wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
changed her last name, Katō, to , at the suggestion of her mother. A year later, she appeared on a NHK broadcast, and impressed the Japanese composer Masao Koga with her singing ability. He considered her to be a prodigy with the courage, understanding, and emotional maturity of an adult. In the following two years, she became an accomplished singer and was touring notable concert halls to sold-out crowds.
Her recording career began, aged 12, in 1949. She changed her stage name to Hibari Misora, which means "lark in the beautiful sky," and starred in the film . The film gained her nationwide recognition. She recorded her first single for Columbia Records later that year. It became a commercial | 19,800 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
hit, selling more than 450,000 copies. She subsequently recorded "Kanashiki kuchibue", which was featured on a radio program and was a national hit. As an actress, she starred in around 160 movies from 1949 until 1971, and won numerous awards. Her performance in Tokyo Kid (1950), in which she played a street orphan, made her symbolic of both the hardship and the national optimism of post-World War II Japan.
On January 13, 1957, Misora was attacked with hydrochloric acid, and injured in Asakusa International Theater. The attacker was described as an overly enthusiastic fan of hers.
In 1962, Misora married actor Akira Kobayashi. They divorced in 1964.
In 1973 Tetsuya Katō, Misora's brother, | 19,801 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
was prosecuted for gang-related activity. Although NHK did not acknowledge any connection, Misora was excluded from "Kōhaku Uta Gassen" for the first time in 18 years. She then refused to appear on NHK for years afterwards.
In 1978, she adopted a 7-year-old boy, Kazuya Kato.
## Illness and death.
In April 1987, on her way to a performance in Fukuoka, Misora suddenly collapsed. She was rushed to a hospital in Fukuoka, where she was diagnosed with avascular necrosis brought on by chronic hepatitis. She eventually showed signs of recovery in August. Misora commenced recording a new song in October, and in April 1988 performed at her final concert at the Tokyo Dome.
Misora died from pneumonia | 19,802 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
on June 24, 1989, aged 52, at a hospital in Tokyo. Her death was widely mourned throughout Japan.
Beginning in 1990, television and radio stations annually play her song on her birth-date to show respect. In a national poll by NHK in 1997, the song was voted the greatest Japanese song of all time by more than 10 million people.
## Museum.
In 1994, the "Hibari Misora Museum" opened in Arashiyama, Kyoto. This multistorey building traced the history of Misora's life and career in multi-media exhibits, and displayed various memorabilia. It attracted more than 5 million visitors, until its closedown on November 30, 2006, as to allow a scheduled reconstruction of the building. The main exhibits | 19,803 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
were moved into the Shōwa period section of the Edo-Tokyo Museum, until reconstruction was complete. The new "Hibari Misora Theater" opened on April 26, 2008, and includes a CD for sale of a previously unreleased song.
A bronze statue of her debut was built as a memorial in Yokohama in 2002, and attracts around 300,000 visitors each year.
## Monuments.
A monument depicting Hibari's portrait with an inscribed poem was erected in her memory near Sugi no Osugi in Ōtoyo, Kōchi. In 1947 Hibari Misora, at the age of 10 years, was involved in a traffic accident in Ōtoyo, Kōchi. While recovering from injuries she stayed in the town and reportedly visited Sugi no Osugi and wished to become a famous | 19,804 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
singer. She returned to Tokyo, where her recording career began in 1949.
## Portrayals in media.
After Hibari's death in 1989, a TBS television drama special aired in the same year by the name of "The Hibari Misora Story" (), where Misora was portrayed by Kayoko Kishimoto.
# Question of Korean ancestry.
Hibari Misora's ancestry has been a matter of dispute. In Korean society, there are assertions that she was of ethnic Korean ancestry, and that she and her family held Korean passports. This claim spread around widely. After her death in 1989, author Rou Takenaka and journalist Tsukasa Yoshida investigated Misora's background, confirming that she was not Korean, but Japanese.
# Notable songs.
- | 19,805 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
"Kappa Boogie Woogie" (, 1949)
- "Kanashiki Kuchibue" (, 1949)
- "Tokyo Kiddo" (, 1950)
- "Echigo Jishi No Uta" (, 1950)
- "Omatsuri Mambo" (, 1952)
- "Ringo Oiwake" (, 1952)
- "Minatomachi 13-banchi" (, 1957)
- "Hanagasa Dōchū" (, 1957)
- "Yawara" (, 1964)
- "Kanashii Sake" (, 1966)
- "Makkana Taiyō" (, 1967)
- "Jinsei Ichiro" (, 1970)
- "Aisansan" (）, 1986)
- "Midaregami" (, 1987)
- "Kawa no nagare no yō ni" (, 1989)
# Filmography.
Hibari Misora appeared in 166 films:
## 1940s.
- "Nodo jimankyō jidai" (のど自慢狂時代)(1949)
- "" (新東京音頭 びっくり五人男)(1949)
- "Odoru ryū kyūjō" (踊る龍宮城, lit. "Dancing Dragon Palace")(1949)
- "Akireta musume-tachi" (あきれた娘たち), alternate title: "Kingorō no | 19,806 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
kodakara sōdō" (金語楼の子宝騒動)(1949)
- "Kanashiki kuchibue" (悲しき口笛, lit. "Sad whistling")(1949)
- "Odoroki ikka" (おどろき一家)(1949)
- "Home run kyō jidai" (ホームラン狂時代, lit. "The Age of Home run Madness")(1949)
## 1950s.
- "Hit Parade" (ヒットパレード - 1950)
- "Akogare no Hawaii kōro" (憧れのハワイ航路 - 1950)
- "Hōrō no utahime" (放浪の歌姫, lit. "The Wandering Songstress" - 1950)
- "" (続・向う三軒両隣 第三話 どんぐり歌合戦 - 1950)
- "Enoken no sokonuke daihōsō" (エノケンの底抜け大放送 - 1950)
- "" (続・向う三軒両隣 第四話 恋の三毛猫)(1950)
- "Aozora tenshi" (青空天使, lit. "Blue Sky Angel" - 1950)
- "Tokyo Kid" (東京キッド - 1950)
- "" (左近捕物帖 鮮血の手型, lit. "Sakon Detective Story: The Fresh Blood Handprint" - 1950)
- "" (黄金バット 摩天楼の怪人, lit. "Golden Bat: Mysterious | 19,807 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
stranger of the Skyscraper" - 1950)
- "Tonbo kaeri dōchū" (とんぼ返り道中 - 1950)
- "Watashi wa josei no. 1" (1950) - as herself, the short film
- "Chichi koishi" (父恋し - 1951)
- "" (唄祭り ひばり七変化, lit. "Song Festival: Hibari Quick Change" - 1951)
- "Naki nureta ningyō" (泣きぬれた人形, lit. "The Doll Wet from Crying" - 1951)
- "" (鞍馬天狗 角兵衛獅子 - 1951)
- "Haha wo shitaite" (母を慕いて, lit. "Yearning for Mother" - 1951)
- "Hibari no komoriuta" (ひばりの子守唄, lit. "Hibari's Lullaby" - 1951)
- "" (鞍馬天狗 鞍馬の火祭 - 1951)
- "Ano oka koete" (あの丘越えて, lit. "Cross that Hill" - 1951)
- "Yōki-na wataridori" (陽気な渡り鳥 - 1952)
- "" (鞍馬天狗 天狗廻状 - 1952)
- "Tsukigata Hanpeita" (月形半平太 - 1952)
- "Hibari no Sākasu Kanashiki Kobato" | 19,808 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
(ひばりのサーカス 悲しき小鳩, lit. "Hibari's Circus: Sad Little Dove" - 1952)
