hostility, the religious Caliphs could not support scientific translations. | 15,823 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
Translators had to seek out wealthy business patrons rather than religious ones. Until Abassid rule in the 8th century, however, there was little work in translation. Most knowledge of Greek during Umayyad rule was gained from scholars of Greek who remained from the Byzantine period, rather than through widespread translation and dissemination of texts. A few scholars argue that translation was more widespread than is thought during this period, but this remains the minority view.
The main period of translation was during Abbasid rule. The 2nd Abassid Caliph Al-Mansur moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. Here he founded a great library, containing Greek Classical texts. Al-Mansur ordered | 15,824 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
this collection of world literature translated into Arabic. Under al-Mansur, and by his orders, translations were made from Greek, Syriac, and Persian. The Syriac and Persian books themselves were translations from Greek or Sanskrit.
A legacy of the 6th century King of Persia, Anushirvan (Chosroes I) the Just was the introduction of many Greek ideas into his kingdom. Aided by this knowledge and the juxtaposition of beliefs, the Abassids considered it valuable to look at Islam with Greek eyes, and to look at the Greeks with Islamic eyes. Abassid philosophers also advanced the idea that Islam had, from the very beginning, stressed the gathering of knowledge as a key part of the religion. These | 15,825 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
new ideas enabled the amassing and translation of Greek concepts to disseminate like never before.
During the 12th century, Europe enjoyed great advances in intellectual achievements, sparked in part by the kingdom of Castile's conquest of the great cultural center of Toledo (1085). There Arabic classics were discovered, and contacts established with the knowledge and works of Muslim scientists. In the first half of the century a translation program, called the "School of Toledo", translated many philosophical and scientific works from the Classical Greek and the Islamic worlds into Latin. Many European scholars, including Daniel of Morley and Gerard of Cremona travelled to Toledo to gain further | 15,826 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
knowledge.
The Way of St. James further enhanced the cultural exchange between the kingdoms of Castile and León and the rest of Europe.
The 12th century saw the establishment of many new religious orders, like the rest of Europe, such as Calatrava, Alcántara and Santiago; and the foundation of many Cistercian abbeys.
# Castile and León.
### Definitive union with the Kingdom of León.
Alfonso VII restored the royal tradition of dividing his kingdom among his children. Sancho III became King of Castile and Ferdinand II, King of León.
The rivalry between both kingdoms continued until 1230 when Ferdinand III of Castile received the Kingdom of León from his father Alfonso IX, having previously | 15,827 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother Berenguela of Castile in 1217. In addition, he took advantage of the decline of the Almohad empire to conquer the Guadalquivir Valley whilst his son Alfonso X took the taifa of Murcia.
The Courts from León and Castile merged, an event considered as the foundation of the Crown of Castile, consisting of the kingdoms of Castile, León, taifas and other domains conquered from the Moors, including the taifa of Córdoba, taifa of Murcia, taifa of Jaén and taifa of Seville.
### The House of Trastámara.
The House of Trastámara was a lineage that ruled Castile from 1369 to 1504, Aragón from 1412 to 1516, Navarre from 1425 to 1479, and Naples from 1442 | 15,828 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
to 1501.
Its name was taken from the Count (or Duke) of Trastámara. This title was used by Henry II of Castile, of the Mercedes, before coming to the throne in 1369, during the civil war with his legitimate brother, King Peter of Castile. John II of Aragón ruled from 1458 to 1479 and upon his death, his daughter became Queen Eleanor of Navarre and his son became King Ferdinand II of Aragon.
#### Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon.
The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, in 1469 at the Palacio de los Vivero in Valladolid began the familial union of the two kingdoms. They became known as the Catholic Monarchs "(los Reyes Católicos)". Isabella succeeded her brother | 15,829 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
as Queen of Castile and Ferdinand became "jure uxoris" King of Castile in 1474. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union, creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit, referred to as "España (Spain)".
'Los Reyes Católicos' started policies that diminished the power of the bourgeoisie and nobility in Castile, and greatly reduced the powers of the "Cortes" (General Courts) to the point where they became 'rubber-stamps' for the monarch's acts. They also brought the nobility to their side. In 1492, the Kingdom of Castile conquered the last Moorish | 15,830 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
state of Granada, thereby ending Muslim rule in Iberia and completing the Reconquista.
## 16th century.
On Isabella's death in 1504 her daughter, Joanna I, became Queen (in name) with her husband Philip I as King (in authority). After his death Joanna's father was regent, due to her perceived mental illness, as her son Charles I was only six years old. On Ferdinand II's death in 1516, Charles I was proclaimed as king of Castile and of Aragon (in authority) jointly with his mother Joanna I as the Queen of Aragon (in name). As the first monarch to reign over both Castile and Aragon he may be considered as the first operational King of Spain. Charles I also became Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | 15,831 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
in 1519.
## Municipal councils and parliaments.
As with all medieval kingdoms, supreme power was understood to reside in the monarch "by the grace of God", as the legal formula explained. Nevertheless, rural and urban communities began to form assemblies to issue regulations to deal with everyday problems. Over time, these assemblies evolved into municipal councils, known as variously as "ayuntamientos" or "cabildos", in which some of the inhabitants, the property-owning heads of households ("vecinos"), represented the rest. By the 14th century these councils had gained more powers, such as the right to elect municipal magistrates and officers ("alcaldes", speakers, clerks, etc.) and representatives | 15,832 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
to the parliaments ("Cortes").
Due to the increasing power of the municipal councils and the need for communication between these and the King, "cortes" were established in the Kingdom of León in 1188, and in Castile in 1250. In the earliest Leonese and Castilian Cortes, the inhabitants of the cities (known as "laboratores") formed a small group of the representatives and had no legislative powers, but they were a link between the king and the general population, something that was pioneered by the kingdoms of Castile and León. Eventually the representatives of the cities gained the right to vote in the Cortes, often allying with the monarchs against the great noble lords.
# Arms of the Kingdom | 15,833 |
750274 | Kingdom of Castile | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom%20of%20Castile | Kingdom of Castile
tatives of the cities gained the right to vote in the Cortes, often allying with the monarchs against the great noble lords.
