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420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
its open vista.
# Transport.
## Road.
Only the eastern third of Princes Street is open to general traffic. The main length is restricted to trams, buses, taxis and cyclists only.
## Rail.
Edinburgh Waverley railway station lies at the eastern end of Princes Street.
## Tram.
The Princes Street tram stop is an in-road island, situated just west of the Royal Scottish Academy near the foot of the Mound.
## Buses.
Princes Street is the focus of all bus routes served by Lothian Buses.
Edinburgh Bus Station is around north of the east end of Princes Street, in the north-east corner of St Andrew Square.
# Connections.
- One of the main streets of the New Zealand city of Dunedin is named | 20,000 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
Princes Street after the street in Edinburgh. Dunedin is the Gaelic form of Edinburgh's name (Dun Eidann) and many of Dunedin's streets duplicate Edinburgh street names.
- In 1970, James H. Howe composed a march for military band, called "Pride of Princes Street."
- A stone run on East Falkland in the Falkland Islands was named "Princes Street" by Charles Darwin, who studied at the University of Edinburgh. It is around four miles (6 km) long, and he thought it reminded him of the stone setts of Princes Street.
# Popular culture.
- The opening scene of the 1996 film "Trainspotting" shows the main character Mark Renton being chased by store detectives along Princes Street.
- Sylvain Chomet's | 20,001 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
2010 film "The Illusionist" features animated scenes depicting Princes Street as it was in the late 1950s.
# Famous Residents.
The street was originally built as a residential street and for the first 70 years held several notable residents:
- 1 - Richard Poole (physician)
- 2 - John Croall, famous coach-builder
- 17 - Alexander Cowan's paper shop
- 51 - Sir George Home (d.1803) and James Syme
- 65 - Robert Scott (engraver) and Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee and William Fraser Tytler
- 85 - James Donaldson (publisher)
- 85 - Thomas Elder (Lord Provost of Edinburgh)
- 90 - Hamilton & Inches, jeweller
- 92 - Alexander Handyside Ritchie, sculptor
- 113 - William Bonnar, | 20,002 |
420406 | Princes Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princes%20Street | Princes Street
animated scenes depicting Princes Street as it was in the late 1950s.
# Famous Residents.
The street was originally built as a residential street and for the first 70 years held several notable residents:
- 1 - Richard Poole (physician)
- 2 - John Croall, famous coach-builder
- 17 - Alexander Cowan's paper shop
- 51 - Sir George Home (d.1803) and James Syme
- 65 - Robert Scott (engraver) and Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee and William Fraser Tytler
- 85 - James Donaldson (publisher)
- 85 - Thomas Elder (Lord Provost of Edinburgh)
- 90 - Hamilton & Inches, jeweller
- 92 - Alexander Handyside Ritchie, sculptor
- 113 - William Bonnar, artist
- 126 - William Forbes Skene | 20,003 |
420431 | Dead letter mail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead%20letter%20mail | Dead letter mail
Dead letter mail
Dead letter mail or undeliverable mail is mail that cannot be delivered to the addressee or returned to the sender. This is usually due to lack of compliance with postal regulations, an incomplete address and return address, or the inability to forward the mail when both correspondents move before the letter can be delivered. Largely based on the British model that emerged in the late eighteenth century, many countries developed similar systems for processing undeliverable mail.
The term 'dead mail' is perhaps a misnomer, and several jurisdictions have opted for the use of the term 'undeliverable mail' as more clearly representing the status of the item whose transmission has | 20,004 |
420431 | Dead letter mail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead%20letter%20mail | Dead letter mail
been impeded. Being internal departments within postal administrations, little information about the dead letter office function has ever been made public. A few journal articles and at least one recently published book (Canadian) dealing with this topic have appeared.
Classification as a dead letter is one of the few instances where postal personnel are allowed to violate secrecy of correspondence, ostensibly to search for clues as to the letter's origin or destination. Countries must also set up regulations for the disposal of dead letters, particularly when they contain items of value. Some very valuable items have turned up in undeliverable mail, including a stolen painting by Marc Chagall | 20,005 |
420431 | Dead letter mail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead%20letter%20mail | Dead letter mail
which turned up in a United States Postal Service sorting center in Topeka, Kansas.
With increased collection and study of the postal markings originating from such offices, the body of literature on this obscure topic may grow. Many countries, including Canada and the United States, have issued special labels for envelopes that have travelled through the dead letter office. Genuinely used examples are highly prized by collectors, although mint labels, because they have no postage value, are often fairly common.
People interested in postal services throughout the world sometimes deliberately send mail to fictional addresses throughout the world to see if a particular nation's postal authority | 20,006 |
420431 | Dead letter mail | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead%20letter%20mail | Dead letter mail
offices, the body of literature on this obscure topic may grow. Many countries, including Canada and the United States, have issued special labels for envelopes that have travelled through the dead letter office. Genuinely used examples are highly prized by collectors, although mint labels, because they have no postage value, are often fairly common.
People interested in postal services throughout the world sometimes deliberately send mail to fictional addresses throughout the world to see if a particular nation's postal authority would return the mail to the sender. Collectors of postal markings also use this method in order to receive uncommon postal markings seldom seen in everyday mail. | 20,007 |
420427 | USS Carbonero (SS-337) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Carbonero%20(SS-337) | USS Carbonero (SS-337)
USS Carbonero (SS-337)
USS "Carbonero" (SS/AGSS-337) was a "Balao"-class submarine, the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the carbonero, a salt-water fish found in the West Indies. Her keel was laid down on 16 December 1943 by the Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 19 October 1944 sponsored by Mrs. S.S. Murray, and commissioned on 7 February 1945 with Commander Charlton L. Murphy, Jr. in command.
# World War II.
Sailing from New London, Connecticut, on 21 March 1945, "Carbonero" served with the Fleet Sonar School at Key West, Florida, and conducted torpedo exercises at Balboa, Canal Zone, before arriving at Pearl Harbor on 9 May. Her first | 20,008 |
420427 | USS Carbonero (SS-337) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Carbonero%20(SS-337) | USS Carbonero (SS-337)
war patrol, conducted off Formosa from 26 May to 8 July, was devoted to lifeguard duty, standing by for possible rescue of aviators downed in aircraft carrier strikes. After refitting at Subic Bay, "Carbonero" cleared for the Gulf of Siam on 4 August, and cruising off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, sank four schooners, two sampans, and two junks, some of the small remnants of the Japanese merchant fleet. This second war patrol ended with the cease fire order on 15 August, and "Carbonero" put back to Subic Bay.
# 1945–1962.
"Carbonero" reported at Seattle, Washington, on 22 September 1945 for operations on the west coast. After a simulated war patrol to the Far East early in 1947, she | 20,009 |
420427 | USS Carbonero (SS-337) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Carbonero%20(SS-337) | USS Carbonero (SS-337)
was assigned to the Submarine Guided Missile Program, joining her sister ship (SS-348) as a control vessel operating out of San Diego, California, and Naval Base Ventura County in Port Hueneme, California. Assigned to the Regulus Missile Program, "Carbonero" was redesignated an Auxiliary Submarine (AGSS-337) in 1949.
Fitted with the Fleet Snorkel modification package in 1951, "Carbonero" operated off Southern California, and occasionally in the Hawaiian Islands. In 1953 "Carbonero" was fitted with control equipment which enabled her to guide a missile once it passed beyond the range of the firing ship. She performed in various phases of this program including the launching of Loon missiles | 20,010 |
420427 | USS Carbonero (SS-337) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Carbonero%20(SS-337) | USS Carbonero (SS-337)
and the evaluation of Regulus missile guidance equipment.
On 13 May 1957, her home port shifted to Pearl Harbor. In July 1959, "Carbonero" became the flagship of Submarine Division 12. From that time forward "Carbonero" took part in local operations in Hawaiian waters plus deployments to the Western Pacific, trips to the South Pacific and mainland United States. She made an Arctic familiarization cruise in 1957, and in 1958 and 1959–1960, cruised to the Far East. She has assisted in the training of forces of the Republic of Korea and of Japan, and called at ports of Japan and the Philippines during these deployments.