- "Ushiwakamaru" (牛若丸 - 1952)
- "Futari no hitomi" (二人の瞳) a.k.a. "Girls Hand in Hand" US title (1952)
- "Ringo-en no shōjo" (リンゴ園の少女, lit. "Girl of Apple Park" - 1952)
- "Hibari-hime hatsuyume dōchū" (ひばり姫初夢道中 - 1952)
- "Mita katakure!" (三太頑れっ！ - 1953)
- "Hibari no utau tamatebako" (ひばりの歌う玉手箱, lit. "Hibari's Singing Treasure Chest" - 1953)
- "Shimai" (姉妹, lit. "Sisters" - 1953)
- "Hibari no yōki-na tenshi" (ひばりの陽気な天使 - 1953)
- "" (ひばり捕物帳 唄祭り八百八町, lit. "Hibari Detective Story: Song Festival Across Tokyo" - 1953)
- "Hibari no kanashiki hitomi" (ひばりの悲しき瞳 - 1953)
- "Yama wo mamoru kyōdai" (山を守る兄弟, lit. "The Brothers who | 19,809 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
Protect the Mountain") (1953)
- "Ojōsan shachō" (お嬢さん社長, lit. "Madame Company President" - 1953)
- "Misora Hibari no haru ha uta kara" (美空ひばりの春は唄から, lit. "Hibari Misora's Spring is from Song" - 1954)
- "Hiyodori sōshi" (ひよどり草紙 - 1954)
- "The Dancing Girl of Izu" (伊豆の踊子, "Izu no odoriko (1954 film)" - 1954), a film adaptation of Yasunari Kawabata's story "The Dancing Girl of Izu"
- "Uta shigure oshidori wakashū" (唄しぐれ おしどり若衆 - 1954)
- "" (青春ロマンスシート 青空に坐す - 1954)
- "Bikkuri gojūsantsugi" (びっくり五十三次, lit. "Surprising 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō" - 1954)
- "Yaoya Oshichi furisode tsukiyo" (八百屋お七 ふり袖月夜 - 1954)
- "Wakaki hi wa kanashi" (若き日は悲し - 1954)
- "Uta goyomi Onatsu Seijūrō" (歌ごよみ お夏清十郎 | 19,810 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
- 1954)
- "Shichihenge tanuki goten" (七変化狸御殿, lit. "Quick Change Tanuki Palace" - 1954)
- "Ōedo senryōbayashi" (大江戸千両囃子 - 1955)
- "Musume sendōsan" (娘船頭さん - 1955)
- "" (青春航路 海の若人 - 1955)
- "Uta matsuri mangetsu tanuki-gassen" (歌まつり満月狸合戦 - 1955)
- "Furisode kyōenroku" (ふり袖侠艶録 - 1955)
- "Takekurabe" (たけくらべ, "Adolescence" a.k.a. "Growing Up Twice" a.k.a. "Growing Up" a.k.a. "Child's Play") (1955) - a film adaptation of Higuchi Ichiyō's novel "Takekurabe"
- "So Young, So Bright" (ジャンケン娘 "Janken musume" - 1955)
- "Furisode kotengu" (ふり袖小天狗 - 1955)
- "Fuefuki Wakamusha" (笛吹若武者 - 1955)
- "Utamatsuri Edokko Kin-san torimonochō" (唄祭り 江戸っ子金さん捕物帖 - 1955)
- "Rikidōzan monogatari dotō no otoko" | 19,811 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
(力道山物語 怒濤の男 - 1955)
- "" (旗本退屈男 謎の決闘状 - 1955)
- "Utae! Seishun Harikiri Musume" (歌え！青春 はりきり娘 - 1955)
- (銭形平次捕物控 死美人風呂) (1956)
- (おしどり囃子) (1956)
- (恋すがた狐御殿 Koi sugata kitsune goten) (1956)
- "Peach Boy" (宝島遠征 Takarajima ensei) (1956)
- (ふり袖太平記) (1956)
- (ふり袖捕物帖 若衆変化) (1956)
- (鬼姫競艶録) (1956)
- (銭形平次捕物控 まだら蛇 ) (1957)
- (大江戸喧嘩纏) (1957)
- (旗本退屈男 謎の紅蓮搭) (1957)
- (ふり袖捕物帖 ちりめん駕籠) (1957)
- (ロマンス誕生 Romansu tanjō) (1957)
- (おしどり喧嘩笠 Oshidori kenkagasa) (1957)
- (怪談番町皿屋敷) (1957)
- a.k.a. "Big Hit Three Color Daughters" (1957)
- (青い海原) (1957)
- (ふり袖太鼓) (1957)
- (ひばりの三役 競艶雪之丞変化) (1957)
- (ひばりの三役 競艶雪之丞変化 後篇) (1957)
- (娘十八御意見無用)
- (おしどり駕籠)
- "The Badger Palace" a.k.a. "The Princess of | 19,812 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
Badger Palace" (大当り狸御殿 Ōatari tanukigoten) (1958)
- (丹下左膳)
- "Edo Girl Detective" (ひばり捕物帖 かんざし小判 ) (1958)
- (恋愛自由型) (1958)
- (花笠若衆) (1958)
- (女ざむらい只今参上 Onnazamurai tadaima sanjō) (1958)
- (おこんの初恋 花嫁七変化) (1958)
- (ひばりの花形探偵合戦) (1958)
- (希望の乙女) (1958)
- (隠密七生記) (1958)
- "Secret of the Golden Coin" (ひばり捕物帖 自雷也小判 ) (1958)
- (娘の中の娘 Musume no Naka no Musume) (1958)
- (唄祭り かんざし纏) (1958)
- "" (いろは若衆 ふり袖ざくら ) (1959)
- "The Great Avengers" (忠臣蔵 桜花の巻 菊花の巻 ) (1959)
- (鞍馬天狗) (1959)
- (東京べらんめえ娘 Tokyo beranmē musume) (1959)
- (孔雀城の花嫁) (1959)
- "The Revenger in Red" (紅だすき喧嘩状 Beni-dasuki kenkajō) (1959)
- (お染久松 そよ風日傘) (1959)
- (水戸黄門 天下の副将軍) (1959)
- (江戸っ子判官とふり袖小僧) (1959)
- (血闘水滸伝 怒濤の対決) | 19,813 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
(1959)
- "" (いろは若衆 花駕籠峠 ) (1959)
- (べらんめえ探偵娘 Beranmē tanteijō) (1959)
- (ひばり捕物帖 ふり袖小判) (1959)
- "The Prickly-mouthed Geisha" (べらんめえ芸者 Beranmē geisha) (1959)
## 1960s - 1980s.
- (Zoku beran me-e geisha) (1960)
- "Samurai Vagabond" (Tonosama - Yaji kita) (1960)
- (Oja kissa) (1960)
- "Sword of Destiny" () (1960)
- "" (Hibari no mori no ishimatsu) (1960)
- (Hizakura kotengu) (1961)
- (Hakubajō no hanayome) (1961)
- (Beran me-e geisha makari tōru) (1961)
- (Sen-hime to Hideyori) (1962)
- "Hibari Traveling Performer" (Hibari no Hahakoi Guitar) (1962)
- "Cosmetic Sales Competition" (Minyo no Tabi Akita Obako) (1963)
- () (1964)
- () (1966)
- "Festival of Gion" (Gion matsuri) (1968) | 19,814 |
420368 | Hibari Misora | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibari%20Misora | Hibari Misora
i tōru) (1961)
- (Sen-hime to Hideyori) (1962)
- "Hibari Traveling Performer" (Hibari no Hahakoi Guitar) (1962)
- "Cosmetic Sales Competition" (Minyo no Tabi Akita Obako) (1963)
- () (1964)
- () (1966)
- "Festival of Gion" (Gion matsuri) (1968) a.k.a. "Gion Festival" a.k.a. "Kurobe's Sun" a.k.a. "The Day the Sun Rose"
## Songs in films.
Her songs also appeared in 5 Japanese films:
- "Shichihenge tanuki goten" (七変化狸御殿 - 1954)
- "Janken musume" (ジャンケン娘 - 1955)
- "Tenryū bōkoigasa" (天竜母恋い笠 - 1960)
- "Uogashi no Onna Ishimatsu" (魚河岸の女石松 - 1961)
- "" (花と龍 青雲篇 愛憎篇 怒濤篇 - 1973)
# See also.
- Best selling music artists
# External links.
- Official website
- Official museum website | 19,815 |
420384 | Display | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display | Display
Display
Display may refer to:
# Technology.
- Display device, output device for presenting information, including:
- Cathode ray tube, video display that provides much higher-quality picture than liquid crystal displays (below), but can be very heavy and deep
- Electronic visual display, output device to present information for visual or tactile reception
- Flat panel display, video display that is much lighter and thinner than deeper, usually older types
- Liquid crystal display (LCD), displays that use liquid crystals to form images
- Liquid crystal display television (LCD TV), color TVs that use an LCD to form images
- Light-emitting diode (LED), emitting light when electrically charged, | 19,816 |
420384 | Display | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display | Display
producing electroluminescence
- Stereo display, a display device able to convey image depth to a viewer
- Volumetric display, forms a visual representation of an object in three physical dimensions
- Refreshable braille display, electro-mechanical device to display braille characters
- Video card, also known as "display card", an expansion card that generates images to display device
- Display list, series of graphics commands that define an output image
- Display register or data structure, for locating the stack frames of nested functions in computer programming
- Display resolution, refers to the number of distinct pixels of a digital TV or monitor
# Marketing.
- Display advertising, | 19,817 |
420384 | Display | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display | Display
type that typically contains text, i.e., copy, logos, images, location maps, etc.
