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750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo are fictional characters and a supercouple from the American daytime drama "Santa Barbara". Eden was portrayed by American actress Marcy Walker from September 28, 1984 to August 9, 1991, and Cruz was portrayed by actor A Martinez from August 13, 1984 to September 11, 1992.
# Storyline.
This couple's subsequent relationship was not apparent when their characters first appeared. As a matter of fact, Cruz and Eden did not seem to like each other very much in their early scenes from 1984. Not only were their differing ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds a strong factor in their initial dislike, but Eden and Cruz were attracted to | 16,200 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
other characters on the show. During this period, Cruz was pursuing his childhood friend, Santana Andrade, while Eden was showing interest in Lionel Lockridge.
However, Marcy Walker and A Martinez have been quoted as saying that they pushed the Eden and Cruz angle, as it was not part of the original writer's plans to pair the two. Eventually the actors won out and Santa Barbara's first supercouple was born. By mid-1985, only a year after the debut of the show, Eden and Cruz were fan favorites and a great deal of the viewers were rooting for this couple. The racial issues were touched upon very intelligently by the writers, acknowledged, yet not ridiculed.
As Cruz and Eden began dating during | 16,201 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
this period, their differing ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds, became major hurdles in their relationship. Both Eden's father, C.C. Capwell and Cruz's mother, Carmen, did not approve of the relationship for these reasons. Despite this, Cruz and Eden continued with their relationship and were soon engaged. However, as with any supercouple, more problems ensued that jeopardized the relationship. One involved the investigation into Channing's murder (Eden's older brother).
Cruz, who was a detective on the Santa Barbara Police Force at the time, re-opened the case when new evidence on other possible suspects appeared. This caused a great deal of tension in the relationship since Cruz often | 16,202 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
found himself struggling between his duty as a police officer and his loyalty to Eden. The loyalty was challenged when the murder investigation leads to Eden's mother, Sophia, as the prime suspect. However, Eden and Cruz were able to reconcile their differences and together, they worked to get Sophia (who killed Channing by accident) a lenient jail sentence.
Soon, Eden and Cruz became engaged and a wedding date was set. However, more events would postpone the wedding and damage the relationship. A fire at the Capwell Hotel stopped Cruz and Eden's first attempt at marriage in 1985. Later on in the year, Eden's father, C.C. suffered a stroke and slipped into a coma. Eden is thrust into the leadership | 16,203 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
position of the Capwell family (much to her older brother Mason's chagrin). The future wedding is postponed even further when an ambitious business man, by the name of Kirk Cranston, comes to town. He helped Eden run the family business, but had a strong romantic interest in Eden as well.
In 1986, after C.C. came out of his coma, Cruz, would also find himself in a loveless marriage to another person. He married Santana Andrade, a childhood family friend of the Castillo clan. He married Santana to help her obtain custody of her son, Brandon, and because Eden was pregnant with Kirk's child. This was a ploy perpetuated by C.C. (who was the boy's current legal custodian) to keep Cruz away from | 16,204 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
Eden. He felt that Cruz's presence was a threat to Eden's marriage to Kirk, which he endorsed. Later on in the year, Eden's marriage to Kirk falls apart. Kirk, enraged with suspicious and jealousy of Eden's lingering feelings for Cruz, made several attempts on her life. With Cruz's help, Eden gets rid of Kirk, but not before he lures her to a shark aquarium for one last attempt on her life. After, the shootout and Eden's escape from the aquarium, Kirk Cranston is presumed dead. However, he would reappear in later episodes to cause Cruz and Eden more torment.
Cruz's marriage would end when Santana became addicted to cocaine. Gina got Santana hooked by switching her allergy medication for cocaine. | 16,205 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
Gina, who originally had custody of Brandon before C.C., did this as an attempt to get the child. During this time, Santana begins an illicit affair with the current District Attorney, Keith Timmons. Santana was eventually sent away to an insane asylum and the marriage ends in divorce. After a time Cruz and Eden were briefly reunited, until their love was tested, once again, by another blast from Cruz's past, Victoria Lane. Cruz ended up fathering a child by Tori and while the couple were again separated they eventually reconciled again. Soon afterwards though, Eden was presumed dead in Utah, but she is in fact held captive by Cain and the evil, long lost Capwell daughter, Elena. Cruz mourned | 16,206 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
Eden, but eventually learned that she was still alive. Unfortunately Eden is paralyzed, but after many sorrow-filled scenes, the pair are reunited. Cruz is arrested for the murder of Elena, however, which begins more torment for the star-crossed pair. Eventually, it was discovered that Elena committed suicide, in which she was trained by Kirk. Despite teaching her how to die, Kirk was unable to do the same when faced police, and was taken into custody. Cruz was cleared, and the couple were married at the Pebble Creek Inn (Stonepine Estate in Carmel Valley, California was used to depict the Inn). In turn of the century costumes, the couple finally says "I do" in style and the wedding goes off | 16,207 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
without a hitch on April 1, 1988.
It is not happily ever after for the Castillos, though. Shortly after the wedding, a rapist is on the loose in Santa Barbara and Eden is one of his victims. The storyline was widely acclaimed, and Marcy Walker won a 1989 Daytime Emmy for her emotional performance. A Martinez was also hailed for his performances as Cruz struggled to forgive himself for not protecting his beloved Eden, while also trying to catch the rapist. It is not long after the rape that the Castillos discover that Eden is pregnant. On January 1, 1989 the couple has their first child, Adriana Castillo. This joyous event is overshadowed when the baby is stolen by the rapist, Eden's obstetrician, | 16,208 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
Zach.
After Walker returns from maternity leave (she gave birth to son Taylor), she returns to Santa Barbara where Cruz and Eden search for their missing daughter. The search leaves them to the oft-visited site of Paris, France (Eden is often said to be there when Marcy Walker is off screen) where the pair are finally reunited with their bundle of joy. This Paris location filming marks another first, as the huge popularity of the show in France has made a French publication offer to help fund the production of the show filming overseas. (These episodes will never air in France on the French channel that carries the show, as it was canceled there prior to these episodes airing, but French fans | 16,209 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
were able to pick them up on satellite channels from Germany). Eden and Cruz return to Santa Barbara briefly, and then head to Mexico in search of Cruz's father.
Finally back at home, another test lies on the horizon for our supercouple, as Robert Barr, played to perfection by Roscoe Born, has come to town and threatens to take over the Capwell family business. It turns out that Robert and Eden were once lovers and this walk down memory lane causes a huge strain on the marriage of Cruz and Eden. However, they do overcome this test as well, after many, many months of fighting and pain, at their wedding site in Pebble Creek. Finally together again, they do have some happiness for a while, if | 16,210 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
you forget that Cruz is "kidnapped" by a pasha hoping to take the powers of a talisman that Cruz is in possession of and a few other wrenches in the grand design.
It is when Marcy Walker leaves the show for primetime that the great love story of Cruz and Eden comes to an end. While the show could have chosen many ways to convey this, they chose to have Eden suffer from multiple personality disorder, and to leave town, only to return as an alter-ego and leave again. Her character of Eden is last seen falling from a cliff, although her alter-egos are seen after that. Again, A Martinez shines as Cruz grieves for his love once again. Eventually the story is given closure as divorce papers are received | 16,211 |
750503 | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eden%20Capwell%20and%20Cruz%20Castillo | Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo
sman that Cruz is in possession of and a few other wrenches in the grand design.
It is when Marcy Walker leaves the show for primetime that the great love story of Cruz and Eden comes to an end. While the show could have chosen many ways to convey this, they chose to have Eden suffer from multiple personality disorder, and to leave town, only to return as an alter-ego and leave again. Her character of Eden is last seen falling from a cliff, although her alter-egos are seen after that. Again, A Martinez shines as Cruz grieves for his love once again. Eventually the story is given closure as divorce papers are received by Cruz and Cruz himself leaves town.
