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420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
only 15% of the vote. Bill Hobby won the primary with a plurality of 33%, and won the general election.
# Business (1973–1980).
He was the president and CEO of Texas Aluminum Corp. and general counsel of Texas Extrusion Co., Inc. He was founding member and chairman of Lakeside National Bank of Rockwall, and was chairman of the directors of Lakeside News, Inc. He was a counsel for the aircraft parts maker Howmet Corporation from 1970 to 1974.
As of 2006, he was serving as the chairman, president or director of Crowley Holding Co., Bank of Crowley, Lakeside National Bank, Lakeside Bancshares Inc., North & East Trading Co., and Linrock Inc.
# Later political career (1980–2015).
## Elections.
In | 20,100 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
1980, incumbent Democratic U.S. congressman Ray Roberts of Texas' 4th congressional district decided to retire. Hall won the Democratic primary with 57% of the vote. In the general election, he defeated Republican business manager John Wright, with 52% of the vote, the closest race in the district's history and the lowest winning percentage in a general election in Hall's political career. He is only the fourth person to represent the 4th District since its creation in 1903. The district's second congressman, Rayburn, the longtime Speaker of the House, represented the district for 48 years. He has never won re-election in a general election with less than 58% of the vote. He also never won re-election | 20,101 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
in a Democratic or Republican primary with less than 66% of the vote, except in 2010.
- 2004
In November 2004, Hall ran for his first full term as a Republican. He got heavy White House backing, from then President George W. Bush also a Texan, in the three-way GOP primary that year, defeating two opponents. Hall won the primary with 78% of the vote, and the general election with 67% of the vote defeating Democratic candidate Jim Nickerson and Libertarian Kevin D. Anderson.
- 2006
Hall defeated Democratic candidate Glenn Melancon and Libertarian candidate Kurt Helm in the 2006 general election with 67% of the vote.
- 2008
In the general election, Hall again faced Democratic nominee Glenn | 20,102 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
Melancon and was re-elected with 69% of the vote.
- 2010
In the Republican primary, Hall won the nomination with 57% of the vote, his worst performance in a primary election since his first election in 1980. It was a six candidate race, with his closest opponent, Steve Clark, winning 30% of the vote. In the general election, he won re-election with 73% of the vote against Democratic candidate VaLinda Hathcox and two other candidates.
- 2012
Hall won the Republican primary with 58% of the vote. He won over Democratic candidate VaLinda Hathcox in the general election for the second year in a row, this time by 73% to 24%.
- 2014
In May 2013, Hall announced his bid for an 18th term in the | 20,103 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
U.S. House. On December 20, 2013, he said that the 2014 campaign would be his last, regardless of the result.
In the March 4, 2014 Republican primary, Hall led a six-candidate field with 29,815 votes (45.4%). Because he did not obtain a majority of the ballots cast, Hall was forced to enter the May 27, 2014 runoff election with the runner-up, former U.S. Attorney John Lee Ratcliffe of Heath who received 18,891 votes (28.8%).
Ratcliffe defeated Hall in a contentious and expensive March 21 runoff. With the loss, Hall became the only sitting Republican U.S. representative from Texas to unsuccessfully seek renomination to his or her seat out of 257 attempts since statehood. No Democrat even filed, | 20,104 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
meaning that the runoff was the real contest for the seat. Accordingly, Ratcliffe was elected unopposed, and assumed office on January 3, 2015.
## Tenure.
- "an old-time Conservative Democrat"
Hall described himself as "an old-time conservative Democrat." For many years, he was one of the most conservative Democrats in the House. He was an early supporter of a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced federal budget and also favored legislation requiring a super-majority on any tax increases. He frequently clashed with the Clinton Administration, and voted for three of the four articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton. He endorsed George W. Bush for President in 2000, becoming | 20,105 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
one of the few Democratic politicians to do so. The two had been friends for many years.
- 2004 party switch
Hall was frequently rumored as a candidate to switch parties, especially after the Republicans took control of the House in 1995. Even as Democrats with far less conservative voting records than Hall's, such as Greg Laughlin, Jimmy Hayes, Billy Tauzin and Nathan Deal, all switched parties, he insisted that he would remain a Democrat as long as it did not hurt his constituents. He said that he had an obligation to "pull my party back toward the middle." He was one of the co-founders of the Blue Dog Coalition, a group of moderate and conservative Democratic congressmen.
- Northern Mariana | 20,106 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
Islands (CNMI)
The Northern Mariana Islands are a U.S. commonwealth in the Pacific with a large garment industry. Billing records of Preston Gates Ellis and Rouvelas Meeds, an international law firm employed by the CNMI, the government of the islands, show numerous contacts between the law firm and Hall's office. He said his dealings with the law firm were with Lloyd Meeds, a partner with the firm, which at the time listed 36 attorneys on staff, not with Jack Abramoff, the firm's representative for the CNMI contract. In 2006, he said of the Northern Marianas, "They were good allies, and I believed their government should handle their affairs and not have us impose labor laws on them."