- Display case, also termed a showcase or display cabinet, used to display objects for viewing
- Display window, usually in a shop to display items for sale or attract customers
- Point of sale display, material object for promotion and/or providing information, i.e., in a shop or movie theater for a film promotion, etc.
- Trade show display, the physical screens, banners and other paraphernalia used to fill a temporary exhibit space at a trade fair
# Biology.
- Display (zoology), a form of animal behaviour
- Display (horse) (1923–1944), US thoroughbred racehorse
- Display techniques in biochemistry:
- | 19,818 |
420384 | Display | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display | Display
usually in a shop to display items for sale or attract customers
- Point of sale display, material object for promotion and/or providing information, i.e., in a shop or movie theater for a film promotion, etc.
- Trade show display, the physical screens, banners and other paraphernalia used to fill a temporary exhibit space at a trade fair
# Biology.
- Display (zoology), a form of animal behaviour
- Display (horse) (1923–1944), US thoroughbred racehorse
- Display techniques in biochemistry:
- Bacterial display
- mRNA display
- Phage display
- Ribosome display
- Yeast display
# See also.
- Computer font or display font, for use on a computer monitor
- Computer monitor or display | 19,819 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
Π-calculus
In theoretical computer science, the -calculus (or pi-calculus) is a process calculus. The -calculus allows channel names to be communicated along the channels themselves, and in this way it is able to describe concurrent computations whose network configuration may change during the computation.
The -calculus is simple, it has very few terms and so is a very small language , yet is very expressive. Functional programs can be encoded into the -calculus, and the encoding emphasises the dialogue nature of computation, drawing connections with game semantics. Extensions of the -calculus, such as the spi calculus and applied , have been successful in reasoning about cryptographic protocols. | 19,820 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
Beside the original use in describing concurrent systems, the -calculus has also been used to reason about business processes and molecular biology.
# Informal definition.
The -calculus belongs to the family of process calculi, mathematical formalisms for describing and analyzing properties of concurrent computation. In fact, the -calculus, like the λ-calculus, is so minimal that it does not contain primitives such as numbers, booleans, data structures, variables, functions, or even the usual control flow statements (such as codice_1, codice_2).
## Process constructs.
Central to the -calculus is the notion of "name". The simplicity of the calculus lies in the dual role that names play as | 19,821 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
"communication channels" and "variables".
The process constructs available in the calculus are the following (a precise definition is given in the following section):
- "concurrency", written formula_1, where formula_2 and formula_3 are two processes or threads executed concurrently.
- "communication", where
- "input prefixing" formula_4 is a process waiting for a message that was sent on a communication channel named formula_5 before proceeding as binding the name received to the name Typically, this models either a process expecting a communication from the network or a label codice_3 usable only once by a codice_4 operation.
- "output prefixing" formula_6 describes that the name formula_7 | 19,822 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
is emitted on channel formula_5 before proceeding as Typically, this models either sending a message on the network or a codice_4 operation.
- "replication", written formula_9, which may be seen as a process which can always create a new copy of Typically, this models either a network service or a label codice_3 waiting for any number of codice_4 operations.
- "creation of a new name", written formula_10, which may be seen as a process allocating a new constant within The constants of are defined by their names only and are always communication channels. Creation of a new name in a process is also called "restriction".
- the nil process, written formula_11, is a process whose execution is | 19,823 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
complete and has stopped.
Although the minimalism of the -calculus prevents us from writing programs in the normal sense, it is easy to extend the calculus. In particular, it is easy to define both control structures such as recursion, loops and sequential composition and datatypes such as first-order functions, truth values, lists and integers. Moreover, extensions of the have been proposed which take into account distribution or public-key cryptography. The "applied " due to Abadi and Fournet put these various extensions on a formal footing by extending the with arbitrary datatypes.
## A small example.
Below is a tiny example of a process which consists of three parallel components. The | 19,824 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
channel name is only known by the first two components.
The first two components are able to communicate on the channel , and the name formula_7 becomes bound to formula_14. The next step in the process is therefore
Note that the remaining formula_7 is not affected because it is defined in an inner scope.
The second and third parallel components can now communicate on the channel name formula_14, and the name formula_18 becomes bound to . The next step in the process is now
Note that since the local name has been output, the scope of is extended to cover the third component as well. Finally, the channel can be used for sending the name . After that all concurrently executing processes have | 19,825 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
stopped
# Formal definition.
## Syntax.
Let Χ be a set of objects called "names". The abstract syntax for the -calculus is built from the following BNF grammar (where "x" and "y" are any names from Χ):
In the concrete syntax below, the prefixes bind more tightly than the parallel composition (|), and parentheses are used to disambiguate.
Names are bound by the restriction and input prefix constructs. Formally, the set of free names of a process in –calculus are defined inductively by the table below. The set of bound names of a process are defined as the names of a process that are not in the set of free names.
## Structural congruence.
Central to both the reduction semantics and the | 19,826 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
labelled transition semantics is the notion of structural congruence. Two processes are structurally congruent, if they are identical up to structure. In particular, parallel composition is commutative and associative.
More precisely, structural congruence is defined as the least equivalence relation preserved by the process constructs and satisfying:
"Alpha-conversion":
"Axioms for parallel composition":
"Axioms for restriction":
"Axiom for replication":
"Axiom relating restriction and parallel":
This last axiom is known as the "scope extension" axiom. This axiom is central, since it describes how a bound name may be extruded by an output action, causing the scope of to be extended. | 19,827 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
In cases where is a free name of formula_3, alpha-conversion may be used to allow extension to proceed.
## Reduction semantics.
We write formula_35 if formula_2 can perform a computation step, following which it is now formula_37.
This "reduction relation" formula_38 is defined as the least relation closed under a set of reduction rules.
The main reduction rule which captures the ability of processes to communicate through channels is the following:
- formula_39
There are three additional rules:
- If formula_46 then also formula_47.
- If formula_46, then also formula_49.
- If formula_50 and formula_51 and formula_52, then also formula_46.
The latter rule states that processes that | 19,828 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
are structurally congruent have the same reductions.
## The example revisited.
Consider again the process
Applying the definition of the reduction semantics, we get the reduction
Note how, applying the reduction substitution axiom, free occurrences of formula_7 are now labeled as formula_14.
Next, we get the reduction
Note that since the local name has been output, the scope of is extended to cover the third component as well. This was captured using the scope extension axiom.
Next, using the reduction substitution axiom, we get
Finally, using the axioms for parallel composition and restriction, we get
## Labelled semantics.
Alternatively, one may give the pi-calculus a labelled transition | 19,829 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
semantics (as has been done with the Calculus of Communicating Systems).
In this semantics, a transition from a state formula_2 to some other state formula_37 after an action formula_63 is notated as:
- formula_64
Where states formula_2 and formula_37 represent processes and formula_63 is either an "input action" formula_68, an "output action" "formula_69", or a "silent action" .
A standard result about the labelled semantics is that it agrees with the reduction semantics in the sense that
formula_35 if and only if
formula_64 for some action formula_63 .
# Extensions and variants.
The syntax given above is a minimal one. However, the syntax may be modified in various ways.
A "nondeterministic | 19,830 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
choice operator" formula_73 can be added to the syntax.
A test for "name equality" formula_74 can be added to the syntax. This "match operator" can proceed as formula_2 if and only if and formula_7 are the same name.
Similarly, one may add a "mismatch operator" for name inequality. Practical programs which can pass names (URLs or pointers) often use such functionality: for directly modelling such functionality inside the calculus, this and related extensions are often useful.
The "asynchronous -calculus"
allows only outputs with no suffix, i.e. output atoms of the form formula_77, yielding a smaller calculus. However, any process in the original calculus can be represented by the smaller | 19,831 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
asynchronous -calculus using an extra channel to simulate explicit acknowledgement from the receiving process. Since a continuation-free output can model a message-in-transit, this fragment shows that the original -calculus, which is intuitively based on synchronous communication, has an expressive asynchronous communication model inside its syntax. However, the nondeterministic choice operator defined above cannot be expressed in this way, as an unguarded choice would be converted into a guarded one; this fact has been used to demonstrate that the asynchronous calculus is strictly less expressive than the synchronous one (with the choice operator).
The "polyadic -calculus" allows communicating | 19,832 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
more than one name in a single action: formula_78 "(polyadic output)" and formula_79 "(polyadic input)". This polyadic extension, which is useful especially when studying types for name passing processes, can be encoded in the monadic calculus by passing the name of a private channel through which the multiple arguments are then passed in sequence. The encoding is defined recursively by the clauses
formula_80 is encoded as formula_81
formula_82 is encoded as formula_83
All other process constructs are left unchanged by the encoding.
