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750350 | William Wrigley Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wrigley%20Jr. | William Wrigley Jr.
the largest shareholder and principal owner, and by 1921, Wrigley was majority owner. Wrigley Field, the Cubs' ballpark in Chicago, is named for him. The now-demolished former home of the Los Angeles Angels of the Pacific Coast League, at that time the Cubs' top farm team, was also called Wrigley Field. Wrigley purchased the Chicago Cubs from Albert Lasker in 1925.
The Arizona Biltmore Hotel in Phoenix, Arizona, was partially financed and wholly owned by Wrigley, who finished the nearby Wrigley Mansion as a winter cottage in 1931. At , it was the smallest of his five residences.
# Death.
William Wrigley Jr. died on January 26, 1932, at his Phoenix, Arizona mansion, at age 70. He was interred | 15,900 |
750350 | William Wrigley Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wrigley%20Jr. | William Wrigley Jr.
in his custom-designed sarcophagus located in the tower of the Wrigley Memorial & Botanical Gardens near his beloved home on California's Catalina Island. In 1947, Wrigley's remains were moved to allow the gardens to be made public. There is a rumor that the remains were moved during World War II due to "wartime security concerns". His original grave memorial marker still adorns the tower site. Wrigley was reinterred in the corridor alcove end of the Sanctuary of Gratitude, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. He left his fortune to daughter Dorothy Wrigley Offield and son Philip K. Wrigley. The son continued to run the company until his death in 1977. His ashes were | 15,901 |
750350 | William Wrigley Jr. | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William%20Wrigley%20Jr. | William Wrigley Jr.
in Glendale, California. He left his fortune to daughter Dorothy Wrigley Offield and son Philip K. Wrigley. The son continued to run the company until his death in 1977. His ashes were interred near his father, in the same Sanctuary of Gratitude alcove.
His great-grandson, William Wrigley Jr. II, is the executive chairman and former CEO of the Wrigley Company. Wrigley was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2000.
# See also.
- Tournament House, formerly the Wrigley Mansion, in Pasadena, California
# External links.
- Biography Resource Center
- Jack Bales, "Weeghman and Wrigley," WrigleyIvy.com.
- Jack Bales, "Wrigley Jr. and Veeck Sr.,” WrigleyIvy.com. | 15,902 |
750385 | David Robinson (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Robinson%20(disambiguation) | David Robinson (disambiguation)
David Robinson (disambiguation)
David Robinson (born 1965) is an American former basketball player who played for Navy and the San Antonio Spurs.
David Robinson may also refer to:
# Entertainment and media.
- David G. Robinson (19th century), theatrical pioneer in Northern California
- David Robinson (journalist) (1927-2017), Lincolnshire journalist and author.
- David Robinson (film critic) (born 1930), British film critic and author
- David Robinson (drummer) (born 1949), American rock drummer, most notably for The Cars
- David Robinson (reggae singer) (fl. 1970s-1980s), Jamaican reggae singer
- David Robinson (photographer) (born 1973), British photographer and publisher
- David | 15,903 |
750385 | David Robinson (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Robinson%20(disambiguation) | David Robinson (disambiguation)
C. Robinson, American film producer
- Dave Robinson, head of Stiff Records
# Politics.
- David I. Robinson (1844–1921), American politician in Massachusetts
- David Robinson (Irish politician) (1882–1943), Irish Fianna Fáil politician and revolutionary
- David Robinson (New Zealand politician) (fl. 1980s), former New Zealand politician of the Labour Party
- David J. Robinson (fl. 2000s), former member of the Ohio House of Representatives
# Sports.
- David Robinson (English cricketer) (born 1938), English cricketer
- Dave Robinson (American football) (born 1941), American football player
- Dave Robinson (rugby league), English rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s
- Dave Robinson | 15,904 |
750385 | David Robinson (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Robinson%20(disambiguation) | David Robinson (disambiguation)
(baseball) (born 1946), American baseball player
- Dave Robinson (footballer, born 1948) (1948–2016), English footballer
- David Robinson (Australian cricketer) (born 1958), Australian cricketer
- David Robinson (footballer, born 1965), English footballer
- David Robinson (footballer, born 1969), English footballer
# Others.
- David C. Robinson (steamboat captain) (1833–1874), steamboat captain on the Colorado River from 1857 to 1873
- Paschal Robinson or David Robinson (1870–1948), Irish ecclesiastical diplomat
- David Moore Robinson (1880–1958), American classical archaeologist
- David "Chippy" Robinson (1897–1967), St. Louis armed robber and contract killer
- David Robinson (philanthropist) | 15,905 |
750385 | David Robinson (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David%20Robinson%20(disambiguation) | David Robinson (disambiguation)
- David Robinson (philanthropist) (1904–1987), British entrepreneur and philanthropist
- David Robinson (horticulturist) (1928–2004), Irish horticultural scientist
- David Robinson (priest) (1931–2003), Archdeacon of Blackburn
- David Robinson (community worker) (fl. 1970s–2010s), British community worker
- David A. Robinson (born 1954), retired U.S. Air Force general
- David K. Robinson (born 1954), professor of European history
- David M. Robinson (born 1965), American orientalist
- David Mark Robinson, Australian who, in May 2003, attempted to hijack Qantas Flight 1737
# See also.
- David Fullerton Robison (1816–1859), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania | 15,906 |
750380 | Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Cecil%20Kennedy%20Wyld | Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld
Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld
Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld (1870–1945) was a notable English lexicographer and philologist.
# Early life.
Wyld was born in 1870 and attended Charterhouse School from 1883 to 1885; he was then privately educated in Lausanne from 1885 to 1888. He studied at the University of Bonn, the University of Heidelberg and Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
# Academic career.
From 1904 to 1920, he was Baines Professor of English Language and Philology, University of Liverpool. He was Merton Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford from 1920 until his death in 1945.
# Publications.
Wyld was the author of many | 15,907 |
750380 | Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Cecil%20Kennedy%20Wyld | Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld
r of English Language and Philology, University of Liverpool. He was Merton Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford from 1920 until his death in 1945.
# Publications.
Wyld was the author of many papers and books during his career. His "Universal Dictionary of the English Language" was published in 1932.
# Honors.
Wyld was awarded the British Academy Biennial Prize for contributions to the study of the English Language and Literature in 1932.
# Quotations.
- "No gentleman goes on a bus"
# Selected bibliography.
- 1905: "The Teaching of Reading in Training Colleges"
- 1919: "A History of Modern Colloquial English" | 15,908 |
750373 | Arizona State Route 80 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona%20State%20Route%2080 | Arizona State Route 80
Arizona State Route 80
State Route 80 (SR 80) is a roughly arc-shaped highway lying in southeastern Arizona that, with New Mexico's State Road 80, is a relic of the old U.S. Route 80, now truncated from San Diego to Dallas. This segment of old US 80 was not closely paralleled by Interstate 10, which lies to its north, and instead supplants the old and more direct (defunct in eastern Arizona) State Route 86.
# Route description.
The route begins at an intersection with I-10 Bus. in Benson near an Amtrak station. The route heads south until it exits the city limit of Benson, where it turns slightly southeast. SR 80 turns eastward, entering St. David as Patton Street. In St. David, SR 80 turns | 15,909 |
750373 | Arizona State Route 80 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona%20State%20Route%2080 | Arizona State Route 80
south as Lee Street. SR 80 steers southeast into desert terrain, (south section San Pedro Valley), intersecting SR 82 just north of Tombstone, where SR 80 becomes Fremont Street. The road intersects SR 90 heading south. In Bisbee, (southern Mule Mountains), the road meets SR 92 at a traffic circle. SR 80 nears the international boundary with Mexico as it nears Douglas. A short concurrency begins where U.S. Route 191 turns eastward heading into Douglas. SR 80 turns north on Pan American Avenue away from US 191. The route then takes a more northeasterly route away from the international boundary. SR 80 heads through a long stretch of desert terrain, (San Bernardino Valley), before meeting New | 15,910 |
750373 | Arizona State Route 80 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona%20State%20Route%2080 | Arizona State Route 80
Mexico State Road 80 at the New Mexico state line. All of it is surface road, and it is the route of the Butterfield Stage Coach of the nineteenth century, and the Old Spanish Trail.