# Arms of the Kingdom of Castile.
During the reign of Alfonso VIII, the kingdom began to use as its emblem, both in blazons and banners, the canting arms of the Kingdom of Castile: gules, a three towered castle or, masoned sable and ajouré azure.
# See also.
- Crown of Castile
- Council of Castile
- History of Spain
- List of Castilian counts
- List of Castilian monarchs
- List of Castilian battles
# External links.
- The Kingdom of Castile (1157–1212) : Towards a Geography of the Southern Frontier
- History of the County of Castile – The origins of Castile | 15,834 |
750331 | 1931 in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1931%20in%20India | 1931 in India
1931 in India
Events in the year 1931 in India.
# Incumbents.
- Emperor of India – George V
- Viceroy of India – The Lord Irwin
- Viceroy of India – The Earl of Willingdon (from 18 April)
# Events.
- 25 January – Mohandas Gandhi released again.
- 10 February – New Delhi becomes the capital of India.
- 27 February – Chandrasekhar Azad martyrdom in an encounter with the British in Allahabad.
- 4 March – British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi negotiate.
- 5 March – Gandhi Irwin Pact
- 23 March – Independent India leaders Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev are hanged by the British Government.
- October, November – Mohandas Gandhi visits England.
- 4 November – Inauguration of | 15,835 |
750331 | 1931 in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1931%20in%20India | 1931 in India
the Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway station by the Maharaja of Travancore Sree Chithira Thirunal
- 6 November – Indian spiritual leader Meher Baba arrives in America for the first time.
- 2nd round table conference.
- Chakra was adopted on centre of the flag by INC (Indian National Congress)
# Births.
- 4 January – Nirupa Roy, actress (died 2004).
- 16 May – K. Natwar Singh, politician and Minister.
- 27 May – O. N. V. Kurup, poet.
- 27 August – Sri Chinmoy, spiritual teacher and philosopher (died 2007).
- 16 September – E. C. George Sudarshan, physicist, author and professor. (died 2018)
- 15 October – Abdul Kalam, eleventh President of India.(died 2015)
- 21 October – Shammi | 15,836 |
750331 | 1931 in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1931%20in%20India | 1931 in India
- 27 May – O. N. V. Kurup, poet.
- 27 August – Sri Chinmoy, spiritual teacher and philosopher (died 2007).
- 16 September – E. C. George Sudarshan, physicist, author and professor. (died 2018)
- 15 October – Abdul Kalam, eleventh President of India.(died 2015)
- 21 October – Shammi Kapoor, actor (died 2011).
## Full date unknown.
- Satyen Kappu, actor (died 2007).
- Romila Thapar, historian.
# Deaths.
- 23 March – Shivaram Rajguru, revolutionary, executed (born 1908).
- 23 March – Bhagat Singh, freedom fighter, executed (born 1907).
- 23 March – Sukhdev Thapar, revolutionary, executed (born 1907).
- 7 July – Dinesh Gupta, freedom fighter and revolutionary, executed (born 1911). | 15,837 |
750305 | Luke Edward Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke%20Edward%20Wright | Luke Edward Wright
Luke Edward Wright
Luke Edward Wright (August 29, 1846 – November 17, 1922) was a United States political figure. He served as Governor-General of the Philippines between 1904 and 1906 and also as Secretary of War from 1908 to 1909.
# Biography.
Luke Edward Wright was born in Giles County, Tennessee, and moved with his family to Memphis in 1850. He attended the public schools, and enlisted at fifteen in the Confederate States Army with Company G of the 154th Senior Tennessee Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War. In 1863, Wright was cited for bravery under fire in the Battle of Murfreesboro and was promoted to second lieutenant. After the Civil War, Wright attended the University | 15,838 |
750305 | Luke Edward Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke%20Edward%20Wright | Luke Edward Wright
of Mississippi from 1867 to 1868, but he did not graduate. In 1868 General Luke Edward Wright was married to Miss Katherine Middleton Semmes, a daughter of Admiral Raphael Semmes of the Confederate States navy.
After studying law in his father's office, Wright was admitted to the bar and entered into practice in Memphis. For eight years, he served as Tennessee Attorney General, and he was instrumental in establishing a relief committee during an epidemic of yellow fever in 1878. Before the nomination of William Jennings Bryan, Wright was a Democrat. In 1900, Wright was a member of the second Philippine Commission and was appointed vice-governor of the Philippines in 1901. Wright became full | 15,839 |
750305 | Luke Edward Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke%20Edward%20Wright | Luke Edward Wright
Governor-General of the Philippines in 1904 and continued in that office until 1906. From 1906 to 1907, Wright served as the first full United States Ambassador to Japan.
From July 1, 1908 to March 1, 1909, Wright served as United States Secretary of War under President Theodore Roosevelt. He stressed actions to eliminate unfit officers and sought to take advantage of aviation technology. He served less than a year before resigning. He returned to private life and died in Memphis in 1922.
# Legacy.
The "Pool of Pines", better known as Wright Park in Baguio City, Philippines was named after Governor Luke E. Wright, the architect of this long, shallow reflecting pool. A street in Dumaguete | 15,840 |
750305 | Luke Edward Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke%20Edward%20Wright | Luke Edward Wright
served as the first full United States Ambassador to Japan.
From July 1, 1908 to March 1, 1909, Wright served as United States Secretary of War under President Theodore Roosevelt. He stressed actions to eliminate unfit officers and sought to take advantage of aviation technology. He served less than a year before resigning. He returned to private life and died in Memphis in 1922.
# Legacy.
The "Pool of Pines", better known as Wright Park in Baguio City, Philippines was named after Governor Luke E. Wright, the architect of this long, shallow reflecting pool. A street in Dumaguete City in Negros Oriental province is named after him.
# External links.
- Wright Park, Baguio City Philippines | 15,841 |
750322 | Fanshawe (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanshawe%20(novel) | Fanshawe (novel)
Fanshawe (novel)
Fanshawe is a novel written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was his first published work, which he published anonymously in 1828.
