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420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
Japan Self-Defense Forces' decision to wait until the next day to go to the crash site, after declining an offer from a nearby United States Air Force base to start an immediate rescue operation. It is the deadliest single-aircraft accident in aviation history.
# Aircraft and crew.
The accid... | 19,900 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
cockpit crew consisted of the following:
- Captain from Akita, Japan, served as a training instructor for First Officer Yutaka Sasaki on the flight, supervising him while handling the radio communications. A veteran pilot, having logged approximately 12,400 total flight hours, roughly 4,850 o... | 19,901 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
from Kyoto, the 46-year-old veteran flight engineer of the flight who had approximately 9,800 total flight hours, of which roughly 3,850 were accrued flying 747s.
# Passengers.
The flight was around the Obon holiday period in Japan, when many Japanese people make yearly trips to their home t... | 19,902 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
were seated on the left side and toward the middle of seat rows 54–60, in the rear of the aircraft. The four survivors were:
- , a 26-year-old off-duty JAL flight attendant who was jammed between seats;
- , a 34-year-old woman;
- , Hiroko's 8-year-old daughter—Hiroko and Mikiko were both tr... | 19,903 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
on Friday, November 22, 1985.
Among the dead was singer Kyu Sakamoto, who was famous for the hit song known in the United States under the title "Sukiyaki."
# Sequence of events.
The aircraft landed at Haneda from New Chitose Airport at 4:50PM as JL514. After more than an hour on the ramp, ... | 19,904 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
stabilizer, and severing all four hydraulic lines. A photograph taken from the ground confirmed that the vertical stabilizer was missing.
The pilots set their transponder to broadcast a distress signal. Afterwards, Captain Takahama contacted Tokyo Area Control Center to declare an emergency, ... | 19,905 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
the hydraulic pressure was dropping. Seeing that the aircraft was still flying west away from Haneda, Tokyo Control contacted the aircraft again. After confirming that the pilots were declaring an emergency, the controller requested as to the nature of the emergency, which the pilots did not r... | 19,906 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
land at Haneda.
Hydraulic fluid completely drained away through the rupture. With total loss of hydraulic control and non-functional control surfaces, the aircraft began up and down oscillations in phugoid cycles lasting about 90 seconds each. The lack of stabilizing influence from the vertic... | 19,907 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
they managed to slowly turn the plane back towards Haneda. The plane rose and fell in an altitude range of for 15 minutes, with the pilots seemingly unable to figure out how to descend without flight controls. This is possibly due to the effects of hypoxia at such altitudes, as the pilots seem... | 19,908 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
clearly on the cockpit area microphone for the entire duration up until the crash which is proof that they likely did not do so at any point in the flight. Eventually, the pilots discovered that they could achieve limited control of the airplane by adjusting the power of the 747's wing-mounted... | 19,909 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
dutch roll mode by use of the differential thrust between the right and left engines is estimated practically impossible for a pilot."
Shortly after 6:40 PM, the landing gear was lowered in an attempt to dampen the phugoid cycles and Dutch rolls. This was somewhat successful, as the phugoid c... | 19,910 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
an uncontrollable aircraft. Moments later, the aircraft began to turn to the left, despite efforts by the crew to get the plane to continue to turn right and avoid the mountains.
As the aircraft continued west, they descended below , then entered a rapid climb and briefly stalled the plane at... | 19,911 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
the First officer quickly discussed lowering the flaps. Without hydraulics, the captain expressed that this wouldn't work, but the flight engineer pointed out this could be done via an alternate electrical system. At 6:51 PM, the captain lowered the flaps 5 units as an additional attempt to ex... | 19,912 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
began to drop. Captain Takahama immediately ordered the flaps to be retracted ("Hey, halt the flap") , and was heard on the cockpit voice recorder desperately requesting for more power to be applied in a last-ditch effort to raise the nose.The plane continued to enter an uncontrollable right-h... | 19,913 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
Gunma Prefecture. The east-west ridge is about north north west of Mount Mikuni. Ed Magnuson of "Time" magazine said that the area where the aircraft crashed was referred to as the "Tibet" of Gunma Prefecture. The elapsed time from the bulkhead failure to the crash was 32 minutes.