# See also.
- List of supercouples | 16,212 |
750521 | Composing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composing | Composing
Composing
Composing may refer to:
- Composition (language), in literature and rhetoric, producing a work in spoken tradition and written discourse, to include visuals and digital space
- Visual rhetoric and composition, visual literacy as ones' ability to read an image and communicate using images
- eRhetoric, online communication, composing which understands the relationship between medium and rhetorical situation
- Writing process, producing a written work
- Dance composition, the practice and teaching of choreography and the navigation or connection of choreographic structures
- Musical composition, the process of creating a new piece of music
- Composition (visual arts), the plan, | 16,213 |
750521 | Composing | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composing | Composing
, in literature and rhetoric, producing a work in spoken tradition and written discourse, to include visuals and digital space
- Visual rhetoric and composition, visual literacy as ones' ability to read an image and communicate using images
- eRhetoric, online communication, composing which understands the relationship between medium and rhetorical situation
- Writing process, producing a written work
- Dance composition, the practice and teaching of choreography and the navigation or connection of choreographic structures
- Musical composition, the process of creating a new piece of music
- Composition (visual arts), the plan, placement or arrangement of the elements of art in a work | 16,214 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
Treaty of Devol
The Treaty of Devol () was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade. It is named after the Byzantine fortress of Devol (in modern Albania). Although the treaty was not immediately enforced, it was intended to make the Principality of Antioch a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire.
At the beginning of the First Crusade, Crusader armies assembled at Constantinople and promised to return to the Byzantine Empire any land they might conquer. However, Bohemond, the son of Alexios' former enemy Robert Guiscard, claimed the Principality of Antioch for himself. Alexios did not recognize the legitimacy | 16,215 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
of the Principality, and Bohemond went to Europe looking for reinforcements. He launched into open warfare against Alexios, laying siege to Dyrrhachium, but he was soon forced to surrender and negotiate with Alexios at the imperial camp at Diabolis (Devol), where the Treaty was signed.
Under the terms of the Treaty, Bohemond agreed to become a vassal of the Emperor and to defend the Empire whenever needed. He also accepted the appointment of a Greek Patriarch. In return, he was given the titles of "sebastos" and "doux" (duke) of Antioch, and he was guaranteed the right to pass on to his heirs the County of Edessa. Following this, Bohemond retreated to Apulia and died there. His nephew, Tancred, | 16,216 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
who was regent in Antioch, refused to accept the terms of the Treaty. Antioch came temporarily under Byzantine sway in 1137, but it was not until 1158 that it truly became a Byzantine vassal.
The Treaty of Devol is viewed as a typical example of the Byzantine tendency to settle disputes through diplomacy rather than warfare, and was both a result of and a cause for the distrust between the Byzantines and their Western European neighbors.
# Background.
In 1097, the Crusader armies assembled at Constantinople having traveled in groups eastward through Europe. Alexios I, who had requested only some western knights to serve as mercenaries to help fight the Seljuk Turks, blockaded these armies | 16,217 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
in the city and would not permit them to leave until their leaders swore oaths promising to restore to the Empire any land formerly belonging to it that they might conquer on the way to Jerusalem. The Crusaders eventually swore these oaths, individually rather than as a group. In return, Alexios gave them guides and a military escort. The Crusaders were however exasperated by Byzantine tactics, such as negotiating the surrender of Nicaea from the Seljuks while it was still under siege by the Crusaders, who hoped to plunder it to help finance their journey. The Crusaders, feeling betrayed by Alexios, who was able to recover a number of important cities and islands, and in fact much of western | 16,218 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
Asia Minor, continued on their way without Byzantine aid. In 1098, when Antioch had been captured after a long siege and the Crusaders were in turn themselves besieged in the city, Alexios marched out to meet them, but, hearing from Stephen of Blois that the situation was hopeless, he returned to Constantinople. The Crusaders, who had unexpectedly withstood the siege, believed Alexios had abandoned them and considered the Byzantines completely untrustworthy. Therefore, they regarded their oaths as invalidated.
By 1100, there were several Crusader states, including the Principality of Antioch, founded by Bohemond in 1098. It was argued that Antioch should be returned to the Byzantines, despite | 16,219 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
Alexios's supposed betrayals, but Bohemond claimed it for himself. Alexios, of course, disagreed; Antioch had an important port, was a trade hub with Asia and a stronghold of the Eastern Orthodox Church, with an important Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. It had only been captured from the empire a few decades previously, unlike Jerusalem, which was much farther away and had not been in Byzantine hands for centuries. Alexios therefore did not recognize the legitimacy of the Principality, believing it should be returned to the Empire according to the oaths Bohemond had sworn in 1097. He therefore set about trying to evict Bohemond from Antioch.
Bohemond added a further insult to both Alexios | 16,220 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
and the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1100 when he appointed Bernard of Valence as the Latin Patriarch, and the same time expelled the Greek Patriarch, John the Oxite, who fled to Constantinople. Soon after, Bohemond was captured by the Danishmends of Syria and was imprisoned for three years, during which the Antiochenes chose his nephew Tancred as regent. After Bohemond was released, he was defeated by the Seljuks at the Battle of Harran in 1104; this defeat led to renewed pressure on Antioch from both the Seljuks and the Byzantines. Bohemond left Tancred in control of Antioch and returned in the West, touring Italy and France for reinforcements. He won the backing of Pope Paschal II and the support | 16,221 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
of the French King Philip I, whose daughter he married. It is unclear whether his expedition qualified as a crusade.
Bohemond's Norman relatives in Sicily had been in conflict with the Byzantine Empire for over 30 years; his father Robert Guiscard was one of the Empire's most formidable enemies. While Bohemond was away, Alexios sent an army to reoccupy Antioch and the cities of Cilicia. In 1107, having organized a new army for his planned crusade against the Muslims in Syria, Bohemond instead launched into open warfare against Alexios, crossing the Adriatic to lay siege to Dyrrhachium, the westernmost city of the Empire. Like his father however, Bohemond was unable to make any significant advances | 16,222 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
into the Empire's interior; Alexios avoided a pitched battle and Bohemond's siege failed, partly due to a plague among his army. Bohemond soon found himself in an impossible position, isolated in front of Dyrrhachium: his escape by sea was cut off by the Venetians, and Paschal II withdrew his support.
# Settlements.
In September 1108, Alexios requested that Bohemond negotiate with him at the imperial camp at Diabolis (Devol). Bohemond had no choice but to accept, now that his disease-stricken army would no longer be able to defeat Alexios in battle. He admitted that he had violated the oath sworn in 1097, but refused to acknowledge that it had any bearing on the present circumstances, as Alexios, | 16,223 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
in Bohemond's eyes, had also violated the agreement by turning back from the siege of Antioch in 1098. Alexios agreed to consider the oaths of 1097 invalid. The specific terms of the treaty were negotiated by the general Nikephoros Bryennios, and were recorded by Anna Komnene:
- Bohemond agreed to become a vassal of the emperor, and also of Alexios' son and heir John;
- He agreed to help defend the empire, wherever and whenever he was required to do so, and agreed to an annual payment of 200 talents in return for this service;
- He was given the title of "sebastos", as well as "doux" (duke) of Antioch;
- He was granted as imperial fiefs Antioch and Aleppo (the latter of which neither the | 16,224 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
Crusaders nor the Byzantines controlled, but it was understood that Bohemond should try to conquer it);
- He agreed to return Laodicea and other Cilician territories to Alexios;
- He agreed to let Alexios appoint a Greek patriarch "among the disciples of the great church of Constantinople" (The restoration of the Greek Patriarch marked the acceptance of submission to the empire, but posed canonical questions, which were difficult to resolve).
The terms were negotiated according to Bohemond's western understanding, so that he saw himself as a feudal vassal of Alexios, a "liege man" ("homo ligius" or ) with all the obligations this implied, as customary in the West: he was obliged to bring | 16,225 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
military assistance to the Emperor, except in wars in which he was involved, and to serve him against all his enemies, in Europe and in Asia.
