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750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
of the American Economic Association. At Harvard, he earned his Ph.D. in 1931 for a dissertation on banking theory.
# Early professional life.
Currie remained at Harvard until 1934 as a lecturer and assistant to, successively, Ralph Hawtrey, John H. Williams, and Joseph Schumpeter. Paul Sweezy was one... | 16,400 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
Instead, he advocated control of the money supply to stabilize income and expenditures. In a January, 1932 Harvard memorandum on antidepression policy, Currie and fellow instructors Harry Dexter White and Paul T. Ellsworth urged large fiscal deficits coupled with open market operations to expand bank re... | 16,401 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
and prevent bank panics in the future by preventing member banks from lending out their demand deposit liabilities, while removing reserve requirements on savings deposits with low turnover. Later that year, Marriner Eccles moved from the Treasury to become governor of the Federal Reserve Board. He took... | 16,402 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
its powers. He also constructed a "net federal income-creating expenditure series" to show the strategic role of fiscal policy in complementing monetary policy to revive an economy in exceptionally acute, persisting depression. Currie's preferred 100-percent reserve banking idea, however, was not one of... | 16,403 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
he was able to explain that the declared aim of balancing the budget "to restore business confidence" had damaged the economy. This was part of the "struggle for the soul of FDR" between the cautious Morgenthau and the expansionist Eccles. In April 1938, the president asked Congress for major appropriat... | 16,404 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
advised on taxation, social security, and the speeding up of peacetime and wartime production plans. In January 1941, he was sent on a mission to China for discussions with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Chou En-lai, the Communist representative in the Chinese wartime capital of Chungking. On his ret... | 16,405 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
the Chinese Air Force under the command of Claire Chennault. Currie also organized a large training program in the United States for Chinese pilots. In May 1941, he presented a paper on Chinese aircraft requirements to General George C. Marshall and the Joint War Board. The document, accepted by the Boa... | 16,406 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
returned to Chungking in July 1942 to try to patch up the strained relations between Chiang and General Joseph W. Stilwell, commander of U.S. forces in China. Currie was one of several of FDR's envoys who recommended Stilwell's recall and reassignment. Back in Washington, Roosevelt asked Currie to put h... | 16,407 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
Washington administration. Prominent examples are John Kenneth Galbraith, Richard Gilbert, Adlai Stevenson, and William O'Dwyer. While at the FEA, Currie became a founding member of the War Agencies Employees Protective Association, an organization created to help civilian Federal employees acquire life... | 16,408 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
the World Bank. In early 1945, Currie headed a tripartite (U.S., British, and French) mission to Bern to persuade the Swiss to freeze Nazi bank balances and stop further shipments of German supplies through Switzerland to the Italian front.
# Soviet agent.
After the war, Currie was one of those blamed... | 16,409 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
ring. Though she had never met Currie and White personally, Bentley testified to receiving information through cutouts (couriers) who were other Washington economists (later determined to be Soviet agents). White and Currie appeared before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in August 1948 to ... | 16,410 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
in Colombia. After his report was published in Washington in September 1950, he was invited by the Colombian government to return to Bogotá as adviser to a commission established to implement the report's recommendations. In December 1952, Currie gave evidence in New York to a grand jury investigating O... | 16,411 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
cables where Currie was identified as a source of Soviet intelligence.
He appears in the Venona cables under the cover name 'PAGE', and in Soviet intelligence archives as 'VIM' and as a source for the Golos and Bentley spy networks.
According to John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, evidence that Currie ... | 16,412 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
the return of civilian government in 1958, President Alberto Lleras personally conferred Colombian citizenship upon him and Currie returned to advisory work for a succession of Colombian presidents. Between 1966 and 1971, he went abroad as a visiting professor in North American and British universities:... | 16,413 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
Colombia's urbanization.