Early in 1962 the Regulus missile guidance equipment was removed. "Carbonero" | 20,011 |
420427 | USS Carbonero (SS-337) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Carbonero%20(SS-337) | USS Carbonero (SS-337)
returned to the standard "Fleet Snorkel" configuration, and was redesignated an Attack Submarine (SS-337).
# 1962–1970.
"Carbonero" participated in the 1962 nuclear tests in the Central Pacific off Christmas Island and Johnston Island entitled Operation Dominic. She was on hand for the detonation of a warhead from a Polaris missile fired from the (SSBN-608) in the "Frigate Bird" nuclear weapon test. "Carbonero" and (SS-480) were about 30 miles from the detonation.
During the Vietnam War "Carbonero" again performed aviator lifeguard duties during trips to the Far East.
During the mid 1960s while operating off Kaena Point, Oahu, Carbonero ran aground at a depth of 250 feet, requiring drydock | 20,012 |
420427 | USS Carbonero (SS-337) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Carbonero%20(SS-337) | USS Carbonero (SS-337)
repair at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard.
"Carbonero" also participated in the Project SHAD Biological tests 65-6 Big Tom, 66-13 Half Note, and 68-71 Folded Arrow. During these tests, Bacillus globigii was released from the USS Carbonero using a submarine-biological-disseminator. Aerosol sampling was done at various land-based stations near Oahu, Hawaii and Kaneohe Marine Corps
Air Station.
"Carbonero" was decommissioned on 1 December 1970. On 27 April 1975, she was taken to sea for one last time and used as a test target for a Mark 48 torpedo fired by the submarine off Hawaii.
# Awards.
"Carbonero" received the following awards:
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one battle star for one | 20,013 |
420427 | USS Carbonero (SS-337) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS%20Carbonero%20(SS-337) | USS Carbonero (SS-337)
Oahu, Hawaii and Kaneohe Marine Corps
Air Station.
"Carbonero" was decommissioned on 1 December 1970. On 27 April 1975, she was taken to sea for one last time and used as a test target for a Mark 48 torpedo fired by the submarine off Hawaii.
# Awards.
"Carbonero" received the following awards:
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one battle star for one of her two war patrols which was designated as "successful".
- World War II Victory Medal
- National Defense Service Medal with star
- China Service Medal
- Vietnam Service Medal with two stars
- Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
- Vietnam Cross of Gallantry
- Philippine Liberation Medal
- Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal | 20,014 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
Ockham, Surrey
Ockham is a rural and semi-rural village in the borough of Guildford in Surrey, England. The village starts immediately east of the A3 but the lands extend to the River Wey in the west where it has a large mill-house. Ockham is between Cobham (near Leatherhead) and East Horsley (near Guildford).
# History.
Ockham has been occupied since at least the middle bronze age (c.1500-1100 BC), evidenced by the so-called 'Ockham Hoard'. a collection of bronze-age objects discovered in 2013 during building works at the former "Hautboy Inn"., as well as the existence of a, relatively uncommon, bell barrow on Cockcrow Hill.
Ockham appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Bocheham". Held | 20,015 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
by Richard Fitz Gilbert, its domesday assets were: 1½ hides, 1 church, 2 fisheries worth 10d, 3 ploughs, of meadow, woodland worth 60 hogs. It rendered £10 per year to its overlords.
All Saints' Church is a Grade I listed building. The foundations were laid in the 12th century, and part of the nave was built then. The chancel and north aisle date from the 13th century, the south nave wall from the 14th century, and the tower and north aisle wall from the 15th century. A small chapel (north wing) was finished in 1735. The whole building was restored and the aisle was extended in 1875.
Through the Middle Ages in the many records nationally (such as Assize Rolls and feet of fines), Ockham features | 20,016 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
no high nobles among its owners. However it is the birthplace of William of Ockham the famous mediaeval philosopher and the proponent of Occam's razor.
Byron's daughter, Ada Lovelace, lived briefly at Ockham Park before settling at Horsley Towers, which her husband the 1st Earl of Lovelace built in the village of East Horsley. His forefather Sir Peter King bought the manor using an Act of Parliament to cement the deal from the long-standing lords of the manor the Weston family of Albury, Send in Surrey, and of Sussex, who had acquired the manor from distant cousins who since their late Tudor period forebear, Francis Weston, owned it along with Sutton Place, Surrey in the extreme south of the | 20,017 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
parish of Woking.
An act of charity in the village assisted one family in the 'Underground Railroad' in the US that resulted from the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. After reaching Liverpool in 1850, following an arduous journey starting with a flight to freedom from Macon, Georgia, African-American slaves William and Ellen Craft were given a home by a parishioner in Ockham in 1851. They attended the Ockham School, and paid for their education by working as teachers: William giving instruction in carpentry, and Ellen in sewing. In 1852 their first child, Charles Estlin Phillips Craft, was born in Ockham. One year later, they left Ockham and returned to London. In 1871, they started the Woodville | 20,018 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
Co-Operative Farm School, modelled after the Ockham School.
# Geology.
The soil of Ockham Common varies between fertile light clay and humus topsoil to highly acidic, sandy heath. In the north is the high, uneroded Bagshot Sand. The southern part of the parish is on the London Clay. Part of the Wey Valley in the west of the parish and the banks of a stream which joins it from the east are particularly formed from alluvium.
# Landmarks.
## Chatley Heath and its semaphore tower.
The tall, narrow Octagonal, inhabitable tower dates to the early 19th century when the Napoleonic Wars were raging.
## Ockham mill.
One of the largest formerly industrial millhouses on the Wey, comparable to the | 20,019 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
converted ones in Old Woking and that of the Surrey Advertiser millhouse in Guildford, Ockham mill is dated 1862 and is a Grade II listed building. It is of four storeys red stock brick with decorative brick and tile bands over each floor. Providing unusual quirkiness, it has brick-dentilled eaves over its third 3 first floor and one of its windows is considered "Lovelace style", i.e. with deeply inlaid recess as in the East Horsley walls of the memorials to the Earl of Lovelace.
## Wisley Airfield on Ockham Common.
Ockham Common, to the north-east of the village, is the site of the disused Wisley Airfield, which has a paved runway (RWY 10/28). As late as 1972, this airfield was in service | 20,020 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
as a satellite fit-out and flight test centre for Vickers and latterly the British Aircraft Corporation, linked to their main factory and airfield at nearby Brooklands, Weybridge, capable of taking aircraft as large as the VC10.
Although the airfield is disused, the aviation connection remains: it is the location of OCK, a VOR navigational beacon which anchors the South West (SW) Arrival Stack for London Heathrow Airport (ICAO: EGLL / IATA: LHR), which along with Biggin Hill, Kent (BIG – SE Arrivals), Bovingdon, Hertfordshire (BNN – NW Arrivals) and Lambourne, Essex (LAM – NE Arrivals) are London's main holds.
## Church.
Ockham has a small church, All Saints described above; a memorial to | 20,021 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
those who gave their lives in the Great War and World War II
## Martyrs Green.
This small linear settlement is a hamlet to the east of the village, near Downside and Cobham. It has the village's only pub; "The Black Swan".
# Sports.
Ockham has cricket and football clubs that play at weekends at Hautboy Meadows on Ockham Lane. The cricket club has two teams in the Surrey Downs League and a Sunday friendly (matches) only side. The football club are in the Guildford & Woking Alliance.
# Demography and housing.
The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%.
The proportion of households in the civil parish who | 20,022 |
420418 | Ockham, Surrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham,%20Surrey | Ockham, Surrey
f households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).
# Namesakes.
The village gave its name to HMS "Ockham", a Ham class minesweeper.
William of Ockham is believed to have been born here.