Anna Komnene described the proceedings with very repetitive details, with Bohemond frequently pointing out his own mistakes and praising the benevolence of Alexios and the Empire; the proceedings must have been rather humiliating for Bohemond. On the other hand, Anna's work was meant to praise her father and the terms of the treaty may not be entirely accurate.
The oral agreement was written down in two copies, one given to Alexios, and the other given to Bohemond. According to Anna, the witnesses from Bohemond's camp who signed his copy of the treaty | 16,226 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
were Maurus, bishop of Amalfi and papal legate, Renard, bishop of Tarentum, and the minor clergy accompanying them; the abbot of the monastery of St. Andrew in Brindisi, along with two of his monks; and a number of unnamed "pilgrims" (probably soldiers in Bohemond's army). From Alexios' imperial court, the treaty was witnessed by the "sebastos" Marinos of Naples, Roger son of Dagobert, Peter Aliphas, William of Gand, Richard of the Principate, Geoffrey of Mailli, Hubert son of Raoul, Paul the Roman, envoys from the Queen's relation (from the family of the former cral/king of Bulgaria), the ambassadors Peres and Simon from Hungary, and the ambassadors Basil the Eunuch and Constantine. Many of | 16,227 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
Alexios' witnesses were themselves Westerners, who held high positions in the Byzantine army and at the imperial court; Basil and Constantine were ambassadors in the service of Bohemond's relatives in Sicily.
Neither copy survives. It may have been written in Latin, Greek, or both. Both languages are equally likely given the number of westerners present, many of whom would have known Latin. It is not clear how far Bohemond's concessions were known across Latin Europe
as only a few chroniclers mention the treaty at all; Fulcher of Chartres simply says
that Bohemond and Alexios were reconciled.
# Analysis.
The Treaty was weighted in Alexios' favor and provided for the eventual absorption | 16,228 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
of Antioch and its territory into the Empire. Alexios, recognizing the impossibility of driving Bohemond out of Antioch, tried to absorb him into the structure of Byzantine rule, and put him work for the Empire's benefit. Bohemond was to retain Antioch until his death with the title of "doux", unless the emperor (either Alexios or, in the future, John) chose for any reason to renege on the deal. The principality would revert to direct Byzantine rule on Bohemond's death. Bohemond therefore could not set up a dynasty in Antioch, although he was guaranteed the right to pass on to his heirs the County of Edessa, and any other territories he managed to acquire in the Syrian interior.
Bohemond's | 16,229 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
lands were to include St Simeon and the coast, the towns of Baghras and Artah, and the Latin possessions in the Jebel as-Summaq. Latakia and Cilicia, however, were to revert to direct Byzantine rule. As Thomas Asbridge points out, much of what the Emperor granted to Bohemond (including Aleppo itself) was still in Muslim hands (e.g. neither Bohemond nor Alexios controlled Edessa, although at the time Tancred was regent there as well as in Antioch), which contradicts Lilie's assessment that Bohemond did well out of the Treaty. René Grousset calls the Treaty a ""Diktat"", but Jean Richard underscores that the rules of feudal law to which Bohemond had to submit "were in no way humiliating." According | 16,230 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
to John W. Birkenmeier, the Treaty marked the point at which Alexios had developed a new army, and new tactical doctrines with which to use it, but it was not a Byzantine political success; "it traded Bohemond's freedom for a titular overlordship of Southern Italy that could never be effective, and for an occupation of Antioch that could never be carried out."
The terms of the Treaty have been interpreted in various ways. According to Paul Magdalino and Ralph-Johannes Lilie, "the Treaty as reproduced by Anna Komnene shows an astonishing familiarity with western feudal custom; whether it was drafted by a Greek or by a Latin in imperial service, it had a sensitive regard for the western view | 16,231 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
of the "status quo" in the East Mediterranean." So too did the diplomatic initiatives Alexios undertook, in order to enforce the Treaty on Tancred (such as the treaty he concluded with Pisa in 1110–1111, and the negotiations for Church union with Pascal II in 1112). In contrast, Asbridge has recently argued that the Treaty derived from Greek as well as western precedents, and that Alexios wished to regard Antioch as falling under the umbrella of "pronoia" arrangements.
# Aftermath.
Bohemond never returned to Antioch (he went to Sicily where he died in 1111), and the carefully constructed clauses of the Treaty were never implemented. Bohemond's nephew, Tancred, refused to honor the Treaty. | 16,232 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
In his mind, Antioch was his by right of conquest. He saw no reason to hand it over to someone who had not been involved in the Crusade, and had indeed actively worked against it (as the Crusaders believed). The Crusaders seem to have felt Alexios had tricked Bohemond into giving him Antioch; they already believed Alexios was devious and untrustworthy and this may have confirmed their beliefs. The treaty referred to Tancred as the illegal holder of Antioch, and Alexios had expected Bohemond to expel him or somehow control him. Tancred also did not allow a Greek Patriarch to enter the city; instead, Greek Patriarchs were appointed in Constantinople and nominally held power there.
The question | 16,233 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
of the status of Antioch and the adjacent Cilician cities troubled the Empire for many years afterwards. Although the Treaty of Devol never came into effect, it provided the legal basis for Byzantine negotiations with the crusaders for the next thirty years, and for imperial claims to Antioch during the reigns of John II and Manuel I. Therefore, John II attempted to impose his authority, traveling to Antioch himself in 1137 with his army and besieging the city. The citizens of Antioch tried to negotiate, but John demanded the unconditional surrender of the city. After asking the permission of the King of Jerusalem, Fulk, which he received, Raymond, the Prince of Antioch, agreed to surrender | 16,234 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
the city to John. The agreement, by which Raymond swore homage to John, was explicitly based on the Treaty of Devol, but went beyond it: Raymond, who was recognized as an imperial vassal for Antioch, promised the Emperor free entry to Antioch, and undertook to hand over the city in return for investiture with Aleppo, Shaizar, Homs and Hama as soon as these were conquered from the Muslims. Then, Raymond would rule the new conquests and Antioch would revert to direct imperial rule. The campaign finally failed, however, partly because Raymond and Joscelin II, Count of Edessa, who had been obliged to join John as his vassals, did not pull their weight. When, on their return to Antioch, John insisted | 16,235 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
on taking possession of the city, the two princes organized a riot. John found himself besieged in the city, and was forced to leave in 1138, recalled to Constantinople. He diplomatically accepted Raymond's and Joscelin's insistence that they had nothing to do with the rebellion. John repeated his operation in 1142, but he unexpectedly died, and the Byzantine army retired.
It was not until 1158, during the reign of Manuel I, that Antioch truly became a vassal of the empire, after Manuel forced Prince Raynald of Châtillon to swear fealty to him in punishment for Raynald's attack on Byzantine Cyprus. The Greek Patriarch was restored, and ruled simultaneously with the Latin Patriarch. Antioch, | 16,236 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
weakened by powerless regents after Raynald's capture by the Muslims in 1160, remained a Byzantine vassal state until 1182 when internal divisions following Manuel's death in 1180 hindered the Empire's ability to enforce its claim.
In the Balkan frontier, the Treaty of Devol marked the end of the Norman threat to the southern Adriatic littoral during Alexios' reign and later; the efficacy of the frontier defenses deterred any further invasions through Dyrrachium for most of the 12th century.
# Sources.
## Primary sources.
- William of Tyre, "Historia Rerum In Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum" ("A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea"), translated by E. A. Babock and A. C. Krey (Columbia University | 16,237 |
750464 | Treaty of Devol | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty%20of%20Devol | Treaty of Devol
Sources.
## Primary sources.
- William of Tyre, "Historia Rerum In Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum" ("A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea"), translated by E. A. Babock and A. C. Krey (Columbia University Press, 1943). See the original text in the Latin library.
/div
# Further reading.
- Thomas S. Asbridge, "The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130". The Boydell Press, 2000.
- Jonathan Harris, "Byzantium and the Crusades". Hambledon and London, 2003.
- Ralph-Johannes Lilie, "Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204". Trans. J.C. Morris and J.C. Ridings. Clarendon Press, 1993.