In the above, formula_84 denotes the encoding of all prefixes in the continuation formula_2 in the same way.
The full power of replication formula_86 is not | 19,833 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
needed. Often, one only considers "replicated input" formula_87, whose structural congruence axiom is formula_88.
Replicated input process such as formula_89 can be understood as servers, waiting on channel
the process formula_90, where a is the name passed by the client to the
server, during the latter's invocation.
A "higher order -calculus" can be defined where not only names but processes are sent through channels.
The key reduction rule for the higher order case is
formula_91
Here, formula_92 denotes a "process variable" which can be instantiated by a process term. Sangiorgi
established that the ability to pass processes does not
increase the expressivity of the -calculus: passing | 19,834 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
a process "P" can be
simulated by just passing a name that points to "P" instead.
# Properties.
## Turing completeness.
The -calculus is a universal model of computation. This was first observed by Milner in his paper "Functions as Processes", in which he presents two encodings of the lambda-calculus in the -calculus. One encoding simulates the eager (call-by-value) evaluation strategy, the other encoding simulates the normal-order (call-by-name) strategy. In both of these, the crucial insight is the modeling of environment bindings – for instance, " is bound to term formula_93" – as replicating agents that respond to requests for their bindings by sending back a connection to the term formula_94.
The | 19,835 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
features of the -calculus that make these encodings possible are name-passing and replication (or, equivalently, recursively defined agents). In the absence of replication/recursion, the -calculus ceases to be Turing-powerful. This can be seen by the fact that bisimulation equivalence becomes decidable for the recursion-free calculus and even for the finite-control -calculus where the number of parallel components in any process is bounded by a constant.
# Bisimulations in the -calculus.
As for process calculi, the -calculus allows for a definition of bisimulation equivalence. In the -calculus, the definition of bisimulation equivalence (also known as bisimilarity) may be based on either the | 19,836 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
reduction semantics or on the labelled transition semantics.
There are (at least) three different ways of defining "labelled bisimulation equivalence" in the -calculus: Early, late and open bisimilarity. This stems from the fact that the -calculus is a value-passing process calculus.
In the remainder of this section, we let formula_95 and formula_96 denote processes and formula_97 denote binary relations over processes.
## Early and late bisimilarity.
Early and late bisimilarity were both formulated by Milner, Parrow and Walker in their original paper on the -calculus.
A binary relation formula_97 over processes is an "early bisimulation" if for every pair of processes formula_99,
- whenever | 19,837 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
formula_100 then for every name formula_7 there exists some formula_102 such that formula_103 and formula_104;
- for any non-input action formula_63, if formula_106 then there exists some formula_102 such that formula_108 and formula_109;
- and symmetric requirements with formula_95 and formula_96 interchanged.
Processes formula_95 and formula_96 are said to be early bisimilar, written formula_114 if the pair formula_115 for some early bisimulation formula_97.
In late bisimilarity, the transition match must be independent of the name being transmitted.
A binary relation formula_97 over processes is a "late bisimulation" if for every pair of processes formula_99,
- whenever formula_119 | 19,838 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
then for some formula_102 it holds that formula_121 and formula_104 "for every name y";
- for any non-input action formula_63, if formula_124 implies that there exists some formula_102 such that formula_108and formula_109;
- and symmetric requirements with formula_95 and formula_96 interchanged.
Processes formula_95 and formula_96 are said to be late bisimilar, written formula_132 if the pair formula_115 for some late bisimulation formula_97.
Both formula_135 and formula_136 suffer from the problem that they are not "congruence relations" in the sense that they are not preserved by all process constructs. More precisely, there exist processes formula_95 and formula_96 such that formula_114 | 19,839 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
but formula_140. One may remedy this problem by considering the maximal congruence relations included in formula_135 and formula_136, known as "early congruence" and "late congruence", respectively.
## Open bisimilarity.
Fortunately, a third definition is possible, which avoids this problem, namely that of "open bisimilarity", due to Sangiorgi.
A binary relation formula_97 over processes is an "open bisimulation" if for every pair of elements formula_99 and for every name substitution formula_145 and every action formula_63, whenever formula_147 then there exists some formula_102 such that formula_149 and formula_109.
Processes formula_95 and formula_96 are said to be open bisimilar, written | 19,840 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
formula_153 if the pair formula_115 for some open bisimulation formula_97.
### Early, late and open bisimilarity are distinct.
Early, late and open bisimilarity are distinct. The containments are proper, so formula_156.
In certain subcalculi such as the asynchronous pi-calculus, late, early and open bisimilarity are known to coincide. However, in this setting a more appropriate notion is that of "asynchronous bisimilarity".
The reader should note that, in the literature, the term "open bisimulation" usually refers to a more sophisticated notion, where processes and relations are indexed by distinction relations; details are in Sangiorgi's paper cited above.
## Barbed equivalence.
Alternatively, | 19,841 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
one may define bisimulation equivalence directly from the reduction semantics. We write formula_157 if process formula_95 immediately allows an input or an output on name formula_159.
A binary relation formula_97 over processes is a "barbed bisimulation" if it is a symmetric relation which satisfies that for every pair of elements formula_99 we have that
and
such that formula_109.
We say that formula_95 and formula_96 are "barbed bisimilar" if there exists a barbed bisimulation formula_97 where formula_115.
Defining a context as a term with a hole [] we say that two processes P and Q are "barbed congruent", written formula_172, if for every context formula_173 we have that formula_174 and | 19,842 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
formula_175 are barbed bisimilar. It turns out that barbed congruence coincides with the congruence induced by early bisimilarity.
# Applications.
The -calculus has been used to describe many different kinds of concurrent systems. In fact, some of the most recent applications lie outside the realm of traditional computer science.
In 1997, Martin Abadi and Andrew Gordon proposed an extension of the -calculus, the Spi-calculus, as a formal notation for describing and reasoning about cryptographic protocols. The spi-calculus extends the -calculus with primitives for encryption and decryption. In 2001, Martin Abadi and Cedric Fournet generalised the handling of cryptographic protocols to produce | 19,843 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
the applied calculus. There is now a large body of work devoted to variants of the applied calculus, including a number of experimental verification tools. One example is the tool ProVerif due to Bruno Blanchet, based on a translation of the applied -calculus into Blanchet's logic programming framework. Another example is Cryptyc , due to Andrew Gordon and Alan Jeffrey, which uses Woo and Lam's method of correspondence assertions as the basis for type systems that can check for authentication properties of cryptographic protocols.
Around 2002, Howard Smith and Peter Fingar became interested that -calculus would become a description tool for modelling business processes. By July 2006, there | 19,844 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
is discussion in the community about how useful this would be. Most recently, the -calculus has formed the theoretical basis of Business Process Modeling Language (BPML), and of Microsoft's XLANG.
The -calculus has also attracted interest in molecular biology. In 1999, Aviv Regev and Ehud Shapiro showed that one can describe a cellular signaling pathway (the so-called RTK/MAPK cascade) and in particular the molecular "lego" which implements these tasks of communication in an extension of the -calculus. Following this seminal paper, other authors described the whole metabolic network of a minimal cell.
# History.
The -calculus was originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David | 19,845 |
420373 | Π-calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Π-calculus | Π-calculus
ped by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker in 1992, based on ideas by Uffe Engberg and Mogens Nielsen. It can be seen as a continuation of Milner's work on the process calculus CCS (Calculus of Communicating Systems). In his Turing lecture, Milner describes the development of the -calculus as an attempt to capture the uniformity of values and processes in actors.
# Implementations.
The following programming languages are implementations either of the -calculus or of its variants:
- Business Process Modeling Language (BPML)
- occam-π
- Pict
- JoCaml (based on the Join-calculus)
- RhoLang
# External links.
- PiCalculus on the C2 wiki
- FAQ on π-Calculus by Jeannette M. Wing | 19,846 |
420378 | Stavanger Cathedral | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stavanger%20Cathedral | Stavanger Cathedral
Stavanger Cathedral
Stavanger Cathedral () is Norway's oldest cathedral and the seat of the Bishop of Stavanger who leads the Diocese of Stavanger. It is located in the city of Stavanger in Rogaland county, Norway. The church is situated in the centre of the city, in the borough of Storhaug between Breiavatnet in the south, the square with Vågen in the north west, the cathedral square in the north, and Kongsgård in the southwest.
The church is part of the "Stavanger domkirke" parish in the Stavanger arch-deanery in the Diocese of Stavanger.
# History.
Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester, is said to have started construction of the cathedral around 1100. It was finished around | 19,847 |
420378 | Stavanger Cathedral | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stavanger%20Cathedral | Stavanger Cathedral
1150: the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation. The cathedral was dedicated to Saint Swithun, an early Bishop of Winchester and subsequently patron saint of Winchester Cathedral. The church was initially the seat of the Diocese of Stavanger within the Roman Catholic Church until the Protestant Reformation.