Currie was chief economist at the Colombian National Planning Department from 1971 to 1981, followed by twelve years at the Colombian Institute of Savings and Housing until his death in 1993. There he doggedly defended the unique housing finance system (based on "units of const... | 16,414 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
"unearned land value increments" as cities grow) were explained in "Taming the Megalopolis" published in 1976. He was also a professor at the National University of Colombia, the Javeriana University, and the University of the Andes. His writings were heavily influenced by his Harvard mentor Allyn Young... | 16,415 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
of Money in the United States". 1934. Harvard Univ. Press. His influential early work on monetary theory and policy.
- "History of Political Economy 32". 2002. His 1932 Harvard memorandum on antidepression policy. With a foreword by David Laidler and Roger Sandilands explaining its influence on the Chi... | 16,416 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
"The Times" of London, 10 January 1994.
## On Currie and the New Deal.
- Herbert Stein, 1969. "The Fiscal Revolution in America".
- Ronnie J. Phillips, 1995. "The Chicago Plan and New Deal Banking Reform".
- 2004. Special issue of the "Journal of Economic Studies 31". Contains some of his hitherto u... | 16,417 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
17".
## On allegation that Currie was a Soviet spy.
- John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, 1999. "Venona: Soviet Espionage in America in the Stalin Era".
# Further reading.
- Haynes, John E. and Klehr, Harvey, 2000. "Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America". Yale University Press.
- Haynes, John... | 16,418 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
on Soviet SVR archives."
- Robert J. Hanyok, "Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945. Ft. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, 2005; "Currie, known as PAZh (Page) and White, whose cover names were YuRIS... | 16,419 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
both were known to have been sources of information for their so-called "handlers", notably the Silvermaster network."
- United States. National Counterintelligence Center. "A Counterintelligence Reader". NACIC, no date. vol. 3, chap. 1, pg. 31.
- File card of Patterson contacts in regard Silvermaster... | 16,420 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
13 August 1948, U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, 80th Cong., 2d sess., 851–877.
- "Underground Soviet Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government," 21 February 1946, FBI Silvermaster file, serial 573.
- Report on Currie intervi... | 16,421 |
750506 | Lauchlin Currie | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauchlin%20Currie | Lauchlin Currie
12, no. 3 (July 1997), 10–11.
- Anonymous Russian letter to Hoover, 7 August 1943, reproduced in Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., "Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939–1957" (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), 51–54.
# Exter... | 16,422 |
750570 | Dorchester on Thames | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorchester%20on%20Thames | Dorchester on Thames
Dorchester on Thames
Dorchester on Thames (or Dorchester-on-Thames) is a village and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about northwest of Wallingford and southeast of Oxford. The town is a few hundred yards from confluence of the River Thames and River Thame.
Historically the Thames was only so named ... | 16,423 |
750570 | Dorchester on Thames | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorchester%20on%20Thames | Dorchester on Thames
pits. On one of the Sinodun Hills on the opposite side of the Thames, a ramparted settlement was inhabited during the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Two of the Sinodun Hills bear distinctive landmarks of mature trees called Wittenham Clumps. Adjacent to the village is Dyke Hills which is the remains of a... | 16,424 |
750570 | Dorchester on Thames | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorchester%20on%20Thames | Dorchester on Thames
Honorius I sent a bishop called Birinus to convert the Saxons of the Thames Valley to Christianity. King Cynegils of Wessex gave Dorchester to Birinus as the seat of a new Diocese of Dorchester under a Bishop of Dorchester; the diocese was extremely large, and covered most of Wessex and Mercia. The... | 16,425 |
750570 | Dorchester on Thames | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorchester%20on%20Thames | Dorchester on Thames
Bishop of Leicester transferred his seat there. The diocese merged with that of Lindsey in 971; the bishop's seat was moved to Lincoln in 1072.
In the 12th century the church was enlarged to serve a community of Augustinian canons. King Henry VIII dissolved this Catholic Abbey in 1536, leaving a s... | 16,426 |
750570 | Dorchester on Thames | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorchester%20on%20Thames | Dorchester on Thames
The George was used as a filming location for ITV's "Agatha Christie's Poirot" in the episode "Taken at the Flood" in 2006.