# Background.
Hawthorne had worked on a novel as early as his time as an undergraduate at Bowdoin College. "Fanshawe", his first published novel, may or may not have been that book. "Fanshawe: A Tale" appeared anonymously in October 1828 from the Boston publishers Marsh and Capen. Its printing was paid for at the author's own expense, costing him $100. The book was based on Hawthorne's experiences as a Bowdoin College student in the early 1820s.
"Fanshawe" generally received positive reviews. Sarah Josepha Hale, then editor of the "Ladies' | 15,842 |
750322 | Fanshawe (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanshawe%20(novel) | Fanshawe (novel)
Magazine", advised potential readers buy the book rather than rely on finding it at a circulating library. As she wrote, "Purchase it, reader. There is but one volume, and trust me that it is worth placing in your library." William Leggett saw further potential in the young author: "The mind that produced this little, interesting volume, is capable of making great and rich additions to our native literature."
The book, however, did not sell well. After its commercial failure, Hawthorne burned the unsold copies: "Later all the copies that could be obtained were destroyed. A dozen years after his death a copy was found and the tale reissued by James o & co." (quote cf. N.E. Brown, Bibl. of Nathaniel | 15,843 |
750322 | Fanshawe (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanshawe%20(novel) | Fanshawe (novel)
Hawthorne, Boston and New York, 1905) The novel was so rare and Hawthorne was so secretive about his early attempt at a novel that after his death his wife Sophia insisted her husband had never written a novel with that title, despite being shown a copy.
# Summary.
Dr. Melmoth, the President of fictional Harley College, takes into his care Ellen Langton, the daughter of his friend, Mr. Langton, who is at sea. Ellen is a young, beautiful girl and attracts the attentions of the college boys, especially Edward Walcott, a strapping though immature student, and Fanshawe, a reclusive, meek intellectual. While out walking, the three young people meet a nameless character called “the angler”, a name | 15,844 |
750322 | Fanshawe (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanshawe%20(novel) | Fanshawe (novel)
he gets for appearing an expert fisherman. The angler asks for a word with Ellen, tells her something in secret, and apparently flusters her. Walcott and Fanshawe become suspicious of his intentions.
We learn that the angler is an old friend of the reformed Inn owner, Hugh Crombie. The two had been at sea together, where Mr. Langton had been the angler's mentor and caretaker. Langton and the angler had a falling out, however, and, thinking that Langton has been killed at sea, the angler undertakes to marry Ellen in order to inherit her father's considerable wealth. Thus in his secret meeting with Ellen, the angler instructs her to sneak out of Melmoth's home and follow him, telling her he has | 15,845 |
750322 | Fanshawe (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanshawe%20(novel) | Fanshawe (novel)
information about her father’s whereabouts. His real aim, though, is to kidnap her, to tell her of her father’s death, and to manipulate her into marrying him.
When the various men (Melmoth, Edward, Fanshawe) learn that she is not in her chamber, they go searching for her. The search reveals the nature of each: Melmoth, an aged scholar unused to physical labor, enlists the help of Walcott, who is the most skilled rider and the most likely to be able to contend with the angler in a fight. Fanshawe, who lags behind the search because of his weak constitution and his slow horse, is given information by an old woman in a cabin (where another old woman, Widow Butler, who turns out to be the angler's | 15,846 |
750322 | Fanshawe (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanshawe%20(novel) | Fanshawe (novel)
mother, has just died) that allows him to reach the angler and Ellen first. The angler has taken Ellen to a craggy cliff and cave, where he intends to hold her captive. Ellen has finally realized the angler's intentions. When Fanshawe arrives, he stands above them, looking over the edge of the cliff. The angler begins to climb up the cliff to fight Fanshawe but grabs a twig too weak to support him and tumbles to his death. Fanshawe awakens Ellen from a faint, and they travel back to town together.
Fanshawe loves Ellen but knows that he will die young because of his shut-in lifestyle. When Langton offers Ellen's hand in marriage to Fanshawe in exchange for rescuing her, he refuses, sacrificing | 15,847 |
750322 | Fanshawe (novel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanshawe%20(novel) | Fanshawe (novel)
vel back to town together.
Fanshawe loves Ellen but knows that he will die young because of his shut-in lifestyle. When Langton offers Ellen's hand in marriage to Fanshawe in exchange for rescuing her, he refuses, sacrificing his happiness so as not to subject her to a life of widowhood. He also knows that Ellen has affections for Walcott. Fanshawe dies at 20. Ellen and Walcott marry four years later. The narrator states that Walcott grows out of his childish ways (drunkenness, impulsiveness, the suggestion of teenage affairs) and becomes content with Ellen. They are, according to the narrator, happy, but the book ends on an ambivalent note, stating that the couple did not produce children. | 15,848 |
750325 | Theodore Paul Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Paul%20Wright | Theodore Paul Wright
Theodore Paul Wright
Theodore Paul Wright (May 25, 1895 – August 21, 1970) was a U.S. aeronautical engineer and educator.
# Biography.
He was born in Galesburg, Illinois on May 25, 1895. His brothers were the geneticist Sewall Wright, and the political scientist Quincy Wright.
He served as administrator of the Civil Aeronautics Administration during 1944 - 1948. When President Truman announced Wright’s resignation as Administrator of Civil Aeronautics on January 16, 1948, the New York Times reported that Wright felt he could not continue in office at a salary of $10,000 per year.
He served as Cornell University's vice president in charge of research from 1948 to 1960 and served as acting | 15,849 |
750325 | Theodore Paul Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore%20Paul%20Wright | Theodore Paul Wright
of the Civil Aeronautics Administration during 1944 - 1948. When President Truman announced Wright’s resignation as Administrator of Civil Aeronautics on January 16, 1948, the New York Times reported that Wright felt he could not continue in office at a salary of $10,000 per year.
He served as Cornell University's vice president in charge of research from 1948 to 1960 and served as acting president of Cornell University in 1951. He died on August 21, 1970.