- Kenneth M. Setton, ed., "A History of the Crusades", Vols. II and V. Madison, 1969–1989. | 16,238 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, also known as the DHR or the Toy Train, is a gauge railway that runs between New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling in the Indian state of West Bengal. Built between 1879 and 1881, it is about long. It climbs from about above sea level at New Jalpaiguri to about at Darjeeling, using six zig zags and five loops to gain altitude. Six diesel locomotives handle most of the scheduled service, with daily tourist trains from Darjeeling to Ghum — India's highest railway station — and the steam-hauled "Red Panda" service from Darjeeling to Kurseong. Steam-enthusiast specials are hauled by vintage British-built B-Class steam locomotives. The railway's | 16,239 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
headquarters are at Kurseong.
On 2 December 1999, UNESCO declared the DHR a World Heritage Site. Two more railway lines were later added, and the site became known as one of the mountain railways of India.
# History.
Siliguri, at the base of the Himalayas, was connected with Calcutta (now Kolkata) by a metre gauge railway in 1878. Between Siliguri and Darjeeling, Tonga services ran on a cart road - the present-day Hill Cart Road. Franklin Prestage, an agent of the Eastern Bengal Railway, approached the government with a proposal to lay a steam tramway from Siliguri to Darjeeling. Ashley Eden, lieutenant governor of Bengal, formed a committee to assess the project's feasibility. The proposal | 16,240 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
was accepted in 1879 after a positive report by the committee, and construction began that year.
Gillanders, Arbuthnot and Company was hired to construct the line, and by March 1880 track was laid as far as Tindharia, and Lord Lytton, the first viceroy to visit Darjeeling, rode to Tindharia on the train. The stretch from Siliguri to Kurseong opened on 23 August 1880, and from Siliguri to Darjeeling on 4 July 1881. The company's name was changed to Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Company.
Although the railway originally followed Hill Cart Road, the steepness of the road was more than the locomotives could handle in some areas. In 1882, four loops and four zig-zags were built between Sukna and | 16,241 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
Gayabari to ease the gradient. The line was extended by a quarter-mile to Darjeeling Bazar in 1886. The Darjeeling station was renovated in 1891 and Kurseong got a new station building and storage shed in 1896, but the railway was impacted by an 1897 earthquake and a major cyclone in 1899.
In 1910, the DHR carried 174,000 passengers and 47,000 tons of goods. The first bogie carriages entered service, replacing basic four-wheel carriages. DHR extension lines were built to Kishanganj in 1914 and Gielkhola in 1915. At Tindharia, the railway works were relocated from behind the locomotive shed to a larger site.
The Batasia Loop was constructed in 1919, creating easier gradients on the ascent from | 16,242 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
Darjeeling. The DHR began facing competition from buses operating on the Hill Cart Road which took less time than the railway to reach Darjeeling. In 1934, a major earthquake in Bihar shook all of Northeast India. Many buildings in Darjeeling were heavily damaged and the railway was also affected, although it soon recovered and played a vital role in transporting repair materials. During World War II, the DHR transported military personnel and supplies to the camps around Ghum and Darjeeling.
In 1951, the railway was purchased by the Indian government and was absorbed into the government railway organisation before it was managed by the Assam Railway. Assam Railway (including the DHR) became | 16,243 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
part of the North Eastern Railway zone in 1952, and part of Indian Railways' Northeast Frontier Railway zone six years later. In 1962, the railway was realigned at Siliguri and extended by nearly 4 miles (6 km) to New Jalpaiguri (NJP) to meet the new broad-gauge line there. The extension began freight service that year, and passenger service in 1964. The locomotive shed and carriage depot at Siliguri Junction were moved to NJP.
The railway was closed for 18 months during the Gorkhaland hostilities in 1988 and 1989. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999.
# Operators.
The DHR and its assets, including the stations, line and vehicles, is owned by the government of India and | 16,244 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
entrusted to the Ministry of Railways. The Northeast Frontier Railway documented the railway in a comprehensive register, and handles its day-to-day maintenance and management. Several programs, divisions and departments of Indian Railways are responsible for operating, maintaining and repairing the DHR. It is protected by the 1989 Railway Act and the stipulations governing public property.
# Rolling stock.
## Present.
### Steam.
All the steam locomotives currently in use on the railway are B-Class, built by Sharp, Stewart and Company and later the North British Locomotive Company between 1889 and 1925. A total of 34 were built, but by 2005 only 12 were still in use or being repaired by | 16,245 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
the railway.
In 2002, No. 787 was rebuilt for oil firing on the same principle as that used on Nilgiri Mountain Railway No. 37395. A diesel-powered generator was fitted to operate the oil burner and an electrically-driven feed pump, and a diesel-powered compressor was fitted to power the braking system. The locomotive was also fitted with a feedwater heater. The rebuild dramatically changed its appearance. Trials of the refitted locomotive were disappointing, and it never entered regular service; in early 2011, it was in the Tindharia Works awaiting re-conversion to coal-firing. In early 2019 B787 was restored cosmetically and is now displayed on a plinth outside Siliguri Junction station.
In | 16,246 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
March 2001, No. 794 was transferred to the Matheran Hill Railway for a "joy train" (a steam-hauled tourist train) on that railway. It entered service there in May 2002.
### Diesel.
Six diesel locomotives are in use: Nos. 600–605 of the NDM6 class.
## Past.
The DHR purchased the third Garratt locomotive built, a D Class 0-4-0+0-4-0, in 1910. Only one DHR steam locomotive has been taken out of India: No. 778 (originally No. 19). After many years out of use at the Hesston Steam Museum, it was sold to an enthusiast in the UK and restored to working order. Now on a private railway (the Beeches Light Railway in Oxfordshire), it has run on the Ffestiniog Railway, the Launceston Steam Railway and | 16,247 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
the Leighton Buzzard Light Railway.
# Route.
The line follows Hill Cart Road, which is part of National Highway 110. The track is on the roadside for long stretches, and both track and road might be blocked by a rockslide. Since a length of the road is flanked with buildings, the railway line often resembles urban tramway tracks. To warn pedestrians and drivers of an approaching train, engines are equipped with very loud horns which train drivers sound almost constantly.
A major difficulty faced by the DHR was the steepness of the terrain. Loops and zig-zags were incorporated along the route to achieve a comfortable gradient. When the train moves forward, reverses and then moves forward again | 16,248 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
(climbing a slope while doing so), it gains altitude along the side of the hill.
## Stations.
- New Jalpaiguri (NJP): New Jalpaiguri was the terminus of the 1964 southern extension to meet the new broad gauge line to Assam.
- Siliguri Town: The line's original southern terminus
- Siliguri Junction: Siliguri Junction became a major station when a new line was built to Assam during the early 1950s. From NJP to Siliguri Junction, the broad-gauge line runs parallel to the DHR.
- Sukna: This station begins a change in the landscape, from flat plains to the wooded lower slopes of the mountains. The gradient of the railway changes dramatically. Loop 1, in the woods above Sukna, was removed after | 16,249 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
flood damage in 1991 and the site is obscured by the forest.
- Rangtong: A short distance above Rangtong is a water tank, better positioned than at the station in terms of water supply and distance from other water tanks. Loop 2 was removed in 1942 after flood damage. A new reverse, No. 1, was added for the longest reverse run. Loop No. 3, at Chunbatti, is now the lowest loop. Reverses No. 2 and 3 are between Chunbatti and Tindharia.
- Tindharia: Workshops are below the station. An office for engineers and a large locomotive shed are on a separate site. Above the station are three sidings, used to inspect the carriage while the locomotive is changed before the train continues towards Darjeeling.
- | 16,250 |
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Loop 4: Known as Agony Point, the loop has the line's tightest curve.
- Reverse No. 6: The last reverse on the climb
- Mahanadi
- Kurseong: Although a shed and several sidings are adjacent to the main line, the station proper is a dead end. Darjeeling-bound trains must back out of the station (across a busy road junction) to continue the climb. The station houses a one-room DHR museum with several exhibits, artifacts and vintage photos. At the centre of the room, a wooden showcase contains several old newspaper articles about the railway. After the station, the railway passes a busy shopping area.