# Further reading.
- "The Oak Hamlet: Being an Account of the History and Associations of the Village of Ockham, Surrey" by Henry Saint John Hick Bashall (London: Elliot Stock; 1900). OCLC 23371038.
# External links.
- All Saint's Church
- Surrey Downs League | 20,023 |
420433 | Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,%201st%20Duke%20of%20Buckingham%20and%20Chandos | Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos (20 March 1776 – 17 January 1839), styled Earl Temple from 1784 to 1813 and known as The Marquess of Buckingham from 1813 to 1822, was a British landowner and politician.
# Background.
Born Richard Temple-Nugent-Grenville, he was the eldest son of George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham, son of George Grenville, Prime Minister of Great Britain. His mother was Lady Mary Nugent, daughter of Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent. Thomas Grenville and Lord Grenville were his uncles.
He was educated at Brasenose College, | 20,024 |
420433 | Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,%201st%20Duke%20of%20Buckingham%20and%20Chandos | Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
Oxford, where he matriculated in 1791.
# Political career.
Earl Temple, as he was known in his father's lifetime, was elected Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire in 1797. In 1806 he was made a Privy Counsellor and appointed Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Joint Paymaster of the Forces in the Ministry of All the Talents headed by his uncle, Lord Grenville. He retained these posts until the fall of the Grenville administration in 1807. He left the House of Commons in 1813 when he succeeded his father in the marquessate. In 1820 he was appointed a Knight of the Garter. In 1822 he was further honoured when he was made Earl Temple of Stowe, with remainder to his granddaughter Anne | 20,025 |
420433 | Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,%201st%20Duke%20of%20Buckingham%20and%20Chandos | Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
Eliza Mary, and Marquess of Chandos and Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, with normal remainder to heirs male. He returned to ministerial office in July 1830 when he was made Lord Steward of the Household, but only held the post for a short while. Apart from his political career he was also Lord-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire from 1813 to 1839.
Buckingham also owned a plantation in Jamaica and in Britain, including thirty-eight properties in the Old Nichol. Nicknames such as "Lord Grenville's fat nephew", Ph D ("Phat Duke"), and the "gros Marquis", attested to his size and unpopularity.
# Family.
In April 1796, aged 20, the then Earl Temple married the Lady Anne Brydges), daughter, only adult | 20,026 |
420433 | Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard%20Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,%201st%20Duke%20of%20Buckingham%20and%20Chandos | Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
rties in the Old Nichol. Nicknames such as "Lord Grenville's fat nephew", Ph D ("Phat Duke"), and the "gros Marquis", attested to his size and unpopularity.
# Family.
In April 1796, aged 20, the then Earl Temple married the Lady Anne Brydges), daughter, only adult child and sole heir of the late James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos. Accordingly, Nugent-Temple-Grenville added Brydges and Chandos to their family names (and those of their children) by royal licence of 15 November 1799; and their full family name became the remarkable "quintuple"-barreled Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville. His wife died in 1836 and he died in January 1839, aged 62, and he was succeeded by his son, Richard. | 20,027 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
Guy Hever
Guy Hever (; born 30 May 1977) is an Israeli MIA. Hever, a soldier in the Israeli Army, has been missing since August 17, 1997. He was last seen on his army base at 9:30 AM on the Golan Heights, dressed in his army fatigues, carrying his weapon, a Galil AR, his military disk and his international military identification papers (Geneva Convention Card). The area was searched thoroughly but to this day his whereabouts are unknown.
Guy was born in Nahariya, Israel on 30 May 1977, to Rina and Eitan Hever.
# Disappearance.
Hever had previously been sentenced to 21 days confinement for falling asleep during guard duty. On Saturday night, Hever was tasked with placing stickers on crates | 20,028 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
of supplies, an order he refused to carry out, and accordingly received a court martial summoning for insubordination. On Sunday morning, he finished his guard duty at 9:15 AM and was last seen at 9:30 AM buying a can of Coca-Cola, still in his uniform and with rifle in hand, then leaving the base without permission. He was never seen again after this.
# Theories.
The original IDF investigation surmised that he had gone AWOL and had subsequently committed suicide, citing his upcoming courtmartial and a history of previous clashes with commanding officers. Both the military and the police searched for him, including with divers, dogs, robots and aircraft, but no trace of his body or weapon | 20,029 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
was ever found. They refused to classify Hever as a missing soldier for three years. His mother however was convinced from the beginning that her son was kidnapped by Syrian forces, although the Syrian government consistently ignored overtures from former US president Jimmy Carter, former Israeli and Syrian US ambassador Edward Djerejian and agents from the German Federal Intelligence Service.
# Sightings.
On the day of his disappearance, a birdwatcher reported seeing a figure in military fatigues on the border, although this report is considered unreliable. Several months later, a woman living near the army base said that she saw someone matching his description walking towards the Syrian | 20,030 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
border, and a German woman wrote to Hever's mother in 2005 claiming to have seen Hever being interrogated in Damascus. She had previously alerted the IDF of this, but had been ignored.
# Developments.
On February 13, 2007, a Syrian organization calling itself "The Resistance Committees for the Release of the Golan Heights" claimed to be holding Hever. The credibility of the statement is in doubt, since it came ten years after Hever's disappearance. Army officials said at the time that the IDF was investigating the claim, although it stated that this was not the first time that an organization claimed to have Hever in captivity.
In July 2009, Rina Hever, said that she met with Israel's Prime | 20,031 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The premier pledged that a special point-man would be named to oversee the activity undertaken by the various defense agencies in the state in finding her missing son.
In August 2009, Rina Hever also met with Israel's Foreign Ministry director general Yossi Gal. The mother, who in the past sought the ministry's aid in finding her son yet was only accorded limited cooperation, requested that the government seriously broach the matter with the Syrians via an intermediary.
In the end of July 2009, Israel launched a quiet diplomatic campaign in an attempt to ascertain the whereabouts of Hever. Israel passed a message along to Syria via Russian Foreign Minister Sergei | 20,032 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
Lavrov in which Jerusalem communicated its desire to obtain any information that Syria may possess on Hever. While it is not clear if the soldier is in Syria, the move represents a significant change in Israel's official policy in the case. The goal of the campaign is to determine whether Syria can provide information on Hever's fate.
In 2011, the IDF appointed a high-ranking officer to liaise between Hever's family and the security services.
In 2014, the IDF resumed the search for Hever, torching two minefields near the base in order to see if any of the explosions were unusual, although no discovery was made.
In 2015, the IDF searched reservoirs in case Hever had drowned, but again to no | 20,033 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
avail.
In 2016, the IDF made another search, this time on land, but found no trace of Hever. The army also followed up on a lead from a psychic medium, and found human remains and clothes of a different individual in the Golan.
In 2017, the IDF raided a home for the mentally ill in the southern city of Rahat following a report than Hever was being kept there, but subsequently determined he was not there.
# Causes for interest in the missing person case.
The Hever case has received significantly more attention that other missing person cases, including missing soldiers, and his name is often incorporated into the mission statements of NGOs focused on missing soldiers. According to anthropologist | 20,034 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
Dr. Danny Kaplan this is due to a number of factors: his role as a combat soldier, the social status of his family, and officials entertaining the possibility of Hever crossing over to Syria that has made it easier to add Hever to the more "valued" group of soldiers that are missing behind enemy lines.
# External links.
- Homepage dedicated to Guy Hever
- Website built by the Hever Family
- Foundation offering a 10 million dollars reward for information leading to Guy Hever
- Israeli Foreign Ministry article on Hever
- The International Coalition for Missing Israeli Soldiers (ICMIS) ICMIS has closed down due to lack of funds, and the website has not been updated since July 2005."
- JPost | 20,035 |
420449 | Guy Hever | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy%20Hever | Guy Hever
r, the social status of his family, and officials entertaining the possibility of Hever crossing over to Syria that has made it easier to add Hever to the more "valued" group of soldiers that are missing behind enemy lines.