It is not a very direct route; west of Douglas it is almost as much a north–south route as an east–west route, and it is practically a north–south route east of Douglas.
# History.
SR 80 was originally conceived as part of the proposed state system of highway in 1919. In 1926, it became part of the cross-country highway US 80. The road was paved at this time between Douglas and Bisbee as well as a portion south of Tombstone. The remainder of the highway was a gravel road. By 1931, the highway was paved from Bisbee | 15,911 |
750373 | Arizona State Route 80 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona%20State%20Route%2080 | Arizona State Route 80
to the New Mexico state line as well as a portion south of Benson and another portion south of Tombstone. By 1934, the only portion of the highway yet to be paved was a section between Tombstone and Bisbee. The entire route had been paved by 1935. The highway would continue to serve as a portion of US 80 until 1989 when the last portion of US 80 in Arizona was removed. This portion of the highway was redesignated as SR 80 at this time. On September 21, 2018, most of SR 80 was designated as the Benson to New Mexico segment of Historic U.S. Route 80. The designation was further applied to parts of Allen Street and 6th Street in Tombstone along with Old Divide Road/Tombstone Canyon Road as well | 15,912 |
750373 | Arizona State Route 80 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona%20State%20Route%2080 | Arizona State Route 80
way was redesignated as SR 80 at this time. On September 21, 2018, most of SR 80 was designated as the Benson to New Mexico segment of Historic U.S. Route 80. The designation was further applied to parts of Allen Street and 6th Street in Tombstone along with Old Divide Road/Tombstone Canyon Road as well as Main Street in Bisbee and G Avenue, 10th Street and A Avenue in Douglas. These other roads were also designated as part of US 80 in previous years, but were bypassed before SR 80 was designated. The I-10 Business Loop in Benson was also designated as part of the Historic Route, as the loop between I-10 and SR 80 was part of US 80 before 1989.
# See also.
- List of state routes in Arizona | 15,913 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
Jerry Wurf
Jerome "Jerry" Wurf (May 18, 1919 – December 10, 1981) was a U.S. labor leader and president of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) from 1964 to 1981. Wurf was a friend of Martin Luther King Jr., and was arrested multiple times for his activism, notably during the Memphis Sanitation Strike and was released just in time to hear Martin Luther King Jr's 'I've Been to the Mountaintop' oratory at the strike, assassination the next day, and attend his funeral.
# Background.
Wurf was born in New York City in 1919. The son of immigrants (his father was a tailor and textile worker) from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he developed polio at the age of four. | 15,914 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
As a young man growing up in Brighton Beach, he was inclined towards radicalism by his family's poverty and by communists he met. For some time he joined the Young Communist League; he subsequently left it for the Young People's Socialist League. He was a critical of both groups, but preferred the YPSL due to his dislike of Soviet totalitarianism.
# HERE.
He enrolled at New York University but dropped out to pursue radical organizing. He got his start in the labor movement by working cafeterias and organizing the workers, forming Local 448, Food and Cashiers Local of the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE), in 1943. Local 448 was becoming powerful when HERE leadership incorporated | 15,915 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
it into Local 325 (Cooks, Countermen, Subdispensers, Cashiers and Assistants), then fired Wurf. Wurf believes that hostile union leaders caused him to be systematically denied work in the following years.
# AFSCME District Council 37.
AFSCME president Arnold Zander hired Wurf to the union in 1947, after it became clear that Wurf was not welcome in HERE. At this point, AFSCME was not very powerful, and Wurf recalls being treated with contempt by other local organizers. He was generally disillusioned by his union's apparent capitulation to the anti-communism of the AFL–CIO and to the desires of local politicians.
On the brink of quitting his job in 1952, Wurf was appointed, again by Zander, | 15,916 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
to the presidency of New York's District Council 37. This upset various established local union leaders, who in many cases tried to leave AFSCME for other unions. Nevertheless, District Council 37 achieved some concrete victories for workers under Wurf's leadership.
In 1958, Wurf wrung from mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. an executive order giving the city's workers the right to form unions, and providing for elections which could establish these unions as exclusive bargaining agents for the workers in various city agencies. (This order was a model for President Kennedy's Executive Order 10988, which recognized the right of federal employees to collective bargaining. ) District Council 37 won many | 15,917 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
of the ensuing elections, making it into one of the large public employee local unions in the world.
Wurf broke with Zander over his allegiances to the AFL–CIO and to the Mafia. He also questioned Zander's growing authority over individual Locals through trusteeships. After the union's 1958 convention, he decided to seek its presidency.
# Election campaign.
Wurf and others unhappy with Zander's leadership formed COUR, the Committee on Union Responsibility, as an opposition party. The organization gained popularity, and received a number of votes in 1962 even though hundreds of "international" delegates were directly controlled by Zander. Zander also benefited from rules limiting any one Local's | 15,918 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
representation to 5 delegates (with one delegate per hundred members), rules which substantially decreased the power of larger urban Locals. Wurf himself did not campaign actively in 1962, although he did receive a nomination for president. Even so, the final vote was close (1490 to 1085). Zander, surprised by the result, subsequently lost face at the convention during unsuccessful efforts to increase union taxes on the Locals.
Over the next two years, Zander tried to expel Wurf and other members of COUR from the union. This proved difficult due to their popular support. Zander and his supporters also published negative stories about Wurf in the union's newspaper, denying COUR access to the | 15,919 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
mailing list for its distribution.
In 1964, Wurf unseated Zander by just 21 votes, despite Zander's active use of his incumbent position to control the election procedurally. According to the "Milwaukee Sentinel": "Zander's supporters attempted to prevent Wurf's backers from reading results of the election into the convention records. The struggle from the floor, with Zander guiding the fight from the podium continued into the afternoon session." COUR won ten out of eleven seats on the executive board. After the announcement of his narrow victory, Wurf surrounded himself with bodyguards and sent three people to the union office in Washington to change the locks. He also moved to designate Zander | 15,920 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
'president emeritus' and provide him with a full salary and expenses until retirement age.
Wurf became the first challenger to defeat a president of a major AFL-CIO international union since Walter Reuther had done so in 1946.
## Arrival in Washington.
When Wurf arrived at AFSCME offices at 815 Mount Vernon Place in Washington, they were trashed inside and outside. One floor of the building had been leased to a pizza bakery. After examining the account books, Wurf also realized that AFSCME was hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt. Wurf sold the building and moved the union to a smaller office.
Also soon after arriving, Wurf discovered and ended an ongoing CIA program within AFSCME. This | 15,921 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
program funneled around a million dollars to British Guiana between 1957 and 1964 for the purpose of supporting Forbes Burnham over Cheddi Jagan.
## Constitutional convention.
In 1965, Wurf called a constitutional convention for AFSCME in Washington. The convention passed amendments that increased representation from large Locals (allowing them more than five delegates, though only one for every additional thousand), decreased the central office's ability to control Locals through trusteeships, and required that union vice presidents be elected locally and not paid members of the "international" office. The convention did increase the powers of the union president, authorizing him or her to | 15,922 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
"employ, terminate, fix the compensation and expenses, and direct the activities of such office staff, administrative assistants, technical and professional assistants, field staff, organizers, and representatives as are required to carry out effectively the functions of his office."
# Presidency.
Wurf's election in 1964 began an area of growth and racial inclusion for the union.
Through energetic organizing and aggressive bargaining, AFSCME grew rapidly under his leadership from about 220,000 members to just over one million in 1981.