- Tung
- Sonada
- Rongbull
- Jorebungalow: A storage point for tea bound for Kolkata, it | 16,251 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
connects Darjeeling to the rest of India.
- Ghum: Ghum, the line's summit, is India's highest station. The station building includes a first-floor museum, with larger exhibits in the old goods yard.
- Batasia Loop: The loop is from Darjeeling, below Ghum. There is a memorial to the Gorkha soldiers of the Indian Army who sacrificed their lives after Indian independence in 1947. The loop has a panoramic view of Darjeeling, with Kangchenjunga and other snow-capped mountains in the background.
- Darjeeling: The terminus of the line
# In popular culture.
The Earl of Ronaldshay described a journey on the railway in the early 1920s:
Siliguri is palpably a place of meeting ... The discovery that | 16,252 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
here the metre gauge system ends and the two foot gauge of the Darjeeling-Himalayan railway begins, confirms what all these things hint at ... One steps into a railway carriage which might easily be mistaken for a toy, and the whimsical idea seizes hold of one that one has accidentally stumbled into Lilliput. With a noisy fuss out of all proportion to its size the engine gives a jerk — and starts ... No special mechanical device such as a rack is employed — unless, indeed, one can so describe the squat and stolid hill-man who sits perched over the forward buffers of the engine and scatters sand on the rails when the wheels of the engine lose their grip of the metals and race, with the noise | 16,253 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
of a giant spring running down when the control has been removed. Sometimes we cross our own track after completing the circuit of a cone, at others we zigzag backwards and forwards; but always we climb at a steady gradient — so steady that if one embarks in a trolley at Ghum, the highest point on the line, the initial push supplies all the energy necessary to carry one to the bottom.
The trip to Darjeeling by rail has changed little since that time, and continues to delight travelers and rail enthusiasts. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society is a preservation and support group. Like tea and the Ghurka culture, the DHR has become an essential feature of the landscape and an enduring part | 16,254 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
of Darjeeling's identity.
## Film.
Several films have depicted the railway. Protagonist Rajesh Khanna sings "Mere Sapno Ki Rani" to heroine Sharmila Tagore, who is on the train, in the 1969 film "Aradhana". Other films which include the railway are "Barfi!", "Parineeta" and "Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman".
## Television.
The BBC made a series of three documentaries on the mountain railways of India, which was first broadcast in February 2010. The first episode covers the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the second the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and the third the Kalka–Shimla Railway. The documentaries, directed by Tarun Bhartiya, Hugo Smith and Nick Mattingly, were produced by Gerry Troyna. The documentary | 16,255 |
750443 | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling%20Himalayan%20Railway | Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
on Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was directed by Tarun Bhartiya. The series won the UK Royal Television Society Award in June 2010.
# See also.
- Darjeeling Mail
- Chowrasta Darjeeling
# Further reading.
- (Facsimile reprint. Originally published: Kurseong: Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, 1921.)
- (Facsimile reprint of the 1st edition, originally published in 1896 by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Company, Darjeeling, India.)
•Darjeeling's Wonderful Railway - A Visitors Guide: Published by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society
# External links.
- Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society site
- List of all trains at Darjeeling Railway Station
- More pictures of Darjeeling and the railroad | 16,256 |
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ociety Award in June 2010.
# See also.
- Darjeeling Mail
- Chowrasta Darjeeling
# Further reading.
- (Facsimile reprint. Originally published: Kurseong: Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, 1921.)
- (Facsimile reprint of the 1st edition, originally published in 1896 by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Company, Darjeeling, India.)
•Darjeeling's Wonderful Railway - A Visitors Guide: Published by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society
# External links.
- Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society site
- List of all trains at Darjeeling Railway Station
- More pictures of Darjeeling and the railroad at the University of Houston Digital Library
- Darjeeling Himalayan Railway BBC video documentary | 16,257 |
750499 | Battle of Harran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Harran | Battle of Harran
Battle of Harran
The Battle of Harran took place on May 7, 1104 between the Crusader states of the Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa, and the Seljuk Turks. It was the first major battle against the newfound Crusader states in the aftermath of the First Crusade, marking a key turning point against Frankish expansion. The battle had a disastrous effect on the Principality of Antioch as the Turks regained territory earlier lost.
# Background.
In 1104 Baldwin II of Edessa had attacked and besieged the city of Harran. For his further support Baldwin sought help from Bohemond I of Antioch and Tancred, Prince of Galilee. Bohemond and Tancred marched north from Antioch to Edessa to | 16,258 |
750499 | Battle of Harran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Harran | Battle of Harran
join with Baldwin and Joscelin of Courtenay, accompanied by Bernard of Valence the Patriarch of Antioch, Daimbert of Pisa the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Benedict, the Archbishop of Edessa.
The Seljuks, under Jikirmish, governor of Mosul, and Sokman, the Artuqid lord of Mardin, gathered in the area of the Khabur, perhaps at Ra's al-'ain (Hellenistic Rhesaina). In May 1104 they attacked Edessa, perhaps to distract the crusaders from Harran, perhaps to take the city while the crusaders were elsewhere engaged.
# The battle.
According to Ibn al-Qalanisi, Tancred and Bohemund arrived at Edessa during the siege, but according to "Chronicle of 1234" they arrived first at the gates of Harran. In | 16,259 |
750499 | Battle of Harran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Harran | Battle of Harran
any case, the Seljuks rode away from the crusaders, feigning a retreat and the crusaders followed.
The Seljuks feigned retreat in the preliminary skirmishes while the Crusaders continued their pursuit south. The contemporary chronicler Matthew of Edessa reports a pursuit of two days while Ralph of Caen reports three days. According to Ibn al-Athir, the main battle was fought twelve kilometres from Harran.
Most historians accept the accounts of Albert of Aachen and Fulcher of Chartres, who located the battle on the plain ("planitie") opposite the city of Raqqa, Raqqa being about two days away from Harran.
Baldwin and Joscelin commanded the Edessan left wing while Bohemond and Tancred commanded | 16,260 |
750499 | Battle of Harran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Harran | Battle of Harran
the Antiochene right. Ralph of Caen says that the crusaders were caught unawares when the Seljuks turned to fight, so much so that Baldwin and Bohemond fought without armor.
During the battle itself, Baldwin's troops were completely routed, with Baldwin and Joscelin captured by the Turks. The Antiochene troops along with Bohemond were able to escape to Edessa. However, Jikirmish had only taken a small amount of booty, so he purloined Baldwin from Sokman's camp. Although a ransom was paid, Joscelin and Baldwin were not released until sometime before 1108, and 1109 respectively.
# Significance.
The battle was one of the first decisive Crusader defeats with severe consequences to the Principality | 16,261 |
750499 | Battle of Harran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Harran | Battle of Harran
of Antioch. The Byzantine Empire took advantage of the defeat to impose their claims on Antioch, and recaptured Latakia and parts of Cilicia. Many of the towns ruled by Antioch revolted and were re-occupied by Muslim forces from Aleppo. Armenian territories also revolted in favour of the Byzantines or Armenia. Furthermore, these events caused Bohemund to return to Italy to recruit more troops, leaving Tancred as regent of Antioch.
William of Tyre wrote that there was no battle more disastrous than this. Although Antioch recovered by the next year, the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus imposed the Treaty of Devol on Bohemond, which would have made Antioch a vassal of the empire had Tancred | 16,262 |
750499 | Battle of Harran | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Harran | Battle of Harran
agreed to it. Antioch was again crushed at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis in 1119; Edessa never really recovered and survived until 1144 but only because of divisions among the Muslims.
# Sources.
- Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, 2005. "The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: A History of the Normans on the First Crusade". The first English translation.
- Beaumont, André Alden. "Albert von Aachen and the County of Edessa", in Louis J. Paetow, ed. "The Crusades and Other Historical Essays. Presented to Dana C. Munro by His Former Students". New York, 1928, pp. 101–138, esp. 124-127.