# Delayed r... | 19,914 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
Force C-130 from the 345th TAS was tasked to search for the missing plane. The C-130 crew was the first to spot the crash site 20 minutes after impact, while it was still daylight. The crew radioed the location to the Japanese and Yokota Air Base and directed an Iroquois helicopter from Yokota... | 19,915 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
later spotted the wreck but after nightfall. Poor visibility and the difficult mountainous terrain prevented it from landing at the site. The pilot reported from the air that there were no signs of survivors. Based on this report, JSDF personnel on the ground did not set out to the site on the... | 19,916 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
overnight in the mountains, or from injuries that, if tended to earlier, would not have been fatal. One doctor said "If the discovery had come ten hours earlier, we could have found more survivors."
Off-duty flight attendant Yumi Ochiai, one of the four survivors out of 524 passengers and cre... | 19,917 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
1. The aircraft was involved in a tailstrike incident at Osaka International Airport seven years earlier as JAL 115, which damaged the aircraft's rear pressure bulkhead.
- 2. The subsequent repair of the bulkhead did not conform to Boeing's approved repair methods. For reinforcing a damaged b... | 19,918 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
investigation, the Accident Investigation Commission calculated that this incorrect installation would fail after approximately 10,000 pressurization cycles; the aircraft accomplished 12,318 successful flights from the time that the faulty repair was made to when the crash happened.
- 3. Cons... | 19,919 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
and legacy.
The Japanese public's confidence in Japan Air Lines took a dramatic downturn in the wake of the disaster, with passenger numbers on domestic routes dropping by one third. Rumors persisted that Boeing had admitted fault to cover up shortcomings in the airline's inspection procedure... | 19,920 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
relatives in the form of "condolence money" without admitting liability. JAL president, Yasumoto Takagi (), resigned. In the aftermath of the incident, Hiroo Tominaga, a JAL maintenance manager, killed himself to atone for the incident, while Susumu Tajima, an engineer who had inspected and cl... | 19,921 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
by the Boeing 767 or Boeing 777 in the mid-1990s. The 747s continued serving JAL until their 2011 retirement. March 2 of the same year saw the retirement of the airline's final two 747s, which were -400 series.
In 2009, stairs with a handrail were installed to facilitate visitors' access to t... | 19,922 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
Airport. This center was created for training purposes to alert employees to the importance of airline safety and their personal responsibility to ensure safety. The center has displays regarding aviation safety, the history of the crash, and selected pieces of the aircraft and passenger effec... | 19,923 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
brain injuries.) His partner, pregnant with their second child, returned with her family to London, where she and Yukawa had met. To avoid embarrassment to Yukawa's family she accepted a settlement of £340,000 rather than claiming under the airline's compensation scheme. In 2002 the airline ma... | 19,924 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
broadcast with the title "" in Japan. The flight was also included in a "Mayday" Season 6 (2007) "Science of Disaster" special, entitled "Fatal Flaw," which was broadcast with the title "Fatal Fix" in the United Kingdom, Australia and Asia.
- The documentary series "Aircrash Confidential" fea... | 19,925 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
the reporting of the crash at the fictional newspaper "Kita-Kanto Shimbun." Yokoyama was a journalist at the "Jōmō Shimbun" at the time of the crash. A film released in 2008, and also titled "Climber's High," is based on the novel.
- In 2009, the film "Shizumanu Taiyō," starring Ken Watanabe,... | 19,926 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
public trust in the company but could lead to a loss of customers." Coincidentally, the movie features music by Diana Yukawa, whose father was one of the victims of this disaster.
- The cockpit voice recording (CVR) of the incident was incorporated into the script of a 1999 play called "Charl... | 19,927 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
Flight 611 – 2002
- British European Airways Flight 706 – 1971
- List of aircraft accidents and incidents resulting in at least 50 fatalities
Similar accidents involving loss of flight controls:
- United Airlines Flight 232 – caused by a catastrophic engine failure, 1989
- Baghdad DHL att... | 19,928 |
420387 | Japan Airlines Flight 123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan%20Airlines%20Flight%20123 | Japan Airlines Flight 123
rlines Flight 115 tailstrike that caused the crash 7 years earlier
# External links.
- Aircraft Accident Report, English translation – Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission (East Asian fonts may need to be installed)
- Alternative link
- Aircraft Accident Report – Aircraft Accident In... | 19,929 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
Ben Klassen
Bernhardt (or Ben) Klassen () – ) was an American politician and religious leader who described himself as a "white separatist and racial purist". He was the founder of the Church of the Creator with the publication of his book "Nature's Eternal Religion" in 1973.
