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750395 | George Wyndham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Wyndham | George Wyndham
University of Glasgow to be Lord Rector of the university for three years.
Wyndham was the leader of the "die-hard" opponents in the House of Commons of the Parliament Bill that became Parliament Act 1911.
# Family.
Wyndham married in 1887 Sibell Mary, Countess Grosvenor, daughter of Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough, and widow (since 1884) of Victor Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor, son of the 1st Duke of Westminster. She was Wyndham's senior by eight years, and her son succeeded as 2nd Duke of Westminster in 1899. Towards the end of his life the couple settled at Clouds House in Wiltshire, designed for his father Percy Wyndham by the Arts and Crafts movement architect, Philip Webb (1886).
In | 16,100 |
750395 | George Wyndham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Wyndham | George Wyndham
1911 he succeeded his father and had the management of a small landed estate on his hands.
Wyndham died suddenly June 1913 in Paris, France, aged 49 of a blood clot. He was survived by his wife and one son.
Lady Grosvenor died in February 1929, aged 73.
There has been speculation over the years that Wyndham was the natural father of Anthony Eden, who was Prime Minister from 1955–57. Eden's mother, Sybil, Lady Eden, was evidently close to Wyndham, to whom Eden bore a striking resemblance.
# Works.
- "North's Plutarch" (1894) editor
- "The Poems of Shakespeare" (1898) editor
- "The Ballad of Mr. Rook (1901) writer"
- "Ronsard & La Pleiade, with Selections From Their Poetry and Some Translations | 16,101 |
750395 | George Wyndham | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Wyndham | George Wyndham
"
- "Ronsard & La Pleiade, with Selections From Their Poetry and Some Translations in the Original Metres" (1906)
- "Sir Walter Scott" (1908)
- "The Springs of Romance in the Literature of Europe" (1910) address, University of Edinburgh October 1910
- "Essays in Romantic Literature" (1919) edited by Charles Whibley
# References.
- "Letters of George Wyndham, 1877–1913" (1915) Guy Percy Wyndham
- "Life and Letters of George Wyndham" (1924) Guy Percy Wyndham and J. W. Mackail
- “In Dublin Castle 1899–1903” (1928) chapter from the memoirs of T. M. Healy.
# Further reading.
- Ellenberger, Nancy W. "Balfour's World: Aristocracy and Political Culture at the Fin de Siècle" (2015). excerpt | 16,102 |
750430 | Arthur Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Wynne | Arthur Wynne
Arthur Wynne
Arthur Wynne (June 22, 1871January 14, 1945) was the British-born inventor of the modern crossword puzzle.
# Early life.
Arthur Wynne was born on June 22, 1871, in Liverpool, England and lived on Edge Lane for a time. His father was the editor of the local newspaper the Liverpool Mercury. He emigrated to the United States on June 6, 1891, at the age of 19, settling for a time in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
# Career.
While in Pittsburgh, Wynne worked on the "Pittsburgh Press" newspaper. and played the violin in the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. He later moved to New York City and worked on the "New York World" newspaper. He is best known for the invention of the crossword puzzle | 16,103 |
750430 | Arthur Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Wynne | Arthur Wynne
in 1913, when he was a resident of Cedar Grove, New Jersey.
Wynne created the page of puzzles for the "Fun" section of the Sunday edition of the "New York World". For the December 21, 1913, edition, he introduced a puzzle with a diamond shape and a hollow center, the letters F-U-N already being filled in. He called it a "Word-Cross Puzzle."
Although Wynne's invention was based on earlier puzzle forms, such as the word diamond, he introduced a number of innovations (e.g. the use of horizontal and vertical lines to create boxes for solvers to enter letters). He subsequently pioneered the use of black squares in a symmetrical arrangement to separate words in rows and columns. With the exception | 16,104 |
750430 | Arthur Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Wynne | Arthur Wynne
of the numbering scheme, the form of Wynne's "Word-Cross" puzzles is that used for modern crosswords.
A few weeks after the first "Word-Cross" appeared, the name of the puzzle was changed to "Cross-Word" as a result of a typesetting error. Wynne's puzzles have been known as "crosswords" ever since.
# Later life and death.
Arthur Wynne became a naturalized US citizen in the 1920s. He died in Clearwater, Florida, on January 14, 1945.
# Legacy.
On December 20, 2013, he was honored with an interactive Google Doodle commemorating the "100th anniversary of the first crossword puzzle" with a puzzle by Merl Reagle. Numerous other constructors also created tribute puzzles to Wynne to commemorate | 16,105 |
750430 | Arthur Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20Wynne | Arthur Wynne
scheme, the form of Wynne's "Word-Cross" puzzles is that used for modern crosswords.
A few weeks after the first "Word-Cross" appeared, the name of the puzzle was changed to "Cross-Word" as a result of a typesetting error. Wynne's puzzles have been known as "crosswords" ever since.
# Later life and death.
Arthur Wynne became a naturalized US citizen in the 1920s. He died in Clearwater, Florida, on January 14, 1945.
# Legacy.
On December 20, 2013, he was honored with an interactive Google Doodle commemorating the "100th anniversary of the first crossword puzzle" with a puzzle by Merl Reagle. Numerous other constructors also created tribute puzzles to Wynne to commemorate the anniversary. | 16,106 |
750445 | Johann Rudolf Wyss | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Rudolf%20Wyss | Johann Rudolf Wyss
Johann Rudolf Wyss
Johann Rudolf Wyss (4 March 178221 March 1830) was a Swiss author, writer, and folklorist who wrote the words to the former Swiss national anthem "Rufst Du, mein Vaterland" in 1811, and also edited the novel "The Swiss Family Robinson", written by his father Johann David Wyss, published in 1812.
# Biography.
In 1805, Wyss became the professor of philosophy at Bern's academy. He later became the chief librarian of Bern's city library. He died in Bern.
Together with Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn he edited the periodical "Alpenrosen".
# Works.
- "Vorlesungen über das höchste Gut" ("Lectures on the highest good,” 2 vols., Tübingen, 1811)
- "Idyllen, Volkssagen, Legend und Erzählungen | 16,107 |
750445 | Johann Rudolf Wyss | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Rudolf%20Wyss | Johann Rudolf Wyss
ed in Bern.
Together with Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn he edited the periodical "Alpenrosen".
# Works.
- "Vorlesungen über das höchste Gut" ("Lectures on the highest good,” 2 vols., Tübingen, 1811)
- "Idyllen, Volkssagen, Legend und Erzählungen aus der Schweiz" ("Idylls, folk tales, legends, and stories from Switzerland,” 3 vols., 1815–22; partly translated into French in Mme. de Montolieu's "Châteaux suisses", 1816)
- "Reise im Berner Oberland" ("Travels in the Bern highlands,” 1808; French translation, "Voyage dans l'Oberland bernois", 2 vols., Bern, 1817)
# External links.
- Pictures and texts of "Voyage dans l'Oberland bernois" by Johann Rudolf Wyss can be found in the database VIATIMAGES. | 16,108 |
750453 | Naik (military rank) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naik%20(military%20rank) | Naik (military rank)
Naik (military rank)
Naik (Nk; sometimes historically spelled nayak) is the Indian Army and Pakistan Army rank equivalent to corporal. In Tamil, the word naik was used to indicate a lord or governor prior to its use as an equivalent to corporal in British India.
The rank was previously used in the British Indian Army and the Camel Corps, ranking between lance naik and havildar. In cavalry units the equivalent is lance daffadar. Like a British corporal, a naik wears two rank chevrons.
# See also.
- Army ranks and insignia of India
- Army ranks and insignia of Pakistan | 16,109 |
750455 | Lance naik | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lance%20naik | Lance naik
Lance naik
Lance naik (L/Nk) is the equivalent rank to lance corporal in the Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indian Armies and before 1947, in the British Indian Army, ranking below naik. In cavalry units the equivalent is acting lance daffadar. Like British lance corporals, each wears a single rank chevron.
# See also.
- Lance Naik Lala - a winner of the Victoria Cross | 16,110 |
750432 | Uranian poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian%20poetry | Uranian poetry
Uranian poetry
The Uranians were a small and somewhat clandestine group of male homosexual poets who published works between 1858, when William Johnson Cory published "Ionica", and 1930. Although most of them were English, they had counterparts in the United States and France.