# Festivals and events.
Dorchester on Thames is the home of a number of annual events:
- The biennial Dorchester on Thames Festival, a 10-day fundraising event held every o... | 16,427 |
750570 | Dorchester on Thames | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorchester%20on%20Thames | Dorchester on Thames
s used as a filming location for ITV's "Agatha Christie's Poirot" in the episode "Taken at the Flood" in 2006.
# Festivals and events.
Dorchester on Thames is the home of a number of annual events:
- The biennial Dorchester on Thames Festival, a 10-day fundraising event held every other May
- T... | 16,428 |
750597 | 1733 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1733%20in%20music | 1733 in music
1733 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1733.
# Events.
- July 2 – Johann Sebastian Bach performs a revised version of his Magnificat in D major, BWV 243, ending the mourning period for Augustus II the Strong, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.
- July 10 ... | 16,429 |
750597 | 1733 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1733%20in%20music | 1733 in music
Sophienkirche, Dresden.
- Beginning date of the William Dixon manuscript of music for the Border pipes, the oldest known surviving manuscript of pipe music from the British Isles.
- Jean-Marie Leclair becomes musical director to King Louis XV of France.
- Charles Theodore Pachelbel settles in Boston, M... | 16,430 |
750597 | 1733 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1733%20in%20music | 1733 in music
– "Noëls, O filii, chansons de Saint-Jacques, Stabat mater, et carillons"
- Willem de Fesch
- 10 Trio Sonatas, Op. 7
- 6 Cello Sonatas, Op. 8b
- François Francœur – 12 Violin Sonatas
- Francesco Geminiani – "Concerti grossi", Op. 3
- George Frideric Handel
- "Suites de Pièces", HWV 434–442
- Trio ... | 16,431 |
750597 | 1733 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1733%20in%20music | 1733 in music
[Telemann])
- "6 Quatuors ou Trios" (Hamburg: [Telemann])
- "Musique de table" (Hamburg: [Telemann])
- "Singe-, Spiel- und Generalbassübungen", TWV 25:39–85 (Hamburg: [Telemann])
- Alexandre de Villeneuve
- "Conversations en manière de sonates", solo sonatas, Op. 1 (Paris)
- "Conversations en manièr... | 16,432 |
750597 | 1733 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1733%20in%20music | 1733 in music
BWV 831
- Jean-Baptiste Barrière – 6 Cello Sonatas, Book 1
- Joseph Bodin de Boismortier – "Ixion" (secular cantata)
- Johann Ernst Galliard – 6 Bassoon Sonatas
- Christoph Graupner – "Lass dein Ohr auf Weisheit", GWV 1138/33
- Maurice Greene – Lesson in D major
- George Frideric Handel
- "Deborah"... | 16,433 |
750597 | 1733 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1733%20in%20music | 1733 in music
di Socrate"
- Thomas Arne – "Rosamund", with the composer's sister, Susannah Maria, performing.
- Giovanni Battista Bononcini – "Griselda"
- Antonio Caldara
- "Demofoonte"
- "L'Olimpiade"
- "Sancio Pansa, governatore dell'isola Barattaria"
- Geminiano Giacomelli – "Adriano in Siria"
- George Fride... | 16,434 |
750597 | 1733 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1733%20in%20music | 1733 in music
apprendre la musique"
# Births.
- January 3 – Josina van Aerssen (died 1797)
- January 17 – Thomas Linley the elder (died 1795)
- September 5 – Christoph Martin Wieland, poet and librettist (died 1813)
- September 22 – Johann Anton Filtz (died 1760)
- October 28 – Franz Ignaz von Beecke (died 1803)
... | 16,435 |
750597 | 1733 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1733%20in%20music | 1733 in music
Wieland, poet and librettist (died 1813)
- September 22 – Johann Anton Filtz (died 1760)
- October 28 – Franz Ignaz von Beecke (died 1803)
- October 29 – Gottfried van Swieten, collaborator of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven
- Date Unknown
- Pierre Nicolas Brunet, playwright and librettist (died 1771)
-... | 16,436 |
750588 | Annie Keary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie%20Keary | Annie Keary
Annie Keary
Anna Maria (Annie) Keary (3 March 18253 March 1879) was an English novelist and poet, and an innovative children's writer.