At one point, Klassen was a R... | 19,930 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
Bernhard and Susanna Klassen (née Friesen) a Ukrainian Mennonite Christian couple. He had two sisters and two brothers. When Klassen was nine months old, he caught typhoid fever and nearly died. His earliest memories were of the famine of 1921–22. He remembered his father rationing to him one slice of dark ... | 19,931 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
in partnership with Ben Burke. Believing that his partner was prone to drinking and gambling, Klassen eventually bought him out and became sole proprietor. He hired several salesmen, including Merle Peek, who convinced him to buy large land development projects in Nevada. Klassen and Peek started a partners... | 19,932 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
Robbins & Myers, Klassen created Klassen Enterprises, Inc. In the face of competition from larger manufacturers that could provide similar products more cheaply, Klassen and his partners dissolved the company in 1962.
# Political career.
Klassen served Broward County in the Florida House of Representative... | 19,933 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
disillusioned with the Society because of what he viewed as its tolerant position towards Jews. In November 1970, Klassen, along with Austin Davis, created the Nationalist White Party. The party's platform was directed at White Christians and it was explicitly religious and racial in nature; the first sente... | 19,934 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
to his connections through letters. These letters were not well received and they effectively ended the influence of the Nationalist White Party.
# Church of the Creator.
In 1973 Klassen founded the Church of the Creator (COTC) with the publication of "Nature's Eternal Religion". Individual church members... | 19,935 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
other healthy outdoor activities", as well as instruction on "the goals and doctrines of Creativity and how they could best serve their own race in various capacities of leadership."
In July 1992 George Loeb, a minister of the church, was convicted of murdering a black sailor in Jacksonville Florida. Feari... | 19,936 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
Klassen first popularized the term "Racial Holy War" (RaHoWa) within the white nationalist movement. He also consistently called black people "niggers" in public discourse as well as in the literature of the COTC, as opposed to many white nationalist leaders who use relatively more polite terms in public. K... | 19,937 |
420402 | Ben Klassen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben%20Klassen | Ben Klassen
sition toward the nigger. We must give him nothing but contempt."
In his 1987 book "Rahowa – This Planet Is All Ours" he claims that Jews created Christianity in order to make white people weaker, and he said that the first priority should be to "smash the Jewish Behemoth".
# Death.
Possibly depressed af... | 19,938 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
Radioactive tracer
A radioactive tracer, radiotracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide so by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioiso... | 19,939 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
tracer to track fluid flow. Radioactive tracers are also used to determine the location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing in natural gas production. Radioactive tracers form the basis of a variety of imaging systems, such as, PET scans, SPECT scans and technetium scans. Radiocarbon dating ... | 19,940 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
isotope.
The principle behind the use of radioactive tracers is that an atom in a chemical compound is replaced by another atom, of the same chemical element. The substituting atom, however, is a radioactive isotope. This process is often called radioactive labeling. The power of the technique is du... | 19,941 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
are two main ways in which radioactive tracers are used
- 1. When a labeled chemical compound undergoes chemical reactions one or more of the products will contain the radioactive label. Analysis of what happens to the radioactive isotope provides detailed information on the mechanism of the chemica... | 19,942 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
processes is absorption of a neutron by an atomic nucleus, in which the mass number of the element concerned increases by 1 for each neutron absorbed. For example,
In this case the atomic mass increases, but the element is unchanged. In other cases the product nucleus is unstable and decays, typical... | 19,943 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
is produced by neutron irradiation of Li
Tritium has a half-life 4,500±8 days (approximately 12.32 years), and it decays by beta decay. The electrons produced have an average energy of 5.7 keV. Because the emitted electrons have relatively low energy, the detection efficiency by scintillation counti... | 19,944 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
earth so it occurs at a trace level in the environment. However, it is not practical to use naturally-occurring C for tracer studies. Instead it is made by neutron irradiation of the isotope C which occurs naturally in carbon at about the 1.1% level. C has been used extensively to trace the progress ... | 19,945 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
is made by proton bombardment of O in a cyclotron or linear particle accelerator. It is an important isotope in the radiopharmaceutical industry. It is used to make labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for application in PET scans.