Stavanger was ravaged by fire in 1272, and the cathedral suffered heavy damage. It was rebuilt under Bishop Arne (1276–1303) at which time the Romanesque cathedral was enlarged in the Gothic style.
In 1682, King Christian V decided to move Stavanger's episcopal seat to Kristiansand, in Kristiansand Cathedral. However, on Stavanger's 800th anniversary in 1925, King Haakon | 19,848 |
420378 | Stavanger Cathedral | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stavanger%20Cathedral | Stavanger Cathedral
VII appointed Jacob Christian Petersen (1870-1964) to serve as Stavanger's first bishop in nearly 250 years.
During a renovation in the 1860s, the cathedral's exterior and interior were considerably altered. The stone walls were plastered, and the building lost much of its medieval appearance. A major restoration led by architect Gerhard Fischer in 1939–1964 partly reversed those changes. The latest major restoration of the cathedral was conducted in 1999. Scottish craftsman Andrew Lawrenceson Smith (ca. 1620-1694) is well-known for his works in Stavanger Cathedral.
At the entrance to the sacristy there are sculptures of King Magnus VI, King Eric II and King Haakon V. The baptismal font is | 19,849 |
420378 | Stavanger Cathedral | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stavanger%20Cathedral | Stavanger Cathedral
ish craftsman Andrew Lawrenceson Smith (ca. 1620-1694) is well-known for his works in Stavanger Cathedral.
At the entrance to the sacristy there are sculptures of King Magnus VI, King Eric II and King Haakon V. The baptismal font is estimated to be from around 1300. The Bishop's chair is from 1925.
# See also.
- List of bishops of Stavanger
- List of cathedrals in Norway
- Ancient Diocese of Stavanger
# Related reading.
- Hoftun, Oddgeir (2008) "Kristningsprosessens og herskermaktens ikonografi i nordisk middelalder" (Oslo: Solum forlag)
- Ekroll, Øystein; Stige, Morten (2000) " Middelalder i Stein" (Oslo : ARFO)
# External links.
- Stavanger domkirke website
- Stavanger Cathedral | 19,850 |
420389 | Kogaionon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kogaionon | Kogaionon
Kogaionon
Kogaionon was the holy mountain of the Geto-Dacians, the place where Zalmoxis stayed in a cave for three years. After his disappearance into Kogaionon, he was considered dead by the Getae but after three years he resurrected and showed himself to the people, who became convinced by his holy preaching when he emerged from Kogaionon.
Strabo claims that a river with the same name flowed in the vicinity.
One modern translation of Kogaionon is "sacred mountain", which would be connected to a probable Dacian word "kaga" meaning "sacred", attested in two early 2nd century inscriptions from Tomis.
Kogaionon's location is still under debate, but thought to be either in the area around the | 19,851 |
420389 | Kogaionon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kogaionon | Kogaionon
able Dacian word "kaga" meaning "sacred", attested in two early 2nd century inscriptions from Tomis.
Kogaionon's location is still under debate, but thought to be either in the area around the Dacian capital Sarmizegetusa Regia (there is a 2291m summit there called Gugu and there are speculations that it could be the holy mountain; it may also have been Dealul Grădiştei where the ruins of the sanctuaries of Sarmizegetusa are located) or even the Ceahlău mountain.
# References.
- "Dicţionar de istorie veche a României" ("Dictionary of ancient Romanian history") (1976) Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, pp. 363
- Olteanu, Sorin. "Καγα: an important Dacian word in Tomitian inscriptions." | 19,852 |
420390 | Micropower radio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micropower%20radio | Micropower radio
Micropower radio
Micropower radio is a subset of pirate radio concerned with low-power radio broadcasting, usually less than about 100 watts radiated power and sometimes less than 0.1 watt. Micropower radio transmits to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a small local group. Beginning in the early 1990s, there has been an increase in micropower radio because of the desire for such a service in local communities. Micropower radio gives an avenue for small groups and individuals to provide local neighborhood or community broadcasts of information, diverse programming, and entertainment. Micropower radio is "usually" a non-commercial service.
The Microradio Movement | 19,853 |
420390 | Micropower radio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micropower%20radio | Micropower radio
in the United States aims to change radio licensing laws. While never his intent to found a movement, Mbanna Kantako, founder of the Human Rights Radio Network, is often referred to as the founder or grandfather of the Microradio Movement.
In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires AM/FM radio and TV stations without a Low Power FM (LPFM) license to transmit with at least 6000 Watts of power. The FCC is not currently offering any LPFM licenses. This makes the cost of setting up a radio station prohibitive for individuals and small communities.
# Sources.
"Free Radio, Electronic Civil Disobedience" by Lawrence Soley
# External links.
- Microradio.org
- Mediageek pirate | 19,854 |
420390 | Micropower radio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micropower%20radio | Micropower radio
States aims to change radio licensing laws. While never his intent to found a movement, Mbanna Kantako, founder of the Human Rights Radio Network, is often referred to as the founder or grandfather of the Microradio Movement.
In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires AM/FM radio and TV stations without a Low Power FM (LPFM) license to transmit with at least 6000 Watts of power. The FCC is not currently offering any LPFM licenses. This makes the cost of setting up a radio station prohibitive for individuals and small communities.
# Sources.
"Free Radio, Electronic Civil Disobedience" by Lawrence Soley
# External links.
- Microradio.org
- Mediageek pirate radio file | 19,855 |
420381 | No 1 Poultry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%201%20Poultry | No 1 Poultry
No 1 Poultry
No 1 Poultry is an office and retail building in London. It is located at the junction of Poultry and Queen Victoria Street, adjacent to Bank junction, in the City of London financial district. The building was designed by James Stirling for a site which then was owned by developer Peter Palumbo, and first assembled by Palumbo's father, Rudolph, in the 1960s. Originally intended to be the site of a modernist office tower designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in the manner of the Seagram Building in New York City, that scheme was aborted following one of the great architectural and planning show-downs of the 1970s. A new design was created, Stirling's final design, in a postmodernist | 19,856 |
420381 | No 1 Poultry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%201%20Poultry | No 1 Poultry
style with an outer shell of bands of rose-pink stone. The structure was built after his death and is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of the postmodernist style in London. In 2016, following proposals to alter it, it received government recognition with a listing at grade II*, making it the youngest listed building in England.
The building was owned by Heinrich Feldman until he sold it to Perella Weinberg Partners for £110 million in 2014.
# Overview.
The present building at No 1 Poultry was completed in 1997, five years after architect Stirling's death and three years after construction began. It is a postmodern structure, with use of bold, perhaps unsubtle, forms and colours | 19,857 |
420381 | No 1 Poultry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%201%20Poultry | No 1 Poultry
in a compact assembly. It is clad in pink and yellow limestone, fixed in stripes and blocks of colour whilst the interior atrium at the centre of the wedge-shaped site displays some of Stirling's characteristic acidulous colour play.
Like many notable postmodern buildings, the imagery is rich in references. For example, from the sharp apex of the site a keyhole shaped opening leads to a little-seen Scala Regia with a ramped floor, gold-leafed terminus and ancient Egyptian aura takes visitors into the heart of the building. Intended as site owner Palumbo's private entrance, this space is now little used: Palumbo sold the development before its completion. The turret above is sometimes likened | 19,858 |
420381 | No 1 Poultry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%201%20Poultry | No 1 Poultry
to a submarine conning tower while the glazed two-sided clock is in concept and detail a direct quotation from the Fascist-era main post office in Naples, Italy. Completed nearly two decades after the first designs were published, its reception among architectural critics suffered from the fact that the heyday of postmodernism was already over. Amongst the readers of "Time Out" magazine, it was voted the fifth worst building in London. However, its distinct image means it is often photographed as a symbol of the new London.
The building was announced as Grade II* listed on 29 November 2016 by Historic England. The listing had been proposed by the Twentieth Century Society to block proposals | 19,859 |
420381 | No 1 Poultry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%201%20Poultry | No 1 Poultry
to alter the structure, and so had been opposed by the building's current owners.
# Construction.
The construction of No 1 Poultry required the fiercely fought and highly publicised demolition of a 19th-century neo-gothic listed building on the apex of the site, then occupied by crown jewellers Mappin and Webb. It had been designed by John Belcher in 1870.
An office building and public square by Mies van der Rohe was commissioned for the site in 1969, to be known as Mansion House Square. Van der Rohe's plans were criticised as "yet another giant glass stump, better suited to downtown Chicago than the City of London" by Prince Charles in his 1984 "carbuncle" speech to RIBA, and the plans were | 19,860 |
420381 | No 1 Poultry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%201%20Poultry | No 1 Poultry
eventually scrapped.