Wurf presided over strikes in New York (1965), Lansing (1966), Memphis (1968), Baltimore (1974) and more.
Wurf was a frequent dissenter to the policies of | 15,923 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
the AFL-CIO and its president George Meany.
# Civil rights movement.
Wurf was extremely active in the civil rights movement. He helped establish the first New York State chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in the late 1940s. He was a close associate of Martin Luther King, Jr., who was attending a strike of public employees when he was assassinated in 1968. "Let us never forget that Martin Luther King, on a mission for us, was killed in this city. He helped bring us this victory," Wurf later said. Although Wurf did not back the strike initially, due to the violent atmosphere, he supported it after it went into effect.
# After AFSCME presidency.
Wurf died of a heart attack at | 15,924 |
750371 | Jerry Wurf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry%20Wurf | Jerry Wurf
of a heart attack at George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C. on December 10, 1981. Gerald McEntee succeeded him as president of AFSCME.
Wurf's legacy as AFSCME President is documented in the AFSCME Archives at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit as the AFSCME Office of the President: Jerry Wurf Records, 1959–1981, as well as many other AFSCME departmental collections.
# External links.
- Jerry Wurf, 1919-1981: A Short Biography
- Jerry & Mildred Wurf Papers. Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. Wayne State University.
- AFSCME Office of the President: Jerry Wurf Records. Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. Wayne State University. | 15,925 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
Bob Wright
Robert Charles Wright (born April 23, 1943) is an American lawyer, businessman, and author. He is a former NBC executive, having served as president and CEO from 1986 to 2001, and chairman and CEO from 2001 until he retired in 2007. He has been credited with overseeing the broadcast network's expansion into a media conglomerate and leading the company to record earnings in the 1990s. Prior to NBC, he held several posts at General Electric in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. He served as President and CEO of GE Capital, GE Financial Services 1983 to 1986 and served as GE's vice chairman until he retired from that role in 2008.
Wright is currently leading a national health policy initiative | 15,926 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
to establish HARPA, a Health Advanced Research Projects Agency. HARPA is a proposal developed by the Suzanne Wright Foundation, which Bob Wright established after his wife, Suzanne, died from pancreatic cancer in July 2016. HARPA would exist within HHS and leverage federal research assets and private sector tools to drive medical breakthroughs for diseases, like pancreatic cancer, that have not benefited from the current system. The Agency would work within an innovation ecosystem that includes: the commercial market; biotech and healthcare companies; venture capital and philanthropy; academic institutions; and other government and regulatory agencies. HARPA is modeled after the DoD's DARPA, | 15,927 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
the gold-standard for innovation, accountability and results.
In 2005, Wright and his late wife, Suzanne Wright, founded Autism Speaks. His book, "The Wright Stuff: from NBC to Autism Speaks" (), written with Diane Mermigas, was published March 29, 2016.
# Early life and education.
Wright was born on April 23, 1943, in Hempstead, New York, on Long Island, the only child of Catherine Drum Wright and Gerald Franklin Wright. After graduating from Chaminade High School in Mineola, New York, Wright enrolled at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He originally studied pre-med, but later changed his studies to major in psychology and minor in history. He graduated with a Bachelor | 15,928 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
of Arts degree in 1965. Wright earned an LL.B from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1968.
# Career.
## Early career.
Wright began his career with General Electric as a staff lawyer in 1969. The following year, he left GE to take a judicial clerkship for a federal judge in New Jersey. Wright joined GE again in 1973 as a lawyer for the company's plastics unit, where he later took on several management positions. GE made a deal to acquire radio, broadcast TV and cable properties of Atlanta, Georgia-based Cox Communications in 1979 and appointed Wright as Cox Cable president and executive vice president of Cox Broadcasting. The deal did not come to fruition, however Wright remained | 15,929 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
with Cox Cable as president until 1983. Under Wright's leadership, Cox Cable launched franchises across the U.S., including franchises in Omaha, Nebraska, Tucson, Arizona, New Orleans, Louisiana, Vancouver, Washington, suburbs near Chicago, Illinois, and Providence, Rhode Island, and a portion of Long Island, New York. Wright was a contemporary of Ted Turner (Turner Broadcasting Systems), John Malone (TCI), Chuck Dolan (Cablevision Systems) and Ralph J. Roberts (Comcast) during the early days of cable television. Wright left Cox to join GE once again in 1983, when GE chairman and CEO Jack Welch hired him to lead the company's housewares and audio units. He was promoted to president of GE Financial | 15,930 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
Services from 1984 to 1986.
## NBC and NBC Universal.
GE named Wright the president and CEO of NBC Broadcasting when the company acquired the broadcast network in 1986. He succeeded Grant Tinker in the role. He became chairman and CEO of NBC in 2001. He was named chairman and CEO of NBC Universal in 2004.
Upon succeeding Tinker, Wright's main mission became finding new areas of business in addition to running a television network, and transformed the network into a media conglomerate. NBC launched CNBC in 1989 and MSNBC in 1996. Both are examples of the strategic partnerships NBC created under Wright to improve distribution and content. CNBC included a partnership with Dow Jones allowing | 15,931 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
delivery of local business and financial news in Europe and Asia; and MSNBC was a venture with Microsoft that launched a new 24-hour news network and accompanying news website to combine the two mediums.
Wright is credited with leading NBC during a time when the company became a powerful media leader, driving the company to record earnings in the 1990s. The network reported $5 billion in revenues and nearly more $1 billion in operating profits in 1996. Also under Wright, NBC acquired Universal Pictures, Telemundo and Bravo.
In the early- and mid-90s, Wright and NBC led efforts to persuade lawmakers and regulators to relax rules preventing networks from becoming multichannel program providers, | 15,932 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
obtaining certain financial interests and syndication.
General Electric named Wright as vice chairman of NBC's then-parent company in 2000.
Under Wright, NBC completed its acquisition of Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2004. Led by Wright, the newly formed NBCUniversal controlled seven cable networks, including USA Network and Sci-Fi Channel); 29 TV stations; film and TV studios; and theme parks.
During his career with NBC, Wright was active in opposing digital piracy, and was a founding member of the Global Leadership Group for the Business Alliance to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy. In that role, Wright spoke at the Global Congress on Combating Counterfeiting and Piracy in Geneva, Switzerland, | 15,933 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
pushing for lawmakers and businesses to curb rising intellectual property theft in the digital age, and delivered a speech titled "Technology and the Rule of Law in the Digital Age" at the Media Institute in 2004. He also penned an op-ed in "The Wall Street Journal" titled "Stop IP theft". Wright's speech at the Media Institute was published in the Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy. His 2002 speech for the Legatus Tri-State Chapter on issues of faith and business was reprinted in "50 High-Impact Speeches and Remarks."
Wright retired from NBC in 2007. When Wright first took the helm at the network, it saw operating profits of $400 million. In 2007, when he retired, NBC generated | 15,934 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
$3.1 billion in profit on $15.4 billion in revenue. He remained vice chairman of GE until his retirement from that role in 2008.
## Autism Speaks.
One of Wright's grandchildren, Christian, was diagnosed with autism, prompting him and his wife, Suzanne, to found an advocacy group. The couple launched Autism Speaks in 2005, and Wright became its chairman. The Wrights' organization merged with Autism Coalition for Research and Education in 2005, National Alliance for Autism Research in 2006 and Cure Autism Now in 2007. In its first 9 years, Autism Speaks invested a half-billion dollars, focusing on science and research. The organization helped persuade the U.S. government to invest billions in | 15,935 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
autism research; as of 2014, Congress had dedicated more than $3 billion for autism research and monitoring. During Wright's tenure, the organization teamed up with Google in 2014 on the MSSNG project to sequence a database of autism genomes. Wright resigned as chairman of Autism Speaks in May 2015; as of February 2016, he remained on the board as a co-founder of the organization and on its executive committee.