# Awards.
- Wright Brothers Medal (1930)
- Honorary Doctorate from Knox College (1937)
- Daniel Guggenheim Medal (1945)
# See also.
- Learning curve
# External links.
- http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/wright_t.html | 15,850 |
750310 | Navy E Ribbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy%20E%20Ribbon | Navy E Ribbon
Navy E Ribbon
The Battle Efficiency Ribbon, Navy "E" Ribbon, or (informally) the Battle "E" ribbon was established in July 1976 by Secretary of the Navy J. William Middendorf. The Navy "E" Ribbon denotes permanent duty on U.S. Navy ships, aviation squadrons, or units (including construction battalions) that have won a battle efficiency competition (Battle "E") after July 1, 1974. This ribbon replaces the "E" patch previously sewn on the right sleeve of the enlisted naval uniform for pay grades E-1 through E-6. United States Marine Corps personnel assigned as ship's company are eligible; embarked personnel are not.
The Navy "E" Ribbon does not have a corresponding medal, meaning that when in | 15,851 |
750310 | Navy E Ribbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy%20E%20Ribbon | Navy E Ribbon
full dress uniform (when medals are worn), the ribbon is placed above the right breast pocket of the uniform instead of the left. However, when in standard uniform (no medals are worn), the ribbon is placed above the left breast pocket, along with all other citations and awards.
The Navy "E" Ribbon was designed by AZ3 Cynthia L. Crider in 1973. It took 3 years to have her design and recommendation be approved by the Secretary of the Navy and the ribbon created by the Department of the Army, which has the final approval for the design and colors of all ribbons and medals in the U.S. military. AZ3 Crider was stationed at Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 88 (VAW-88), a Naval Air Reserve | 15,852 |
750310 | Navy E Ribbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy%20E%20Ribbon | Navy E Ribbon
E-2 Hawkeye squadron at NAS North Island, CA. Petty Officer Third Class Crider designed the ribbon after her squadron won the award for the second time in a row, but with the new uniform change would not be able to wear anything on their uniforms to show they had been awarded the Navy 'E' two consecutive times, back in 1973.
The "E" is also one of the few ribbons that is not an individual award. Instead, it is a unit award, issued to any U.S. servicemember who is stationed as ship's company when the award is earned. Embarked personnel (i.e. staff elements) are not authorized to receive the award.
The United States Coast Guard's equivalent of the Navy "E" Ribbon is the Coast Guard "E" Ribbon.
# | 15,853 |
750310 | Navy E Ribbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy%20E%20Ribbon | Navy E Ribbon
Battle "E" device.
For each award of the Navy "E" Ribbon, one 3/16 inch silver Battle "E" device is authorized for wear on the Navy "E" ribbon, up to the third award. When a service member receives a fourth Navy "E" award, a Wreathed Battle "E" device is bestowed. This replaces the first three devices and effectively "closes out" the award ribbon — no further devices are authorized for display of additional awards. While service members may receive more than four Navy "E"s, only four may be displayed. Multiple "E" attachments are placed in a symmetrical, horizontal line in the center of the ribbon.
# See also.
- Awards and decorations of the United States military
- Army-Navy ‘E’ Award
- | 15,854 |
750310 | Navy E Ribbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy%20E%20Ribbon | Navy E Ribbon
award of the Navy "E" Ribbon, one 3/16 inch silver Battle "E" device is authorized for wear on the Navy "E" ribbon, up to the third award. When a service member receives a fourth Navy "E" award, a Wreathed Battle "E" device is bestowed. This replaces the first three devices and effectively "closes out" the award ribbon — no further devices are authorized for display of additional awards. While service members may receive more than four Navy "E"s, only four may be displayed. Multiple "E" attachments are placed in a symmetrical, horizontal line in the center of the ribbon.
# See also.
- Awards and decorations of the United States military
- Army-Navy ‘E’ Award
- Battle Effectiveness Award | 15,855 |
750347 | William Wrigley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wrigley | William Wrigley
William Wrigley
William Wrigley may refer to:
- William Wrigley Jr., founder of William Wrigley Jr. Company (1st generation confectionery magnate)
- William Wrigley III, 3rd generation confectionery magnate
- William Wrigley, Jr. II, 4th generation confectionery magnate
# See also.
- Wrigley (disambiguation) | 15,856 |
750337 | Frank Nastasi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank%20Nastasi | Frank Nastasi
Frank Nastasi
Frank Nastasi (January 7, 1923 – June 15, 2004) was an actor and comedian best known for his work with Soupy Sales on the show "Lunch with Soupy".
Born in Detroit, Michigan, Nastasi played Gramps the animal expert on "Wixie Wonderland" before he took over Clyde Adler's role on "Lunch with Soupy", playing characters like White Fang, Black Tooth, Pookie, and Hippy. Nastasi also appeared with Sammy Davis Jr. in "Golden Boy".
Nastasi died of a brain tumor in 2004.
# External links.
- Detroit News obituary | 15,857 |
750360 | PEFC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PEFC | PEFC
PEFC
PEFC may refer to:
- Proton-exchange fuel cell
- Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification - also known as Pan-European Forest Certification | 15,858 |
750368 | MCFC | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MCFC | MCFC
MCFC
MCFC may refer to:
- Manchester City F.C., a football club in England
- Melbourne City FC, a football club in Australia, sharing ownership with Manchester City
- Memphis City FC, a football club in the United States of America, named after Manchester City though sharing no ownership with it
- Molten carbonate fuel cell
- Mother City F.C., a defunct football club in South Africa
- Mumbai City FC, an Indian Super League franchise | 15,859 |
750306 | Quincy Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quincy%20Wright | Quincy Wright
Quincy Wright
Philip Quincy Wright (December 28, 1890 – October 17, 1970) was an American political scientist based at the University of Chicago known for his pioneering work and expertise in international law and international relations. Daniel Gorman argues that Wright played a major role in transforming international law "from a set of guidelines by which states governed their interactions to a tool for enacting peaceful change in international relations."