# Origin of the term.
Their name is commonly believed to derive from the work of the German theorist and campaigner Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in the 1860s, with the name later taken up by John Addington Symonds and others who rendered it as 'Uranian'. However, it has been argued that this derivation and coinage, at least for the English-speaking countries, is independent of Ulrichs's "coinage". In his work "Secreted Desires: | 16,111 |
750432 | Uranian poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian%20poetry | Uranian poetry
The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde", Michael M. Kaylor writes:
Given that the prominent Uranians were trained Classicists, I consider ludicrous the view, widely held, that 'Uranian' derives from the German apologias and legal appeals written by Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs in the 1860s, though his coinage "Urning"—employed to denote 'a female psyche in a male body'—does indeed derive from the same Classical sources, particularly the "Symposium". Further, the Uranians did not consider themselves the possessors of a 'female psyche'; the Uranians are not known, as a group, to have read works such as "Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe" ("Research on the Riddle of Male-Male | 16,112 |
750432 | Uranian poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian%20poetry | Uranian poetry
Love"); the Uranians were opposed to Ulrichs's claims for androphilic, homoerotic liberation at the expense of the paederastic; and, even when a connection was drawn to such Germanic ideas and terminology, it appeared long after the term 'Uranian' had become commonplace within Uranian circles, hence was not a 'borrowing from' but a 'bridge to' the like-minded across the Channel by apologists such as Symonds. (p. xiii, footnote)
# The movement.
The work of the Uranian poets was characterized by an idealised appeal to the history of Ancient Greece and a sentimental infatuation of older men for adolescent boys, as well as by a use of conservative verse forms.
The chief poets of this clique were | 16,113 |
750432 | Uranian poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian%20poetry | Uranian poetry
William Johnson Cory, Lord Alfred Douglas, Montague Summers, John Francis Bloxam, Charles Kains Jackson, John Gambril Nicholson, E. E. Bradford, John Addington Symonds, Edmund John, John Moray Stuart-Young, Charles Edward Sayle, Fabian S. Woodley, and several pseudonymous authors such as "Philebus" (John Leslie Barford) and "A. Newman" (Francis Edwin Murray). The flamboyantly eccentric novelist Frederick Rolfe (also known as "Baron Corvo") was a unifying presence in their social network, both within and without Venice.
The fame of their work was limited by late Victorian and Edwardian taboos, by the extremely small editions (often privately printed) in which their verse was promulgated, and | 16,114 |
750432 | Uranian poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian%20poetry | Uranian poetry
by the generally saccharine and occasionally misogynistic nature of their poetry. However, historian Neil McKenna has argued that Uranian poetry had a central role in the upper-class homosexual subcultures of the Victorian period. He insisted that poetry was the main medium through which writers such as Oscar Wilde, George Ives and Rennell Rodd, 1st Baron Rennell sought to challenge the anti-homosexual prejudices of the age.
Marginally associated with their world were more famous writers such as Edward Carpenter, as well as the obscure but prophetic poet-printer Ralph Chubb. His majestic volumes of lithographs celebrated the adolescent boy as an Ideal. The Uranian quest to revive the Greek | 16,115 |
750432 | Uranian poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian%20poetry | Uranian poetry
notion of "paiderastia" was not successful because of the conservative Victorian mores of the day.
There are only two book-length studies of the Uranians: "Love In Earnest" by Timothy d'Arch Smith (1970) and "Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde" by Michael Matthew Kaylor (2006; available as an open-access E-text). Kaylor expands the Uranian canon by situating several major Victorians within the group. Other critics, such as Richard Dellamora ("Masculine Desire: The Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism", 1990) and Linda Dowling ("Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford", 1994) have contributed more recently to the scant knowledge about this group. Paul | 16,116 |
750432 | Uranian poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian%20poetry | Uranian poetry
Oxford", 1994) have contributed more recently to the scant knowledge about this group. Paul Fussell discusses Uranian poetry in his book "The Great War and Modern Memory" (1975), suggesting that it provided a model for homoerotic representations in the war poets of World War I (e.g. Wilfred Owen).
# References.
- Timothy d'Arch Smith, "Love in Earnest: Some Notes on the Lives and Writings of English "Uranian" Poets from 1889 to 1930" (1970).
- Michael Matthew Kaylor, "Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde" (2006) (Available as an open-access PDF) .
- Neil McKenna, "The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde" (2003).
# External links.
- History of The Literature Homoerotic | 16,117 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
Robert Wynne
Robert John Wynne (November 18, 1851 – March 11, 1922) was an American who served as United States Postmaster General from 1904 to 1905, and as Consul General at the American embassy in the United Kingdom from 1905 to 1910. He was also a distinguished and popular journalist for a number of newspapers and magazines in the late 1800s.
# Early life.
Wynne was born in New York City, New York, in 1851. His father was a veteran of the Mexican–American War. He was educated in the city's public schools, but also had a number of private tutors. He was just 10 years old when the American Civil War broke out. He wanted to enlist, but was too young. His father served in the Civil War, however, | 16,118 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
and young Robert accompanied him to the front and saw several battles.
In 1870, Wynne became a telegraph operator for the "Cincinnati Gazette", living part-time in Washington, D.C. He was hired at the request of General Henry V. Boynton, who led the paper's staff in D.C. and who wanted the very best telegraph operator he could find. That was Wynne. Wynne also lived part-time in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he worked for the American Press Association. He also worked for the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company, and became its chief telegrapher.
Boynton was so impressed with Wynne's work as a reporter that he encouraged him to abandon telegraphy and become a journalist full-time. In | 16,119 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
1880, Wynne joined the "Gazette" as a full-time journalist. Boynton syndicated Wynne's work to a wide range of newspapers, including the "St. Louis Democrat", "Chicago Tribune", "Pittsburgh Commercial", and "Philadelphia Inquirer".
# Public service.
In February 1893, Wynne became the private secretary to Secretary of the Treasury Charles Foster. After a change in presidential administrations in March 1893, he continued in the role for Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle, but left public service in August 1893. He returned to journalism, this time working for the "New York Press" and the "Cincinnati Tribune".
In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Wynne to be First Assistant | 16,120 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
Postmaster General. He was not Roosevelt's first choice: That had been Indianapolis, Indiana, journalist Harry C. New, but New turned down the post. Wynne, too, was reluctant to take it, but Roosevelt pressured him and he accepted. In this role, Wynne uncovered extensive fraud in the department. He first became suspicious of illegal activity as a reporter, and his investigation as First Assistant Postmaster General led to many departmental resignations and prison time for a few people. The incumbent Postmaster General, Henry Clay Payne, died on October 4, 1904. Wynne was appointed Acting Postmaster General the next day, and named Postmaster General on October 10. He served until March 5, 1905.
Wynne | 16,121 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
was appointed Consul General at the Embassy of the United States in London on January 11, 1905, while still serving as Postmaster General. Incoming President William Howard Taft reaffirmed his posting, and he went to London on April 1, 1905. He resigned in May 1909. He remained in London for the next 19 months, representing various American businesses. In January 1910, Wynne was caught in the Stoats Nest railway disaster, in which eight people died.
# Business career.
Returning to private life, Wynne was appointed president of the First National Fire Insurance Company when it formed in February 1912 through the merger of the Continental and Munsey insurance companies. In October 1912, First | 16,122 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
National Fire purchased a half-interest in the Southern Building at 15th and H Streets NW. Trust deeds of $800,000, $450,000, and $325,000 attached to the building. First National Fire was sued by its stockholders for incurring this debt. In January 1912, the company was the focus of a congressional investigation into fraud committed by insurance companies.
Wynne was ousted as president in April 1914 over the Southern Building acquisition. Suspicious that proxy votes had been withheld from the count, Wynne successfully sued to have personal mail which had been delivered to the company (and which the company had seized) returned to him. As he expected, many proxy votes had not been counted. | 16,123 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
When they were counted, Wynne was reelected president of the company on June 17, 1914.