# External links.
- Homepage dedicated to Guy Hever
- Website built by the Hever Family
- Foundation offering a 10 million dollars reward for information leading to Guy Hever
- Israeli Foreign Ministry article on Hever
- The International Coalition for Missing Israeli Soldiers (ICMIS) ICMIS has closed down due to lack of funds, and the website has not been updated since July 2005."
- JPost to the twelfth anniversary of his captivity A letter published by his mother | 20,036 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
Foshay Tower
The Foshay Tower, now the W Minneapolis – The Foshay hotel, is a skyscraper in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Modeled after the Washington Monument, the building was completed in 1929, months before the stock market crash in October of that year. It has 32 floors and stands high, plus an antenna mast that extends the total height of the structure to . The building, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, is an example of Art Deco architecture. Its address is 821 Marquette Avenue, although it is set well back from the street and is actually closer to 9th Street than Marquette.
# Early skyscraper.
The Foshay Tower marked a significant landmark locally in the | 20,037 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
push skyward, as the tower was the first in the city to surpass the height of Minneapolis City Hall, completed in 1906. It remained the tallest building in Minneapolis until the IDS Center surpassed it in 1972.
# Structure and interior.
As the building was designed to echo the Washington Monument, the sides of the building slope slightly inward, and each floor of the Foshay Tower is slightly smaller than the one below it. It is also unusual in that the tower is set back from the street, with a two-story structure surrounding it on the Marquette Avenue and 9th Street sides. The other two sides of the building, facing 8th Street and 2nd Avenue, are now surrounded by the TCF Tower, which rises | 20,038 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
to seventeen stories on the 2nd Avenue side and entirely obscures the views from the windows of the first seven stories of the Foshay Tower on the 2nd Avenue and 8th Street sides. Internally the building uses steel and reinforced concrete. The exterior is faced with Indiana limestone, while the interior features African Mahogany, Italian marble, terrazzo, gold-plated doorknobs, a silver and gold plated ceiling, beautiful ornamental bronze entrances and work throughout the building (made by Crown Iron Works Company of Minneapolis), hand wrought iron and three commissioned busts of George Washington. It cost US$3.75 million to build. From the Marquette Avenue side of the structure, the name, "Foshay," | 20,039 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
is visible in concrete four times on the exterior of the building (once on the top and three times on the street level).
# Dedication.
Foshay Tower was the lifelong dream and namesake of Wilbur Foshay, an art student turned businessman who amassed his fortune by building up three utility company empires (operating as the W. B. Foshay Company). At the time the tower was being built, he had sold his previous two empires in turn and was building up his third (which was eventually to stretch from Alaska to Nicaragua). He planned to locate his business and residence on the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth floors where a three-bedroom, three-bath suite was built, with a fireplace and library, Italian | 20,040 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
Siena marble walls and glass-paneled ceilings.
Foshay invited 25,000 guests to the dedication ceremony and provided all-expenses paid trips to many who included cabinet members, senators and congressmen. Half-nude dancers entertained. Each guest received a gold pocketwatch. The military gave 19-gun salutes. John Philip Sousa conducted music, including the "Foshay Tower–Washington Memorial March," a march he wrote for the occasion. Foshay presented Sousa with a check for US$20,000.
The march was only played once during Foshay's lifetime. Six weeks after the building's opening on November 2, 1929, Foshay's corporate empire was thrown into receivership at the onset of the Great Depression. Ignominiously, | 20,041 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
Foshay's check to Sousa bounced, and in retaliation, Sousa prohibited the playing of the march so long as Foshay's debt to him remained outstanding. Foshay never lived in his new home, which also went into receivership. It wasn't until 1988 when a group of Minnesota investors repaid Foshay's debt to Sousa's estate that the march was permitted to be played in public again.
# Magney & Tusler.
The Foshay was designed by Léon Eugène Arnal (1881–1963), chief designer for the architects Magney & Tusler, later known as Setter, Leach & Lindstrom, which was acquired by Leo A. Daly in 2003.
The building has the name "FOSHAY" in 10 foot (3 m) lighted letters on all four sides just below the top. A U.S. | 20,042 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
patent for this display technique was filed in 1929 by Gottlieb R. Magney, Wilbur Tusler and Arnal and granted in 1931, assigned to the W. B. Foshay Co.
# Later use.
The tower was headquarters for Citizens Utilities, the successor to Foshay's company.
In January 1981, the building was wrapped in a huge yellow ribbon during the final days of the Iran hostage crisis. Once the hostages returned to the United States, the ribbon was moved to the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul so that people could sign it. The ribbon is now in the Minnesota Historical Society.
The antenna on the roof has been used by various broadcasters, including television stations WTCN (now KARE), WCCO and KMSP. Radio | 20,043 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
station KFAI has been broadcasting from the tower since 1984, but moved their transmission tower to the IDS Center in March 2007, due to the W Hotel renovation. Around 1980, when the Foshay was still one of the tallest buildings in Minneapolis, the pyramidal top was covered with numerous pieces of radio transmitting equipment.
The structure's street level establishments once included Cafe Un Deux Trois, notable for having Andrew Zimmern as Executive Chef for its first 4-years, and Peter's Grill, Minneapolis's oldest restaurant.
The Norwegian consulate was located in the tower until 2007, when it moved to the AT&T Tower across the street.
# Conversion to W Hotel.
On September 4, 2006, it | 20,044 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
was reported that developers Ralph W. Burnet and Minneapolis-based Ryan Companies would spend as much as $90 million to convert the 32-story office tower into a 230-room W Hotel, part of Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide. All tenants with the exception of Keys Café on the first floor moved out.
A unique finding occurred at the tower when workers were replacing the ceiling in the hotel's lobby. When the lobby ceiling was removed, they discovered the room's original ceiling, complete with intricate engravings and embossed with various logos. However, due to past renovation work and age, the ceiling had deteriorated and was badly damaged. It has been reported that workers are currently in the | 20,045 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
process of restoring the original ceiling at the behest of the National Register of Historic Places, a process which will take a total of four months alone.
The renovated W Minneapolis – The Foshay opened on August 13, 2008. The hotel retains the 30th floor observation deck and converted Wilbur Foshay's former boardroom on the 27th floor into the Prohibition Sky Bar.
# See also.
- List of tallest buildings in Minnesota
- List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis
# References.
- Bill Buzenberg (February 1, 2000). Mr. Foshay's Legend. Minnesota Public Radio.
- Foshay Tower. Minnesota Historical Society.
- NY Times article: "Foshay Companies Fail for $20,000,000" New York Times, November | 20,046 |
420428 | Foshay Tower | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foshay%20Tower | Foshay Tower
ist of tallest buildings in Minnesota
- List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis
# References.
- Bill Buzenberg (February 1, 2000). Mr. Foshay's Legend. Minnesota Public Radio.
- Foshay Tower. Minnesota Historical Society.
- NY Times article: "Foshay Companies Fail for $20,000,000" New York Times, November 2, 1929
# External links.
- Foshay Tower, Minneapolis in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
- The official website of W Minneapolis – The Foshay
- Foshay Tower March by John Philip Sousa
Photos at the Hennepin County Library
- Foshay Tower
- Portrait of Wilbur Foshay
- John Philip Sousa at dedication of Foshay Tower
Photos at the Minnesota Historical Society
- Foshay Tower | 20,047 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
Peril at End House
Peril at End House is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in the US by the Dodd, Mead and Company in February 1932 and in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in March of the same year. The US edition retailed at $2.00 and the UK edition at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6).
The book features Christie's private detective Hercule Poirot, as well as Arthur Hastings and Chief Inspector Japp, and is the sixth novel featuring Poirot. Poirot and Hastings vacation in Cornwall, meeting young Magdala "Nick" Buckley and her friends. He is persuaded that someone is out to kill her. They meet all of her friends at her home called End House. Though | 20,048 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
he aims to protect Nick, a murder happens that provokes Poirot to mount a serious investigation.