## Phosphorus.
P is made by neutron bombardment of S
It decays by beta... | 19,946 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
for labeling nucleotides and other species that contain a phosphate group.
## Sulfur.
S is made by neutron bombardment of Cl
It decays by beta-decay with a half-life of 87.51 days. It is used to label the sulfur-containing amino-acids methionine and cysteine. When a sulfur atom replaces an oxygen ... | 19,947 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
has a useful life of about two weeks. Most commercial Tc generators use column chromatography, in which Mo in the form of molybdate, MoO is adsorbed onto acid alumina (AlO). When the Mo decays it forms pertechnetate TcO, which because of its single charge is less tightly bound to the alumina. Pulling... | 19,948 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
by gamma emission, with a half-life: 6.01 hours. The short half-life ensures that the body-concentration of the radioisotope falls effectively to zero in a few days.
## Iodine.
I is produced by proton irradiation of Xe. The caesium isotope produced is unstable and decays to I. The isotope is usuall... | 19,949 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
used in radioimmunoassays because of its relatively long half-life (59 days) and ability to be detected with high sensitivity by gamma counters.
I is present in the environment as a result of the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. It was also produced in the Chernobyl and Fukushima disast... | 19,950 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
because, like Tc, it is a gamma-ray emitter and various ligands can be attached to the Ga ion, forming a coordination complex which may have selective affinity for particular sites in the human body.
An extensive list of radioactive tracers used in hydraulic fracturing can be found below.
# Applica... | 19,951 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
in humans and experimental animals.
In medicine, tracers are applied in a number of tests, such as Tc in autoradiography and nuclear medicine, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET) and scintigraphy. The urea breath test for helicobacter pylo... | 19,952 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
isotopes are injected with hydraulic fracturing fluid to determine the injection profile and location of created fractures. Tracers with different half-lives are used for each stage of hydraulic fracturing. In the United States amounts per injection of radionuclide are listed in the US Nuclear Regula... | 19,953 |
420361 | Radioactive tracer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive%20tracer | Radioactive tracer
cers include antimony-124, bromine-82, iodine-125, iodine-131, iridium-192, and scandium-46. A 2003 publication by the International Atomic Energy Agency confirms the frequent use of most of the tracers above, and says that manganese-56, sodium-24, technetium-99m, silver-110m, argon-41, and xenon-133... | 19,954 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
Jami
Nūr ad-Dīn 'Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (), also known as Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān or Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, or simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami (7 November 1414 – 9 November 1492), was a Persian poet who is known for his achievements as a prolific scholar and writer of ... | 19,955 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
Afghanistan) in Khorasan. Previously his father Nizām al-Dīn Ahmad b. Shams al-Dīn Muhammad had come from Dasht, a small town in the district of Isfahan. A few years after his birth, his family migrated to Herat, where he was able to study Peripateticism, mathematics, Persian literature, natural sciences, Arabic l... | 19,956 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
because of two reasons he later mentioned in a poem:
Jami was a mentor and friend of the famous Turkic poet Alisher Navoi, as evidenced by his poems:
Afterwards, he went to Samarkand, the most important center of scientific studies in the Muslim world and completed his studies there. He embarked on a pilgrimage ... | 19,957 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
his Baharestan for this son.
At the end of his life he was living in Herat. His epitaph reads "When your face is hidden from me, like the moon hidden on a dark night, I shed stars of tears and yet my night remains dark in spite of all those shining stars." There is a variety of dates regarding his death, but cons... | 19,958 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
his profound impact.