The Commercial Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore, Maryland, the co-owner of the Southern Building, tried to force a merger with First National in August 1914. Wynne resisted the merger, and demanded that the Southern Building be partitioned so that First National could extricate itself from its business arrangements with Commercial Fire. The partition effort was unsuccessful, and in December 1914 Commercial Fire sold its interest in the structure. Commercial Fire went bankrupt days later.
On February 10, 1915, businessman William Tryson and others formed the Allan E. Walker Company to buy the Southern | 16,124 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
Building. Nine days later, First National Fire sold the building to the Walker Company for an undisclosed amount. This allowed the $450,000 and $325,000 trusts to be paid and released. On March 18, the Walker Company sold the building back to First National, incurring a trust deed of $600,000. This triggered more stockholder lawsuits, which argued that Wynne was attempting to hide the company's financial distress.
Although the stockholder suits were not successful, the reputation of First National Fire Insurance was severely damaged. On February 7, 1917, First National's stockholders approved the refinancing of the Southern Building. The structure was sold again to the Walker Company on February | 16,125 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
14, and the Walker Company sold it back to First National on February 28 (now subject to a single trust deed of $900,000). On March 7, First National's board of directors agreed to form a new company—the Southern Realty Corporation, with Wynne as its president—to buy the Southern Building. On March 10, First National's shareholders were advised to trade their stock on a one-to-one basis for stock in the Southern Building, with any excess proceeds from the sale returning to First National stockholders as a dividend. On May 18, the Walker Company offered to buy the building for $1.8 million (to be paid with a first mortgage of $900,000, a second mortgage of $677,000, and the remainder by First | 16,126 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
National stockholders who wanted shares in the Walker Company). First National agreed to the Walker Co. sale, leading to a struggle for control of the Southern Building among the three entities.
First National filed for voluntary bankruptcy on August 13, 1917. Wynne continued as president of the Southern Realty Corporation, which remained solvent. The bankruptcy led to extensive litigation, as shareholders who did not invest in the Walker Company sued to recover their investment in First National and the Walker Company fought to gain ownership of the Southern Building from the Southern Realty Corporation. During this litigation, First National's title to the building was reaffirmed, First National's | 16,127 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
deal to sell the building to the Walker Company was annulled, the sale of the building by First National to Southern Realty affirmed, and tenants sued over skyrocketing rents at the building. Southern Realty's investors unsuccessfully sued in July 1920 to have Southern Realty declared bankrupt. Additional court hearings in late July 1920 led to the sale of the Southern Building to the Walker Company in late August 1920. With the Walker Company assuming full control by October, Southern Realty was liquidated in July 1921.
Wynne had long defended First National's financial health. The company's liquidation largely proved him correct: Few of the stockholders in First National lost money.
Wynne | 16,128 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
was also an incorporator, vice president, and director of the Washington and Southern Bank. He helped form the bank in April 1912, and remained with it until August 1913.
# Personal life.
Wynne married Mary Ellen McCabe, daughter of a wealthy construction contractor. She died in October 1915 of a heart attack.
Wynne began suffering frail health from cardiac disease in 1919. Wynne died at his home at 1511 Park Road NW in Washington, D.C., from cardiac disease on March 11, 1922. A Catholic, he was interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
Wynne had several children: Charles J. Wynne (later a captain in the United States Army), Alice Wynne Semler, John S. Wynne, Ruth Austin Wynne | 16,129 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
Smith, Ida Marcella Wynne French, Robert Frank Wynne (a captain in the United States Marine Corps), and Henry B. Wynne. His sons Robert and Henry preceded him in death. Robert saw action in Cuba, the Philippines, and China (during the Boxer Rebellion), and died in March 1912 of tuberculosis contracted while in China.
# Memberships.
Wynne was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (the "Loyal Legion"). He was also a member of the Gridiron Club, which he helped organize (and of which he was later president); the Army and Navy Club; the National Press Club, and the Columbia Country Club.
In February 1919, Wynne was named to the committee seeking to build a national | 16,130 |
750433 | Robert Wynne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Wynne | Robert Wynne
rt Frank Wynne (a captain in the United States Marine Corps), and Henry B. Wynne. His sons Robert and Henry preceded him in death. Robert saw action in Cuba, the Philippines, and China (during the Boxer Rebellion), and died in March 1912 of tuberculosis contracted while in China.
# Memberships.
Wynne was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (the "Loyal Legion"). He was also a member of the Gridiron Club, which he helped organize (and of which he was later president); the Army and Navy Club; the National Press Club, and the Columbia Country Club.
In February 1919, Wynne was named to the committee seeking to build a national memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. | 16,131 |
750414 | Hams Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hams%20Hall | Hams Hall
Hams Hall
Hams Hall is a place near Lea Marston in North Warwickshire, England, named after the former Hams Hall manor house. A power station at Hams Hall was constructed and operated in the late 1920s; a further two power stations began generating electricity in the 1940s and 1950s. By 1993 all three power stations had been closed and demolished and an industrial park Hams Hall Distribution Park was built. An intermodal rail terminal Hams Hall Rail Freight Terminal also operates at the site.
# Hams Hall Estate.
The Hams Hall Estate and what is modern day Saltley was owned by the Adderley family for over 262 years. The name of the estate was derived from the fact that the land lay in a great | 16,132 |
750414 | Hams Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hams%20Hall | Hams Hall
hook (ham) of the River Tame.
As Birmingham and the Black Country developed, the estate faced two problems: loss of land to the west, and lack of water from the river due to industrial pollution. Thus, after Robert Rawlinson's report on the condition of Birmingham in 1848 suggesting the need for a public park, Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton donated of land to create Adderley Park, which he managed privately from 1855 to 1864. He also donated land for the construction of St Saviour's Church, St Peter's College, Saltley and the reformatory on the Fordrough, later called Norton Boys' Home. In 1879 Lord Norton sold Whitacre Lodge to the city for the construction of the Shustoke Reservoir, the | 16,133 |
750414 | Hams Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hams%20Hall | Hams Hall
largest single source of water for Birmingham until the Elan/Claerwen scheme was completed.
Following the death of Charles Adderley in 1905, the residual estate was put up for sale in 1911 to pay death duties. Initially purchased by an American shipping magnate, he dismantled the house in 1921. It was reassembled as Bledisloe Lodge, a hall of residence for students at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester at Coates, Gloucestershire. Today the lodge is a private residence, while descendants of the Adderleys lived in Fillongley Hall until 2006, when the 8th Lord Norton sold the Estate for £5 million and moved, together with his family, to Switzerland.
# Hams Hall Power Station.
The City | 16,134 |
750414 | Hams Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hams%20Hall | Hams Hall
of Birmingham bought land at Hams Hall, and built an electricity generating station (Hams Hall A), from 1928. Located north of Coleshill Parkway railway station, the location allowed easy access for coal supply trains from the London, Midland and Scottish Railway mainline. Built under the direction of Richard Alexander Chattock (1865–1936), Birmingham City Electrical Engineer.
Two more stations (Hams Hall B and C) were later built on the site, reputedly the largest in Europe at the time of their construction. The City's electricity generating and supply functions were nationalised in the late 1940s.
The Central Electricity Generating Board took over responsibility for the site from Birmingham | 16,135 |
750414 | Hams Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hams%20Hall | Hams Hall
and founded an environmental studies centre, re-erecting Lea Ford Cottage (a local medieval timber-framed building) there to preserve it. Still owned by site owner E.ON, it is now known as "Hams Hall Environmental Studies Centre". The area alongside the confluence of the River Blythe and River Tame became the West Midland Bird Club's Ladywalk Reserve.
All three stations were closed and demolished in the 1990s. The land was cleared, on which was built "Hams Hall Distribution Park", with only electrical sub-stations remaining.
# Hams Hall Distribution Park.
After the Hams Hall Power station site was cleared, Powergen accepted various European and Central Government grants to allow a consortium | 16,136 |
750414 | Hams Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hams%20Hall | Hams Hall
of construction companies including Alfred McAlpine to construct a new industrial estate called Hams Hall Distribution Park,
The site includes road (M42) and rail access (through the "Hams Hall Rail Freight Terminal").