## The Suzanne Wright Foundation.
Bob Wright is Founder and Chairman of the Suzanne Wright Foundation, established in honor of his late wife, Suzanne, who died from pancreatic cancer on July 29, 2016. The Suzanne Wright Foundation launched CodePurple, a national awareness and advocacy | 15,936 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
campaign to fight pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers. With no screening tools, the mortality rate is 92% and has seen virtually no improvement in more than 40 years. Through advocacy and awareness, the foundation's goal is to accelerate discovery of detection tools, better treatments, and ultimately, a cure for pancreatic cancer.
The Suzanne Wright Foundation proposes a national health policy initiative to establish HARPA, the Health Advanced Research Projects Agency. HARPA would exist with HHS and leverage federal research assets and private sector tools to drive medical breakthroughs for diseases, like pancreatic cancer, that have not | 15,937 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
benefited from the current system. HARPA is modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the gold-standard for innovation and accountability. DARPA, an agency within the Department of Defense, developed The Internet, Voice Recognition Technology, GPS navigation, Night vision, Robotic Prostheses, Stealth Technology. DARPA’s success proves there is an effective government model for translating science to product. HARPA’s identical operating principles, built on urgency, leadership, high-impact investments and accountability, would advance scientific research “from bench to bedside.” HARPA would work within an innovation ecosystem that includes: the commercial market; biotech | 15,938 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
and healthcare companies; venture capital and philanthropy; academic institutions; and other government and regulatory agencies.
On May 22, 2018, The Suzanne Wright Foundation premiered their film The Patients Are Waiting: How HARPA Will Change Lives, in New York City. The film screening was followed by a panel hosted by Maria Bartiromo, Anchor and Global Markets Editor, FOX Business Network – FOX News Channel. Panelists included Bob Wright, Dr. Herbert Pardes, Executive Vice Chairman of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital; Former Director NIMH, Dr. Geoffrey Ling, Col. (Ret.) Prof. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins; Founder & Former Director, DARPA BTO, Jessica Morris, Co-founder of OurBrainBank, and Karen | 15,939 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
Reeves, President & CMO, AZTherapies.
## Lee Equity Partners.
Lee Equity Partners, a private equity firm run by financier Thomas H. Lee, announced in January 2008 that Wright would join the company as a senior advisor. Due to Wright's background with GE Financial Services and NBC, Wright was brought on to advise in media and financial sector deals.
## Boards and affiliations.
Wright has served on numerous boards, councils and committees. As of February 2016, he sits on the board of directors for Polo Ralph Lauren; Autism Speaks, an autism advocacy group he co-founded with his late wife, Suzanne; AMC Networks; Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation; and Palm Beach Fellowship of Christians & | 15,940 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
Jews. He is chairman and CEO of Palm Beach Civic Association. He is a life trustee of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital.
# Honors and awards.
Wright has accepted various awards and honors during his career in media. He was inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame in 1996, the Cable Center's Cable Hall of Fame in 2007 and AAF's Advertising Hall of Fame in 2009. He received the "Gold Medal Award" from International Radio & Television Society Foundation in 1997, the "Steven J. Ross Humanitarian of the Year Award" of UJA-Federation of New York in 1998, "Public Service Award" from the Ad Council in 2002, Broadcasters' Foundation's "Golden Mike Award" in 2003, Media Institute's 2004 | 15,941 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
"Freedom of Speech Award", "Humanitarian Award" from the Simon Wiesenthal Center in 2005, "Distinguished Leadership in Business Award" from Columbia Business School in 2005, and the "Visionary Award" from the Museum of Television & Radio in 2006. He also was awarded the Minorities in Broadcasting Training Program's "Striving for Excellence Award".
Wright and his wife, Suzanne, have been honored for their work with Autism Speaks. They were presented with the first-ever "Double Helix Medal" for Corporate Leadership from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the New York University "Child Advocacy Award", the Castle Connolly "National Health Leadership Award" and the American Ireland Fund "Humanitarian | 15,942 |
750311 | Bob Wright | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%20Wright | Bob Wright
d "Humanitarian Award". They received the "Dean's Medal" from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the "President's Medal for Excellence" at Boston College's Wall Street Council Tribute Dinner and the "Visionary Award" at the 20th Annual Nantucket Film Festival. The Wrights were named among "Time's" 100 most influential people in the world in 2008.
# Personal life.
.Wright was married to his wife, Suzanne, from 1967 until her death from pancreatic cancer in 2016. He has three children, Katie, Chris, and Maggie and six grandchildren: Christian, Mattias, Morgan, Maisie, Alex, and Sloan.
# See also.
- The Late Shift (film)
# External links.
- Autism Speaks Founders Message | 15,943 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
Konkokyo
, or just Konkō, is a religion of Japanese origin. Originating in Shinbutsu-shūgō beliefs, it is now both an independent religion as well as Sect Shintō, it is now a member of the "Kyoha Shintō Rengokai" (Association of Sectarian Shinto). It is henotheistic and worships the spirit and energy that flows through all things ("musubi", one of the core beliefs of Shintoisim) as "Tenchi Kane No Kami", or the Golden Kami of the Heavens and Earth (in Japanese, "Heavens and Earth" also means the Universe). Tenchi Kane No Kami is also referred to as "Tenchi No Kami-Sama", "Oyagami-Sama," "Kami-Sama," and "Kami." In English, Kami can also be called "Divine Parent of the Universe," "Principle Parent," | 15,944 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
"Parent Kami," "Kami-Sama," or "Kami." many other sects of Shinto believe this energy to be "divine nature", existing on its own.
Konkokyo is sometimes called pantheistic, due to the belief that Kami is omnipresent and is the spirit and energy of the universe. This is also the reason the universe is referred to as "Kami’s body". However, the difference is that Tenchi Kane no Kami has a consciousness and a will. Kami is seen as our divine parent, offering love, affection, support, protection, and nurturing us through his blessings. It is taught that Kami loves all people of the world no matter their race, religion, gender, and so on. Although mentioned as 'he' in materials for linguistic convenience, | 15,945 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
Kami is neither male or female.
# Founder.
is recognized as the founder of Konkō-kyō way and teachings, beginning in 1859. He was born on September 29, 1814, in the village of Urami in Bitchū Province (in present-day Asakuchi, Okayama Prefecture) to a farming family. Urami was a small quiet village located about two kilometers northwest of present-day Konkokyo Headquarters. Genshichi was often carried on his father's back and visited various shrines and temples. Given the name Genshichi, he was the second son of Kandori Juhei (Father) and Kandori Shimo (Mother). When Bunji was 13, he received education from Ono Mitsuemon, the village headman for two years.
As Genshichi was the second son | 15,946 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
and thus not expected to take over the family lineage or farm, he was arranged to be adopted in the fall of 1825. At age twelve, Genshichi was adopted into the Kawate household by Kawate Kumejiro (Father) and Kawate Iwa (Mother), and he was renamed Kawate Bunjiro, or Bunji. He worked assiduously for the prosperity and welfare of his family, and he gained the respect of those around him.
In 1855, at the age of forty-two, Bunjirō went to the local shrine Kibitsu Jinja to do a divination and prayer ceremony as it was his "yakudoshi" (unlucky age year). He believed he had received a good omen, yet that year suffered from a serious throat ailment, rendering him in a chronic condition and unable | 15,947 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
to speak or move. He could not receive help from doctors, so he turned to ancient Shinto ritual with the help of his brother in law, Furukawa Jiro, to find the reason of his illness. The deity of Ishizuchi revealed through an oracle that Bunjirō was supposed to die from his illness for offending the deity Konjin. Realizing his mistakes, Bunjirō wanted to apologize to the deity. By this sincere desire to do so, he was able to gain his voice back, and was able to apologize to the deity with his own voice. From that time, he then gradually recovered from his illness completely, the experience impacting his faith and beliefs.