While construction was underway, a major archaeological dig was undertaken by the Museum of London Archaeology Service, directed by Peter Rowsome. This excavation made several significant discoveries, including a wooden drain along the main Roman road. Using dendrochronology, this was dated to the year 47, suggesting this may be the date of the founding of Roman "Londinium".
Construction was completed in 1997.
# Use.
The building comprises a mixed use of retail and commercial office space.
A restaurant occupies the rooftop of No 1 Poultry and has a terrace and formal garden with panoramic City views for drinkers and diners. The rooftop featured in the opening ceremony | 19,861 |
420381 | No 1 Poultry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%201%20Poultry | No 1 Poultry
of the 2012 Olympic Games in the segment '' which saw Daniel Craig as James Bond transport Queen Elizabeth II to the Olympic Stadium by helicopter.
The rooftop terrace has gained notoriety in the City as the place where a number of people have committed suicide by jumping to the street below, a fall of around 80 ft. In recent years, six City workers have jumped from the terrace — in 2007, 2009, twice in 2012, in 2015, and in 2016.
# References and sources.
- References
- Sources
- Peter Rowsome "Heart of the City" Museum of London, 2000
# External links.
- Photographs of No 1 Poultry
- Excavations at No 1 Poultry
- Photo of previous (Neo Gothic) building
- Successful banker jumped | 19,862 |
420381 | No 1 Poultry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%201%20Poultry | No 1 Poultry
t '' which saw Daniel Craig as James Bond transport Queen Elizabeth II to the Olympic Stadium by helicopter.
The rooftop terrace has gained notoriety in the City as the place where a number of people have committed suicide by jumping to the street below, a fall of around 80 ft. In recent years, six City workers have jumped from the terrace — in 2007, 2009, twice in 2012, in 2015, and in 2016.
# References and sources.
- References
- Sources
- Peter Rowsome "Heart of the City" Museum of London, 2000
# External links.
- Photographs of No 1 Poultry
- Excavations at No 1 Poultry
- Photo of previous (Neo Gothic) building
- Successful banker jumped to his death from No 1 Poultry building | 19,863 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
Mickleover
Mickleover is the most westerly suburb of the city of Derby in the United Kingdom. It is located west of the city centre.
# History.
The earliest recorded mention of Mickleover (and its close neighbour, Littleover) comes in 1011, when an early charter has King Aethelred granting Morcar, a high-ranking Mercian Thegn, land along the Trent and in Eastern Derbyshire, including land in the Mickleover and Littleover areas, consolidating estates he had inherited in North-East Derbyshire from his kinsman through marriage, Wulfric Spot, who founded Burton Abbey on the Staffs-Derbys border.
The village appears in Domesday Book when it was still owned by the abbey. At the time of the Domesday | 19,864 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
Survey, 1086, Mickleover was known as Magna (the Old English version of this is Micel) Oufra. Magna, in early Latin means Great; oufra coming from Anglo Saxon ofer, flat-topped ridge. The oldest parts of the village now are located along Uttoxeter Road (B5020). Mickleover was transferred to the County Borough of Derby from Repton Rural District in 1968. The resident population of Mickleover ward in 2003 was 13,528. The current population is estimated to be in excess of 18,000.
Mickleover also has a mention in the earliest beginnings of the industrial revolution. The first industrial scale textile factory, a silk mill, was built in 1717 by John Lombe in Derby. Lombe had gained his experience | 19,865 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
processing silk in the smaller factory built and run by Thomas Cotchett of Mickleover. Cotchett's factory was perhaps the first germ of industrial manufacture. Cotchett was born in Mickleover the son of Robert Cotchett, an officer in Cromwell's army during the English civil war. Thomas Cotchett lived in Orchard Street in Mickleover in what is now known as "The Old Hall" which was built by Robert Cotchett between 1640 and 1650. The house represents a fine example of a timber frame building and is one of a few still remaining in the area and is the oldest house in Mickleover.
# Geography.
Mickleover is now one of the largest suburbs in Derby and is still expanding due to ongoing housing developments.
Construction | 19,866 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
of the £5.2m Mickleover bypass (A516/A38) began in April 1972 and it was opened on 19 February 1975.
# Hotels, Pubs and Shops.
There is a Tesco located towards the middle of the suburb, which was open 24 hours a day until 2016. Mickleover Court Hotel is popular with commuting business representatives as well as travelling sports teams, notably football teams playing against Derby County. The hotel also accommodated the England team in 2001 when they played a friendly at Pride Park Stadium against Mexico. The village centre also contains several pubs and a number of smaller shops. The Vine Inn, The Nags Head and The Masons Arms are located in the middle of the suburb. The Honeycomb and The | 19,867 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
Robin are situated a little further away and The Great Northern is located next to the old railway track.
The Masons Arms pub was well visited by local radio host and disc jockey DJ Magnam who had regular show on GEM-AM radio playing Bhangra & Bollywood chak-de music.
# Army Cadet Force.
Mickleover is home to the Mickleover Army Cadet Force Detachment.
# Railway history.
The railway line which passed through Mickleover originally formed part of the Great Northern Railway's Derbyshire Extension route from Grantham to Stafford and was opened in April 1878. It ran from Grantham on the East Coast Main Line via Nottingham Victoria, over Bennerley Viaduct (which still stands today) to Derby Friargate | 19,868 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
Station. This section of the Great Northern Railway, also known as the Friargate Line, (for further history about this now closed railway see GNR Derbyshire and Staffordshire Extension), was built as a rival to the already established Midland Railway which at the time had a monopoly over Derby, Nottingham and the surrounding areas.
At Egginton Junction. it joined the Derby to Crewe line of the North Staffordshire Railway which it left at Bromshall Junction near Uttoxeter to journey on to Stafford. There was also a line from Egginton Junction via Dove Junction to Burton-on-Trent. Mickleover station (also called Mickleover for Radbourne) lay on the Derby – Egginton section, and was located about | 19,869 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
from the centre of the village.
Although most of the line was closed to passenger traffic in December 1939, Mickleover station remained open until 3 February 1964. The final passenger train left Friargate on 5 September 1964 and the line then closed throughout to passenger traffic on 7 September 1964. The section between Egginton Jcn. and Friargate was acquired by the Train Control Group of the BR Research Division, as a test track. It was singled between Friargate and Mickleover, but in 1973 the line was cut back to Mickleover since the eastern end of the track bed had been earmarked for the new A38 trunk road. Thereafter the line was used as a test track until 1990 when the A516 feeder road | 19,870 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
to the A50 by-pass was built over the trackbed and the line was closed and lifted.
The station building at Mickleover survives as a private residence. The route of the line is now a cycle track to Egginton and nature path with little to indicate its former status.
# University campus.
Mickleover from May 1964 until June 2007, housed a small campus of the University of Derby which in 2007-8 made way for nearly 700 new homes. The campus was formerly the Bishop Lonsdale College of Education, run by the Church of England (Derby Diocese), and housed the Education and Health departments as well as some social science courses. In late 2007 a new scout hut for the 166th Mickleover Scouts was also | 19,871 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
built on the site of the University Campus (Derby Campus).
# Schools.
Mickleover has a number of primary schools: Wren Park Primary, Mickleover Primary, Brookfield Primary, Silverhill Primary and Ravensdale and Infants schools. There is also a secondary school, Murray Park School, which also borders the edge of Mackworth, and goes straight onto D block in Derby College. Many residents of Mickleover, however, attend John Port School, or Littleover Community School both of which can be difficult to obtain a place because of high demand.
The village has two C of E churches – the 1960s St John the Evangelist and the older All Saints. There is also a Methodist chapel and a Roman Catholic church | 19,872 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
on Uttoxeter Road called Our Lady of Lourdes. All Saints once contained an infant school, as did the Old Tea Rooms, now known as the Mickleover Community Centre.
# Sports.
Mickleover Sports F.C. is a semi-professional football team. They are based at the Mickleover Sports Club on Station Road and are members of the Northern Premier League.
Along with Mickleover Sports, the suburb is also home to many junior sports teams. A notable example being the Mickleover Lightning Sox football team who are listed in the "Guinness World Records" 2005 for being involved in the longest penalty shootout. The game between the Sox and Chellaston Boys in the 1998 Derby Community Cup, finished 1–1 with Sox winning | 19,873 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
the shootout 2-1, but not until 66 penalties had been taken.