The novel was well received when first published, with the plot remarked as unusually ingenious and diabolically clever by reviewers. Writing in 1990, Robert Barnard found it cunning, but not one of Christie's very best. It has been adapted to stage, radio, film, television, graphic novel, and a computer game, and translated to many other languages as a book.
# Plot summary.
Poirot and Hastings are staying at a Cornish resort. Conversing with Magdala "Nick" Buckley, Poirot believes that someone is out to kill her, confirmed when he finds a bullet that Nick had thought to be a wasp shooting past | 20,049 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
her head. Poirot explains his concern to Nick. Poirot suspects someone in Nick's inner circle. Nick's nearest living relative is a lawyer cousin, Charles Vyse, who arranged the re-mortgaging on End House for her to supply desperately needed funds. Her housekeeper is Ellen, and the lodge near End House is leased by Australians Mr and Mrs Croft. George Challenger has a soft spot for Nick. Nick's two closest friends are Freddie Rice, an abused wife, and Jim Lazarus, an art dealer in love with Freddie. When Nick had surgery six months earlier, the Crofts suggested she make a will.
It is not clear who wants Nick dead. Charles would inherit End House and Freddie would get the rest of the estate – | 20,050 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
none of which is worth killing for. At Poirot's advice, Nick calls her cousin Maggie to stay with her for a few weeks. When Maggie arrives, Nick hosts a party with everyone present but George. A renowned pilot named Michael Seton has gone missing, sparking debate about his fate. Nick receives a call while the guests are enjoying the party. Maggie is found dead, wearing Nick's shawl. Nick and Maggie had gone to freshen up, after which Maggie wore Nick's shawl. George is relieved to see Nick alive. Realizing that Maggie was killed by mistake under his nose, Poirot becomes furious, launching an investigation.
To protect Nick, Poirot tells everyone that she is going to a hospital. He asks her not | 20,051 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
to eat anything from an unknown source. The next day, the newspapers report that Michael Seton is dead and Poirot correctly deduces that Nick received that information through the call. Nick confesses to Poirot that she and Michael were secretly engaged. Michael was the sole inheritor of vast wealth, and that wealth will go to his fiancée. Poirot is wary of the Crofts: he asks Inspector Japp to inquire about them. Poirot and Hastings find the love letters written by Michael, but do not find Nick's original will. Nick recalls sending it to Charles, who denies receiving it. Mr Croft tells Poirot that he sent the will to Charles; one of the men is lying. Nick receives a box of chocolates laced | 20,052 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
with cocaine, allegedly sent by Poirot. Nick is safe as she ate only one. The chocolates were delivered by Freddie, who claims that Nick phoned her to bring them. Poirot suspects Freddie, who is a cocaine addict.
Poirot sets up a ruse with Nick's participation, telling the others that Nick is dead. Charles tells Poirot that he received Nick's will, which is read in End House, awarding her money to the Crofts for helping her father in Australia. This startles all except the Crofts. Nick's "ghost" appears, exposing the Crofts. They forged the will after they heard news of her death, which they sent to Charles. Japp reveals that the Crofts are known forgers. He arrests the duo. But Poirot announces | 20,053 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
that they had no hand in the murder. Just then, somebody shoots at Freddie and misses. Poirot captures the man, Freddie's sick and dying husband, who wrote many notes begging her for money.
Poirot reveals that the real murderer is Nick. Michael was engaged to Maggie, not Nick: the cousins have the same name, Magdala Buckley. After learning of Michael's wealth and disappearance, Nick plotted to present herself as Michael's fiancée to usurp his wealth, a plot which required Maggie's death. The plot was her own work. George used to supply cocaine to both Freddie and Nick concealed in wristwatches; Nick used her supply to poison the chocolates. Nick is arrested, taking Freddie's wristwatch as a | 20,054 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
"souvenir"; the full box contains enough for Nick to take an overdose and escape the gallows. Poirot tells George either to surrender himself or go away, allowing Freddie to recover from her addiction. In the end, Jim and Freddie decide to marry.
# Literary significance and reception.
The "Times Literary Supplement" on 14 April 1932, stated that the "actual solution is quite unusually ingenious, and well up to the standard of Mrs. Christie's best stories. Everything is perfectly fair, and it is possible to guess the solution of the puzzle fairly early in the book, though it is certainly not easy." The review further opined that, "This is certainly one of those detective stories which is pure | 20,055 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
puzzle, without any ornament or irrelevant interest in character. Poirot and his faithful Captain Hastings are characters whom one is glad to meet again, and they are the most lively in the book, but even they are little more than pawns in this problem. But the plot is arranged with almost mathematical neatness, and that is all that one wants."
Isaac Anderson began his review in "The New York Times Book Review" on 6 March 1932, by writing "With Agatha Christie as the author and Hercule Poirot as the central figure, one is always assured of an entertaining story with a real mystery to it ... [T]he person who is responsible for the dirty work at End House is diabolically clever, but not quite | 20,056 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
clever enough to fool the little Belgian detective all the time. A good story with a most surprising finish."
Robert Barnard: "A cunning use of simple tricks used over and over in Christie's career (be careful, for example, about names – diminutives and ambiguous male-female Christian names are always possibilities as readers discover). Some creaking in the machinery, and rather a lot of melodrama and improbabilities, prevent this from being one of the very best of the classic specimens."
# References to other works.
- Two references (in chapters 1 and 5) are made to the events told in "The Mystery of the Blue Train" and it is clearly stated in chapter 1 that "Peril at End House" takes place | 20,057 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
the August following Poirot's trip to the French Riviera described in that book.
- At the beginning of chapter 14, Hastings describes how Poirot's obsession for tidiness helped him solve a case when he straightened ornaments on a mantelpiece. This is an indirect reference to "The Mysterious Affair at Styles".
- In chapter 15, Poirot mentions the case "The Chocolate Box" included in the book "Poirot's Early Cases", when he tells Commander Challenger that he indeed had failures in the past.
- In chapter 16, Inspector Japp asks Poirot if he had not retired to grow marrows. This is an indirect reference to the failed attempt at retirement depicted in "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd", when Poirot | 20,058 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
settled in the small village of King's Abbot, only to be prompted to investigate a murder in the village.
# Allusions to actual history, geography and current science.
- Transposed from Devon to Cornwall, the Majestic Hotel of the book is based on the Imperial Hotel in Torquay.
- In chapter seven, reference is made by the characters to a female aviator who went to Australia. This is an allusion to Amy Johnson who made the first solo flight from England to Australia by a woman from 5 May 1930 to 24 May 1930.
# Publication history.
- 1932, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), February 1932, Hardcover, 270 pp
- 1932, Collins Crime Club (London), March 1932, Hardcover, 256 pp
- 1938, Modern | 20,059 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
Age Books (New York), Hardcover, 177 pp
- 1942, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, (Pocket number 167), 240 pp
- 1948, Penguin Books, Paperback, (Penguin number 688), 204 pp
- 1961, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 191 pp
- 1966, Pan books X521, Paperback
- 1978, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 327 pp,
- 2007, Facsimile edition (Facsimile of 1932 UK first edition), 2 April 2007, Hardcover, 256 pp
The first true publication of the book was the US serialisation in the weekly "Liberty" magazine in eleven instalments from 13 June (Volume 8, Number 24) to 22 August 1931, (Volume 8, Number 34). There were slight abridgements to the text, no chapter divisions, | 20,060 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
and the reference in Chapter III to the character of Jim Lazarus as, "a Jew, of course, but a frightfully decent one" was deleted. The serialisation carried illustrations by W.D. Stevens. In the UK, the novel was serialised in the weekly "Women's Pictorial" magazine in eleven instalments from 10 October (Volume 22, Number 561) to 19 December 1931, (Volume 22, Number 571) under the slightly different title of "The Peril at End House". There were slight abridgements and no chapter divisions. All of the instalments carried illustrations by Fred W. Purvis.
## Book dedication.
The dedication of the book reads:
To Eden Phillpotts. To whom I shall always be grateful for his friendship and the encouragement | 20,061 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
he gave me many years ago.