- Fulcher of Chartres, "A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127", trans. Frances Rita Ryan. | 16,263 |
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University of Tennessee Press, 1969.
- Heidemann, Stefan. "Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien: Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Harran von der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken". Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts 40, Leiden, 2002, p. 192-197.
- Jörgensen, Christer (2007), "Harran, 1104." In "Battles of the Crusades 1097-1444." Edited by Kelly Devries. London: Amber.
- "Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa". Trans. Ara Edmond Dostourian. National Association for Armenian Studies and Research, 1993.
- Nicholson, Robert Lawrence. "Tancred: A | 16,264 |
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n: Studies and Texts 40, Leiden, 2002, p. 192-197.
- Jörgensen, Christer (2007), "Harran, 1104." In "Battles of the Crusades 1097-1444." Edited by Kelly Devries. London: Amber.
- "Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa". Trans. Ara Edmond Dostourian. National Association for Armenian Studies and Research, 1993.
- Nicholson, Robert Lawrence. "Tancred: A Study of His Career and Work in Their Relation to the First Crusade and the Establishment of the Latin States in Syria and Palestine". Chicago, 1940, pp. 138–147.
- William of Tyre, "A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea", trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943. | 16,265 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
Richard Stilgoe
Sir Richard Henry Simpson Stilgoe (born 28 March 1943) is a British songwriter, lyricist and musician, and broadcaster who is best known for his humorous songs and frequent television appearances. His output includes collaborations with Andrew Lloyd Webber and Peter Skellern. He is also a keen puzzler who has hosted several quiz shows and authored several books on the subject.
Stilgoe is also notable for his charitable work and fundraising. In the 1980s he founded the Alchemy Foundation which is funded from his royalties from the American productions of "Starlight Express" and "The Phantom of the Opera". He is patron of the Surrey Care Trust in Woking. In the late 1990s he founded | 16,266 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
the Orpheus Centre which offers performing arts experiences to young people with disabilities. In 2012, Stilgoe was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours for his extensive charitable work.
# Early life.
Stilgoe was born in Camberley, Surrey, on 28 March 1943. He was brought up in Liverpool, where, as lead singer of a group called 'Tony Snow and the Blizzards', he performed at the Cavern Club. He was educated at Monkton Combe School in Somerset and at Clare College, Cambridge, where he was a member of the Cambridge University Footlights.
# Career.
In 1966 Stilgoe played Benjamin in the West End musical, "Jorrocks". He made his name on the BBC television teatime programme, "Nationwide", | 16,267 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
followed by Esther Rantzen's "That's Life!", a light-hearted consumer affairs programme for which he wrote comic songs satirising minor domestic misfortunes, often to the tune of "Oh! Mr Porter". One song was a satire on 'officials' who have, in the name of the song, "Statutory Right of Entry to your Home"; with Stilgoe playing and singing, in barber-shop style, all parts himself using trick photography. His ability to write a song from almost any source material and at speed is part of his cabaret act, which includes singing the instructions from a Swedish payphone; a pastiche of the King's Singers listing the kings and queens of England in which he sings all four parts; and composing a song | 16,268 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
in the interval from words and musical notes called out by the audience. He has also written and presented BBC radio programmes, including "Hamburger Weekend", "Used Notes", "Stilgoe's Around", "Maestro" and "Richard Stilgoe's Traffic Jam Show" on BBC Radio 4.
In 1979 the BBC aired "Decision '79 Breakfast Special" as part of its coverage of the parliamentary elections that brought Margaret Thatcher to power; the show featured Stilgoe singing the election results. In 1981, Southern Television commissioned him to write a satirical song about the company that outbid them for southern England's ITV franchise, Television South; the result was "Portakabin TV," a reference to the portable buildings | 16,269 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
TVS was forced to use as studios and offices until its own purpose-built complex in Maidstone, Kent could be completed, and also until Southern's contract had expired. The song was aired as part of Southern's final broadcast on 31 December 1981, a retrospective programme titled "And It's Goodbye From Us."
In 1980 he wrote two Christmas songs, "Christmas Bells" and "Imitation Myrrh", which he sang with Broom Leys Junior School choir, from Coalville, Leicestershire. The songs were sold as a record at Christmas throughout Leicestershire to raise money for the Leicestershire Arts and Music Association. These two, with other Christmas pieces of his composition, also appeared in "The Truth about | 16,270 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
Christmas – or Gold, Frankenstein and Merv" – a one-off television programme in 1984, performed by Stilgoe and children from the Broom Leys Junior School Choir.
Stilgoe is a fan of anagrams and in 1980 he wrote "The Richard Stilgoe Letters; a Jumble of Anagrams", using characters made of anagrams of his own name. These included Chris Dogtailer and Giscard O'Hitler. He has appeared over 200 times on the daytime TV quiz show, "Countdown", and hosted quiz shows such as "The Year in Question" on Radio 4, "Finders Keepers" (1981–1985), and "Scoop" (1981–1982). His 45-minute poem, "Who Pays the Piper?", outlined the history of music from Pan to the modern day, interspersing classical music with re-written | 16,271 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
lyrics. He also appeared on a satirical BBC TV show of the 1980s, "A Kick Up the Eighties".
Stilgoe wrote lyrics for Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Starlight Express" and collaborated with Charles Hart on the lyrics to "The Phantom of the Opera". He also wrote two musicals for schools: "Bodywork" and "Brilliant the Dinosaur". Stilgoe gave all his royalties as lyricist on "Starlight Express" to a village in India. Such was the musical's success that for some years his donations were exceeding £500 a day. He has appeared on the Royal Variety Performance and presented the Schools Proms for over 20 years, and has toured solo and with Peter Skellern.
Throughout the 1980s, Stilgoe hosted the BBC 2 fitness | 16,272 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
programme, "Looking Good, Feeling Fit".
# Charitable work.
In 1984, Stilgoe founded the Alchemy Foundation, which distributes money to good causes. The foundation is funded from Stilgoe's royalties from American productions of "Starlight Express" and "The Phantom of the Opera".
Stilgoe founded the Orpheus Centre in 1998, in his former family home in Godstone, Surrey, offering performing arts experiences to young people with disabilities; he also started the Stilgoe Family Concerts series at the Royal Festival Hall, which feature young performers and regular commissions of new music.
He is patron of the Surrey Care Trust in Woking Surrey, which provides education, training, skills and volunteering | 16,273 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
opportunities to those who need motivation or a second chance in life. The charity also runs a fund to help those facing hardship throughout Surrey.
# Personal life.
His son, Joe Stilgoe, is a jazz pianist and vocalist.
He was High Sheriff of Surrey in 1998–99, and is a Deputy Lieutenant. He became president of Surrey County Cricket Club in 2005. He has also been president of the Lord's Taverners.
He owns Winifred Atwell's "other" piano, the one which she used for her honky-tonk performances and recordings.
# Awards and honours.
Stilgoe has two Tony nominations, three Monte Carlo Prizes, a Prix Italia, an honorary doctorate and an OBE.
He was knighted in the 2012 Birthday Honours for | 16,274 |
750496 | Richard Stilgoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Stilgoe | Richard Stilgoe
Surrey.
# Personal life.
His son, Joe Stilgoe, is a jazz pianist and vocalist.
He was High Sheriff of Surrey in 1998–99, and is a Deputy Lieutenant. He became president of Surrey County Cricket Club in 2005. He has also been president of the Lord's Taverners.
He owns Winifred Atwell's "other" piano, the one which she used for her honky-tonk performances and recordings.
# Awards and honours.
Stilgoe has two Tony nominations, three Monte Carlo Prizes, a Prix Italia, an honorary doctorate and an OBE.
He was knighted in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services through the Alchemy Foundation.
# External links.
- Richard Stilgoe
- Orpheus Trust
- Richard Stilgoe at Discogs.com | 16,275 |
750502 | Kin Shriner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin%20Shriner | Kin Shriner
Kin Shriner
Kin Shriner (born December 6, 1953) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Scott Baldwin on the ABC soap opera "General Hospital" and its spin-off "Port Charles".