- Views | 20,107 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
on climate change
On December 1, 2011, Hall gave an interview to "National Journal" in which he expressed disbelief in anthropogenic climate change. He accused climate scientists of concocting the evidence for anthropogenic climate change in order to receive federal research grants, citing the Climategate controversy and calling investigations which had largely exonerated them "straw-man reviews". He stated that "I'm really more fearful of freezing. And I don't have any science to prove that. But we have a lot of science that tells us they're not basing it on real scientific facts." He responded to allegations that Republicans could be called anti-science in light of these views by saying "I'm | 20,108 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
not anti-science, I'm pro-science. But we ought to have some believable science... We have to be more careful what outlays we make for something that hasn't been proved."
- Legislation sponsored
Hall introduced into the House the North Texas Invasive Species Barrier Act of 2014 (H.R. 4032; 113th Congress), a bill that would exempt the North Texas Municipal Water District (NTMWD) from prosecution under the Lacey Act for transferring water containing invasive species from Oklahoma to Texas. The Lacey Act protects plants and wildlife by creating civil and criminal penalties for various violations, including transferring invasive species across state borders.
## Committee assignments.
- Committee | 20,109 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
on Science and Technology, Chairman "Emeritus"
- Subcommittee on Energy
- Subcommittee on Space
- Committee on Energy and Commerce
- Subcommittee on Environment and Economy
- Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
## Caucus memberships.
- International Conservation Caucus
- Republican Study Committee
- Tea Party Caucus
# Personal life.
Hall married the former Mary Ellen Murphy on November 14, 1944, while he was serving in the United States Navy in Pensacola, Florida. They had three sons, Hampton, Brett, and Blakeley, and (as of 2013) have five grandchildren. She died on August 27, 2008.
In January 2004, regarding his switch of party, Hall said "I talked with some of my family. | 20,110 |
420454 | Ralph Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Hall | Ralph Hall
November 14, 1944, while he was serving in the United States Navy in Pensacola, Florida. They had three sons, Hampton, Brett, and Blakeley, and (as of 2013) have five grandchildren. She died on August 27, 2008.
In January 2004, regarding his switch of party, Hall said "I talked with some of my family. Some agreed, some did not. My wife didn't agree. She'd rather I quit than switch parties."
Hall died of natural causes on March 7, 2019 in Rockwall, Texas at the age of 95.
# Electoral history.
Source:
Source:
# See also.
- List of American politicians who switched parties in office
- List of United States Representatives who switched parties
# External links.
- Profile at SourceWatch | 20,111 |
420489 | Inquiry education | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inquiry%20education | Inquiry education
Inquiry education
Inquiry education (sometimes known as the inquiry method) is a student-centered method of education focused on asking questions. Students are encouraged to ask questions which are meaningful to them, and which do not necessarily have easy answers; teachers are encouraged to avoid giving answers when this is possible, and in any case to avoid giving direct answers in favor of asking more questions. In this way it is similar in some respects to the Socratic method. The method was advocated by Neil Postman and Charles Weingartner in their book "Teaching as a Subversive Activity".
# Overview.
The inquiry method is motivated by Postman and Weingartner's recognition that good learners | 20,112 |
420489 | Inquiry education | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inquiry%20education | Inquiry education
and sound reasoners center their attention and activity on the dynamic process of inquiry itself, not merely on the end product of static knowledge. They write that certain characteristics are common to all good learners (Postman and Weingartner, pp. 31–33), saying that all good learners have:
In an attempt to instill students with these qualities and behaviors, a teacher adhering to the inquiry method in pedagogy must behave very differently from a traditional teacher. Postman and Weingartner suggest that inquiry teachers have the following characteristics (pp. 34–37):
# See also.
- Critical thinking
- Education reform
- Inquiry
- Pedagogy
- Philosophy of education
- Bloom, Benjamin
- | 20,113 |
420489 | Inquiry education | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inquiry%20education | Inquiry education
behaviors, a teacher adhering to the inquiry method in pedagogy must behave very differently from a traditional teacher. Postman and Weingartner suggest that inquiry teachers have the following characteristics (pp. 34–37):
# See also.
- Critical thinking
- Education reform
- Inquiry
- Pedagogy
- Philosophy of education
- Bloom, Benjamin
- Bloom's Taxonomy
- Dewey, John
- Peirce, Charles Sanders
- Postman, Neil
- McLuhan, Marshall
# References.
- Postman, Neil, and Weingartner, Charles (1969), "Teaching as a Subversive Activity", Dell, New York, NY.