As he continued his faith practice from that day, more spiritual experiences | 15,948 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
occurred, and his faith grew in the Kami and Bodhisattvas. In particular, he prayed most often to Konjin due to the spiritual experience during his yakudoshi year and apologizing for his irreverence to this deity. Over time, his faith led him to pray to multiple kami at once as a composite deity. He understood this composite deity as (The Buddhist understanding of the Sun) (The Buddhist understanding of the Moon), and Kane no Kami (Nigimitama of Ushitora no Konjin). Ultimately, however, this deity revealed themselves through an oracle that they were not a composite deity, but the deity that was the spirit/soul that was the Universal workings and energy, to which Bunjirō understood the name to | 15,949 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
be Tenchi Kane no Kami.
Thus, Bunjirō practiced his faith in this deity, Tenchi Kane no Kami, who revealed to him many teachings through spiritual experiences. On November 15, 1859 (The date understood as the founding date of the Konkokyo way) Tenchi Kane no Kami asked Bunjirō to give up his farming career, and help people by listening to them and praying for their troubles or requests, and become a priest. In a response, Bunjirō gave up farming and devoted himself to helping others.
He taught others who came to his worship space that Tenchi Kane no Kami "Wishes to help and save people. But can do so only through other people. By helping people, one performs the work of this deity. This deity | 15,950 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
depends on people, and at the same time, people depend on this deity, in mutual fulfillment."
Before long, the number of visitors seeking advice and spiritual guidance grew, and as well a group of disciples called the "deyashiro" was formed to help Bunjirō spread the teachings of this deity.
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, religious policies of the new government temporarily placed limits on Konkokyo teachings, due to Tenchi Kane no Kami not being a formal deity of the Kojiki (the only deities allowed worship and shrines in the Meiji era), however, this provided an opportunity to develop important aspects that ended up preserving Konkōkyo's history and teachings, such as the memoir "Konkō | 15,951 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
Daijin Oboegaki," written by Bunjirō documenting his spiritual experiences and daily living with his faith in Tenchi Kane no Kami. In his later years, he compiled the "Oshirase-goto oboechō" (Record of Revelations) which documented the spiritual experiences clearly. On October 10, 1883, Bunjirō passed away at the age of seventy.
He was succeeded by his son, Konko Ieyoshi, who became regarded as the successor and spiritual leader to pass on the Konkokyo way of helping others, who was supported by the disciples of Bunjirō.
Subsequently, the Konko family line has been succeeded since then, to which those successors are responsible to be spiritual leaders and guide the proper way of Konkokyo - | 15,952 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
the teachings of Tenchi Kane no Kami - since Bunjirō's passing.
The present successor and spiritual leader of Konkokyo is the 5th generation son, Heiki Konko.
# Beliefs.
In Konkokyo, everything is seen as being in profound interrelation with each other. Kami is not seen as distant or residing in heaven, but present within this world. The universe is perceived to be the body of Tenchi Kane no Kami. Suffering is seen as being caused by an individual’s high expectations, unwillingness to compromise, impatience, arrogance, and disregard between the relationship between all things. Konkokyo's beliefs center around the betterment of human life in this world by showing appreciation for all things, | 15,953 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
living upright, and providing mutual help, and prayer for others. By embodying these virtues, it is taught anyone can become an "ikigami", or living kami - one whom helps others unconditionally and has inner peace. An ikigami is not an exalted being or someone with mysterious, spiritual powers. It is the ideal human being who strives to save people from suffering and problems and to make the world a happier place to live in. It is believed that after death, the spirits of those who have passed on remain of the universe, as mitama-no-kami (divine ancestral spirits) in connection with Tenchi Kane No Kami.
Bunjirō taught that one could receive the help of Tenchi Kane no Kami by "having faith in | 15,954 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
the Kami out of a sincere mind" (known in Japanese as the phrase "Jitsui Teinei Shinjin").
Konkokyo believes there is a mutually dependent relationship between Tenchi Kane No Kami and people. People cannot exist without Tenchi Kane No Kami, and Tenchi Kane No Kami cannot exist without people. With air, water, food, and other blessings of the universe, all living things can thrive. In return, Tenchi Kane No Kami asks that people help others, live in harmony with the ways of the Universe, and make the world a peaceful place to live for everyone. By fulfilling Tenchi Kane No Kami's wishes to help others, people bring Tenchi Kane No Kami's virtue to life. Through this mutually reliant and interdependent | 15,955 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
relationship, both Tenchi Kane No Kami and people can continue to exist and work together to make the world a more peaceful place.
An aspect that separates Konkokyo as a unique way is ""Toritsugi"" which means mediation. In Konkokyo, Toritsugi (Mediation) is a spiritual practice for people to establish a communication link between themselves and Tenchi Kane no Kami. One can receive "Toritsugi" by a Konkokyo minister, generally at a Konkokyo church. A visitor enters the church, sits in front of the minister, and says whatever is on their mind. It can be a request to resolve a problem, or a word of thanks.
In "Toritsugi," after the visitor says everything they have wanted to say, the minister | 15,956 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
relays the visitor's words to the spirit of Ikigami Konko Daijin (the spiritual formal name of Bunjirō, who was first taught "Toritsugi" by Tenchi Kane no Kami) in prayer. Ikigami Konko Daijin then helps the minister to further relay the words to Tenchi Kane No Kami.
Tenchi Kane no Kami then replies their message to the minister, who will then relay it back to the person.
By understanding the message of Tenchi Kane No Kami's teachings and advice, the visitor can receive guidance to their issues, or feel relieved from anxieties knowing the deity has heard their words. "Toritsugi" can help the person put a problem into perspective and find solutions from within their own hearts.
Tenchi Kane | 15,957 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
No Kami asks people to understand their teachings, thus to make people become aware of their relationship with the Universe and the ways of the Universe. By working within the framework of the laws of the Universe instead of going against it, people can avoid troubles which lead to suffering. While "Toritsugi" at churches is typically performed by ministers, lay members are also encouraged to perform "Toritsugi" in their daily lives to help others. When they meet people who are suffering, the Konkokyo way is to listen to their problems, support them, and pray for their wellbeing and happiness. Tenchi Kane no Kami wishes for all people to become a mediator and help others.
Konkokyo has churches | 15,958 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
where people can go to worship and pray. Though Konkokyo believes that Tenchi Kane No Kami is everywhere, and followers of the way can talk to the deity anytime and anywhere, the church is a place to receive assistance and guidance through "Toritsugi," and for people to focus their prayers, to appreciate blessings, apologize for any irreverences they may feel they have made, as well as be a safe and calming center for people to visit.
The faith believes that all people came from and are connected by the universe. This means that all people are connected by Tenchi Kane no Kami and there is no one that does not belong. Konkokyo desires to have all people, regardless of race, creed, gender, and | 15,959 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
occupation, work together to resolve the problems of the world. The faith also respects and accepts all ethnic groups and religions.
All people are regarded as equal regardless of race, religion, gender, occupation, social status, and wealth. Women in Konkokyo are also held in high esteem with many women serving as head ministers at its churches.
Konkokyo also does not impose any restrictions on food and drink. Konkokyo believers are permitted to consume alcohol, caffeine, meat, etc.
Celibacy is also not a requirement for the clergy or anyone. There are no restrictions for Konkokyo believers. As well believers are not obligated or required to pay any dues or make any donations.
# Membership.
The | 15,960 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
following information is current as of December 1, 2012 (Kondō, 2013, p. 39)
- Churches (教会) 1,550
- Missions (布教所) 10
- Ministers (教師) 3,909
- Ministerʻs assistants/Deacons (補教) 1,855
There are about 450,000 adherents.
Konkōkyō churches and missions are found in the U.S., Canada, Brazil, Germany, Paraguay, and South Korea, and majorly Japan. Due to the Japanese cultural nature of Konkokyo, it has limited churches overseas.