In 2011 the site housed clients including E.ON, Sainsbury's, BMW (engine manufacturing plant), DHL, ABB Group, Chubb, BEKO, EXEL and Wincanton.
## Hams Hall Rail Freight Terminal.
The "Hams Hall Channel Tunnel Freight Terminal" was opened 11 July 1997 by the then deputy prime minister John Prescott. As of 2010 the site was one of the main international intermodal terminals in the UK.
The site was originally operated by Parsec Europe Ltd.; in 2002 Associated British Ports | 16,137 |
750414 | Hams Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hams%20Hall | Hams Hall
ms Hall Channel Tunnel Freight Terminal" was opened 11 July 1997 by the then deputy prime minister John Prescott. As of 2010 the site was one of the main international intermodal terminals in the UK.
The site was originally operated by Parsec Europe Ltd.; in 2002 Associated British Ports acquired the site lease.
The terminal is sited on the southern edge of Hams Hall business park; since 2004 it has had customs clearance to handle international traffic via the Channel Tunnel; the site has storage for 6000 TEU, and rail access is cleared to W10 vehicle gauge.
# See also.
- Coleshill Parkway railway station opened 2007 close to the rail freight terminal, south of the main distribution park | 16,138 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
Fire performance
Fire performance is a group of performance arts or skills that involve the manipulation of fire. Fire performance typically involves equipment or other objects made with one or more wicks which are designed to sustain a large enough flame to create a visual effect.
Fire performance includes skills based on juggling, baton twirling, poi spinning, and other forms of object manipulation. It also includes skills such as fire breathing, fire eating, and body burning; sometimes called fakir skills.
Fire performance has various styles of performance including fire dancing; the use of fire as a finalé in an otherwise non-fire performance; and the use of fire skills as 'dangerous' | 16,139 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
stunts. Performances can be done as choreographed routines to music (this type being related to dance or rhythmic gymnastics); as freestyle (performed to music or not) performances; or performed with vocal interaction with the audience. Some aspect of fire performance can be found in a wide variety of cultural traditions and rituals from around the world.
Any performance involving fire carries inherent danger and risks, and fire safety precautions should always be taken.
# History.
Ancient Aztecs performed a fire dance dedicated to Xiuhtecuhtli, the god of fire. The Aztec fire dance is performed today for tourists in Mexico. In Bali, the Angel Dance and the Fire Dance, regularly performed | 16,140 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
for tourists, have origins in ancient rituals. Both the Angel Dance and the Fire Dance originated in a trance ritual called the "sanghyang", a ritual dance "performed to ward off witches at the time of an epidemic." Also known as the "horse dance" men perform the dance by holding rods representing horses, while leaping around burning coconut husks, and walking through the flames. French Polynesia, Antigua, Cuba and Saint Lucia are other locations where fire dances are recreated for tourists. The Siddha Jats of the Thar Desert in India perform traditional fire dances as part of the Spring festival. Fire dancing is performed to music played on drums and the behr. There are variations of the fire | 16,141 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
dancing; men often perform a dance that involves walking on hot coals.A large fire is created and allowed to burn down until it is a pit of glowing embers. The performers then jump in and out of the pit kicking up the embers to create showers of sparks while women perform a dance while balancing flaming tin pots on their heads. Today this ritual is often performed for tourists.
# Modern developments.
Since the mid-1990s fire performance has grown in popularity. This growth has occurred both for hobby and professional practitioners. Fire skills are performed at raves, nightclubs, beach parties, and music festivals. A festival that is popular with fire performers is at Burning Man, where the | 16,142 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
fire skills are especially prevalent. Fire performance has become increasingly popular as entertainment at corporate events, street festivals, celebration events and as a precursor to firework displays.
# Types.
Fire performance has become more popular through the availability of a wider variety of fire equipment and teaching methods.
- Traditional fire shows: Traditional shows often incorporate Polynesian costuming and other cultural elements. Many conform to the guidelines or are inspired by the annual World Fireknife Competition and Samoa Festival.
- Modern fire shows: These shows vary greatly from performances choreographed to music to street style shows with varying levels of audience | 16,143 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
interaction and participation. Modern fire shows can use a very wide range of fire skills and props. See Pembrokeshire Fire Spinners.
- Fire theatre: Such shows are theatrical shows which include fire and fire performance as elements of staged dramatic presentations. Often the fire performance is a small element of the larger show. These shows tend to use more elaborate props and costuming and can focus less on technical skill.
- Fire fetish show: Such shows are recognizable by more overt sexuality in the performance and often extremely risqué costuming, nudity, and implied or actual sexual contact between performers, and are often seen as a fusion between exotic dancing or burlesque with | 16,144 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
fire dancing. Thus, fire fetish refers to a particular style of performance, and not a sexual fetish on the part of the performer, as would pyrophilia.
- Erotic fire show: Such shows may be seen as simply a normal improvised fire dance but with emphasis on sexually arousing body gyrations, seductive facial expressions, an eroticised musical selection (such as R&B or downtempo music), and minimal clothing of the performer, thus promoting sexual arousal or desire in addition to the expected visual entertainment for an audience. Unlike a fire fetish show, this performance is generally more low-key, slower in tempo, and may be performed by a solo dancer in front of a small and select audience, | 16,145 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
often a spouse or romantic partner. This performance can be an active and visually exciting form of ritual foreplay. However this type of show is enticing to a select audience.
- Ritual fire show: Such shows are usually a fusion of pagan or occult ceremony with fire and fire performance. They focus less on technical skill, and more on the use of the fire dancer to highlight the ritual or represent the specific element of fire.
- Fire and belly dance: Such shows are a fusion of Middle Eastern belly dancing ("raqs sharqi") and combine elements of fire dancing and belly dancing. Often the dancers use palm torches and fire swords made to resemble scimitars.
- Fire comedy jugglers combine juggling, | 16,146 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
fire and comedy. This can include lighting parts of their body on fire.
# Fire apparatus.
Fire performance is usually performed with props that have specifically been made for the purpose. Fire torches, fire staffs, fire poi, fire hula hoops, fire whips, and other fire props are all readily available.
- Poi – A pair of roughly arm-length chains with handles attached to one end, and bundle of wicking material on the other.
- Staff – A metal or wooden tube ranging from 1–2 meters long with wicking material applied to one or both ends. Staffs are typically used individually or in pairs. juggling three or more is also possible.
- Dragonstaff – A metal or wooden rube around 2 meters long where | 16,147 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
each end consists of three or more wicks arranged in a wheel. Dragon staves are more often rolled on the body rather than spun.
- Fire hoop – hoop with spokes and wicking material attached.
- Fan – A large metal fan with one or more wicks attached to the edges.
- Fire umbrella – an umbrella-like performance prop that can be constructed in a variety of ways.
- Fire meteor – A long length of chain or rope with wicks, or small bowls of liquid fuel, attached to both ends.
- Nunchaku – Nunchaku with wicking material, usually at either end.
- Batons
- Fire stick – Like a traditional devil stick, with wicks on both ends of the central stick.
- Torch – A short club or torch, with a wick on one | 16,148 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
end, and swung like Indian clubs or tossed end-over-end like juggling clubs.
- Fire knife – Short stave with blade attached to the end and wicking material applied to the blade. Fire knives are the traditional Polynesian fire implement and have been in use since the 1940s.
- Fire rope dart – A wick, sometimes wrapped around a steel spike, at the end of a rope or chain ranging from 6–15 feet long, with a ring or other handle on the opposite end.
- Fire wand – a short metal rod, usually 28 inches long with two wicks on each end and a length of fire-resistant string threaded through the middle. The wand is balanced to stay upright and gives the appearance that it is levitating around the user. | 16,149 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
It is also known as a levitation wand, leviwand or flow wand.
- Fire sword – either a real sword modified for fire, or one specifically built for the purpose of fire shows.
- Chi ball/Fire orb – 2 rings or handles with a wick attached between them by a thin wire.
- Fire fingers – Short and thin torches attached to individual fingers.
- Palm torches – Small torches with a flat base meant to be held upright in the palm of the hand.
- Fire hip belt – A motorcycle chain belt with five spokes extending at equal intervals with wicking on the ends.