Mickleover Running Club is an England Athletics affiliated running club, which was formed in Sep 2016 to offer running sessions for all abilities, ranging from people looking to improve their fitness, to serious runners wanting to compete in local league races. They meet every Tuesday and Thursday evening at 7 pm at the Royal British Legion, Mickleover.
# Hospitals and health centres.
The former Derby County Mental Hospital, later known as Pastures Hospital, was opened in 1851 on Merlin Way, south west of the centre of Mickleover. The hospital closed in 1994 and was converted to housing, named Duesbury Court after the hospital's | 19,874 |
420380 | Mickleover | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickleover | Mickleover
pitals and health centres.
The former Derby County Mental Hospital, later known as Pastures Hospital, was opened in 1851 on Merlin Way, south west of the centre of Mickleover. The hospital closed in 1994 and was converted to housing, named Duesbury Court after the hospital's architect, Henry Duesbury.
Mickleover Medical Centre is an NHS health centre located on Vicarage Road.
# Notable people.
- David Hampshire (1917–1990), racing driver
- DJ Magnam Chak-De (1986-present), Bhangra & Bollywood disc jockey.
# External links.
- Mickleover Photographs by Warren Elkes
- Village website
- Community Centre
- Mickleover Players
- Heritage Trail
- Mickleover ACF
- Mickleover Running Club | 19,875 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
Kyu Sakamoto
# Life and career.
### 1941–1949.
#### Childhood in Kawasaki and Kasama.
Sakamoto was born on 10 December 1941, in Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, to Hiroshi Sakamoto, a cargo tender officer, and his second wife, Iku. He was the youngest of his father's nine children, which is why he was nicknamed , meaning "lil nine". Kyū is also an alternate reading of the "kanji" of his given name, .
In the summer of 1944, during the air raids over the greater Tokyo area, Kyu's mother took her three children to live with their maternal grandparents in rural Kasama, Ibaraki Prefecture. They moved back to Kawasaki in 1949. Their father's company had been closed by the American occupation forces | 19,876 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
and he opened a restaurant.
## 1956–1958.
### Teenage life.
In 1956, Kyu's parents divorced. His mother was given custody over her three minor children including Kyu, and they adopted the mother's maiden name, Ōshima. His older step-siblings kept their father's surname, Sakamoto. Kyu started playing guitar in high school, but he soon began singing.
## First recordings (1959–1960).
### JVC and Toshiba Records.
In May 1958, when Sakamoto was 16 years old, he joined the Japanese pop-band The Drifters that had been formed three years earlier. Sakamoto was unhappy about his position in the band as second vocalist, and this often led to fights with the other members. His big breakthrough as | 19,877 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
a band member came 26 August 1958, when he sang at the annual music festival Western Carnival at the Nichigeki Hall. After a quarrel that ended in a fight with two of the other members, Sakamoto left the band in November 1958.
For a short period of time, Sakamoto returned to his studies and focused on entering the university. By December 1958, he joined his classmate's Hisahiko Iida's band called Danny Iida and Paradise King. He replaced Hiroshi Mizuhara as singer. Sakamoto's career began to rise to expectations, where he ended his studies and left school. In June 1959, the band got a record deal at the JVC record company. The Paradise King and Sakamoto released their song "Kanashiki Rokujissai" | 19,878 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
in August 1960, which became a great hit. In the time after they released a number of songs that became very popular. This led to Sakamoto obtaining a record deal at the Toshiba Records company and left the Paradise King aiming at a solo career.
## Solo career (1961–1985).
### Debut album and international success (1961–1964).
Sakamoto's solo career was inaugurated with the love song "Ue o Muite Arukō" written by Rokusuke Ei and Hachidai Nakamura. The song was first heard on the NHK entertainment program "Yume de Aimashō" on 16 August 1961. It became a smash hit and was released on red vinyl on October 15. It remained the highest selling record until January 1962, three months after its release.
His | 19,879 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
international breakthrough came in 1963 during a visit to Japan by Louis Benjamin, an executive of British record company Pye Records. Hearing the song several times, Benjamin decided to bring it back to England. Due to concerns that the title would be too hard for English-speakers to pronounce or remember, the song was renamed "Sukiyaki", after the Japanese cooked beef dish familiar to the English. The new title was intended to sound both catchy and distinctive in Japanese, but other than the language, it had no actual connection to the song.
Initially, Pye Records released an instrumental version of the song recorded by Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen. After that became a hit in England, His Master's | 19,880 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
Voice (HMV) released the original, which also sold well, reaching sixth place in HMV's most sold records. In 1963, Capitol Records released the song in the USA with the alternate title, eventually selling over one million copies, and remaining number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 number one single for three weeks in June, 1963.
After the international success of "Sukiyaki", Sakamoto went on a world tour that lasted from summer of 1963 to the beginning of 1964. Among the countries he visited were the United States (including Hawaii), Germany, and Sweden. During his time in the U.S., he was invited to appear in several television shows. On 13 August 1963, he landed at Los Angeles International | 19,881 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
Airport and that evening, was a guest of television program "The Steve Allen Show". Sakamoto was also expected to appear on "The Ed Sullivan Show," but his appearance was canceled owing to a scheduling conflict with the production of his upcoming movie, "Kyu-chan Katana o Nuite".
Sakamoto had only one other song reach the U.S. charts, "China Nights (Shina no Yoru)" (Capitol 5016), which peaked at number 58 in 1963. His only American album, "Sukiyaki and Other Japanese Hits" (Capitol 10349), peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart (now known as the Billboard 200) in 1963 and remained on the Pop Albums chart for 17 weeks.
He received his sole foreign Gold Record of the Recording | 19,882 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
Industry Association of America (RIAA) by Capitol Records on 15 May 1964 in Hotel Okura, Tokyo.
### Later appearances.
During the 1964 Summer Olympics, he was featured on the Swedish TV-program "Hylands hörna" broadcast live from Tokyo.
In 1968, Sakamoto and Hachidai Nakamura participated in the international singing contest Festival Internacional da Canção in Rio de Janeiro with the song "Sayonara, Sayonara".
## Marriage and family.
In 1971, Sakamoto married Japanese actress Yukiko Kashiwagi. The couple had two daughters, Hanako and .
## Death.
On August 12, 1985, Sakamoto was aboard Japan Airlines Flight 123, on which he was heading to Osaka for an event. The plane crashed into two | 19,883 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma which became the deadliest single-aircraft accident in history. A total of 520 people were killed in the crash, including Sakamoto.
His body is interred at Chōkoku-ji Temple in Minato, Tokyo.
# Legacy.
His most popular song, "Ue o Muite Arukō" ("I look up when I walk") remains the only Japanese song to reach number one on the "Billboard" pop charts in the United States, a position it maintained for three weeks in 1963. It was also the first ever Japanese language song to enter the UK charts, though it only climbed to number 6 with no further chart entries.
The whisling in "Ue o Muite Arukō" was sampled in the Avicii song "Freak" from his posthumous | 19,884 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
album Tim (Avicii album)
"Sukiyaki" has been covered multiple times over the years, beginning with the instrumental by Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen. "Sukiyaki" was also covered as an instrumental, by English pianist Johnny Pearson, during 1982. Well-known English-language cover versions include a 1981 cover by A Taste of Honey and a 1995 cover by 4 P.M., both of which made the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100. In 1989, Selena's "self-titled album" contained a Spanish translation of the Taste of Honey cover which was released as a single in 1990. The English lyrics have also appeared in whole or in part in songs by performers including Slick Rick and Doug E. Fresh (1985's "La Di Da Di"), Salt-N-Pepa | 19,885 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
(1985's "The Show Stopper"), Snoop Dogg (1993's "Lodi Dodi", a "La Di Da Di" cover), Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (1995's "Bless Da 40 Oz."), Raphael Saadiq (1995's "Ask of You", another to make the Hot 100), Mary J. Blige (1997's "Everything") and Will Smith (1999's "So Fresh", featuring Slick Rick).
An American version by Jewel Akens with different American lyrics was written for it. Titled "My First Lonely Night (Sukiyaki)" in 1966, the song reached number 82 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
On 16 March 1999, Japan Post issued a stamp commemorating Sakamoto and "Sukiyaki". The stamp is listed in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Japan number 2666 with a face value of 50 yen.
Wii Music includes | 19,886 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
"Sukiyaki" in the "handbell harmony" section.
"Ue o Muite Arukō" was featured in the soundtrack of the 2011 Studio Ghibli film "From Up on Poppy Hill". In one scene, an animated Sakamoto is seen performing the song on the television.
An instrumental version of "Ue o Muite Arukō" was used in episode 2 of the Amazon series "The Man in the High Castle", a reimagining of life in the United States had the Allies lost World War II. In the series, set in 1963, the year the song debuted, Japan is given control over the West Coast, and "Ue o Muite Arukō" can be heard playing in a bar.