# Teachings and Sufism.
In his role as Sufi shaykh, which began in 1453, Jami expounded a number of teachings regarding following the Sufi path. He created a distinction between two types of Sufi's, now referred to as the "prophetic" and the "mystic" spirit. Jami is known for both his extrem... | 19,959 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
based on a dream where he was told to take God and become his companion. Jami followed Kasagari and the two became tied together upon Jami's marriage to Kasgari's granddaughter. He was known for his commitment to God and his desire for separation from the world to become closer to God often causing him to forget s... | 19,960 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
hoping to achieve a great awareness of God in the company of one blessed by Him. He believed there were three goals to achieve "permanent presence with God" through ceaselessness and silence, being unaware of one's earthly state, and a constant state of a spiritual guide. Jami wrote about his feeling that God was ... | 19,961 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
dependence between God and his creatures Jami stated "We and Thou are not separate from each other, but we need Thee, whereas Thou dost not need us."
Jami created an all-embracing unity emphasized in a unity with the lover, beloved, and the love one, removing the belief that they are separated. Jami was in many w... | 19,962 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
to have loved anyone, he said, "Go and love first, then come to me and I will show you the way." For several generations, Jami had a group of followers representing his knowledge and impact. Jami continues to be known for not only his poetry, but his learned and spiritual traditions of the Persian speaking world. ... | 19,963 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
of history and science. As well, he often comments on the work of previous and current theologians, philosophers and Sufi's. In Herat, his manual of irrigation design included advanced drawings and calculations and is still a key reference for the irrigation department.
His poetry has been inspired by the ghazals... | 19,964 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
uses allegorical symbolism within the tale to depict the key stages of the Sufi path such as repentance and expose philosophical, religious, or ethical questions. Each of the allegorical symbols has a meaning highlighting knowledge and intellect, particularly of God. This story reflects Jamī's idea of the Sufi-kin... | 19,965 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
al-hayat (The conclusion of Life). Throughout Jami's work references to Sufism and the Sufi emerge as being key topics. One of his most profound ideas was the mystical and philosophical explanations of the nature of divine mercy, which was a result of his commentary to other works.
# Artwork.
Jami is also known ... | 19,966 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
worked within the Tīmūrid court of Herat helping to serve as an interpreter and communicator. His poetry reflected Persian culture and was popular through Islamic East, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. His poetry addressed popular ideas that led to Sufi's and non-Sufi's interest in his work. He was known ... | 19,967 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
in the lack of research of Islamic and Persian studies.
# Divan of Jami.
Among his works are:
- "Baharestan (Abode of Spring)" Modeled upon the "Gulestan" of Saadi
- "Diwanha-ye Sehganeh (Triplet Divans)
- "Al-Fawaed-Uz-Ziya'iya". A commentary on Ibn al-Hajib's treatise on Arab grammar "Al-Kafiya". This comme... | 19,968 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
al-Uns (Breaths of Fellowship)" Biographies of the Sufi Saints
- "Resala-ye manasek-e hajj"
- "Resala-ye musiqi"
- "Resala-ye tariq-e Kvajagan"
- "Resala-ye sarayet-e dekr"
- "Resala-ye so al o jawab-e Hendustan"
- "Sara-e hadit-e Abi Zarrin al-Aqili"
- "Sar-rešta-yetariqu-e Kājagān" (The Quintessence of th... | 19,969 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
Ghazal
- List of Persian poets and authors
- Nazar ill'al-murd
- Persian literature
# Sources.
- E.G. Browne. "Literary History of Persia". (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998.
- Jan Rypka, "History of Iranian Literature". Reidel Publishing Company. 1968
- Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Sh... | 19,970 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
Aftandil Erkinov. "Manuscripts of the works by classical Persian authors (Hāfiz, Jāmī, Bīdil): Quantitative Analysis of 17th–19th c. Central Asian Copies". "Iran: Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe Congrès Européen des études iraniennes organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea", Paris, 6–10 Septembre 19... | 19,971 |
420409 | Jami | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami | Jami
bre 1999. vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne. [Cahiers de Studia Iranica. 26], M.Szuppe (ed.). Association pour l`avancement des études iraniennes-Peeters Press. Paris-Leiden, 2002, pp. 213–228.