- Fire whip – Lengths of braided aramid fiber tapered to make a bullwhip, usually with a metal handle about 12 inches long. The whip can be cracked | 16,150 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
to create large plumes of fire.
- Fire flogger – A traditional BDSM flogger with kevlar or Technora tails. Can be used for both performance and temperature play
- Fire rope/snake – Similar to poi, but has a short 3–5 inch chain attaching the handles to a 12-inch or longer kevlar or Technora rope.
- Fire jump rope – A jump rope made of kevlar or Technora.
- Fire cannon – a propane flame effect device; larger ones can shoot a pillar of fire up to 200+ feet in the air, although they usually are mounted to a base or vehicle.
- Fire poofer – Similar to fire cannons, but much smaller and made to be held, with fuel stored in a "backpack" fashioned of one or more propane tanks.
- Fire ball – Specially | 16,151 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
constructed juggling balls, either solid balls dipped in fuel and juggled with protective gloves, or ones designed to contain the flame in the centre of the ball.
- Wearable fire – Headdresses, hip belts, arm bands, or other garments made typically of metal with kevlar or Technora torches attached. Can be worn while fire dancing.
## Fuels.
Nearly all modern fire performance apparatus rely on a liquid fuel soaked in the wick. There are many choices for fuels, which differ in their specific properties. Fire performers select a fuel or a blend of fuels based on safety, cost, availability, and the desirability of various characteristics of the fuel including for example, the colour of flame, | 16,152 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
and flame temperature. There is also some geographic variance in fuels used, due local availability and price. Some American fire performers use white gas although most use other fuels due to its low flash point, while British fire performers almost exclusively use kerosene (called "paraffin" in the UK).
## Safety.
Fire performance skills are inherently dangerous and only careful use of the props, storage of the fuel and performance in appropriate spaces will mean that the risks are minimised. Fire insurance policies all require fire performers to carry fire extinguishers, fire blankets or other fire safety equipment.
# Fire arts education.
There are organized events in various parts of | 16,153 |
750439 | Fire performance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire%20performance | Fire performance
uel and performance in appropriate spaces will mean that the risks are minimised. Fire insurance policies all require fire performers to carry fire extinguishers, fire blankets or other fire safety equipment.
# Fire arts education.
There are organized events in various parts of the world teaching fire arts and object manipulation. These events which can be fire festivals or workshops at juggling or music festivals are popular in US, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia.
# See also.
- Beltane Fire Festival
- Burnoff
- Busking
- Devil sticks
- Dexterity play
- Fire lance
- Fire staff
- Fire triangle
- Flame projector
# External links.
- Fire dancing on the Open Directory Project. | 16,154 |
750498 | Lance daffadar | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lance%20daffadar | Lance daffadar
Lance daffadar
Lance daffadar is the equivalent rank to corporal in Pakistan, Indian and British Indian Army cavalry units, ranking between acting lance daffadar and daffadar. In other units the equivalent is naik. Like a British corporal, a lance daffadar wears two rank chevrons.
Acting lance daffadar is the equivalent rank to lance corporal in Pakistan, Indian and British Indian Army cavalry units, ranking below lance daffadar. In other units the equivalent is lance naik. Like a British lance corporal, he wears a single rank chevron. | 16,155 |
750458 | Charles Hart (lyricist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Hart%20(lyricist) | Charles Hart (lyricist)
Charles Hart (lyricist)
Charles Hart (born 3 June 1961) is a British lyricist, songwriter and musician. He is best known for writing the lyrics to, and contributing to the book of, Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical "The Phantom of the Opera" and for writing the lyrics to "Bend It Like Beckham the Musical". He also co-wrote (with Don Black) the lyrics to Lloyd Webber's 1989 musical "Aspects of Love". Hart also re-wrote Glenn Slater's lyrics for "Love Never Dies", the sequel to "Phantom".
# Biography.
## Education.
Born in London, Hart was educated at Desborough School, Maidenhead, Robinson College, Cambridge and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.
## Career as lyricist.
In an interview | 16,156 |
750458 | Charles Hart (lyricist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Hart%20(lyricist) | Charles Hart (lyricist)
with "The Times", Hart stated that he began writing lyrics as a child, some of which were "dark and contemplative – precociously murderous and quite, quite feisty"; he was motivated to do so professionally in the 1970s when his grandmother, actress Angela Baddeley, starred in a London stage production of Stephen Sondheim's "A Little Night Music":
When I was at the Guildhall I sent a tape to Sondheim, fully expecting a reply hailing the next true genius of the West End... All I got was a note saying that I had 'rhyming poison' which got in the way of my characters and plot, and of course he was entirely right. But my ambition was to be an English Sondheim. Being a lyricist is the ideal job for | 16,157 |
750458 | Charles Hart (lyricist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Hart%20(lyricist) | Charles Hart (lyricist)
a university-educated dilettante, because it uses up all the rubbish in your education.
Hart attracted the attention of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Cameron Mackintosh, who were judges of the Vivian Ellis Awards for music theatre writers in which Hart was a finalist with an entry based on "Moll Flanders". Webber hired him as a lyricist for "The Phantom of the Opera" a year later.
He also wrote lyrics for "The Kissing-Dance" and "The Dreaming" (both with music by Howard Goodall), also for "" (BBC TV). In 2015 he collaborated with Howard Goodall again on "Bend It Like Beckham the Musical", a new musical production of the film "Bend It Like Beckham". He has written miscellaneous songs, as well as | 16,158 |
750458 | Charles Hart (lyricist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Hart%20(lyricist) | Charles Hart (lyricist)
both words and music for television, ("Watching", "Split Ends" for Granada TV) and "Love Songs" (BBC Radio). His "Two Studies for String Quartet" premiered in February 2005 at London’s Purcell Room, performed by the Sacconi Quartet. His English lyrics for the opera "Benvenuto Cellini" were part of a new production directed by Terry Gilliam at the English National Opera on 5 June 2014.
He has received two Ivor Novello Awards and has been nominated twice for a Tony Award. He was also nominated for an Academy Award for writing the lyrics to a new song "Learn to be Lonely" which was sung by Minnie Driver over the final credits to the film version of "The Phantom of the Opera".
## Photography.
Hart's | 16,159 |
750458 | Charles Hart (lyricist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles%20Hart%20(lyricist) | Charles Hart (lyricist)
een nominated twice for a Tony Award. He was also nominated for an Academy Award for writing the lyrics to a new song "Learn to be Lonely" which was sung by Minnie Driver over the final credits to the film version of "The Phantom of the Opera".
## Photography.
Hart's photography has appeared on posters and in playbills, as well as publications ranging from "Attitude" to "The Daily Telegraph". In 2003, he was one of three photographers to feature in an exhibition organized by UNICEF to celebrate the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
## Other.
Hart was a long-standing trustee and supporter of the UK charity ratings agency, Intelligent Giving. He is represented by Berlin Associates. | 16,160 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
Uranian
Uranian is a 19th-century term that referred to a person of a third sex—originally, someone with "a female psyche in a male body" who is sexually attracted to men, and later extended to cover homosexual gender variant females, and a number of other sexual types. The term was first published by activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–95) in a series of five booklets (1864–65) collected under the title "Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe" ("Research into the Riddle of Man–Male Love"). Ulrichs derived "Uranian" ("Urning" in German) from the Greek goddess Aphrodite Urania, who was created out of the god Uranus' testicles. Therefore, it represents the homosexual gender, while | 16,161 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
"Dionian" ("Dioning"), derived from Aphrodite Dionea, represents the heterosexual gender. Ulrichs developed his terminology before the first public use of the term "homosexual", which appeared in 1869 in a pamphlet published anonymously by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–82).
The term "Uranian" was quickly adopted by English-language advocates of homosexual emancipation in the Victorian era, such as Edward Carpenter and John Addington Symonds, who used it to describe a comradely love that would bring about true democracy, uniting the "estranged ranks of society" and breaking down class and gender barriers. Oscar Wilde wrote to Robert Ross in an undated letter (?18 February 1898): "To have altered | 16,162 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
my life would have been to have admitted that Uranian love is ignoble. I hold it to be noble—more noble than other forms."