# Biography.
Born in Medford, Massachusetts, Wright received his B.A. from Lombard College in 1912. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Illinois in 1915. He joined the department of social sciences at the University of Chicago | 15,860 |
750306 | Quincy Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quincy%20Wright | Quincy Wright
in 1923 and remained there until 1956, when he became Professor of International Law in the Woodrow Wilson Department of Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. Following his retirement at Virginia in 1961, he was a Visiting Professor in numerous universities in the United States and abroad. In 1927, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was one of the co-founders of Chicago's Committee On International Relations in 1928, the first graduate program in international relations established in the United States. In addition to his academic work, Wright was an adviser to Justice Robert H. Jackson at the Nuremberg Trials, and often provided advice to the U.S. | 15,861 |
750306 | Quincy Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quincy%20Wright | Quincy Wright
State Department.
Wright served as president of several scholarly bodies, including the American Association of University Professors (1944–46), the American Political Science Association (1948–49), the International Political Science Association (1950–1952), and the American Society of International Law (1955–56). He was a member of the editorial board of the American Association of International Law from 1923 until his death. He was also active in the U.S. United Nations Association. See Eleanor R. Finch, "Quincy Wright, 1890-1970" (obituary), The American Journal of International Law 65 (January 1971): 130-131.
Wright's brothers were the geneticist Sewall Wright and the aeronautical engineer | 15,862 |
750306 | Quincy Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quincy%20Wright | Quincy Wright
Theodore Paul Wright.
# Academic work.
During the 1920s, the horrors of World War I were foremost in the thoughts of many social scientists. Soon after his arrival at Chicago, Wright organized an ongoing interdisciplinary study of wars, which eventually resulted in over 40 dissertations and 10 books. Wright summarized this research in his magnum opus "A Study of War" (1942).
According to Karl Deutsch of Harvard University,
Wright's study of warfare inspired many social scientists and his database of wars is an indispensable resource for anyone seriously interested in quantitative studies of human conflicts.
Other than "A Study of War", Wright published a further 20 books and nearly 400 | 15,863 |
750306 | Quincy Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quincy%20Wright | Quincy Wright
journal articles during his career. Several of his books became standard texts, including "Mandates Under the League of Nations" (1930) and "The Study of International Relations" (1955).
# Selected publications.
- "The Control of American Foreign Relations". 1922. Macmillan.
- " The Palestine Problem", Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Sept., 1926), pp. 384–412, via JSTOR
- "Mandates Under the League of Nations". 1930. University of Chicago Press.
- "Research in International Law Since the War". 1930. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- "A Study of War." 1942. University of Chicago Press.
- "The Study of International Relations". 1955. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- | 15,864 |
750306 | Quincy Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quincy%20Wright | Quincy Wright
he War". 1930. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- "A Study of War." 1942. University of Chicago Press.
- "The Study of International Relations". 1955. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- "The Strengthening of International Law". 1960. Academic of International Law.
- "International Law and the United States". 1960. Asia Publishing House.
- "The Role of International Law in the Elimination of War". 1961. Oceana.
# See also.
- War
- War cycles
# Further reading.
- Gorman, Daniel. "International Law and the International Thought of Quincy Wright, 1918–1945" "Diplomatic History" 41#2 (April 2017), pp 336–361, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw052;
- online H-Net review of Gorman article | 15,865 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
Rotogravure
Rotogravure (roto or gravure for short) is a type of intaglio printing process, which involves engraving the image onto an image carrier. In gravure printing, the image is engraved onto a cylinder because, like offset printing and flexography, it uses a rotary printing press.
Once a staple of newspaper photo features, the rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, postcards, and corrugated (cardboard) and other product packaging.
# History and development.
In the 19th century, a number of developments in photography allowed the production of photo-mechanical printing plates. W H Fox Talbot mentions in 1852 the use of a textile in the photographic process | 15,866 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
to create half-tones in the printing plate. A French patent in 1860 describes a reel-fed gravure press. A collaboration between Klic and Fawcett in Lancaster resulted in the founding of the Rembrandt Intaglio Printing Company in 1895, which company produced art prints. In 1906 they marketed the first multi-colour gravure print.
In 1912 Messrs Bruckman in Munich produced proofs for Bavarian postage stamps which went into production in 1914. Also in 1912 newspaper supplements printed by reel-fed gravure were on sale in London and Berlin (The Illustrated London News and Der Weltspiegel ).
Irving Berlin's song "Easter Parade" specifically refers to these type of supplements in the lines "the photographers | 15,867 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
will snap us, and you'll find that you're in the rotogravure". And the song "Hooray for Hollywood" contains the line "…armed with photos from local rotos" referring to young actresses hoping to make it in the movie industry. In 1976, ex-Beatle Ringo Starr released an album titled Ringo's Rotogravure.
In 1932 a George Gallup "Survey of Reader Interest in Various Sections of Sunday Newspapers to Determine the Relative Value of Rotogravure as an Advertising Medium" found that these special rotogravures were the most widely read sections of the paper and that advertisements there were three times more likely to be seen by readers than in any other section.
Gravure is one of several printing techniques | 15,868 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
being actively used in the new field of printed electronics.
# Process and components.
In direct gravure printing, the ink is applied directly to the cylinder and from the cylinder it is transferred to the substrate. One printing unit consists of the following components:
- an engraved cylinder (also known as "gravure cylinder") whose circumference can differ according to the layout of the product being made.
- an ink fountain
- a doctor blade assembly
- an impression roller
- a dryer
For indirect gravure processes, the engraved cylinder transfers ink in the desired areas to a transfer roller, and the transfer roller transfers it to the substrate.