- Jami. "Flashes of Light: A Treatise on Sufism". Golden Elixir Press, 2010. (ebook)
For Further Reading:
- R. M.... | 19,972 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
Strigoi
Strigoi (English: "striga", "poltergeist") in Romanian mythology are troubled spirits that are said to have risen from the grave. They are attributed with the abilities to transform into an animal, become invisible, and to gain vitality from the blood of their victims. Bram Stoker's Dracula has become ... | 19,973 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
Italian word "strega" or the Venetian word "strìga" which mean "witch". In French, "stryge" means a bird-woman who sucks the blood of children. Jules Verne used the term "stryges" in Chapter II of his novel "The Castle of the Carpathians", published in 1892. The Greek word "Strix" and the Albanian word "shtriga... | 19,974 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
Early reports.
One of the earliest mentions of a historical strigoi was Jure Grando Alilović (1579–1656) from the region of Istria (in modern-day Croatia). The villager is believed to have been the first real person described as a vampire because he was referred to as a "strigoi", "štrigon" or "štrigun" in con... | 19,975 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
the first written document on vampires. Grando was also mentioned in writings by Erasmus Francisci and Johann Joseph von Goerres ("La mystique divine, naturelle, et diabolique", Paris 1855), whose story was much more elaborate, full of fantastic details to make the story more interesting and sensational. In mod... | 19,976 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
vampires. The book ascribes dunking – a traditional test for witchcraft – as a method of identifying a striga.
## Modern writings.
An 1865 article on Transylvanian folklore by Wilhelm Schmidt describes the "strigoi" as nocturnal creatures that preyed on infants. He reports a tradition in which, upon the birth... | 19,977 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
burned the castle to stop the deaths.
## Communist era.
In his book "In Search of Dracula, The History of Dracula and Vampires", Radu Florescu mentions an event in 1969 in the city of Căpăţâneni, where after the death of an old man, several family members began to die in suspicious circumstances. Unearthed, t... | 19,978 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
corpses. During the trial he was in a state of continual drowsiness. He was interrogated at night because he was not lucid at any other time. During daylight hours, Rîmaru was intractably lethargic. Sentenced to death, Rîmaru became violently agitated. Several policemen were needed to restrain him. After the ex... | 19,979 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
was engineered by the Securitate, who decided to eliminate the dangerous individual.
During the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the corpse of Nicolae Ceaușescu did not receive a proper burial. This made the ghost of the former dictator a threat in the minds of superstitious Romanians. Noted revolutionary Gelu Voi... | 19,980 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
the leader of a vampire hunting group made up of several family members. After drinking some alcohol, they dug up the coffin of Petre Toma, made an incision in his chest, and tore the heart out. After removal of the heart, the body was burned and the ashes mixed in water and drunk by the family, as is customary... | 19,981 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
were charged and sentenced to six months' time served. Since then, in the nearby village of Amărăştii de Sus, people drive a fire-hardened stake through the heart or belly of the dead as a "preventative".
# Mythology.
## Creation.
The encyclopedist Dimitrie Cantemir and the folklorist Teodor Burada in his bo... | 19,982 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
compiles all appellations of strigoi in Romania "strâgoi", "Moroi" in western Transylvania, Wallachia and Oltenia, "vidmă" in Bucovina, "vârcolacul", "Cel-rau", or vampire. The types described are:
- Strigoaică: a witch.
- Strigoi viu: a living strigoi or sorcerer.
- Strigoi mort: a dead strigoi are the most... | 19,983 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
girls. So it is prudent to nail the coffin heavily, or, better yet, a stake through the chest of the corpse."
Simeon Florea Marian in "Înmormântarea la români" (1892) describes another preventive method, unearthing and beheading, then re-interring the corpse and head face-down.
"The Dracula Scrapbook" by Pete... | 19,984 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
in two.
- 3. Drive a nail in its forehead.
- 4. Place a clove of garlic under its tongue.
- 5. Smear its body with fat of a pig killed on St. Ignatius' Day.
- 6. Turn its body face down so that if the strigoi were ever to wake up it would be headed to the afterlife.