"Sukiyaki" was also featured in season 2, episode 2 of the television show "Mad Men", a period drama television series | 19,887 |
420376 | Kyu Sakamoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyu%20Sakamoto | Kyu Sakamoto
the lives of advertisers in New York in the 1960s.
# Discography.
- "Sukiyaki and Other Japanese Hits" (1963)
- "Very Best of Kyu Sakamoto" (1994)
- "Kyu Sakamoto Memorial Best" (2005)
- "Kyu Sakamoto CD & DVD The Best" (2005)
# Filmography.
- "Takekurabe" (1955)
- "Everything Goes Wrong" (1960)
- "" (1961)
- "Shichiji ni aimashō" (1963)
- "" (1964)
- "Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon" (1965)
- "Kyūchan's Big Dream" (1967)
- "" (1975)
# Biography.
- "" (made-for-TV movie, TV Tokyo, 2005)
# See also.
- Kyū Sakamoto Memorial Hall
- 6980 Kyusakamoto, an outer main-belt asteroid, named in his honor
# External links.
- , watching clip of Sakamoto on Steve Allen Show (1963) | 19,888 |
420388 | Tennessee warbler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee%20warbler | Tennessee warbler
Tennessee warbler
The Tennessee warbler ("Leiothlypis peregrina") is a New World warbler that breeds in eastern North America and winters in southern Central America and northern South America. The specific "peregrina" is from Latin " peregrinus" "wanderer".
# Description.
The Tennessee warbler is long, has a wingspan, and weighs roughly . The breeding male has olive back, shoulders, rump and vent. The flight feathers are brownish-black. It has a slate gray neck, crown and eyeline. The underside is a gray-white. The female is similar to the male, but is much duller and has a greener tinge to the underside. The Tennessee warbler has long wings, short tail and a thin, pointy bill. Juveniles | 19,889 |
420388 | Tennessee warbler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee%20warbler | Tennessee warbler
and first-year birds are quite similar to the female.
Tennessee warblers resemble female black-throated blue warblers. The only difference is that the black-throated blue has a darker cheek and two white wing spots.
This bird can be confused with the red-eyed vireo, which is larger, moves more deliberately and sings almost constantly. The orange-crowned warbler can also look similar, but lacks the white eyebrow, is greyer-brown above and has yellow undertail coverts.
# Distribution.
It breeds from the Adirondack Mountains in New York through northern Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine north and west throughout much of Canada. It is also found breeding in northeast Minnesota and northern Upper | 19,890 |
420388 | Tennessee warbler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee%20warbler | Tennessee warbler
Peninsula of Michigan. It is migratory, wintering in southern Central America and northern Colombia and Venezuela, with a few stragglers going as far south as Ecuador. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. This bird was named from a specimen collected in Tennessee, where it may appear during migration.
# Ecology and behavior.
The Tennessee warbler feeds mainly on insects and prefers the spruce budworm. This species fluctuates in population with the quantity of the budworm. It also likes flower nectar, fruit and some seeds.
This warbler, like most others, is nervous and quick while foraging. It creeps along branches and is found at all levels. It is solitary while nesting, but forms | 19,891 |
420388 | Tennessee warbler | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee%20warbler | Tennessee warbler
t creeps along branches and is found at all levels. It is solitary while nesting, but forms mixed flocks after breeding.
The Tennessee warbler prefers coniferous forests, mixed conifer-deciduous forests, early successional woodlands and boreal bogs. It makes a cup-shaped nest of dried grasses and moss lined with finer grasses, stems and hair. The nest can be placed on the ground or above a bog in moss or in the base of a shrub. The nest is built by the female, and she lays 4–7 white eggs with brown splotches on them.
# External links.
- Tennessee warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Tennessee warbler - "Vermivora peregrina" - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter | 19,892 |
420403 | Robert Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert%20Park | Robert Park
Robert Park
Robert Park may refer to:
- Robert E. Park (1864–1944), American urban sociologist
- Robert H. Park (1902–1994), American electrical engineer and inventor
- Robert L. Park (born 1931), American physicist
- Robert Park (activist) (born 1981), Korean-American missionary and activist
- Robert Park (American football) (1880–1961), American football coach at Geneva College
- Robert Park (priest) (1885–1971), Archdeacon of Winnipeg
# See also.
- Robert Parks (disambiguation) | 19,893 |
420415 | Cheveret desk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheveret%20desk | Cheveret desk
Cheveret desk
A Cheveret desk is an antique desk of very small size which features a single drawer under the writing surface. In some occasions small drawers and pigeonholes are built on top, at the back, as in a smaller form of a bureau à gradin. It is also written with an "S", Sheveret.
Other variants of the Cheveret are much taller and have one or two shelves built between the legs, under the main drawer. They are meant to be used standing up, being then a form of standing desk.
Cheverets were popular in the United Kingdom in the 18th century.
See also the List of desk forms and types.
# References.
- Fleming, John. Hugh Honour. Dictionary of the Decorative Arts. New York: Harper & Row, | 19,894 |
420415 | Cheveret desk | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheveret%20desk | Cheveret desk
nder the writing surface. In some occasions small drawers and pigeonholes are built on top, at the back, as in a smaller form of a bureau à gradin. It is also written with an "S", Sheveret.
Other variants of the Cheveret are much taller and have one or two shelves built between the legs, under the main drawer. They are meant to be used standing up, being then a form of standing desk.
Cheverets were popular in the United Kingdom in the 18th century.
See also the List of desk forms and types.
# References.
- Fleming, John. Hugh Honour. Dictionary of the Decorative Arts. New York: Harper & Row, 1977
- Gloag, John. A Complete Dictionary of Furniture. Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlook Press, 1991. | 19,895 |
420422 | Histochemical tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histochemical%20tracer | Histochemical tracer
Histochemical tracer
A histochemical tracer is a compound used to reveal the location of cells and track neuronal projections. A neuronal tracer may be retrograde, anterograde, or work in both directions. A retrograde tracer is taken up in the terminal of the neuron and transported to the cell body, whereas an anterograde tracer moves "away from the cell body" of the neuron.
# List.
- Diamidino yellow
- Fast blue
- Horseradish peroxidase - retrograde
- Cholera toxin B - retrograde
- Pseudorabies virus
- Hydroxystilbamidine - retrograde
- Texas Red
- Fluorescein isothiocyanate
# References.
- Kreier Felix; Kap Yolanda S; Mettenleiter Thomas C; van Heijningen Caroline; van der Vliet | 19,896 |
420422 | Histochemical tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histochemical%20tracer | Histochemical tracer
inal of the neuron and transported to the cell body, whereas an anterograde tracer moves "away from the cell body" of the neuron.
# List.
- Diamidino yellow
- Fast blue
- Horseradish peroxidase - retrograde
- Cholera toxin B - retrograde
- Pseudorabies virus
- Hydroxystilbamidine - retrograde
- Texas Red
- Fluorescein isothiocyanate
# References.
- Kreier Felix; Kap Yolanda S; Mettenleiter Thomas C; van Heijningen Caroline; van der Vliet Jan; Kalsbeek Andries; Sauerwein Hans P; Fliers Eric; Romijn Johannes A; Buijs Ruud M (2006). "Tracing from fat tissue, liver, and pancreas: a neuroanatomical framework for the role of the brain in type 2 diabetes", "Endocrinology", 147(3):1140-7. | 19,897 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
Japan Airlines Flight 123
Japan Airlines Flight 123 was a scheduled domestic Japan Airlines passenger flight from Tokyo's Haneda Airport to Osaka International Airport, Japan. On August 12, 1985, a Boeing 747SR operating this route suffered a sudden decompression twelve minutes into the flight and crashed in the area of Mount Takamagahara, Ueno, Gunma Prefecture, from Tokyo thirty-two minutes later. The crash site was on Osutaka Ridge, near Mount Osutaka.
Japan's Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission officially concluded that the rapid decompression was caused by a faulty repair by Boeing technicians after a tailstrike incident during a landing at Osaka Airport seven years earlier in 1978. | 19,898 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
A doubler plate on the rear bulkhead of the plane had been improperly repaired, compromising the plane's airworthiness. Cabin pressurization continued to expand and contract the improperly repaired bulkhead until the day of the accident, when the faulty repair finally failed, causing the rapid decompression that ripped off a large portion of the tail and caused the loss of hydraulic controls to the entire plane.
The aircraft, configured with increased economy class seating, was carrying 524 people. Casualties of the crash included all 15 crew members and 505 of the 509 passengers. Some passengers survived the initial crash but subsequently died of their injuries hours later, mostly due to the | 19,899 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.