## Engraved cylinder.
The first step | 15,869 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
of Gravure is to create the cylinder with the engraved images that need to be printed: the engraving process will create on the cylinder surface the cells that will contain the ink in order to transfer it to the paper. Since the amount of ink contained in the cells corresponds to different colour intensities on the paper, the dimensions of the cells must be carefully set: deeper or larger cells will produce more intense colours whereas smaller cells will produce less intense ones. There are three methods of photoengraving that have been used for engraving of gravure cylinders, where the cell open size or the depth of cells can be uniform or variable:
Gravure cylinders are usually made of steel | 15,870 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
and plated with copper, though other materials, e.g. ceramics can also be used. The desired pattern is achieved by engraving with a laser or a diamond tool, or by chemical etching. If the cylinder is chemically etched, a resist (in the form of a negative image) is transferred to the cylinder before etching. The resist protects the non-image areas of the cylinder from the etchant. After etching, the resist is stripped off. The operation is analogous to the manufacture of printed circuit boards. Following engraving, the cylinder is proofed and tested, reworked if necessary, and then chrome plated.
## Process.
While the press is in operation, the engraved cylinder is partially immersed in the | 15,871 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
ink tray, filling the recessed cells. As the cylinder rotates, it draws excess ink onto its surface and into the cells. Acting as a squeegee, the doctor blade scrapes the cylinder before it makes contact with the paper, removing the excess ink from the non-printing (non-recessed) areas and leaving in the cells the right amount of ink required. The position of the blade relative to the nip is normally variable.
Next, the substrate gets sandwiched between the impression roller and the gravure cylinder: this is where the ink gets transferred from the recessed cells to the web. The purpose of the impression roller is to apply force, ensuring that the entire substrate is brought into contact with | 15,872 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
the gravure cylinder, which in turn ensures even and maximum coverage of the ink. Once in contact with the substrate, the ink's surface tension pulls (part of) the ink out of the cell and transfers it to the substrate.
Then the inked substrate goes through a dryer because it must be completely dry before going through the next color unit and accepting another coat of ink. A rotogravure printing press has one printing unit for each color, typically CMYK or cyan, magenta, yellow and key (printing terminology for black), but the number of units varies depending on what colors are required to produce the final image.
# Features.
Because gravure is capable of transferring more ink to the paper | 15,873 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
than most other printing processes, it is noted for its remarkable density range (light to shadow) and hence is a process of choice for fine art and photography reproduction, though not typically as clean an image as that of offset lithography. A shortcoming of gravure is that all images, including type and "solids," are actually printed as dots, and unless the ink and substrate combination is set up to allow solid areas to flow together, the screen pattern of these dots can be visible to the naked eye.
Gravure is an industrial printing process capable of consistent high quality printing. Since the Gravure printing process requires the creation of one cylinder for each colour of the final image, | 15,874 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
it is expensive for short runs and best suited for high volume printing. Typical uses include long-run magazines in excess of 1 million copies, mail order catalogs, consumer packaging, Sunday newspaper ad inserts, wallpaper and laminates for furniture where quality and consistency are desired. Another application area of gravure printing is in the flexible-packaging sector. A wide range of substrates such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, BOPP, etc. can be printed in the gravure press. Gravure printing is one of the common processes used in the converting industry.
Rotogravure presses for publication run at per second and more, with paper reel widths of over , enabling an eight-unit | 15,875 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
press to print about seven million four-color pages per hour.
The vast majority of gravure presses print on rolls (also known as webs) of paper or other substrates, rather than sheets. (Sheetfed gravure is a small, specialty market.) Rotary gravure presses are the fastest and widest presses in operation, printing everything from narrow labels to 12-foot-wide (3.66-meter-wide) rolls of vinyl flooring. For maximum efficiency, gravure presses operate at high speeds producing large diameter, wide rolls. These are then cut or slit down to the finished roll size on a slitting machine or slitter rewinder. Additional operations may be in line with a gravure press, such as saddle stitching facilities | 15,876 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
for magazine or brochure work.
## Advantages.
Although the rotogravure printing process is not the most popular printing process used in flexible-packaging manufacturing, it does have the ability to print on thin film such as polyester, OPP, nylon, and PE, which come in a wide range of thicknesses, commonly 10 to 30 micrometers.
Other appreciated features include:
- printing cylinders that can last through large-volume runs without the image degrading
- good quality image reproduction
- low per-unit costs running high volume production
## Disadvantages.
Shortcomings of the gravure printing process include:
- high start-up costs: hundreds of thousands of copies needed to make it profitable
- | 15,877 |
750314 | Rotogravure | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotogravure | Rotogravure
include:
- printing cylinders that can last through large-volume runs without the image degrading
- good quality image reproduction
- low per-unit costs running high volume production
## Disadvantages.
Shortcomings of the gravure printing process include:
- high start-up costs: hundreds of thousands of copies needed to make it profitable
- rasterized lines and texts
- long lead time for cylinder preparation, which is offsite as the techniques used are so specialized
# See also.
- Flexography
- Offset printing
- Photogravure
- Roll Slitting
- Rotary printing press
# External links.
- European Rotogravure Association
- Gravure Association of the Americas
- Heliograph holding | 15,878 |
750367 | Tembec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tembec | Tembec
Tembec
Tembec Inc. was a paper company in Canada Founded by Frank Dottori. Tembec had approximately 3000 employees located in Canada, United States, and France. Tembec's operating divisions included Forest Products, Pulp, Paper & Paperboard, and Chemicals.
The Forest Products Group comprised 31 manufacturing operations producing softwood lumber, engineered wood products, and specialty wood products. The Pulp, Paper & Paperboard Group consisted of 9 pulp manufacturing plants, 5 paper manufacturing plants and 1 paperboard plant. The Chemicals group produced resins, ethanol and lignin from the pulping discharge in five of its pulping plants.
In May 2017, it was announced that Tembec had agreed | 15,879 |
750367 | Tembec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tembec | Tembec
to a takeover offer by Rayonier Advanced Materials for CAD $320 million. In July, Rayonier's offer was raised to CAD $475 million. The deal closed in November.
# Company creation.
Tembec was created in 1973 in the town of Témiscaming, in Quebec near the border of Ontario. The town's economic lifeblood, a pulp mill owned by a large multinational corporation, CIP, was shut down in 1972. The mill's former employees and Temiscaming residents gained national attention in their fight to save their jobs, and their efforts created a unique and unprecedented relationship among entrepreneurs, unionized employees, the community and several levels of government. The mill was purchased and Tembec came | 15,880 |
750367 | Tembec | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tembec | Tembec
er offer by Rayonier Advanced Materials for CAD $320 million. In July, Rayonier's offer was raised to CAD $475 million. The deal closed in November.