Through its various churches and missions, Konkōkyō has a number of activities and organizations that help fulfill the necessities of modern-day society: Konkōkyō Peace Activity Center, Konkō Library, Konkō Church of Izuo Miyake Homes (India, Bangladesh, and Nepal), | 15,961 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
Yatsunami Foundation, Shinkō-kai Medical Foundation, Konkō Academy, Wakaba Orphanage, and Katsuragi Memorial Park (cemetery) (Takahashi, 1994).
# Relationship to Shintō.
Because of Japanese society being deeply intertwined with Shinbutsu Shugo at the time of Bunjirō, the founder, Konkokyo began deeply rooted in Shinto ways, traditions, and rituals - many of which still are present of the ceremonies in the present day.
Due to the Meiji Restoration's new laws on Shinto practices, Konkōkyō was classified as Sect Shintō. This allowed Konkōkyō to continue practicing as a spiritual way without persecution from the government.
Konkokyo has never renounced this classification even after it was free | 15,962 |
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to do so at the end of World War II, alongside the abolition of State Shinto and organization turning into Jinja Shinto.
As of January 2018, Konkokyo maintains membership in the Kyoha Shintō Rengokai (Association of Sectarian Shinto).
The philosophy, practices, and beliefs of Konkōkyō are aligned very similar to Shrine Shinto; since they both are Shinto practices. Therefore, there are many Konko followers who also consider themselves Shinto.
However, since Konkokyo is not dogmatic; interpretations and understandings in regard to connection to Shinto varies between individuals and regions. However historically and within its nature, as well as rituals and ceremonies, Konkokyo is deeply connected | 15,963 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
to Shinto practices.
Since Jinja Shinto is the more common organization of Shinto way in Japan, it is thought Konkokyo is different than Shinto. But it is more accurate to say it only differs from Jinja Shinto, but it is still Shinto roots. The only few main differences between Jinja Shinto and Konkokyo are:
- Toritsugi Mediation, which is a practice unique to Konkokyo.
- Not offering items commonly seen in Jinja Shinto shrines; such as ofuda or omamori, due to the teaching from Tenchi Kane no Kami that Konkokyo churches shouldn't be a place that people feel pressured to donate to receive protection from omamori, or need to donate for an ofuda to call to the power of Tenchi Kane no Kami. | 15,964 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
In addition, if one has the financial ability and wishes to receive the items, it is taught that it is good to support the other kamis and Buddha's shrines or temples instead. This is also why Konkokyo does not have set ritual fees, nor requires donations from visitors or parishioners.
- Konkōkyō has also centralized the Tenchi Kakitsuke [Universal Reminder] as its main focus on the altar and in prayers. Some churches only have a Tenchi Kakitsuke, while others have additional traditional items seen in Shinto shrines, such as sacred mirrors, or gohei, to indicate the presence of the deity.
- Another difference is, while some Konkokyo followers are able to and may revere other Kami, such as | 15,965 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
Amaterasu Omikami, who is the required most revered deity in Jinja Shinto teachings, Konkokyo places a focus on Tenchi Kane no Kami, and to have an equal respect for all deities, not placing importance on one kami or the other; since they are all part of the universe and should all be equally respected.
- The faith also differs in that it does not believe in taboos including beliefs related to unlucky days, unlucky years (age), and ominous directions. There are no distinctions between pure and impure things or sacred and non-sacred places. There is the concept of places where there is more amount of spiritual power, but the amount of spiritual power is not seen as determining its sacredness, | 15,966 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
as all is within the universe/nature which is seen as sacred in itself.
- It should also be noted that some churches, especially overseas, have been making modern changes to worship style that are different than traditional Shintō style to be more welcoming to those unfamiliar with Japanese culture.
- New Konkokyo-unique prayers were also written in 1985 from the original traditional Shintō prayers — Amatsu Norito and Ōharae no Kotoba— to Shinzen Haishi [Prayer to Kami], Reizen Haishi [Prayer to Ancestral spirits]. Despite this, some churches overseas and in Japan, keep traditional Shinto ritual, worship, and prayers. It varies greatly from church to church, and a minister by minister basis.
# | 15,967 |
750372 | Konkokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkokyo | Konkokyo
See also.
- Kagamitarō Konkō
- Yoshiaki Fukuda
- Konjin
- Shinbutsu shūgō
- Shinto sects and schools
- Shinto
# References.
- Arai, K., Kawabata, Y., Matsumoto, S., Matsuno, J., Miyake, H., Suzuki, H., Tamaru, N., Tomikura, M., & Ueda, K. (1972). In I. Hori, F. Ikado, T. Wakimoto, & K. Yanagawa (Eds.), "Japanese religion: A survey by the agency for cultural affairs." Tōkyō, Japan: Kodansha International.
- D. C. Holtom, "Konko Kyo: A Modern Japanese Monotheism", The Journal of Religion, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Jul., 1933), pp. 279–300
- Fukushima, Shinkichi. (2006, Dec 16). Encyclopedia of Shintō-home: Modern sectarian groups: Konkōkyo. "Kokugakuin University." Retrieved from http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.pho?entryID=612
- | 15,968 |
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Inoue, Nobutaka. (2006). "Shūkyō." [Religion] (19th ed.). Tōkyō, Japan: Natsume-sha.
- Inoue, Nobutaka. (2006, Dec. 16). Encyclopedia of Shintō-home: Modern sectarian groups: §Shintō-derived religions. "Kokugakuin University." Retrieved from https://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.phoID=354
- J.M. Kitagawa, "On Understanding Japanese Religion", Princeton University Press, 1992,
- McFarland, H. N. (1967). "The rush hour of the gods: A study of new religious movements in Japan." New York: The Macmillan Company.
- Kondō, Kaneo. (2013, January). Konkōkyō no genjo [Present situation of Konkōkyō]. "Konkōkyōhō Ametsuchi," 2170, 39.
- Satō, Norio. (1983). Naiden. In Konkōkyō Honbu Kyōcho. | 15,969 |
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"Konkōkyō Kyōten" [Teachings of Konkōkyō]. (pp. 890–917). Konkō-cho, Japan: Konkōkyō Honbu Kyōcho.
- Satō, Norio. (1993). Special stories: Naiden. "Kyōten: Gorikai III" [Teachings of Konkō Daijin Volume III]. Konkō-cho, Japan: Konkōkyō Headquarters.
- Takahashi, T. (1994, July 1). "Konkōkyō facts." Handout of facts on Konkōkyō as of June, 1994, given to American exchange students from Kwansei University taking a course on Japanese religions, Ōsaka, Japan.
- Takahashi, T. (2011). "Lessons learned after parting the Pacific: A phenomenological study on the experiences of American-born ministers in preparation for real-world ministry at the Konkōkyō Gakuin." Argosy University, Hawaiʻi.
# External | 15,970 |
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s: Naiden. "Kyōten: Gorikai III" [Teachings of Konkō Daijin Volume III]. Konkō-cho, Japan: Konkōkyō Headquarters.
- Takahashi, T. (1994, July 1). "Konkōkyō facts." Handout of facts on Konkōkyō as of June, 1994, given to American exchange students from Kwansei University taking a course on Japanese religions, Ōsaka, Japan.
- Takahashi, T. (2011). "Lessons learned after parting the Pacific: A phenomenological study on the experiences of American-born ministers in preparation for real-world ministry at the Konkōkyō Gakuin." Argosy University, Hawaiʻi.
# External links.
- Konko Church of North America
- Konkōkyō Diocese of Brasil
- Konkokyo at Religious Movements, University of Virginia
- | 15,971 |
750326 | Compact group | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20group | Compact group
Compact group
In mathematics, a compact (topological) group is a topological group whose topology is compact. Compact groups are a natural generalization of finite groups with the discrete topology and have properties that carry over in significant fashion. Compact groups have a well-understood theory, in relation to group actions and representation theory.