# Early life.
Shriner and his twin brother, actor Wil Shriner, were born in New York City to the late Eileen "Pixie" McDermott and Herb Shriner, a popular television personality. The boys' parents died in an automobile accident when the twins were teenagers, after which the brothers moved to Texas to live with their grandmother.
# Career.
Shriner was employed by Fuller Brush as a door-to-door salesman before becoming an actor. He was originally cast as Scott Baldwin on "General Hospital" in 1977, the | 16,276 |
750502 | Kin Shriner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin%20Shriner | Kin Shriner
role he is best known for playing. In the fall of 1980, he left "General Hospital" and immediately began playing Jeb Hampton on the NBC daytime soap opera "Texas". He left that role in 1981 and soon returned to "General Hospital", where he remained until 1983, returning again from 1987-1993. In between those stints, he appeared on the short-lived syndicated daily soap "Rituals" as hero Mike Gallagher. He also played Dr. Brian Carrey on CBS's "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 1994 to 1995. In 1997, he once again returned to playing Scott Baldwin, but this time on "General Hospital"s spin-off "Port Charles". "Port Charles" was set in the same fictional city as "General Hospital" - Port Charles, | 16,277 |
750502 | Kin Shriner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin%20Shriner | Kin Shriner
New York - and featured many of the same characters. In 2000, Shriner returned to "General Hospital" and quit appearing on "Port Charles" the next year. He left "General Hospital" again in 2004, and in that year portrayed Harrison Bartlett on "The Young and the Restless". In 2005, he joined the cast of "As the World Turns" in the role of Keith Morrissey until leaving the show in 2006. He returned to "General Hospital" in 2007 and left the series again in 2008. In 2013, he returned to "General Hospital", where he has remained since. Additionally, in 2011, he served as a temporary fill-in for fellow actor Ted Shackelford on "The Young and the Restless", portraying Jeffrey Bardwell until September | 16,278 |
750502 | Kin Shriner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin%20Shriner | Kin Shriner
2011.
Outside of soap operas, Shriner has appeared on several primetime television programs, playing temporary roles beginning in 1976. In later years he guest starred on several programs such as ABC's top 10 sitcom "Full House".
## "General Hospital".
Shriner is best known for playing Scott Baldwin on "General Hospital" over all other roles he has played. He was first cast as Scott Baldwin, on "General Hospital", in 1977. He has left the program several times to play different roles on other soap operas, for short periods of time, but continues to appear as a regular cast member on "General Hospital". He holds the distinction of being one of only a few actors who have appeared on the same | 16,279 |
750502 | Kin Shriner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin%20Shriner | Kin Shriner
scripted television program, in the same role, for five consecutive decades.
## "Port Charles".
Plans to spin off "General Hospital" were announced in December 1996. ABC had previously passed on the idea of a "GH" spin off proposed by former head writer, Claire Labine. Tentatively titled "GH2", the series was set to revolve around interns at the medical school across from General Hospital. Wendy Riche, executive producer of "General Hospital", was hired to fill the same role for the new series. Riche said of the new show, "This will be a multigenerational show, which is the kind of drama we've always done at "GH"". It was later announced that the series would be titled "Port Charles", after | 16,280 |
750502 | Kin Shriner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin%20Shriner | Kin Shriner
the fictional city where the series are set, and it would star Jon Lindstrom and Lynn Herring, playing their roles from "GH".
The series premiered with a two-hour prime time special that aired on June 1, 1997. It started in its regular timeslot, the following day, replacing the canceled "The City". The series also featured the return of "General Hospital" characters Scott Baldwin (Kin Shriner), Gail Baldwin (Susan Brown), Lee Baldwin (Peter Hansen) and Karen Wexler (Jennifer Hammon). After the series premiered, it was unclear if Lindstrom, Herring, and Shriner would remain with the series. It was later confirmed the actors would stay on the show.
# Personal life.
Shriner is currently dating | 16,281 |
750502 | Kin Shriner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin%20Shriner | Kin Shriner
), Gail Baldwin (Susan Brown), Lee Baldwin (Peter Hansen) and Karen Wexler (Jennifer Hammon). After the series premiered, it was unclear if Lindstrom, Herring, and Shriner would remain with the series. It was later confirmed the actors would stay on the show.
# Personal life.
Shriner is currently dating actress Trish Ramish as of May 17, 2019. In 2019, he had foot surgery. Also in 2019, Shriner, Jacklyn Zeman, Wally Kurth, and Leslie Charleson met up with former "General Hospital" castmate Stuart Damon.
# See also.
- Luke Spencer and Laura Webber
# External links.
- Kin Shriner at TV.com
- Kin Shriner at Buddy TV
- Kin Shriner at Soap Central
- Clips from "Texas" episodes on Youtube | 16,282 |
750518 | Cecelia Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecelia%20Holland | Cecelia Holland
Cecelia Holland
Cecelia Holland is an American historical fiction novelist.
# Early life and education.
Holland was born December 31, 1943, in Henderson, Nevada. She grew up in Metuchen, New Jersey, where she started writing at age 12, recording the stories she made up for her own entertainment. From the beginning, she focused on history because "being twelve, I had precious few stories of my own. History seemed to me then, as it still does, an endless fund of material."
Holland attended Pennsylvania State University for a year, and received her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 from Connecticut College, where she took a course in creative writing and was encouraged by poet William Meredith | 16,283 |
750518 | Cecelia Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecelia%20Holland | Cecelia Holland
and short story writer David Jackson. Jackson took a novel Holland wrote for his seminar to an editor at Atheneum, and her first novel, "The Firedrake", was published in 1966. She had just dropped out of graduate school at Columbia University to work as a clerk at Brentano's in Manhattan. Holland has been a full-time professional writer ever since. "The Firedrake" was the fourth novel she had written but was the first published; "Jerusalem" is the final, mature version of one of these earlier ones. Pieces of the other two also have made their way into her published work.
# Literary style.
In the Autumn 2002 issue of the Historical Novel Society magazine, "Solander", Sarah Johnson writes, "What | 16,284 |
750518 | Cecelia Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecelia%20Holland | Cecelia Holland
sets Cecelia’s work apart in the genre is not just her productivity but also her versatility; she has the unique ability to make most any historical period her own.
She records the often harsh details of life in the distant—or recent—past and her depiction of it involves considerable research. Her character-driven plots often are developed from the viewpoint of a male protagonist. While including plenty of action (her battle scenes are noteworthy for their bottom-up viewpoint and understated verisimilitude), her work focuses primarily on the life of the mind—whatever that might mean in a particular culture—and especially on politics, in the broadest sense, whatever politics might be in a monarchial, | 16,285 |
750518 | Cecelia Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecelia%20Holland | Cecelia Holland
feudal or tribal society.
In her medieval novels particularly, she makes her characters, including Huns and Mongols, speak in semi-colloquial English, apparently intended to give the reader the impression of listening in on a conversation in the speakers' own vernacular.
Most of her novels have grown slowly in the back of her mind, often the result of non-fiction articles and essays she has written, though "The Belt of Gold" and "The Lords of Vaumartin" were written "cold" as the result of requests by her editor. While she claims not to choose fictional settings because of their sparse usage by other writers, she has said, "I wouldn't dare do the Civil War, because it's so well known, every | 16,286 |
750518 | Cecelia Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecelia%20Holland | Cecelia Holland
were written "cold" as the result of requests by her editor. While she claims not to choose fictional settings because of their sparse usage by other writers, she has said, "I wouldn't dare do the Civil War, because it's so well known, every damn detail, it would be so stifling."
## Personal life.
As of 2011, Holland lived in Fortuna, a small town in rural Humboldt County, California. She has three daughters and five grandchildren. For ten years, Holland taught two three-hour creative writing classes a week at Pelican Bay State Prison in Crescent City, California. She was visiting professor of English at Connecticut College in 1979. Holland was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1981–1982. | 16,287 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
Opel Calibra
The Opel Calibra is a coupé, engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel between 1989 and 1997. In the United Kingdom, where it remained on sale until 1999, it was marketed under the Vauxhall brand as the Vauxhall Calibra. It was also marketed as the Chevrolet Calibra in South America by Chevrolet, and the Holden Calibra in Australia and New Zealand by Holden.