# Company creation.
Tembec was created in 1973 in the town of Témiscaming, in Quebec near the border of Ontario. The town's economic lifeblood, a pulp mill owned by a large multinational corporation, CIP, was shut down in 1972. The mill's former employees and Temiscaming residents gained national attention in their fight to save their jobs, and their efforts created a unique and unprecedented relationship among entrepreneurs, unionized employees, the community and several levels of government. The mill was purchased and Tembec came into being. | 15,881 |
750370 | Fanwood | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanwood | Fanwood
Fanwood
Fanwood may refer to:
- Fanwood, New Jersey, a borough in Union County, New Jersey
- Fanwood, the codename for the Itanium 2 64-bit Intel microprocessor | 15,882 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
Allan Mallinson
Brigadier Allan Lawrence Mallinson (born 6 February 1949) is an English author and retired British Army officer.
Mallinson is best known for writing a series of novels chronicling the (fictional) life of Matthew Hervey, an officer serving in the (fictional) British 6th Light Dragoons from the late Napoleonic Wars through subsequent colonial conflicts in India, North America and South Africa.
# Early life.
Mallinson was born on 6 February 1949 in Yorkshire, England, to Alfred and Edith Mallinson. From 1966, he trained for the Anglican priesthood at St Chad's College in Durham.
# Military career.
Mallinson took a break from his theological studies to join the Army in 1969, | 15,883 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
joining the King's Own Royal Border Regiment as a Second Lieutenant on probation, and served with the infantry in Cyprus, Malaysia, Northern Ireland and Germany. He was confirmed as a Second Lieutenant in 1970, promoted to Lieutenant on 11 February 1971, and promoted to Captain on 11 August 1975, and acting Major on 1 September 1979..
He transferred to the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own) on 28 October 1980, and was promoted to substantive Major on 30 September 1981. He served in Whitehall, Norway, Cyprus and again in Germany. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel on 31 December 1988 (with seniority from 30 June 1988), commanding his Regiment from 1988 to 1991. He was promoted to | 15,884 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
acting Colonel on 1 December 1992, and to substantive rank on 30 June 1993 and then to Brigadier on 1 September 1999.
His last Army appointment was as Military Attaché at the British Embassy, Rome. He retired from active service on 16 March 2004.
# Works.
## Fiction.
### "Matthew Hervey" series.
Beginning as a Cornet at Waterloo, Matthew Hervey of the 6th Light Dragoons, and son of the vicar of Horningsham finds himself in many of the colonial military actions thereafter, including Ireland, Canada, India, South Africa, Burma and the Balkans. His climb through the ranks is neither fast nor easy, as the son of a vicar does not have the private means to readily buy promotion. His romantic | 15,885 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
life is also more turbulent than might be expected of a vicar's son. Despite his personal trials he makes a very human effort to remain a man of honor, and the adversities he faces change him perceptively as a character throughout the series. As the impressionable cornet is tried and tested his touchstone remains his fellow dragoons, to several of whom he becomes very close.
The series is highly detailed with regard to the daily operations of a cavalry regiment, campaigning and at barracks. Matthew Hervey's social life also demonstrates for the reader many of the customs and proprieties of English society in the early to mid 1800's. Also of note, unlike many books of either fiction or non-fiction, | 15,886 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
equestrian details related to tack, training, riding and equestrian health are specific and frequent. Much like the Patrick O'Brian character Stephen Maturin's medical practice, the various troop veterinary surgeons of the 6th Light Dragoons are often consulted and they give the reader some interesting insight into the evolution of veterinary practice. Matthew Hervey's familiarity with the subject contributes greatly to the sensation of being transported to the life of a cavalryman.
Reviews
"Now at last a highly literate, deeply read cavalry officer of high rank shows one the nature of horse-borne warfare in those times: and Colonel Mallinson's A Close Run Thing is very much to be welcomed." | 15,887 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
-Patrick O'Brian
"I have never read a more enthralling account of a battle ... This is the first in a series of Matthew Hervey adventures. The next can't come soon enough for me" -"Daily Mail"
"Captain Hervey of the 6th Light Dragoons and ADC to the Duke of Wellington is back in the saddle ...He is as fascinating on horseback as Jack Aubrey is on the quarterdeck." -"The Times"
"Captain Matthew Hervey is as splendid a hero as ever sprang from an author's pen." -"The Times"
"As good on the details of the workings of a cavalry regiment in 1820 as ever Patrick O'Brian was on the workings of an 1820 warship." -"Spectator"
In UK hardback publication order, the "Hervey" novels are:
- 1. "A Close | 15,888 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
Run Thing" (1999): Cornet Hervey's adventures before and during the Battle of Waterloo.
- 2. "The Nizam's Daughters" (2000): Hervey in India, defending the fictional princely state of Chintal (published in the US as "Honourable Company").
- 3. "A Regimental Affair" (2001): problems in the regiment in England and Canada.
- 4. "A Call to Arms" (2002): back in India, an independent excursion on the borders of Burma.
- 5. "The Sabre's Edge" (2003): set in the First Burmese War in 1824, and the siege of Bharatpur in 1826.
- 6. "Rumours of War" (2004): Hervey in Portugal in 1826, with flashbacks to the Peninsular War before the battle of Corunna in 1809.
- 7. "An Act of Courage" (2005): Hervey | 15,889 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
imprisoned at Badajoz at Christmas 1826, with further flashbacks to the Battle of Talavera in 1809 and the Siege of Badajoz in 1812.
- 8. "Company of Spears" (2006): Hervey in the Cape Colony in 1827 fighting the Zulus, immediately before the death of Shaka and the accession of Dingane.
- 9. "Man of War" (2007): in 1827, Matthew Hervey is in England; unusually seeing no action. Meanwhile, in a parallel story line, his old friend Peto takes part in the Battle of Navarino.