In the following we will assume all groups are Hausdorff spaces.
# Compact Lie groups.
Lie groups form a very nice class of topological groups, and the compact Lie groups have a particularly well-developed theory. Basic examples of compact Lie groups include
- the circle group T and the torus groups T,
- the orthogonal groups O("n"), | 15,972 |
750326 | Compact group | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20group | Compact group
the special orthogonal group SO("n") and its covering spin group Spin("n"),
- the unitary group U("n") and the special unitary group SU("n"),
- the symplectic group Sp("n"),
- the compact forms of the exceptional Lie groups: G, F, E, E, and E,
The classification theorem of compact Lie groups states that up to finite extensions and finite covers this exhausts the list of examples (which already includes some redundancies). This classification is described in more detail in the next subsection.
## Classification.
Given any compact Lie group "G" one can take its identity component "G", which is connected. The quotient group "G"/"G" is the group of components π("G") which must be finite since | 15,973 |
750326 | Compact group | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20group | Compact group
"G" is compact. We therefore have a finite extension
Meanwhile, for connected compact Lie groups, we have the following result:
Thus, the classification of connected compact Lie groups can in principle be reduced to knowledge of the simply connected compact Lie groups together with information about their centers. (For information about the center, see the section below on fundamental group and center.)
Finally, every compact, connected, simply-connected Lie group "K" is a product of compact, connected, simply-connected simple Lie groups "K" each of which is isomorphic to exactly one of the following:
- The compact symplectic group formula_2
- The special unitary group formula_3
- The | 15,974 |
750326 | Compact group | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20group | Compact group
spin group formula_4
or one of the five exceptional groups G, F, E, E, and E. The restrictions on "n" are to avoid special isomorphisms among the various families for small values of "n". For each of these groups, the center is known explicitly. The classification is through the associated root system (for a fixed maximal torus), which in turn are classified by their Dynkin diagrams.
The classification of compact, simply connected Lie groups is the same as the classification of complex semisimple Lie algebras. Indeed, if "K" is a simply connected compact Lie group, then the complexification of the Lie algebra of "K" is semisimple. Conversely, every complex semisimple Lie algebra has a compact | 15,975 |
750326 | Compact group | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact%20group | Compact group
real form isomorphic to the Lie algebra of a compact, simply connected Lie group.
## Maximal tori and root systems.
A key idea in the study of a connected compact Lie group "K" is the concept of a "maximal torus", that is a subgroup "T" of "K" that is isomorphic to several copies of formula_5 and that is not contained in any larger subgroup of this type. A basic example is the case formula_6, in which case we may take formula_7 to be the group of diagonal elements in formula_8. A basic result is the "torus theorem" which states that every element of formula_8 belongs to a maximal torus and that all maximal tori are conjugate.
The maximal torus in a compact group plays a role analogous to | 15,976 |
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that of the Cartan subalgebra in a complex semisimple Lie algebra. In particular, once a maximal torus formula_10 has been chosen, one can define a root system and a Weyl group similar to what one has for semisimple Lie algebras. These structures then play an essential role both in the classification of connected compact groups (described above) and in the representation theory of a fixed such group (described below).
The root systems associated to the simple compact groups appearing in the classification of simply connected compact groups are as follows:
- The special unitary groups formula_11 correspond to the root system formula_12
- The odd spin groups formula_13 correspond to the root | 15,977 |
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system formula_14
- The compact symplectic groups formula_15 correspond to the root system formula_16
- The even spin groups formula_17 correspond to the root system formula_18
- The exceptional compact Lie groups correspond to the five exceptional root systems G, F, E, E, or E
## Fundamental group and center.
It is important to know whether a connected compact Lie group is simply connected, and if not, to determine its fundamental group. For compact Lie groups, there are two basic approaches to computing the fundamental group. The first approach applies to the classical compact groups formula_11, formula_20, formula_21, and formula_15 and proceeds by induction on formula_23. The second | 15,978 |
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approach uses the root system and applies to all connected compact Lie groups.
It is also important to know the center of a connected compact Lie group. The center of a classical group formula_24 can easily be computed "by hand," and in most cases consists simply of whatever multiples of the identity are in formula_24. (The group SO(2) is an exception—the center is the whole group, even though most elements are not multiples of the identity.) Thus, for example, the center of formula_11 consists of "n"th roots of unity times the identity, a cyclic group of order formula_23.
In general, the center can be expressed in terms of the root lattice and the kernel of the exponential map for the maximal | 15,979 |
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torus. The general method shows, for example, that the simply connected compact group corresponding to the exceptional root system formula_28 has trivial center. Thus, the compact formula_28 group is one of very few simple compact groups that are simultaneously simply connected and center free. (The others are formula_30 and formula_31.)
# Further examples.
Amongst groups that are not Lie groups, and so do not carry the structure of a manifold, examples are the additive group "Z" of p-adic integers, and constructions from it. In fact any profinite group is a compact group. This means that Galois groups are compact groups, a basic fact for the theory of algebraic extensions in the case of infinite | 15,980 |
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degree.
Pontryagin duality provides a large supply of examples of compact commutative groups. These are in duality with abelian discrete groups.
# Haar measure.
Compact groups all carry a Haar measure, which will be invariant by both left and right translation (the modulus function must be a continuous homomorphism to positive reals (ℝ, ×), and so 1). In other words, these groups are unimodular. Haar measure is easily normalized to be a probability measure, analogous to dθ/2π on the circle.
Such a Haar measure is in many cases easy to compute; for example for orthogonal groups it was known to Adolf Hurwitz, and in the Lie group cases can always be given by an invariant differential form. | 15,981 |
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In the profinite case there are many subgroups of finite index, and Haar measure of a coset will be the reciprocal of the index. Therefore, integrals are often computable quite directly, a fact applied constantly in number theory.
If formula_8 is a compact group and formula_33 is the associated Haar measure, the Peter–Weyl theorem provides a decomposition of formula_34 as an orthogonal direct sum of finite-dimensional subspaces of matrix entries for the irreducible representations of formula_8.
# Representation theory.
The representation theory of compact groups (not necessarily Lie groups and not necessarily connected) was founded by the Peter–Weyl theorem. Hermann Weyl went on to give the | 15,982 |
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detailed character theory of the compact connected Lie groups, based on maximal torus theory. The resulting Weyl character formula was one of the influential results of twentieth century mathematics. The combination of the Peter–Weyl theorem and the Weyl character formula led Weyl to a complete classification of the representations of a connected compact Lie group; this theory is described in the next section.
A combination of Weyl's work and Cartan's theorem gives a survey of the whole representation theory of compact groups "G" . That is, by the Peter–Weyl theorem the irreducible unitary representations ρ of "G" are into a unitary group (of finite dimension) and the image will be a closed | 15,983 |
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subgroup of the unitary group by compactness. Cartan's theorem states that Im(ρ) must itself be a Lie subgroup in the unitary group. If "G" is not itself a Lie group, there must be a kernel to ρ. Further one can form an inverse system, for the kernel of ρ smaller and smaller, of finite-dimensional unitary representations, which identifies "G" as an inverse limit of compact Lie groups. Here the fact that in the limit a faithful representation of "G" is found is another consequence of the Peter–Weyl theorem,
The unknown part of the representation theory of compact groups is thereby, roughly speaking, thrown back onto the complex representations of finite groups. This theory is rather rich in | 15,984 |
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detail, but is qualitatively well understood.
# Representation theory of a connected compact Lie group.
Certain simple examples of the representation theory of compact Lie groups can be worked out by hand, such as the representations of the , the special unitary group SU(2), and the special unitary group SU(3). We focus here on the general theory. See also the parallel theory of representations of a semisimple Lie algebra.
Throughout this section, we fix a connected compact Lie group "K" and a maximal torus "T" in "K".