The Calibra was introduced to counter the Japanese sports coupés, of the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s. It employs the running gear of the first generation Opel Vectra, which had been launched in October 1988. Calibra production was based in the Opel factory in Rüsselsheim, Germany, and the Valmet Automotive | 16,288 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
factory in Uusikaupunki, Finland, where production was consolidated in November 1995.
The Calibra was initially only available with front-wheel drive, but from November 1990, four wheel drive became available.
# Design.
The Opel Calibra was styled by GM's designer Wayne Cherry, and German designer Erhard Schnell. As a front-wheel drive three door hatchback coupé based on the Vectra A chassis, its ride and handling are not significantly better than that of the large family car from which it grew.
Though it had a stiffer chassis as a whole (better torsional rigidity in NM/Deg).
The 4WD turbo version of the car, which had independent rear suspension, featured the rear axle of the Omega A with | 16,289 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
some minor alterations to it.
When launched on 10 June 1989, the Calibra was the most aerodynamic production car in the world, with a drag coefficient (Cd) of "0.26". It remained the most aerodynamic mass production car for the next ten years, until the Honda Insight, along with the Audi A2, were launched both in 1999, with a Cd of "0.25".
All later 16V, V6, 4x4 and turbo models had a worse Cd of "0.29", due to changes in cooling system, underbody, use of spoked wheels and glass detail.
# Commercial life.
During its lifetime, the Calibra was much more popular in Europe, and outsold its nearest rival, the Ford Probe, which was considered to be underpowered, and very American for most European | 16,290 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
drivers. However, in the United Kingdom, it failed to outsell the Rover 200 Coupé, which offered comparable performance, but without 4WD in the top of the range models.
In July 1990, after General Motors bought a stake in Saab, it was reported the Calibra would be badged as a Saab in the United States, but these plans did not materialise. There were also plans for a cabriolet version to be produced, but these too failed to materialise, although Valmet Automotive built two fully working, red coloured prototypes in 1992, with the 2.0 litre, 8 valve engine.
A third body was also produced for use in flexibility tests. In the summer of 1994, the Calibra received a light facelift. Most noticeably, | 16,291 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
the manufacturer badge migrated from its place atop the leading edge of the bonnet into the front grille. Throughout the production run, several special models were launched.
In the United Kingdom, this began with the 'Tickford' conversion in October 1991, however, only twenty six Calibra's were ever converted. This was followed by Vauxhall's own Special Edition range the SE1 in 1993, and ran through to the SE9 in 1997. These limited run editions had often unique aspects. For example, solar yellow paint on the SE2, or "Icelandic" blue on the SE6. Neither colours were found on any other Calibra.
There was also a DTM edition available only in white, in celebration of the Calibra's success in | 16,292 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
the German Touring Car Championship at the time. In other parts of Europe, special models included the "Keke Rosberg" edition, the "Cliff" edition, the "Colour" edition and "Last" edition. Some special models included a numbered plaque on the ashtray.
In September 1995, the Vectra A was replaced, but Calibra production continued until June 1997. Although a smaller coupé (the Tigra) was available, the marque was left without a mid sized coupé until the Astra Coupé was launched in 2000, and with the introduction of the Opel Speedster in 2000, three years after the Calibra was discontinued, Opel finally offered a sports car again.
# Engines.
Power was initially from 2.0 litre 8 valve (85 kW/115 bhp | 16,293 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
C20NE) and a Cosworth designed 16 valve fuel injected (110 kW/150 bhp C20XE) four cylinder redtop petrol engines.
For 1992, a turbocharged 2.0 litre 16 valve engine (150 kW/204 bhp C20LET, the turbocharged version of the C20XE) was added to the range. With four wheel drive, a six speed Getrag manual transmission (F28/6) and a claimed top speed of 245 km/h (152 mph), this flagship model finally gave the Calibra the dynamics to match its looks.
The Turbo model was also notable for the five stud wheel hubs and the extreme negative camber (inward lean) of its rear wheels, which is apparent even from a cursory visual inspection. However, it was not a strong seller.
In 1993, a 125 kW/168 hp 2.5 | 16,294 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
litre V6 (C25XE or SE4) was introduced. Available with both manual and automatic transmissions, the V6 was not as fast as the Turbo, but was rather more civilised, and proved to be more reliable than the complex four wheel drive model. 1995 saw the introduction of the X20XEV "Ecotec" engine, a new version of the classic C20XE 16 valve or "red top" engine.
This marked a reduction in power from to for the 16 valve version, although the Turbo continued with the C20LET.
- 2.0 litre 8 valve SOHC I4 – (all years) (C20NE)
- 2.0 litre 16 valve DOHC I4 – (1990–1995) (C20XE or redtop)
- 2.0 litre 16 valve DOHC "Ecotec" I4 – (1995–1997) (X20XEV)
- 2.0 litre 16 valve DOHC turbocharged I4 – (1992–1997) | 16,295 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
(C20LET)
- 2.5 litre 24 valve DOHC "Ecotec" V6 – (1993–1997) (C25XE from 1994–1996; X25XE in 1997)
The last Calibra Turbos were produced in the beginning of 1997, before a final run of Calibra Turbo Limited Editions were rolled out. These were all finished in jet black paintwork with Irmscher spoiler, BBS RX 16" alloys and colour coded body fittings. This final incarnation was also lowered by 35mm on Irmscher springs and dampers.
The interior was heated cream leather, with a steering wheel trimmed in grey leather and a plaque showing the build number mounted on the centre console.
# In competition.
The Calibra V6 DTM race cars, while still being four wheel drive, had the engine mounted | 16,296 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
longitudinally instead of transversely. Early DTM cars were using a naturally aspirated Opel Cosworth 54 degree V6 engine, based on the production C25XE car engine. Power climbed from during the years (1993–1995).
Then in 1996, due to changes to the regulations of FIA, a newly developed engine was used instead: the all aluminium 75 degree Cosworth KF V6 engine, based on the Isuzu Monterey V6. With this one new engine they managed to get the win in the 1996 ITC championship. The KF V6 was capable of revving up to 15,000 rpm.
The last known KF V6 Calibra race car in existence, is the Zakspeed prototype, Calibra Concept 2, which had been built to be used as a test car for the upcoming FIA championship, | 16,297 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
that actually never happened. The Calibra turbo was also rallied, albeit without any major successes. A Calibra finished ninth in the 1992 Sanremo Rallye, with Bruno Thiry at the wheel. This did make it the fastest car in the 1600 to 2000 cc class.
# Transmissions.
In addition to a four speed automatic transmissions that was available on all models, except the C20LET (although some countries such as Australia did not sell the C20XE with the four speed auto), there were five manual gearboxes for the Calibra (all of which were five speed gearboxes, except the six speed F28/6).
- F16CR-5 – Fitted to early 2.0 litre SOHC NA (i.e. C20NE)
- F18CR-5 – Fitted to late 2.0 litre SOHC NA and late 2.0 | 16,298 |
750466 | Opel Calibra | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opel%20Calibra | Opel Calibra
litre DOHC NA (i.e. C20NE, X20XEV)
- F20 – Fitted to early 2.0 litre DOHC NA (i.e. C20XE)
- F25 – Fitted to 2.5 litre NA (i.e. C25XE, X25XE)
- F28/6 – Fitted to 2.0 litre Turbo (i.e. C20LET)
The transfer gearbox in the AWD models — the same as used in the Vauxhall Cavalier AWD—was somewhat on the flimsy side, liable to suffer damage from conditions such as minor differences in tyre wear or tyre pressure between front and rear axles. Since front and rear tyres would naturally wear at different rates in normal driving, it was necessary to swap front with rear tyres every .
All four tyres had to be of the same make and model, and all four tyres had to be replaced at the same time — if one | 16,299 |
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