# Life.
Born at the rectory in Bilton, now Bilton-in-Ainsty, Yorkshire, Annie was the daughter of a former army chaplain, William Keary, who came from County Galway in Ir... | 16,437 |
750588 | Annie Keary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie%20Keary | Annie Keary
was close, and her father gave her much of the information about Ireland that she would later incorporate into her novels. Keary moved in 1848 to keep house for a widowed brother in Staffordshire, who had three children. Six happy years came to an end when her brother remarried. Soon after, she lost two oth... | 16,438 |
750588 | Annie Keary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie%20Keary | Annie Keary
Kingsley and his family. The dominant considerations in her life were family ties. She nursed her mother in her last illness in 1869 and later looked after four young cousins whose parents were in India.
# Works.
Annie Keary's first children's book appeared in 1856, the year after her father died. Her thi... | 16,439 |
750588 | Annie Keary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie%20Keary | Annie Keary
out in 1859 into adult fiction with "Through the Shadows" (1859), although a measure of fame had to wait until "Castle Daly: The Story of an Irish Home Thirty Years Ago" (1875), which was reprinted several times up to the end of the 1880s. It portrays the Great Famine and the Young Irelanders’ Uprising, and... | 16,440 |
750588 | Annie Keary | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie%20Keary | Annie Keary
earlier work for adults, it shows signs of being stretched to fill the three volumes required by the publishing trade in those days, although the characterizations and sense of place are strong. A facsimile of the 1886 edition of "Castle Daly..." appeared in Volume 5 of "Irish Women's Writing, 1838-1888".
... | 16,441 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
Violet (Peanuts)
Violet Gray is a fictional character featured in the long-running syndicated daily and Sunday comic strip "Peanuts", created by Charles M. Schulz. She was initially a major character, until she began to fade into the background.
Violet is best known as a jealous girl who likes braggi... | 16,442 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
From there on, Violet's character changed and developed until she began to become less prominent than the other major characters, with her forthcoming appearances reduced to mere cameos. Her last comic strip appearance, discounting the reruns of the strip, was on the November 27, 1997 "Peanuts" strip.
... | 16,443 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
were depicted as green, as well as black Mary Janes shoes. Violet wears her classic purple dress in "The Peanuts Movie".
# Personality.
Violet is smart, popular, and a snob. She makes her opinions known to everyone, and her haughtiness causes her to often torment other people, whom she views as benea... | 16,444 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
barber shop. After telling her about how his dad would always smile at him no matter how bad a workday he was having, a humbled Violet walked away, but not before quietly wishing Charlie Brown a Happy Father's Day. In another example, a character named "5" fired back at her with ""My" dad goes to PTA m... | 16,445 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
mentioned only once, on April 4, 1953.
Violet's personality was much more forceful and recognizable compared to the more generic early "Peanuts" characters like Patty and Shermy, which allowed her to survive slightly longer than those founding characters when a new wave of characters; Linus, Lucy and ... | 16,446 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
difficult to give her punch lines. Speaking of her, Patty and Shermy: "Some characters just don't seem to have enough personality to carry out ideas. They're just almost born straight men." Violet's appearances were eventually reduced to mere cameos in the background.
# Relationship with other "Peanut... | 16,447 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
to their parties and enjoyed tormenting him with this. Charlie Brown is usually depressed by this, but sometimes he decides to turn the tables on the two girls. For example:
- "November 23, 1951": When they mentioned excluding Charlie Brown from their party, he let it roll off his back saying he did n... | 16,448 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
them.