# Further reading.
- Awbrey, Jon, and Awbrey, Susan (1995), "Interpretation as Action: The Risk of Inquiry", "" 15, 40-52. Eprint | 20,114 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
Han Yu
Han Yu (; 76825 December 824), courtesy name Tuizhi (), was a Chinese writer, poet, and government official of the Tang dynasty who significantly influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism. Described as "comparable in stature to Dante, Shakespeare or Goethe" for his influence on the Chinese literary tradition, Han Yu stood for strong central authority in politics and orthodoxy in cultural matters.
He is considered by many to be among China's finest prose writers. Ming dynasty scholar Mao Kun (茅坤) ranked him first among the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song".
# Biography.
Han Yu was born in 768, in Heyang (河陽, present day Mengzhou) in Henan to a family of noble lineage. | 20,115 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
His father worked as a minor official but died when Han Yu was two, who was then raised in the family of his older brother, Han Hui (韓會). He was a student of philosophical writings and confucian thought. His family moved to Chang'an in 774 but was banished to Southern China in 777 because of its association with disgraced minister Yuan Zai. Han Hui died in 781 while serving as a prefect in Guangdong province. In 792, after four attempts, Han Yu passed the "jinshi" imperial examination. In 796, after failing to secure a position in the civil service at the capital, he went into the service of the provincial military governor of Bianzhou until 799, and then of the military governor of Xuzhou. | 20,116 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
He gained his first central government position in 802 on the recommendation of the military governor. However, he was soon exiled, seemingly for failing to support the heir apparent's faction (other possible reasons are because of his criticism of the misbehaviour of the emperor's servants or his request for reduction of taxes during a famine).
From 807 to 819 he held a series of posts first in Luoyang and then in Chang'an. During these years, he was strong advocate of reimposing central control over the separatist provinces of the north-east. This period of service came to an end when he wrote his famous Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha (諫迎佛骨表) presented to Emperor Xianzong. The memorial | 20,117 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
is a strongly worded protest against Buddhist influence on the country. The Emperor, offended by Han Yu's criticism, ordered his execution. He was however saved by his friends at the court, and he was demoted and exiled to Chaozhou instead. After Han Yu offered a formal apology to the Emperor a few months later, he was transferred to a province nearer to the capital. Emperor Xianzong died within a year, and his successor Emperor Muzong brought Han Yu back to the capital where he worked in the War Office. He was then appointed to a high-ranking position after he successfully completed a mission to persuade a rebellious military commander to return to the fold.
Han Yu held a number of their distinguished | 20,118 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
government posts such as the rector of the Imperial university. At the age of fifty-six, Han Yu died in Chang'an on December 25, 824 and was buried on April 21, 825 in the ancestral cemetery at Heyang.
# Thoughts and beliefs.
Han Yu was an important Confucian intellectual who influenced later generations of Confucian thinkers. He also sponsored many literary figures of the turn of the ninth century. He led a revolt against "pianwen" (駢文), a formal, richly ornamented literary style, advocating a return to a classical, simple, logical, and exact style. He felt that this classical style of writing—called "guwen" (古文), literally, "ancient writing"—would be appropriate for the restoration of Confucianism. | 20,119 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
To him literature and ethics were intertwined, and he advocated the personal assimilation of Confucian values through the Classics, making them part of one's life.
Han Yu promoted Confucianism but was also deeply opposed to Buddhism, a religion that was then popular at the Tang court. In 819, he sent a letter, "Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha", to the emperor in which he denounced "the elaborate preparations being made by the state to receive the Buddha's fingerbone, which he called 'a filthy object' and which he said should be 'handed over to the proper officials for destruction by water and fire to eradicate forever its origin'. Han Yu contrasted the Chinese civilization and barbarism | 20,120 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
where people were "like birds and wild beast or like the barbarians". He considered Buddhism to be of barbarian (夷狄) origin, therefore an unsuitable religion for the Chinese people.
Han Yu was also critical of Daoism which he considered to be a harmful accretion to Chinese culture, he nevertheless made the distinction between Daoism which is a home-grown religion and Buddhism as a foreign faith. In "The Origin of Dao" (原道, "Yuandao"), he argued that the monasticism of both Buddhism and Daoism to be economically non-productive, creating economic and social dislocation. He also criticised both of these beliefs for being unable to deal with social problems. He considered Confucianism to be distinct | 20,121 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
from these two beliefs in linking the private, moral life of the individual with the public welfare of the state. He emphasised Mencius's method of assuring public morality and social order, and his concept of the expression of Confucian spirituality through political action would later form the intellectual basis for neo-Confucianism.