The term also gained currency among a group that studied Classics and dabbled in pederastic poetry from the 1870s to the 1930s. The writings of this group are now known by the phrase "Uranian poetry". The art of Henry Scott Tuke and Wilhelm von Gloeden is also sometimes referred to as "Uranian".
# Etymology.
The word itself alludes to Plato's "Symposium", a discussion on Eros (love). In this dialog, Pausanias distinguishes between two types of love, symbolised by two different accounts of the birth of Aphrodite, the goddess of love. In one, she was born of Uranus (the | 16,163 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
heavens), a birth in which "the female has no part". This Uranian Aphrodite is associated with a noble love for male youths, and is the source of Ulrichs's term "Urning". Another account has Aphrodite as the daughter of Zeus and Dione, and this Aphrodite is associated with a common love which "is apt to be of women as well as of youths, and is of the body rather than of the soul". After Dione, Ulrichs gave the name "Dioning" to men who are sexually attracted to women. However, unlike Plato's account of male love, Ulrichs understood male "Urning"s to be essentially feminine, and male "Dioning"s to be masculine in nature.
John Addington Symonds, who was one of the first to take up the term "Uranian" | 16,164 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
in the English language, was a student of Benjamin Jowett and was very familiar with the "Symposium".
However, it has been argued that this etymology, at least for the English-speaking countries, is unrelated to Ulrichs's "coinage". In his volume "Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians", Michael M. Kaylor writes:
# Development of classification scheme for sexual types.
Ulrichs came to understand that not all male-bodied people with sexual attraction to men were feminine in nature. He developed a more complex threefold axis for understanding sexual and gender variance: sexual orientation (male-attracted, bisexual, or female-attracted), preferred sexual behavior (passive, no preference, or active), | 16,165 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
and gender characteristics (feminine, intermediate, or masculine). The three axes were usually, but not necessarily, linked – Ulrichs himself, for example, was a "Weibling" (feminine homosexual) who preferred the active sexual role.
## Taxonomy of "Uranismus".
In these terms, "-in" is an ordinary German suffix usually meaning "female".
- "Urning": A person assigned male at birth with a female psyche, whose main sexual attraction is to men.
- "Urningin" (or occasionally the variants "Uranierin", "Urnin", and "Urnigin"): A person assigned female at birth with a male psyche, whose main sexual attraction is to women.
- "Dioning": A heterosexual, masculine man
- "Dioningin": A heterosexual, | 16,166 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
feminine woman
- "Uranodioning": A male bisexual
- "Uranodioningin": A female bisexual
- "Zwitter": Intersex
"Urningthum", "male homosexuality" (or "urnische Liebe", homosexual love) was expanded with the following terms:
- "Mannling": very masculine, except for feminine psyche and sex drive towards effeminate men ("butch gay")
- "Weibling": feminine in appearance, behaviour and psyche, with a sex drive towards masculine men ("queen")
- "Manuring": feminine in appearance and behaviour, with a male psyche and a sex drive towards women ("feminine straight man")
- "Zwischen-Urning": Adult male who is not masculine or feminine with a sex drive towards young normal 'chaps' (Bursche).
- Conjunctive, | 16,167 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
with tender and passionate feelings for men
- Disjunctive, with tender feelings for men but passionate feelings for women ("Homoromantic Heterosexual")
- "Virilisierte Mannlinge": Male Urnings who have learned to act like Dionings, through force or habit ("straight-acting gay")
- "Uraniaster" or "uranisierter Mann": A dioning engaging in situational homosexuality (e.g. in prison or the military)
# See also.
- Feminine essence concept of transsexuality
- List of transgender-related topics
# References.
- Michael Matthew Kaylor, "Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde" (Brno, CZ: Masaryk University Press, 2006)
- Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature, "Urania" | 16,168 |
750467 | Uranian | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranian | Uranian
nsgender-related topics
# References.
- Michael Matthew Kaylor, "Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde" (Brno, CZ: Masaryk University Press, 2006)
- Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature, "Urania" (Springfield MA, Merriam-Webster Inc, 1995)
- Webster's Dictionary of the English Language – Unabridged Encyclopedia Edition, "Uranian" (New York NY: Publisher's International Press, 1977)
- Winston Dictionary of the English Language, "Uranian (Philadelphia PA, John C. Winston Company, 1954)
- Lesbian activist Anna Rueling used the term in her 1904 speech, "What Interest does the Women's Movement have in Solving the Homosexual Problem?" text of Rueling's speech | 16,169 |
750492 | George Maxwell Richards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Maxwell%20Richards | George Maxwell Richards
George Maxwell Richards
A chemical engineer by training, Richards was Principal of the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies in Trinidad from 1984 to 1996. He previously worked for Shell Trinidad Ltd before joining the University of the West Indies in 1965. He was sworn into office as President on 17 March 2003 for a five-year term.
# Early life and education.
Richards was born at his family's home in San Fernando in South Trinidad in 1931 as one of five children in the family. He was of Amerindian and Chinese descent. His father, George Richards, was a barrister while his mother, Henrietta Martin was a housewife and teacher. He received his primary education there before | 16,170 |
750492 | George Maxwell Richards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Maxwell%20Richards | George Maxwell Richards
winning an exhibition (scholarship) to attend Queen's Royal College in Port of Spain. From May 1950 to September 1951, he worked for the United British Oilfields of Trinidad (precursor to Shell Trinidad Ltd.) at Point Fortin. He received a scholarship from them to study chemical engineering.
Richards then attended the University of Manchester (UMIST), where he took a BEng degree (1955) and an MEng degree (1957). He subsequently obtained a PhD degree in chemical engineering from the University of Cambridge (Pembroke).
# Early career.
Richards returned to Trinidad and worked for Shell Trinidad Ltd from 1957 to 1965 before joining the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of the | 16,171 |
750492 | George Maxwell Richards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Maxwell%20Richards | George Maxwell Richards
West Indies, eventually attaining the post of Professor of Chemical Engineering in October 1970. From August 1980 to May 1985, Richards served as Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Principal of the University. He served as Acting Principal of the St. Augustine Campus from October 1984 to May 1985, and was confirmed in the position in 1985.
Richards served as Principal through the turbulent period in 1988 when the government slashed the university's budget by 30% and instituted a cess on university students (effectively raising tuition from TT$120 to $3000 overnight).
Richards managed to keep the university afloat through this difficult period and retired as Principal in November 1996 although | 16,172 |
750492 | George Maxwell Richards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Maxwell%20Richards | George Maxwell Richards
he continued to teach as Professor Emeritus until he was elected President. Richards also served on the Boards of many Trinidad and Tobago companies including that of the state-owned oil company, Trintoc (now Petrotrin), the National Gas Company and the Trinidad Publishing Company.
# Presidency.
Although the position of President is a primarily ceremonial one, Richards had been outspoken in his criticism of the upsurge of crime in Trinidad and Tobago. He was also well known for his involvement in Carnival. He was the first President of the Republic who was not an attorney.
Richards was re-elected to a second five-year term as President by the Electoral College on 11 February 2008. He was | 16,173 |
750492 | George Maxwell Richards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Maxwell%20Richards | George Maxwell Richards
the only candidate, and the Electoral College met for only three minutes.
In May 2009, Richards faced calls to resign for bungling the appointment of the Trinidad and Tobago Integrity Commission, whose members all resigned for various reasons within a week of being sworn in on 1 May 2009, even as Richards embarked on a three-week foreign vacation. In a televised address to the nation on 29 May 2009, he said he had not brought his office into disrepute and so saw no reason to resign. He remained in office until 2013.
# Other activities.
Richards also served on the board of the Trinidad Publishing Company, TRINTOC, and the National Gas Company. He also served on the boards of several service | 16,174 |
750492 | George Maxwell Richards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Maxwell%20Richards | George Maxwell Richards
organizations such as Chairman of both the National Training Board and National Advisory Council and the Institute of Marine Affairs.
# Personal life and death.
He was married to Jean Ramjohn, an anesthesiologist and cousin of the former President Noor Hassanali. They had two children: a son, Mark, who is also a medical doctor; and a daughter, Maxine, who is a businesswoman.