- "September 1, 1954": Charlie Brown uncharacteristically threatened to strafe, then bomb their house if he was not invited, to which both girls replied, "Okay, you're invited."
In early strips, she was linked to romantic scenarios involving Charlie Brown. She also feels bad for him when he doe... | 16,449 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
20, 1959, featured her hurling a series of virulent insults at Lucy (so venomous that Charlie Brown remarked that he was glad she wasn't yelling at "him", because he wouldn't have been able to take it), although ultimately Lucy won this battle by unleashing her own string of rapid-fire insults at Viole... | 16,450 |
750580 | Violet (Peanuts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20(Peanuts) | Violet (Peanuts)
ing about with each other, talking, and making mud pies. Though not all there interactions were friendly, as on the 4th of April 1953 patty calls Violet a 'tattletale' and storms off.
# Voiced by.
- Sally Dryer (1963, 1965)
- Karen Mendelson (1966)
- Ann Altieri (1966-1969)
- Linda Ercoli (1972-19... | 16,451 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
Battle of Pliska
The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass was a series of battles between troops, gathered from all parts of the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Nicephorus I Genik, and Bulgaria, governed by Khan Krum. The Byzantines plundered and burned the Bulgar capital Pliska which gave... | 16,452 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
whole army, including the Emperor. After the battle, Krum encased Nicephorus's skull in silver, and used it as a cup for wine-drinking. This is one of the best documented instances of the custom of the skull cup.
The Battle of Pliska was one of the worst defeats in Byzantine history. It deterred Byzan... | 16,453 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
the empire. In 807 he launched a campaign but only reached Odrin and achieved nothing because of a conspiracy in his capital. That attempted attack, however, gave reason for the Bulgar Khan Krum to undertake military operations against the Byzantine Empire. The main objective was an extension to the so... | 16,454 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
Preparation for an invasion.
In 811, the Byzantine Emperor organised a large campaign to conquer Bulgaria once and for all. He gathered an enormous army from the Anatolian and European "themata", and the imperial bodyguard (the "tagmata"); they were joined by a number of irregular troops who expected ... | 16,455 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
Bulgarian frontier. Nicephorus intended to confuse them and over the next ten days launched several supposed attacks, which were immediately called back. Krum assessed the situation and estimated that he could not repulse the enemy and offered peace, which Nicephorus haughtily rejected. Theophanes wrot... | 16,456 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
divided the army into three columns, each marching by a different route towards Pliska. He met little resistance and after three days he reached the capital where the Byzantines met an army of 12,000 elite soldiers who guarded the stronghold. The Bulgarians were defeated and most of them perished. Anot... | 16,457 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
from his success, ignored him. He believed that Bulgaria was thoroughly conquered.
Michael the Syrian, patriarch of the Syrian Jacobites in the twelfth century, described in his Chronicle the brutalities and atrocities of Nicephorus's troops: "Nicephorus, emperor of the Romans, walked in Bulgarians la... | 16,458 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
pigs." The Emperor took over Krum's treasury, locked it and did not allow his troops to reach it.
# Battle.
While Nicephorus and his army were busy plundering the Bulgarian capital, Krum mobilized his people (including women and Avar mercenaries) to set traps and ambushes in the mountain passes. Init... | 16,459 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
watched from the heights around. The Emperor became panicked by the situation and repeatedly stated to his companions "Even if we have had wings we could not have escaped from peril." Before they could retreat, the Bulgars blocked the valley entrance too.
Nicephorus, unable to face attacking one of th... | 16,460 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
to be attacked. The Byzantines fruitlessly resisted for a short time and perished. Upon seeing their comrades' fate, the next units immediately ran away.