In 1908, Christie was recovering from influenza and bored, and she started to write a story at the suggestion of her mother, Clara Miller (see the dedication to "The Mysterious Affair at Styles"). This suggestion sparked Christie's interest in writing and several pieces were composed, some of which are now lost or remain unpublished (one exception to this is "The Call of Wings" which later appeared in "The Hound of Death" in 1933). These early efforts were mostly short stories, but at some point late in the year Christie attempted her first novel, "Snow Upon the Desert". She sent it to several publishers but they all rejected the work. At Clara's suggestion she then | 20,062 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
asked Phillpotts to read and critique both the book and other examples of her writing. He was a neighbour and friend of the Miller family in Torquay. He sent an undated reply back which included the praise that, "some of your work is capital. You have a great feeling for dialogue". In view of her later success in allowing readers to judge characters' feelings and motivations for themselves (and in doing so, thereby deceiving themselves as to the identity of the culprits), Phillpotts offered valuable suggestions to, "leave your characters alone, so that they can speak for themselves, instead of always rushing in to tell them what they ought to say, or to explain to the reader what they mean by | 20,063 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
what they are saying". He gave her further advice in the letter regarding a number of suggestions for further reading to help improve her work.
Phillpotts gave Christie an introduction to his own literary agents, Hughies Massie, who rejected her work (although in the early 1920s, they did start to represent her). Undaunted, Christie attempted another story, now lost, called "Being So Very Wilful", and again asked Phillpotts for his views. He replied on 9 February 1909 with a great deal more advice and tips for reading. In her autobiography, published posthumously in 1977, Christie wrote, "I can hardly express the gratitude I feel to him. He could so easily have uttered a few careless words | 20,064 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
of well-justified criticism and possibly discouraged me for life. As it was, he set out to help".
## Dustjacket blurb.
The blurb on the inside flap of the dustjacket of the UK first edition (which is also repeated opposite the title page) reads:Three near escapes from death in three days! Is it accident or design? And then a fourth mysterious incident happens, leaving no doubt that some sinister hand is striking at Miss Buckley, the charming young owner of the mysterious End House. The fourth attempt, unfortunately for the would-be murderer, is made in the garden of a Cornish Riviera hotel where Hercule Poirot, the famous Belgian detective, is staying. Poirot immediately investigates the case | 20,065 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
and relentlessly unravels a murder mystery that must rank as one of the most brilliant that Agatha Christie has yet written.
# Adaptations.
## Stage.
The story was adapted into a play by Arnold Ridley in 1940 and opened in the West End of London at the Vaudeville Theatre on 1 May. Poirot was played by Francis L. Sullivan.
## Television and film.
A Russian film version, entitled "Zagadka Endkhauza", was made in 1989 by Vadim Derbenyov.
The novel was adapted for television in 1990, as part of the "Agatha Christie's Poirot" second series; it was the first full-length novel to be adapted. Poirot was portrayed by David Suchet and Nick Buckley by Polly Walker. Overall, the film was faithful | 20,066 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
to the novel; however, Freddie's husband does not appear in the film nor does he shoot at Nick during the denouement, Challenger is arrested rather than being allowed to flee, and the fates of Freddie and Jim remain unresolved. This episode was filmed in Salcombe, Devon near Agatha Christie's home town of Torquay, rather than on the Cornish Coast where the story is set.
## Radio.
"Peril at End House" was adapted for radio by BBC Radio 4 featuring John Moffatt as Poirot and Simon Williams as Captain Hastings.
## Computer game.
On 22 November 2007, "Peril at End House", like "Death on the Nile", was adapted into a PC game by Flood Light Games, and published as a joint venture between Oberon | 20,067 |
420442 | Peril at End House | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peril%20at%20End%20House | Peril at End House
use", like "Death on the Nile", was adapted into a PC game by Flood Light Games, and published as a joint venture between Oberon Games and Big Fish Games, with the player once again taking the role of Poirot as he searches End House and other areas in Cornwall Coast for clues, and questions suspects based on information he finds, this time through the clue cards he gains on the way.
## Graphic novel.
"Peril at End House" was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation in 2008, adapted by Thierry Jollet and illustrated by Didier Quella-Guyot ().
# External links.
- "Peril at End House" at the official Agatha Christie website
- Agatha Christie: Peril at End House computer game | 20,068 |
420455 | Thomas Grenville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Grenville | Thomas Grenville
Thomas Grenville
Thomas Grenville (31 December 1755 – 17 December 1846) was a British politician and bibliophile.
# Background and education.
Grenville was the second son of Prime Minister George Grenville and Elizabeth Wyndham, daughter of Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet. George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham, was his elder brother and William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, his younger brother. He was educated at Eton.
# Career.
In 1778, he was commissioned ensign in the Coldstream Guards and in 1779 promoted a lieutenant in the 80th Regiment of Foot, but resigned his commission in 1780. He was, with one interval, a member of parliament from 1780 to 1810, and for | 20,069 |
420455 | Thomas Grenville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Grenville | Thomas Grenville
a few months during 1806 and 1807 President of the Board of Control (1806) and then First Lord of the Admiralty (1806–1807). In 1798, he was sworn of the Privy Council.
On 1 February 1799 Grenville and a party were travelling on when she was wrecked near Scharhörn off the Elbe. She was trying to deliver Grenville and his party to Cuxhaven, from where they were to proceed on a diplomatic mission to meet Frederick William III of Prussia in Berlin during the War of the Second Coalition. "Proserpine" was stuck in ice in worsening weather. At 1:30, on 2 February, all 187 persons on "Prosperine" left her and started the six-mile walk to the island Neuwerk, in freezing weather and falling snow. Seven | 20,070 |
420455 | Thomas Grenville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Grenville | Thomas Grenville
seamen, a boy, four Royal Marines, and one woman and her child died; the rest made it to safety in the tower of Neuwerk. The diplomatic party reached Cuxhaven on 6 February to continue to Berlin via Hamburg and return to London on 23 March.
# Library.
He began collecting books from at least his early twenties, and by his death had amassed 20,240 volumes containing 16,000 titles. The collection is notable for its many editions of Homer, Aesop and Ariosto, for early travel books, and for literature in the Romance languages. Rare volumes include a vellum copy of the Gutenberg Bible, which Grenville bought in France in 1817 for 6,260 francs, a Mainz Psalter and a Shakespeare First Folio. There | 20,071 |
420455 | Thomas Grenville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Grenville | Thomas Grenville
are also 59 manuscripts. Grenville liked his books to be in excellent condition, and would often have books washed or rebound, as well as seeking out relevant pages to add to any incomplete copies he owned. He lent books widely, Barry Taylor describing his library as apparently "semi-public". He bequeathed the collection to the British Museum, of which he had become a trustee in 1830, and it is now housed in the King's Library Tower in the British Library.
# Personal life.
Grenville died at Piccadilly, London, in December 1846, aged 90. He never married.
# Styles from birth to death.
- Mr. Thomas Grenville (1755–1779)
- Mr. Thomas Grenville, MP (1779–1784)
- Mr. Thomas Grenville (1784–1790)
- | 20,072 |
420455 | Thomas Grenville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Grenville | Thomas Grenville
Mr. Thomas Grenville, MP (1790–1798)
- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, MP (1798–1810)
- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville (1810–1813)
- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, MP (1813–1818)
- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville (1818–1846)
# References.
- "British Historical Facts 1760–1830", by Chris Cook and John Stevenson (The Macmillan Press 1980)
# Further reading.
- Payne, J.T., Foss, H. and Rye, W.B. "Bibliotheca Grenvilliana". London, 1842–72. Catalogue of Thomas Grenville's library. Copies held by many major scholarly libraries.