Richards died at WestShore Medical Private Hospital in Port of Spain at around 7.43pm, on 8 January 2018 of heart failure at the age of 86.
# Honors.
In 1977, Richards received the Chaconia Medal of the National Order of the Trinity, Class 1 Gold (the "Chaconia Medal, Gold") for his contributions to Trinidad and Tobago.
Richards | 16,175 |
750492 | George Maxwell Richards | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George%20Maxwell%20Richards | George Maxwell Richards
y Council and the Institute of Marine Affairs.
# Personal life and death.
He was married to Jean Ramjohn, an anesthesiologist and cousin of the former President Noor Hassanali. They had two children: a son, Mark, who is also a medical doctor; and a daughter, Maxine, who is a businesswoman.
Richards died at WestShore Medical Private Hospital in Port of Spain at around 7.43pm, on 8 January 2018 of heart failure at the age of 86.
# Honors.
In 1977, Richards received the Chaconia Medal of the National Order of the Trinity, Class 1 Gold (the "Chaconia Medal, Gold") for his contributions to Trinidad and Tobago.
Richards also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2007. | 16,176 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
Fiat Punto
The Fiat Punto is a supermini car produced by the Italian manufacturer Fiat from 1993 to 2018, spanning over three generations. The third generation of the car was marketed as the Grande Punto, between 2005 and 2009, and the Punto Evo, between 2009 and 2012, when the bare Punto name was reintroduced. , nearly nine million units had been sold globally.
The first generation Punto was made 3,429 million units, the second generation 2,96 million units, and the third generation 2,67 million units.
# First generation (1993–1999).
Internally codenamed "Project 176", the Punto was announced in September 1993 as a replacement for the ageing Fiat Uno and launched in the end of 1993 or the | 16,177 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
beginning of 1994, depending on the market. The Fiat Punto was voted European Car of the Year for 1995, defeating rival Volkswagen Polo by only 78 points.
The official launch of the Punto in the United Kingdom was in October 1993, at the London Motorfair.
The Punto was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and was available as a three door or five door hatchback, a two door cabriolet and a three door panel van. As the majority of the new Fiat group models, suspension was all independent, composed of MacPherson struts at the front and trailing arms at the rear.
Entry level in the Punto range were the 1.1 and 1.2 L petrol engines and the 1.7 diesel engine. The 1.2 engine's actual capacity is 1242 | 16,178 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
cc, available in three versions. The first, was fitted in the Punto ELX 75 and produced at 6000 rpm while the second, fitted to Punto ELX 85 produced at 6000 rpm.
The third was a engine which eventually replaced the 1.1 engine.
## Sporting versions.
A Sporting model was also available with a 1.6 8v updated 128 SOHC engine, producing , later replaced in 1997 by the 1.2 16v FIRE engine used in the 85 ELX, and a power drop to .
## GT versions.
The top of the range model was the 1.4 GT, using an evolution of the turbocharged 128 SOHC engine originally found in the Fiat Uno Turbo Mk II, capable of running over and reaching in 7.9 seconds, and came fitted with a five speed manual gearbox.
During | 16,179 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
the years, the GT was made in three different "series" with power (1993–1995), (1995–1997) and (1997–1999).
## Convertible.
A cabriolet (convertible) version was also available; built by Bertone (rather than at the main Fiat factory), it featured an electric powered fully retracting roof and was one of the cheapest open top cars in the world at the time. In Europe, it was also made with a manual roof.
Available in both ELX and SX trim, initially powered by the 1.6 Mpi unit (replaced in 1995 by the 1.2-L 16v FIRE unit). Approximately 55,000 cars were built between 1994 and 1999, although the last cars were registered in 2000.
## Other versions.
Particular versions of the first generation | 16,180 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
Punto were the Punto 6Speed, a 1.1 FIRE Punto 55 with a six speed gearbox, the Punto Selecta with a CVT type automatic gearbox, and the Punto ED (Economical Drive), a 1.1 Punto whose five speed gearbox was designed for high fuel efficiency.
# Second generation (1999–2010).
The second generation Punto, codenamed "Project 188", was launched in September 1999 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The styling was all new while retaining the original Punto's distinctive shape and design, while the chassis and interior were completely overhauled, with a new torsion beam rear suspension.
The new Punto also became the first Fiat in decades to carry the original round Fiat badge, to celebrate Fiat's centenary.
At | 16,181 |
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the launch event of the hatchback, the Fiat Wish concept car was also presented, which was hardtop convertible version of the Fiat Punto, very similar in styling with the Peugeot 206 CC. The model was conceived by Pininfarina to celebrate the centenary of Fiat.
## Entry level.
The 1.1 and 1.4 engines were discontinued due to emissions issues and the entry level models had only a 1.2 petrol unit, with either 8 or 16 valves, giving and respectively, or a 1.9L diesel, with common rail injection and turbocharger or naturally aspired with mechanical injection.
## Sporting versions.
Two sporty versions were offered. The 1.2 16 valve Sporting model with a six-speed manual, and the 1.8 HGT which | 16,182 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
could reach almost . The 1.2 16V model also has a Speedgear CVT equipped variant (with a sequential manual shift mode consisting of six gears, seven for the Sporting model).
The 1.8 HGT accelerates from 0 to 60 in 8.0 seconds. It was considered a big improvement in handling over the Punto GT. The HGT was also available (in limited numbers) as an "HGT Abarth" which added deeper bumpers, rear spoiler, side skirts, new alloy wheels and interior trim. The HGT Abarth had no technical improvements over the regular HGT.
## Power steering.
The second generation Punto has also adopted the Dualdrive electric power steering and came with two operation modes, using an electric motor, rather than a hydraulic | 16,183 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
pump driven by the engine.
This resulted in reduced fuel consumption and less environmental impact. It has a fuel economy of , urban and , extra urban for the 1.9 diesel. The 1.8 petrol does , urban and , extra urban.
## Facelift.
At the beginning of 2003, Fiat celebrated the rollout of the 5,000,000th production Punto. During the same year, the second generation facelift brought further revisions to the platform, including extensive changes to the exterior styling and engines, partly due to changes in pedestrian safety regulations.
The round Fiat badge, found only on the bonnet of second generation models, was introduced on the tailgate of the second generation facelift. On 1 June 2005, | 16,184 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
Fiat produced the 6,000,000th Punto at the Melfi plant.
Engine changes included a new 1.4 L 16v engine, alongside the staple 1.2 and 1.2 L 16v variants, and the introduction of two HGT versions, the 1.9 L MultiJet diesel engine and the 1.8 L 16v petrol engine, which could reach almost continued over from the pre-facelift version. There was an introduction also of the 1.3 L common rail diesel MultiJet engine.
### Punto Classic.
Despite the launch of the slightly larger Grande Punto at the end of 2005, the second generation Punto remained in production, marketed as the Punto Classic, and has been sold in many emerging markets in addition to the newer versions. It was launched for the first | 16,185 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
time in Chile in 2007. It ended production in Italy in November 2010.
### Zastava 10.
In October 2005, Serbian automotive manufacturer Zastava reached an agreement with Fiat to assemble this version under licence in Kragujevac, Serbia, with the model name Zastava 10. After acquiring a majority stake in Zastava in the autumn of 2008, Fiat continued production of this vehicle under the Fiat Punto Classic name from March 2009.
Production was stopped in middle of 2011, and it got restarted in 2013 albeit very briefly. It has been available with the 1.2 litre petrol engine and later, also with the 1.3 litre diesel engine, the 2013 version featured a newer, more modern engine.
## Trim levels.
The | 16,186 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
Punto was initially released in four different trim leveles: "S", "SX", "ELX" and "HLX", that were later renamed to "Actual", "Active", "Dynamic" and "Emotion". Three special versions of the three door hatchback were also available: "Sporting", "HGT" and "Abarth". The 'Sporting' had a six-speed manual gearbox as standard.
The top level included such features as ABS, front and side airbags, window bags, remote central locking, front power windows, electrical power steering, air conditioning, trip computer with four functions, CD player, CD changer, alloy rims and fog lamps. Options such as navigation and burglar alarm were also offered.