# Other uses.
"Strigoiulu" (the Strigoi... | 19,985 |
420401 | Strigoi | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strigoi | Strigoi
e down so that if the strigoi were ever to wake up it would be headed to the afterlife.
# Other uses.
"Strigoiulu" (the Strigoi) was the name of a Romanian-language satirical magazine published briefly in 1862 in Pest.
# See also.
- Burial at cross-roads
- Christmas in Romania § Advent
- Folklore of Roman... | 19,986 |
420424 | Dadasaheb Phalke Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadasaheb%20Phalke%20Award | Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Dadasaheb Phalke Award
The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema. It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an organisation set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The recipient is honoured for their "o... | 19,987 |
420424 | Dadasaheb Phalke Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadasaheb%20Phalke%20Award | Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Phalke (1870–1944), who is popularly known as and often regarded as "the father of Indian cinema", was an Indian film-maker who directed India's first full-length feature film, "Raja Harishchandra" (1913).
The first recipient of the award was actress Devika Rani, who was honoured at the 17th Nat... | 19,988 |
420424 | Dadasaheb Phalke Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadasaheb%20Phalke%20Award | Dadasaheb Phalke Award
aj Kapoor, accepted the award on his behalf at the 19th National Film Awards in 1971 and was himself a recipient in 1987 at the 35th National Film Awards ceremony. Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy (1974) and Bommireddy Nagi Reddy (1986); Raj Kapoor (1987) and Shashi Kapoor (2014); Lata Mangeshkar (1989... | 19,989 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
Princes Street
Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, and the main shopping street in the capital. It is the southernmost street of Edinburgh's New Town, stretching around 1 mile (1.6 km) from Lothian Road in the west, to Leith Street in the east. The street has... | 19,990 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
Street after the patron saint of Edinburgh. However, King George III rejected the name, St Giles being also the patron saint of lepers and the name of a notorious 'rookery' of slums in London. The street is named after King George's two eldest sons, the Prince George, Duke of Rothesay (later King George ... | 19,991 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
buildings had the same format: set back from the street with stairs down to a basement and stairs up to the ground floor with two storeys and an attic above. Of this original format only one such property, no.95, remains in its original form.
## 19th Century.
Through the 19th century most buildings wer... | 19,992 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
the Royal British Hotel, Old Waverley Hotel, and Mount Royal Hotel, all of which survive.
## 20th Century.
By the 1930s the architecture of Princes Street had a very mixed character. The Abercrombie Plan of 1949 proposed tighter control of design to create a more coherent appearance. This theme was tak... | 19,993 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
British Home Stores at no.64, and the New Club at nos.84–87, are now listed buildings.
Princes Street was the scene of rioting in 2005 related to the 31st G8 summit referred to in the press as 'The Battle of Princes Street'. Independent media claims the rioting was provoked by police
# Shopping.
Sever... | 19,994 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
over buildings from the latter half of the 20th century on Princes Street. This has prompted plans to demolish the BHS and the Marks & Spencer buildings, in an effort to improve the status of the street. Another problem has been that upper floors are often used for storage, rather than as office, retail ... | 19,995 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
for any length of time; that branch of the bank closed early in the 21st century, leaving the upper walkway largely forgotten.
# Princes Street Gardens and south side.
During the construction of the New Town, the polluted waters of the Nor Loch were drained, and the area was converted into private gard... | 19,996 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
of the steep embankment on the north side, still visible today. The gardens are one of the many green spaces in the heart of Edinburgh.
The Gardens contain the Ross Bandstand (an open-air theatre), a war memorial to US soldiers of Scottish descent and a floral clock, together with other attractions. Two... | 19,997 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
its westward lines dividing them. Next to the station on its north side is the former railway hotel, previously known as the "North British Hotel", latterly renamed the Balmoral Hotel, and the North Bridge which sails at high level over the station. The hotel has a counterpart at the extreme west end of ... | 19,998 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
crypt and a small churchyard. In addition, there are several fair trade outlets in this space as part of the church, whilst St Cuthbert's Church stands just to the south of it, in a far larger and older churchyard, west of the gardens.
The floral clock dates from 1903 when it was first planted by the Pa... | 19,999 |
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