- 10. "Warrior" (2008): 1828 – Hervey is tasked with escorting an embassy to Shaka, King of the Zulus, whose motives are under suspicion.
- 11. "On His Majesty's Service" (2011): Hervey is sent as an observer to the Russian | 15,890 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
army during their war with the Ottoman Empire in 1829.
- 12. "Words of Command" (2015): 1830 and Hervey is in Belgium during a time of unrest.
- 13. "The Passage to India" (2018): 1831 - Both in England and India unrest is evident. Domestically the strife is over the impending Reform Bill; whilst in India the problems are between the various princely states.
## Non-fiction.
- "Light Dragoons" (1993) – a non-fictional history of the four light cavalry regiments of the British Army. It was published in 1993, soon after he relinquished command of 13th/18th Royal Hussars (which includes (in merged form) two of the light dragoon regiments: the 13th was originally raised as a heavy dragoon regiment | 15,891 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
in 1715 but later converted to light dragoons; the 18th was raised as a light dragoon regiment in 1759; both retitled as hussars in 1861, merged in 1922 and then merged with the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars to form the present Light Dragoons in 1992).
- "The Making of the British Army: From the English Civil War to the War On Terror" (2009). The book examines nearly 500 years of the British Army and examines how its military actions has made it one of the most effective fighting forces in the world today. Mallinson demonstrates how people and events have shaped the army's development. Sections include: how Marlborough's victory at Blenheim is linked to Wellington's success at Waterloo; | 15,892 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
how the desperate fight at Rorke's Drift in 1879 underpinned the heroism of the airborne forces in Arnhem in 1944; and why Montgomery's momentous victory at El Alamein mattered long after the Second World War.
- "1914: Fight the Good Fight: Britain, the Army and the Coming of the First World War" (2013) - In this major new history, one of Britain's foremost military historians and defence experts tackles the origins - and the opening first few weeks of fighting - of what would become known as 'the war to end all wars'. Intensely researched and convincingly argued, Allan Mallinson explores and explains the grand strategic shift that occurred in the century before the war, the British Army's | 15,893 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
regeneration after its drubbings in its fight against the Boer in South Africa, its almost calamitous experience of the first twenty days' fighting in Flanders to the point at which the British Expeditionary Force - the 'Old Contemptibles' - took up the pick and the spade in the middle of September 1914. For it was then that the war changed from one of rapid and brutal movement into the now familiar image of the trenches and the coming of the Territorials, Kitchener's 'Pals', and ultimately the conscripts - and of course the poets. And with them, that terrible sense of the pity and of the futility.
- "Too Important for the Generals: Winning and Losing the First World War" (2017). In this work | 15,894 |
750352 | Allan Mallinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Mallinson | Allan Mallinson
that terrible sense of the pity and of the futility.
- "Too Important for the Generals: Winning and Losing the First World War" (2017). In this work Mallinson argues that recent defences of General Douglas Haig and other are mistaken - and that critics of the strategy and tactics of the First World War (such as Winston Churchill) were actually correct, but that the critics lacked the power to put their ideas into practice. For example, Winston Churchill could suggest alternative approaches - but he did not have the power to pick what commanders would carry out his ideas.
# External links.
- Short biography at Transworld Publishers
- Official web site of Matthew Hervey and Allan Mallinson | 15,895 |
750350 | William Wrigley Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wrigley%20Jr. | William Wrigley Jr.
William Wrigley Jr.
William L. Wrigley Jr. (September 30, 1861 – January 26, 1932) was an American chewing gum industrialist. He was founder and eponym of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company in 1891. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
# Life.
William Wrigley Jr. was born on September 30, 1861, during the Civil War, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In 1891, Wrigley moved from Philadelphia to Chicago to go into business for himself. He had $32 to his name ($843 in 2018) and with it he formed a business to sell Wrigley's Scouring Soap. He offered customers small premiums, particularly baking powder, as an incentive to buy his soap. Finding the baking powder was more popular than his soap, Wrigley | 15,896 |
750350 | William Wrigley Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wrigley%20Jr. | William Wrigley Jr.
switched to selling baking powder, and giving his customers two packages of chewing gum for each can of baking powder they purchased. Again, Wrigley found that the premium he offered was more popular than his base product, and his company began to concentrate on the manufacture and sale of chewing gum. In this business, Wrigley made his name and fortune.
Wrigley played an instrumental role in the development of Santa Catalina Island, California, off the shore of Los Angeles, California. He bought a controlling interest in the Santa Catalina Island Company in 1919 and with the company received the island. Wrigley improved the island with public utilities, new steamships, a hotel, the Casino | 15,897 |
750350 | William Wrigley Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wrigley%20Jr. | William Wrigley Jr.
building, and extensive plantings of trees, shrubs, and flowers. He also sought to create an enterprise that would help employ local residents. By making use of clay and minerals found on the island at a beach near Avalon, in 1927 William Wrigley Jr. created the Pebbly Beach quarry and tile plant. Along with creating jobs for Avalon residents, the plant also supplied material for Wrigley's numerous building projects on the island. After the building of Avalon's Casino ("see Avalon Theater (Catalina)") in 1929, the Catalina Clay Products Tile and Pottery Plant began producing glazed tiles, dinnerware and other household items such as bookends.
Another of Wrigley's legacies was his plan for the | 15,898 |
750350 | William Wrigley Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wrigley%20Jr. | William Wrigley Jr.
future of Catalina Island—that it be protected for future generations to enjoy. In 1972, his son, Philip K. Wrigley, established the Catalina Island Conservancy for this purpose and transferred all family ownership to it. Wrigley is honored by the Wrigley Memorial in the Wrigley Botanical Gardens on the island.
In 1916, Wrigley bought a minority stake in the Chicago Cubs baseball team as part of a group headed by Charles Weeghman, former owner of the Federal League's Chicago Whales. Over the next four years, as Weeghman's lunch-counter business declined, he was forced to sell much of his stock in the ball club to Wrigley. By 1918, Weeghman had sold all of his stock to Wrigley, making Wrigley | 15,899 |
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