On their way south the Byzantine forces hit a muddy river which was difficult to cross. As they could not find a ford quickly enough, many Byzantine... | 16,461 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
hung over the other side. The Bulgarians had dug a deep moat from the inner side and when the Byzantine soldiers were getting across the ramparts, they fell from the high wall, breaking their limbs. Some of them died instantly, others hobbled some time before falling to the ground and dying from thirst... | 16,462 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
Theodosios Salibaras and Sisinnios Triphyllios; the "strategos" of the Anatolics Romanos and the "strategos" of Thrace; as well as the commanders of the Excubitors and Vigla "tagmata".
Reportedly, only a few survived the defeat. The most notable person to be killed, however, was Emperor Nicephorus, wh... | 16,463 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
sources.
- Theophanes the Confessor, "Chronographia", Ed. Carl de Boor, vol. I, 1883, vol. II, 1885, Leipzig.
- Scriptor Incertus. Anonymous Vatican Narration (Narratio anonyma e codice Vaticano), In: Codice Vaticano graeca 2014 (XII s.) ff. 119–22; Ivan Duychev (1936) New Biographic Data on the Bulg... | 16,464 |
750560 | Battle of Pliska | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Pliska | Battle of Pliska
tus de Leone Armenio", Byzantion, 11:417–27; Beshevliev, V (1936) The New Source About the Defeat of Nicephorus I in Bulgaria in 811, Sofia University Annual Reviews, 33:2 (In Bulgarian).
- Mannases Chronicle, 1335–1340. Apostolic Library. The Vatican.
- Michael the Syrian, "Chronique de Michel le Sy... | 16,465 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
The Mercedes-Benz SL-Class is a grand touring car manufactured by Mercedes since 1954. The designation "SL" derives from the German "Super-Leicht," (English: Super Light). The original idea was suggested by American importer Max Hoffman, who perceived a market for a toned-... | 16,466 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
six design generations.
# Super-Leicht or Sport-Leicht.
Mercedes-Benz did not announce what the abbreviation "SL" meant when the car was introduced.
Leicht is either "easy" as an adverb or "light" as an adjective in German. Defining a car it has to mean "Light".
It is often assumed that the l... | 16,467 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
even called Super Super. On the company website it was called Sport Leicht until 2017 and then changed to Super Leicht.
For a long time it was unclear what intention the company had at the time when assigning the letter combination. It was not until the beginning of 2017 that a chance finding in... | 16,468 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
hardtop or as a roadster with convertible soft top or with both tops. Production for the 190 SL and 300 SL ended in 1963.
- 300 SL ("Gullwing"): 1954–1957, 3.0 L I6,
- 300 SL (Roadster): 1957–1963 3.0 L I6,
- 190 SL: 1955–1963, 1.9 L I4,
# W113 (1963–1971).
Next came the SL-Class 230 SL, a n... | 16,469 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
was increased for the final time and the model designation became 280 SL. Beginning with later versions of the 250 SL changes were made to dashboard padding, switches and knobs, door pockets (US models only) and steering wheel. In addition, on the 230 SL formerly separate centre hubcaps and wheel... | 16,470 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
and suspension derived from the W124 sedan. The body itself is built with a modern paint system designed to improve protection from rust. However this was not effective as models still continued to rust especially around the wheel arches, sills, jacking points, floor and front wings; especially t... | 16,471 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
V8
The 560 SL was only sold in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Australia to compensate the reduced output of the 5.0-litres due to the stricter emission laws in these markets.
# R129 (1989–2002).
The 1989 Mercedes SL base model was the 228 hp (170 kW) 3.0-litre inline 6 300 SL version in... | 16,472 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
to offer the automatic rollbar deployment in event of rollover. The motorist can also manually raise and lower the rollbar should he or she choose to. This facilitates the clean look of the R129 without compromising the occupant's safety.
1994 saw a minor facelift for the SL with changes to the ... | 16,473 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
replaced the 300 SL in the United States in 1995, but the SL 280 was not offered. The six-cylinder SLs were dropped from the US line-up in 1998, leaving just the V8 and V12. The SL 500 got a new 302 hp (225 kW) 5.0-litre V8 for 1999.