## Representation theory of "T".
Since "T" is commutative, Schur's lemma tells us that each irreducible representation formula_36 of "T" is one-dimensional:
Since, also, | 15,985 |
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"T" is compact, formula_36 must actually map into formula_39.
To describe these representations concretely, we let formula_40 be the Lie algebra of "T" and we write points formula_41 as
In such coordinates, formula_36 will have the form
for some linear functional formula_45 on formula_40.
Now, since the exponential map formula_47 is not injective, not every such linear functional formula_45 gives rise to a well-defined map of "T" into formula_5. Rather, let formula_50 denote the kernel of the exponential map:
where formula_52 is the identity element of "T". (We scale the exponential map here by a factor of formula_53 in order to avoid such factors elsewhere.)
Then for formula_45 to give | 15,986 |
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a well-defined map formula_36, formula_45 must satisfy
where formula_58 is the set of integers. A linear functional formula_45 satisfying this condition is called an analytically integral element. This integrality condition is related to, but not identical to, the notion of integral element in the setting of semisimple Lie algebras.
Suppose, for example, "T" is just the group of formula_5 of complex numbers formula_61 of absolute value 1. The Lie algebra is the set of pure imaginary numbers, formula_62 and the kernel of the (scaled) exponential map is the set of numbers of the form formula_63 where formula_23 is an integer. A linear functional formula_45 takes integer values on all such numbers | 15,987 |
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if and only if it is of the form formula_66 for some integer formula_67. The irreducible representations of "T" in this case are one-dimensional and of the form
## Representation theory of "K".
We now let formula_69 denote a finite-dimensional irreducible representation of "K" (over formula_70). We then consider the restriction of formula_69 to "T". This restriction not irreducible unless formula_69 is one-dimensional. Nevertheless, the restriction decomposes as a direct sum of irreducible representations of "T". (Note that a given irreducible representation of "T" may occur more than once.) Now, each irreducible representation of "T" is described by a linear functional formula_45 as in the | 15,988 |
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preceding subsection. If a given formula_45 occurs at least once in the decomposition of the restriction of formula_69 to "T", we call formula_45 a weight of formula_69. The strategy of the representation theory of "K" is to classify the irreducible representations in terms of their weights.
We now briefly describe the structures needed to formulate the theorem; more details can be found in the article on weights in representation theory. We need the notion of a root system for "K" (relative to a given maximal torus "T"). The construction of this root system formula_78 is very similar to the construction for complex semisimple Lie algebras. Specifically, the weights are the nonzero weights | 15,989 |
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for the adjoint action of "T" on the complexified Lie algebra of "K". The root system "R" has all the usual properties of a root system, except that the elements of "R" may not span formula_40. We then choose a base formula_80 for "R" and we say that an integral element formula_45 is dominant if formula_82 for all formula_83. Finally, we say that one weight is higher than another if their difference can be expressed as a linear combination of elements of formula_80 with non-negative coefficients.
The irreducible finite-dimensional representations of "K" are then classified by a theorem of the highest weight, which is closely related to the analogous theorem classifying representations of a | 15,990 |
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semisimple Lie algebra. The result says that:
The theorem of the highest weight for representations of "K" is then almost the same as for semisimple Lie algebras, with one notable exception: The concept of an integral element is different. The weights formula_45 of a representation formula_69 are analytically integral in the sense described in the previous subsection. Every analytically integral element is integral in the Lie algebra sense, but not the other way around. (This phenomenon reflects that, in general, not every representation of the Lie algebra formula_87 comes from a representation of the group "K".) On the other hand, if "K" is simply connected, the set of possible highest weights | 15,991 |
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in the group sense is the same as the set of possible highest weights in the Lie algebra sense.
## The Weyl character formula.
If formula_88 is representation of "K", we define the character of formula_89 to be the function formula_90 given by
This function is easily seen to be a class function, i.e., formula_92 for all formula_93 and formula_94 in "K". Thus, formula_95 is determined by its restriction to "T".
The study of characters is an important part of the representation theory of compact groups. One crucial result, which is a corollary of the Peter–Weyl theorem, is that the characters form an orthonormal basis for the set of square-integrable class functions in "K". A second key result | 15,992 |
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is the Weyl character formula, which gives an explicit formula for the character—or, rather, the restriction of the character to "T"—in terms of the highest weight of the representation.
In the closely related representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras, the Weyl character formula is an additional result established "after" the representations have been classified. In Weyl's analysis of the compact group case, however, the Weyl character formula is actually a crucial part of the classification itself. Specifically, in Weyl's analysis of the representations of "K", the hardest part of the theorem—showing that every dominant, analytically integral element is actually the highest weight of | 15,993 |
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some representation—is proved in totally different way from the usual Lie algebra construction using Verma modules. In Weyl's approach, the construction is based on the Peter–Weyl theorem and an analytic proof of the Weyl character formula. Ultimately, the irreducible representations of "K" are realized inside the space of continuous functions on "K".
## The SU(2) case.
We now consider the case of the compact group SU(2). The representations are often considered from the Lie algebra point of view, but we here look at them from the group point of view. We take the maximal torus to be the set of matrices of the form
According to the example discussed above in the section on representations | 15,994 |
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of "T", the analytically integral elements are labeled by integers, so that the dominant, analytically integral elements are non-negative integers formula_33. The general theory then tells us that for each formula_33, there is a unique irreducible representation of SU(2) with highest weight formula_33.
Much information about the representation corresponding to a given formula_33 is encoded in its character. Now, the Weyl character formula says, in this case, that the character is given by
We can also write the character as sum of exponentials as follows:
From this last expression and the standard formula for the character in terms of the weights of the representation, we can read off that | 15,995 |
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the weights of the representation are
each with multiplicity one. (The weights are the integers appearing in the exponents of the exponentials and the multiplicities are the coefficients of the exponentials.) Since there are formula_104 weights, each with multiplicity 1, the dimension of the representation is formula_104. Thus, we recover much of the information about the representations that is usually obtained from the Lie algebra computation.
## An outline of the proof.
We now outline the proof of the theorem of the highest weight, following the original argument of Hermann Weyl. We continue to let formula_8 be a connected compact Lie group and formula_7 a fixed maximal torus in formula_8. | 15,996 |
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We focus on the most difficult part of the theorem, showing that every dominant, analytically integral element is the highest weight of some (finite-dimensional) irreducible representation.
The tools for the proof are the following:
- The torus theorem.
- The Weyl integral formula.
- The Peter–Weyl theorem for class functions, which states that the characters of the irreducible representations form an orthonormal basis for the space of square integrable class functions on formula_8.
With these tools in hand, we proceed with the proof. The first major step in the argument is to prove the Weyl character formula. The formula states that if formula_89 is an irreducible representation with highest | 15,997 |
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weight formula_45, then the character formula_95 of formula_89 satisfies:
for all formula_115 in the Lie algebra of formula_7. Here formula_36 is half the sum of the positive roots. (The notation uses the convention of "real weights"; this convention requires an explicit factor of formula_118 in the exponent.) Weyl's proof of the character formula is analytic in nature and hinges on the fact that the formula_119 norm of the character is 1. Specifically, if there were any additional terms in the numerator, the Weyl integral formula would force the norm of the character to be greater than 1.
Next, we let formula_120 denote the function on the right-hand side of the character formula. We show | 15,998 |
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that "even if formula_45 is not known to be the highest weight of a representation", formula_120 is a well-defined, Weyl-invariant function on formula_7, which therefore extends to a class function on formula_8. Then using the Weyl integral formula, one can show that as formula_45 ranges over the set of dominant, analytically integral elements, the functions formula_120 form an orthonormal family of class functions. We emphasize that do not currently know that every such formula_45 is the highest weight of a representation; nevertheless, the expressions on the right-hand side of the character formula gives a well-defined set of functions formula_120, and these functions are orthonormal.
Now | 15,999 |
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