# External links.
- Biography
- British Library's description of the Grenville Library
- The Grenville Library copy of the Gutenberg Bible. Select the 'vellum copy' | 20,073 |
420455 | Thomas Grenville | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas%20Grenville | Thomas Grenville
Thomas Grenville, MP (1798–1810)
- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville (1810–1813)
- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, MP (1813–1818)
- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville (1818–1846)
# References.
- "British Historical Facts 1760–1830", by Chris Cook and John Stevenson (The Macmillan Press 1980)
# Further reading.
- Payne, J.T., Foss, H. and Rye, W.B. "Bibliotheca Grenvilliana". London, 1842–72. Catalogue of Thomas Grenville's library. Copies held by many major scholarly libraries.
# External links.
- Biography
- British Library's description of the Grenville Library
- The Grenville Library copy of the Gutenberg Bible. Select the 'vellum copy' option to see images of the Grenville Library copy. | 20,074 |
420461 | JCSP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JCSP | JCSP
JCSP
JCSP is an implementation of Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) for the Java programming language.
Although CSP is a mathematical system, JCSP does not require in-depth mathematical skill, allowing instead that programmers can achieve well-behaved software just by following simple rules.
# Overview.
There are four ways in which multi-threaded programs can fail untestably:
- race conditions - shared variables may have indeterminate state because several threads access them concurrently without sufficient locking;
- deadlock - two or more threads reach a stalemate when they try to acquire locks or other resources in a conflicting way;
- livelock - similar to deadlock but resulting | 20,075 |
420461 | JCSP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JCSP | JCSP
in endless wastage of CPU time;
- starvation - one or more threads fail ever to get any work done, compromising the intended outcome of the software algorithms.
Generally, it is not possible to prove the absence of these four hazards merely by rigorous testing. Although rigorous testing is necessary, it is not sufficient. Instead it is necessary to have a design that can demonstrate these four hazards don't exist. CSP allows this to be done using mathematics and JCSP allows it to be done pragmatically in Java programs.
The benefit of the basis in mathematics is that stronger guarantees of correct behaviour can be produced than would be possible with conventional "ad hoc" development. Fortunately, | 20,076 |
420461 | JCSP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JCSP | JCSP
JCSP does not force its users to adopt a mathematical approach themselves, but allows them to benefit from the mathematics that underpins the library.
Note that the CSP term "process" is used essentially as a synonym for "thread" in Java parlance; a "process" in CSP is a lightweight unit of execution that interacts with the outside world via events and is an active component that encapsulates the data structures on which it operates.
Because the encapsulation of data is per-thread (per "process" in CSP parlance), there is typically no reliance on sharing data between threads. Instead, the coupling between threads happens via well-defined communication points and rendezvous. The benefit is | 20,077 |
420461 | JCSP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JCSP | JCSP
that each thread can broadly be considered to be a "single-threaded" entity during its design, sparing the developer from the uncertainties of whether and where to use Java's "synchronized" keyword, and at the same time guaranteeing freedom from race conditions. JCSP provides for clear principles for designing the inter-thread communication in a way that is provably free from deadlock.
There is a clear similarity between some classes in the standard Java API (java.util.concurrent) and some in JCSP. JCSP's "channel" classes are similar to the "BlockingQueue". There is one important difference: JCSP also provides an Alternative class to allow selection between inputs; this capability is absent | 20,078 |
420461 | JCSP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JCSP | JCSP
from the standard Java API. Alternation is one of the core concepts that CSP uses to model events in the real world.
Alternative was proven to operate correctly by exhaustive mathematical analysis of its state space, guaranteeing it can never in itself cause a deadlock
. As such, it epitomises the dependability of JCSP from its mathematical basis.
# Networking Layer.
Because TCP sockets can be constructed to behave as blocking channels in the CSP sense, it is possible to distribute JCSP processes across multiple computers. This is achieved using the JCSP Net extension that provides channels with CSP semantics using TCP. Because CSP is compositional, it does not matter in behaviour terms | 20,079 |
420461 | JCSP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JCSP | JCSP
whether processes are co-located or distributed. The only difference is in the relative performance. So it is possible, for example, to develop an application on a single server then compare multi-processor version of the same application with the aim of optimising the performance.
# Other versions.
## Robot edition.
JCSP re is a highly reduced version of the JCSP packages developed around 2008 at the Napier University Edinburgh by Professor Jon Kerridge, Alex Panayotopoulos and Patrick Lismore. Research into JCSP for robotics environments and JCSP for mobile environments is an active area of research at Napier University Edinburgh. The working implementation of 'JCSP re' allows the development | 20,080 |
420461 | JCSP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JCSP | JCSP
of the same concurrent software for robots. Specifically, the robots targeted for this research were the Lego Mindstorms NXTs because they can run the popular LeJOS NXJ virtual machine that executes Java source code.
# Using JCSP from other languages.
JCSP is essentially a pure-Java API (although a research alternative exists that uses the C-CSP extension to the JVM). As such, it is in principle eminently suitable for concurrency in Scala and Groovy applications as well as Java ones.
JCSP can therefore provide an alternative to Scala's actor model. JCSP uses synchronised communication and actors use buffered (asynchronous) communication, each of which have their advantages in certain circumstances. | 20,081 |
420461 | JCSP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JCSP | JCSP
(although a research alternative exists that uses the C-CSP extension to the JVM). As such, it is in principle eminently suitable for concurrency in Scala and Groovy applications as well as Java ones.
JCSP can therefore provide an alternative to Scala's actor model. JCSP uses synchronised communication and actors use buffered (asynchronous) communication, each of which have their advantages in certain circumstances. JCSP allows its channels to be buffered so can easily emulate the actor model; the converse is not true.
# See also.
- Communicating sequential processes, the mathematics underlying JCSP
# External links.
- JCSP project at the University of Kent
- JCSP re early beta release | 20,082 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
3D tic-tac-toe
3D tic-tac-toe, also known by the trade name Qubic, is an abstract strategy board game, generally for two players. It is similar in concept to traditional tic-tac-toe but is played in a cubical array of cells, usually 4x4x4. Players take turns placing their markers in blank cells in the array. The first player to achieve four of their own markers in a row wins. The winning row can be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal on a single board as in regular tic-tac-toe, or vertically in a column, or a diagonal line through four boards.
As with traditional tic-tac-toe, several commercial sets of apparatus have been sold for the game, and it may also be played with pencil and paper with | 20,083 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
a hand-drawn board.
The game has been analyzed mathematically and a first-player-win strategy was developed and published. However, the strategy is too complicated for most human players to memorize and apply.
# Pencil and paper.
Like traditional 3x3 tic-tac-toe, the game may be played with pencil and paper. A game board can easily be drawn by hand, with players using the usual "naughts and crosses" to mark their moves.
In the 1970s, 3M Games (a division of 3M Corporation) sold a series of "Paper Games", including "3 Dimensional Tic Tac Toe". Buyers received a pad of 50 sheets with preprinted game boards.
# "Qubic".
"Qubic" is the brand name of equipment for the 4x4x4 game that was manufactured | 20,084 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
and marketed by Parker Brothers, starting in 1964. It was reissued in 1972 with a more modern design. Both versions described the game as "Parker Brothers 3D Tic Tac Toe Game".
In the original issue, the bottom level board was opaque plastic, and the upper three clear, all of simple square design. The 1972 reissue used four clear plastic boards with rounded corners. Whereas pencil and paper play almost always involves just two players, Parker Brothers' rules said that up to three players could play. The circular playing pieces resembled small poker chips in red, blue, and yellow.
The game is no longer manufactured.
# Gameplay and analysis.
## 3x3x3, two-player.
The 3x3x3 version of the | 20,085 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
game cannot end in a draw and is easily won by the first player unless a rule is adopted that prevents the first player from taking the center cell. In that case, the game is easily won by the second player. By banning the use of the center cell altogether, the game is easily won by the first player. By including a 3rd player, the perfect game will be played out to a draw. By including stochasticity in the choosing of the side the player must use, the game becomes fair and winnable by all players but is subject to chance. By making the choice of the player piece (x or o) subject to chance, the game becomes fair and winnable by all players.