After the facelift, it also received EBD, ESP with ASR | 16,187 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
and hill holder, climate control with double zone heating, MP3 player and subwoofer (HGT only), rear parking sensors and cruise control as an option. A revised instrument panel with a larger display could now show the instant consumption too.
## Engines.
Four petrol engines with multi point injection system were available, as well as one indirect injection diesel and three common rail turbocharged diesel engines with intercooler (JTD and MultiJet). The 1.8 16v and the 1.9 MultiJet engines were available only with the three door version in the HGT trim level.
# Third generation (2005–2018).
The Grande Punto, codenamed "Project 199", was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show and went on | 16,188 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
sale later on that year. Again styled by Giugiaro, the car is based on the Fiat Small platform developed in joint venture with Opel-General Motors.
## Punto Evo.
In September 2009, the Grande Punto was facelifted, with the replacement known as the Punto Evo. It received a new front end in addition to revised rear lights, and a new interior.
## Punto.
In January 2012, the Punto name was brought back when the Punto Evo was facelifted and given a similar front end to the 2005 Grande Punto. The new Punto kept the revised rear lights and interior of the 2009 Punto Evo, but not on the base 'Pop' trim level which reverted to the older Grande Punto interior.
In October 2014, "Top Gear Magazine" | 16,189 |
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placed the Punto Pop 1.2 litre 8v 69 on its list of "The worst cars you can buy right now", describing the car as "An outclassed elderly supermini that kicks out 126 g/km yet takes 14.4 secs to wheeze to 62 mph, and it costs more than £10k."
The Grande Punto in India went through a facelift changing the front face and a revised rear and giving it a more aggressive look and was named Punto Evo. This car also sports an SUV like ground clearance of 185mm for diesel and 195mm for petrol to suit Indian roads. In October 2014, Fiat India released the Avventura, which was a crossover variant of the Punto Evo.
Production of the Punto finally ended in August 2018, with no direct successor being announced.
# | 16,190 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
Punto Van.
The Punto Van is a compact van designed for the commercial market. It features a petrol 1.2 8v engine, a petrol/CNG 1.2 8v engine and a diesel 1.3 MultiJet 16v engine.
# Motorsport.
The Punto has always been popular with amateur racing drivers due to its low cost and the wide availability of spare parts. Several competition and homologated versions of the Punto have been produced, such as the Punto Rally, the S1600 and the Punto Abarth.
A new rally car based on the third generation Punto, the Super 2000 Punto Abarth, was unveiled in 2005. It is four-wheel drive and powered by a 2.0 L 16 valve engine capable of producing . Also, a turbodiesel front wheel drive rally car has been | 16,191 |
750490 | Fiat Punto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat%20Punto | Fiat Punto
It is four-wheel drive and powered by a 2.0 L 16 valve engine capable of producing . Also, a turbodiesel front wheel drive rally car has been produced, the Fiat Grande Punto R3D.
The Punto was the first diesel car to compete in the Targa Tasmania.
The Punto has won several rally championships, specifically:
- Italian Rally Championship (2003 and 2006)
- European Rally Championship (2006)
- 2006 International Rally Challenge season
A motorsport version of the car can be found in several liveries in the video games "Colin McRae Rally 04", "", "Sega Rally Revo" and "Gran Turismo 6".
# External links.
- Official Fiat Punto UK page
- Fiat Punto models, specifications and troubleshooting | 16,192 |
750480 | Lemuriformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuriformes | Lemuriformes
Lemuriformes
Lemuriformes is an infraorder of primate that falls under the suborder Strepsirrhini. It includes the lemurs of Madagascar, as well as the galagos and lorisids of Africa and Asia, although a popular alternative taxonomy places the lorisoids in their own infraorder, Lorisiformes.
Lemuriform primates are characterized by a toothcomb, a specialized set of teeth in the front, lower part of the mouth mostly used for combing fur during grooming.
# Evolutionary history.
Lemuriform origins are unclear and debated. American paleontologist Philip Gingerich proposed that lemuriform primates evolved from one of several genera of European adapids based on similarities between the front lower | 16,193 |
750480 | Lemuriformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuriformes | Lemuriformes
teeth of adapids and the toothcomb of extant lemuriforms; however, this view is not strongly supported due to a lack of clear transitional fossils. Instead, lemuriforms may be descended from a very early branch of Asian cercamoniines or sivaladapids that immigrated to northern Africa.
Until discoveries of three 40-million-year-old fossil lorisoids ("Karanisia", "Saharagalago", and "Wadilemur") in the El Fayum deposits of Egypt between 1997 and 2005, the oldest known lemuriforms had come from the early Miocene (~20 mya) of Kenya and Uganda. These newer finds demonstrate that lemuriform primates were present during the middle Eocene in Afro-Arabia and that the lemuriform lineage and all other | 16,194 |
750480 | Lemuriformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuriformes | Lemuriformes
strepsirrhine taxa had diverged before then. "Djebelemur" from Tunisia dates to the late early or early middle Eocene (52 to 46 mya) and has been considered a cercamoniine, but also may have been a stem lemuriform. Azibiids from Algeria date to roughly the same time and may be a sister group of the djebelemurids. Together with "Plesiopithecus" from the late Eocene Egypt, the three may qualify as the stem lemuriforms from Africa.
Molecular clock estimates indicate that lemurs and the lorisoids diverged in Africa during the Paleocene, approximately 62 mya. Between 47 and 54 mya, lemurs dispersed to Madagascar by rafting. In isolation, the lemurs diversified and filled the niches often filled | 16,195 |
750480 | Lemuriformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuriformes | Lemuriformes
by monkeys and apes today. In Africa, the lorises and galagos diverged during the Eocene, approximately 40 mya. Unlike the lemurs in Madagascar, they have had to compete with monkeys and apes, as well as other mammals.
# Taxonomic classification.
Most of the academic literature provides a basic framework for primate taxonomy, usually including several potential taxonomic schemes. Although most experts agree upon phylogeny, many disagree about nearly every level of primate classification.
Within Strepsirrhini, two common classifications include either two infraorders (Adapiformes and Lemuriformes) or three infraorders (Adapiformes, Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes). A less common taxonomy places | 16,196 |
750480 | Lemuriformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuriformes | Lemuriformes
the aye-aye (Daubentoniidae) in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes. In some cases, plesiadapiforms are included within the order Primates, in which case Euprimates is sometimes treated as a suborder, with Strepsirrhini becoming an infraorder, and the Lemuriformes and others become parvorders. Regardless of the infraordinal taxonomy, crown strepsirrhines are composed of 10 families, three of which are extinct. These three extinct families included the giant lemurs of Madagascar, many of which died out within the last 1,000 years following human arrival on the island.
When Strepsirrhini is divided into two infraorders, the clade containing all toothcombed primates can be called "lemuriforms". | 16,197 |
750480 | Lemuriformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuriformes | Lemuriformes
When it is divided into three infraorders, the term "lemuriforms" refers only to Madagascar's lemurs, and the toothcombed primates are referred to as either "crown strepsirrhines" or "extant strepsirrhines". Confusion of this specific terminology with the general term "strepsirrhine", along with oversimplified anatomical comparisons and vague phylogenetic inferences, can lead to misconceptions about primate phylogeny and misunderstandings about primates from the Eocene, as seen with the media coverage of "Darwinius". Because the skeletons of adapiforms share strong similarities with those of lemurs and lorises, researchers have often referred to them as "primitive" strepsirrhines, lemur ancestors, | 16,198 |
750480 | Lemuriformes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuriformes | Lemuriformes
rimitive" strepsirrhines, lemur ancestors, or a sister group to the living strepsirrhines. They are included in Strepsirrhini, and are considered basal members of the clade. Although their status as true primates is not questioned, the questionable relationship between adapiforms and other living and fossil primates leads to multiple classifications within Strepsirrhini. Often, adapiforms are placed in their own infraorder due to anatomical differences with lemuriforms and their unclear relationship. When shared traits with lemuriforms (which may or may not be synapomorphic) are emphasized, they are sometimes reduced to families within the infraorder Lemuriformes (or superfamily Lemuroidea). | 16,199 |
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