## AMG.
The extremely rare SL 73 AMG was sold through AMG in ... | 16,474 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
1999 following the SL's end-of-life facelift and a limited number were produced up until December 2001. The facelifted SL 73 is the car that appears in the picture (left).
Even rarer is the SL 70 AMG which was powered by a 7.0-litre V12 engine.
The SL 60 AMG was also extremely rare. Sold throug... | 16,475 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
style from 1998 to 2002 in limited quantity. It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL 55 AMG sold from 2003 to 2008.
Only about 300 cars in the SL-class were customised by AMG prior to 2002.
# R230 (2001–2011).
The fifth generation SL was in production between 2001 and 2008. The all-ne... | 16,476 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
in some markets. The R230 also features the ABC (active body control) which offers the balance of comfort and handling; this complex system uses accumulators and hydraulic fluids to regulate the firmness and heights of the suspension. Newer model years (2004+) feature the 7 speed transmission, wh... | 16,477 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
speed sensitive steering system. The SL 63 AMG replaced the SL 55 AMG.
# R231 (2012–present).
In December 2011, Mercedes-Benz announced the all new SL-Class and was formally launched at the North American International Auto Show in January 2012. The new SL (R231) has been produced for the first... | 16,478 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
weighs around less and the SL 350 (1,685 kg) is lighter than its predecessor.
New features include the unique FrontBass system (it uses the free spaces in the aluminium structures in front of the footwell as resonance spaces for the bass loudspeakers) and adaptive windscreen wipe/wash system MAG... | 16,479 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
featuring speed-sensitive power steering and a ratio that can be varied across the steering wheel angle and it also reduces the amount of steering required when parking and manoeuvring.
Contrasted with its predecessor, the new generation of the SL is longer and wider. Shoulder room is increased ... | 16,480 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
(455 PS), was likewise paired with the 9G-tronic PLUS transmission. The Mercedes-AMG SL63 (577 hp/585PS) and SL65 (621 hp/630PS) variants continued with virtually unchanged powertrains, paired with AMG's SPEEDSHIFT MCT 7-speed sports transmission with claimed improved shift times.
Cosmetically, ... | 16,481 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
pre-facelift models.
Front and rear bumper assemblies were redesigned to align more closely with recent models introduced by Mercedes, while selected convenience and driver assistance technologies, introduced earlier on various other Mercedes models, were made optionally available, including rev... | 16,482 |
750573 | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz%20SL-Class | Mercedes-Benz SL-Class
lla' front grilles and dual twin tailpipe exhaust trims as well as a carbon fibre composite trunk lid.
A slight revision to the folding 'Vario-roof' hardtop operation meant it would continue to deploy at speeds up to 25 mph (40kph) once initiated and the luggage compartment partition, required t... | 16,483 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
Muramasa
, commonly known as , was a famous swordsmith who founded the Muramasa school and lived during the Muromachi period (14th to 16th centuries) in Kuwana, Ise Province, Japan (current Kuwana, Mie).
In spite of its original reputation as fine blades favored by the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu and his vassals,... | 16,484 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
of his is the frequent use of a wave-shaped hamon. The "hamon" of Muramasa is categorized as "gunome-midare", that is, it forms randomized wave-like shapes. In particular, Muramasa's "gunome-midare" has very long, shallow valleys between a cluster of "gunome" shapes. Furtheremore, the front pattern and the bac... | 16,485 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
length 66.4cm, curvature 1.5cm, bottom width 2.8cm, shinogi-zukuri, iori-mune, and chū-kissaki nobi (see also Glossary of Japanese swords).
The front side contains a sign of Muramasa and a mantra sign (a mantra from Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō or the Lotus Sutra of Nichiren Buddhism).
The back side contains an year... | 16,486 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
of the swordsmith Heianjō Nagayoshi, so some scholars suggest Muramasa studied under Nagayoshi.
It is also silver-damascened with characters , which suggests that the sword was once in possession of Nabeshima Katsushige (1580-1657), the first daimyō lord of Saga Domain.