## 4x4x4, two-player.
On the 4x4x4 board, there are | 20,086 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
76 winning lines. On each of the four 4x4 boards, or horizontal planes, there are four columns, four rows, and two diagonals, accounting for 40 lines. There are 16 vertical lines, each ascending from a cell on the bottom board through the corresponding cells on the other boards. There are eight vertically-oriented planes parallel to the sides of the boards, each of these adding two more diagonals (the horizontal and vertical lines of these planes have already been counted). Finally, there are two vertically-oriented planes that include the diagonal lines of the 4x4 boards, and each of these contributes two more diagonal lines—each of these including two corners and two internal cells.
The 16 | 20,087 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
cells lying on these latter four lines (that is, the eight corner cells and eight internal cells) are each included in seven different winning lines; the other 48 cells (24 face cells and 24 edge cells) are each included in four winning lines.
The corner cells and the internal cells are actually equivalent via an automorphism; likewise for face and edge cells. The group of automorphisms of the game contains 192 automorphisms. It is made up of combinations of the usual rotations and reflections that reorient or reflect the cube, plus two that scramble the order of cells on each line. If a line comprises cells A, B, C and D in that order, one of these exchanges inner cells for outer ones (such | 20,088 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
as B, A, D, C) for all lines of the cube, and the other exchanges cells of either the inner or the outer cells ( A, C, B, D or equivalently D, B, C, A) for all lines of the cube. Combinations of these basic automorphisms generate the entire group of 192 as shown by R. Silver in 1967.
3D tic-tac-toe was weakly solved, meaning that the existence of a winning strategy was proven
but without actually presenting such a strategy, by Eugene Mahalko in 1976. He proved that in two-person play, the first player will win if there are two optimal players.
A more complete analysis, including the announcement of a complete first-player-win strategy, was published by Oren Patashnik in 1980. Patashnik used | 20,089 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
a computer-assisted proof that consumed 1500 hours of computer time. The strategy comprised move choices for 2929 difficult "strategic" positions, plus assurances that all other positions that could arise could be easily won with a sequence entirely made up of forcing moves. It was further asserted that the strategy had been independently verified. As computer storage became cheaper and the internet made it possible, these positions and moves were made available online.
The game was solved again by Victor Allis using proof-number search.
## More general analyses.
An examination of multi-dimensional tic-tac-toe of various numbers of dimensions and board sizes was presented in the article "Hypercube | 20,090 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
Tic-Tac-Toe" by Golomb and Hales.
Another study appears in the book "Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory" by József Beck.
# Computer implementations.
Several computer programs that play the game against a human opponent have been written. The earliest of these used console lights and switches, text terminals, or similar interaction: the human player would enter moves numerically (for example, using "4 2 3" for fourth level, second row, third column) and the program would respond similarly, as graphics displays were uncommon.
A program written for the IBM 650 used front panel switches and lights for the user interface.
William Daly Jr. wrote and described a Qubic-playing program as part | 20,091 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
of his Master's program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The program was written in assembler language for the TX-0 computer. It included lookahead to 12 moves and kept a history of previous games with each opponent, modifying its strategy according to their past behavior.
An implementation in Fortran was written by Robert K. Louden and presented, with an extensive description of its design, in his book "Programming the IBM 1130 and 1800". Its strategy involved looking for combinations of one or two free cells shared among two or three rows with particular contents.
A Qubic program in a DEC dialect of BASIC appeared in "101 BASIC Computer Games" by David H. Ahl. Ahl said the program | 20,092 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
"showed up," author unknown, on a G.E. timesharing system in 1968.
Atari released a graphical version of the game for the Atari 2600 console and Atari 8-bit computers in 1978.
The program was written by Carol Shaw, who went on to greater fame as the creator of Activision's "River Raid". It uses the standard joystick controller. It can be played by two players against each other, or one player can play against the program on one of eight different difficulty settings. The product code for the Atari game was CX-2618.
Three-dimensional tic-tac-toe on a 4x4x4 board (optionally 3x3x3) was included in the Microsoft Windows Entertainment Pack in the 1990s under the name "TicTactics". In 2010 Microsoft | 20,093 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
made the game available on its "Game Room" service for its Xbox 360 console.
A program library named Qubist, and front-end for the GTK 2 window library are a project on SourceForge.
# Similar and related games.
Besides the related tic tac toe, a popular variant is a commercial product called "Score Four". In Score Four the markers are small spheres with a hole drilled all the way through. The base of the game board provides 16 vertical spikes. To make a move, a player places a sphere on one of the spikes. Thus a move can only be made in a cell wherein all of the cells below it are already occupied.
# See also.
- Score Four
- Quarto (board game)
# External links.
- Qubic at BoardGameGeek
- | 20,094 |
420457 | 3D tic-tac-toe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D%20tic-tac-toe | 3D tic-tac-toe
d for the GTK 2 window library are a project on SourceForge.
# Similar and related games.
Besides the related tic tac toe, a popular variant is a commercial product called "Score Four". In Score Four the markers are small spheres with a hole drilled all the way through. The base of the game board provides 16 vertical spikes. To make a move, a player places a sphere on one of the spikes. Thus a move can only be made in a cell wherein all of the cells below it are already occupied.
# See also.
- Score Four
- Quarto (board game)
# External links.
- Qubic at BoardGameGeek
- Playable version at Pencil and Paper Games
- A downloadable program by Rob Waldteufel that plays Qubic perfectly. | 20,095 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
Ralph Hall
Ralph Moody Hall (May 3, 1923 – March 7, 2019) was an American politician who served as the United States Representative for from 1981 to 2015. He was first elected in 1980, and was the chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology from 2011 to 2013. He was also a member of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. In 2004, he switched to the Republican Party after having been a member of the Democratic Party for more than 50 years.
At 91, he was the oldest serving member of Congress at the end of his last term in office, the oldest person to ever serve in the House of Representatives, the oldest person ever elected to a House term and the oldest House member ever | 20,096 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
to cast a vote, and the last member of Congress from the G.I. Generation. He and Michigan Congressman John Dingell were the last two World War II veterans serving in Congress.
On March 6, 2014, Hall was challenged in the Republican primary by five other Republicans. He received 45.42% of the vote, which was under 50%, the amount required to avoid a runoff election. In the runoff, Hall faced former U.S. Attorney John Ratcliffe, who finished second in the primary with 28.77% of the vote. On May 27, 2014, Ratcliffe defeated Hall in the runoff election, 53% to 47%.
# Early life, education, and law career.
Hall was born in Fate, Texas, and was a lifelong resident of Rockwall County, northeast | 20,097 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
of Dallas. He graduated from Rockwall High School in 1941. He joined the U.S. Navy on December 10, 1942, serving as an aircraft carrier pilot from 1942 to 1945 during World War II, attaining the rank of lieutenant.
When he was young, Hall pumped gas for a man and woman whom he later identified as the infamous gangsters Bonnie and Clyde.
He attended Texas Christian University in Fort Worth during 1943. After the war, he attended the University of Texas (1946–47), and received a law degree from Southern Methodist University in Dallas in 1951. He was admitted to the Texas Bar in 1951 and maintained a private law practice in Rockwall for many years.
# Early political career (1950–1973).
Hall | 20,098 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
was elected county judge of Rockwall County, Texas in November 1950. He held that position until 1962.
In 1962, he was elected to the Texas State Senate after incumbent Ray Roberts won a special election to replace Sam Rayburn in Congress. As a state senator, he would eventually chair a variety of committees:
- Consumer Protection (1969–1972)
- County, District, and Urban Affairs (1969–1972)
- Historical and Recreational Sites (1969–1970)
- Motion Picture Theater Industry (1969–1970)
- Counties, Cities, and Towns (1967–1968)
- Local and Uncontested Bills (1967–1968)
- Transportation (1965–1966)
In 1972, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of Texas and lost the Democratic primary, getting | 20,099 |
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