Later this sword was given to Katsushi... | 16,487 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
Ieyasu in hunting.
# In history.
## Origin.
The exact origin of the Muramasa school is unknown.
The oldest extant sword equipped with both a name sign Muramasa and a date sign shows the year Bunki 1 (1501).
Scholars, however, assert several swords signed with Muramasa (but without year signs) are slightly... | 16,488 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
in Japan's history, and the Hon'ami family (family dynasty of swordpolishers and sword connaisseurs) commented that his floruit was the Jōji era (1362–1368).
Scholars from the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1600) to modern days, however, have dimissed the relationship of Masamune and Muramasa as fantasy because... | 16,489 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
also covered with myths.
A common belief states Muramasa I was born in a place called Sengo, but there is no such a place near Kuwana in reality.
Another popular legend says the mother of Muramasa I worshipped the bodhisattva Senju Kannon and thus he was called Sengo, a shortened form of .
Kanzan Sato claim... | 16,490 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
Muramasa swords were favored especially by the samurai of Mikawa (led by Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, and his ancestors).
Naturally, when a misfortune happens in the Tokugawa clan, it is often related to Muramasa, definitely not because they are "cursed," but simply because most Mik... | 16,491 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
Amagata Michitsuna used a Muramasa.
In spite of these unfortunate incidents, Tokugawa Ieyasu and his generation seemed to greatly appreciate Muramasa weapons.
Ieyasu himself owned two swords forged by Muramasa and left them to his family; as of 2013, the Owari-Tokugawa family still holds one of the two as an... | 16,492 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
the official scholar-bureaucrat of the shogunate, commented "Muramasa is associated with not a few sinister events."
Even "" (1849), the official history book published from the shogunate, cites , which tells a legend that Ieyasu regarded Muramasa as cursed items and banned them from his family, although it i... | 16,493 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
in ordinary times, a Muramasa was wielded by Prince Arisugawa Taruhito, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Army against the Tokugawa shogunate during the Boshin War (1868-1869).
To satisfy growing demand, forgeries of Muramasa blades were also often made in this period.
# Cultural significance.
In popul... | 16,494 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
also been told that once drawn, a Muramasa blade has to draw blood before it can be returned to its scabbard, even to the point of forcing its wielder to wound himself or commit suicide.
Thus, it is thought of as a demonic cursed blade that creates bloodlust in those who wield it.
These stereotyped images da... | 16,495 |
750577 | Muramasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muramasa | Muramasa
thought of as a demonic cursed blade that creates bloodlust in those who wield it.
These stereotyped images date back to
kabuki dramas in the 18–19th century such as
" (1860),
and " (1888).
When was driven mad because of power harassment from his superiors and killed them in Edo Castle in the 6th year of ... | 16,496 |
750587 | The Championship (TV programme) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Championship%20(TV%20programme) | The Championship (TV programme)
The Championship (TV programme)
The Championship (formerly known as Championship Goals between January 2008 and May 2008) is a British football television programme featuring highlights from the Coca-Cola Football League. It was almost always shown on Sunday mornings on ITV, presented b... | 16,497 |
750587 | The Championship (TV programme) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Championship%20(TV%20programme) | The Championship (TV programme)
the featured match, such as the dressing rooms, the referee's office, the boot room, the pie stand and so on.
# The Team.
## Presenter.
Matt Smith was the presenter from the start and very rarely absent. On the rare occasions he was absent, Andy Townsend, Robbie Earle, Craig Doyle and... | 16,498 |
750587 | The Championship (TV programme) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Championship%20(TV%20programme) | The Championship (TV programme)
were Ned Boulting, Gabriel Clarke and Dave Beckett. There were also many occasional reporters such as Richard Henwood, Tom Skippings, Mike Hall, Andy Kerr, Mick Conway and Gary Bloom.
## Commentators.
Commentators on The Championship were Peter Drury, Jon Champion, Clive Tyldesley and ... | 16,499 |
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