# Literary works.
## Prose.
Han Yu is often considered the greatest master of classical prose in the Tang. He was listed first among the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song" by Ming Dynasty scholar Mao Kun. Together with Liu Zongyuan he headed the Classical Prose Movement to return to the unornamented prose of the Han Dynasty. He considered the | 20,122 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
classical "old style prose" or "guwen" to be the kind of writing more suited to argumentation and the expression of ideas. Han Yu's "guwen" however was not an imitation of ancient prose, but a new style based on the ancient ideals of clarity, concision, and utility. Han Yu wrote in many modes, often with discursiveness and experimental daring.
Amongst his best known essays are his polemics against Buddhism and Daoism and support for Confucianism, such as "Buddhism Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha" and "The Origin of Dao". Other notable works include "Text for the Crocodiles" (鱷魚文) in which he declares that crocodiles be formally banished from Chaozhou, and "Goodbye to Penury" (送窮文) that | 20,123 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
describes his failed attempt to rid himself of the ghost of poverty.
## Poetry.
Han Yu also wrote poetry, however, while Han Yu's essays are highly regarded, his poetry is not considered the finest. According to "A History of Chinese Literature" by Herbert Giles, Han Yu "wrote a large quantity of verse, frequently playful, on an immense variety of subjects, and under his touch the commonplace was often transmuted into wit. Among other pieces there is one on his teeth, which seemed to drop out at regular intervals, so that he could calculate roughly what span of life remained to him. Altogether, his poetry cannot be classed with that of the highest order, unlike his prose writings".
# Significance | 20,124 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
and assessment.
Han Yu ranks among the most important personalities in the history of traditional Chinese culture. His works not only become classics in Chinese literature, but his writings redefined and changed the course of the tradition itself. He was a stylistic innovator in the many genres he wrote in, and was a major influence on the literary and intellectual life of his time as well as later dynasties. The writings of Han Yu would become influential to Song Dynasty writers and poets, in particular Ouyang Xiu who popularized the use of "guwen" as advocated by Han Yu, a style that would stay as the model for Chinese prose until the revolution in Chinese literature of modern China. In an | 20,125 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
inscription for a shrine to Han Yu, Song Dynasty poet Su Shi praised Han Yu:
All the major accounts of Han Yu's life agree that he had an open and forthright character, which manifested itself in his unswerving loyalty to his friends. According to Li Ao, Han Yu was a great conversationalist and an inspired teacher: "His teaching and his efforts to mold his students were unrelenting, fearing they would not be perfect. Yet he amused them with jokes and with the chanting of poems, so that they were enraptured with his teaching and forgot about returning home". The sense of humor that is so obvious in his writing was also important in his life. Herbert Giles judged that it was "due to his calm | 20,126 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
and dignified patriotism that the Chinese still keep his memory green".
Han Yu led a defense of Confucianism at a time when Confucian doctrine was in decline, and attacked both Buddhism and Daoism which were then the dominant belief systems. His writings would have a significant influence on Neo-Confucians of later eras, such as the Song dynasty scholars Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, although he was criticized by Song Confucians for being much more of a stylist than a moralist. Most modern scholarship, although content to assign to Han Yu a secure place in the history of Chinese literature, has been embarrassed by the violence of his Confucian passions.
# Memorial.
In honor of Han's contribution to | 20,127 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
Chaoshan when he was exiled to Chaozhou, the Han River flowing through Chaozhou is named after him. Han Yu Temple (韩文公祠) in Chaozhou was established since the Song dynasty at the riverside of Mount Han, which also named after him.
# Studies.
Erwin von Zach wrote "Han Yüs poetische Werke", a German language study. "The Poetry of Meng Chiao and Han Yü", a book by Stephen Owen published by the Yale University Press, was the first substantial English-language study of Han Yu. It was published 13 years after Zach's book.
# Modern references.
In an essay on Kafka, the Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges, in making the argument that "each writer creates his own precursors", placed Han Yu as one | 20,128 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
of the antecedents of Kafka due to some resemblance between them.
# Descendants.
Han Yu's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).
In 1976, Han Yu was the subject of a high-profile defamation lawsuit in Taiwan called "Han Sih-Tao v. Kuo Sho-Hua". In that case, Han Sih-Tao, a 39th-generation direct descendant of the Han Yu, brought a criminal suit against Kuo for writing a defamatory article alleging Han Yu died of a venereal disease because he frequented some houses of ill repute. Many celebrated academic experts on Chinese literature testified as expert witnesses on one side or another. After extensive litigation, Kuo was fined for a token amount (about US$30) for criminal | 20,129 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
libel.
# References.
## Sources.
- Works cited
- Barnstone, Tony; Chou, Ping (eds.) (2005). "The Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry." , New York: Random House.
- Birch, Cyril (ed.) (1965). "Anthology of Chinese Literature." New York: Grove Press, Inc.
- Available online at: Google Books; A History of Chinese Literature Internet Archive; A History of Chinese Literature Project Gutenberg.
- Leung, K. C. "The Poetry of Meng Chiao and Han Yü" (book review). "Books Abroad", ISSN 0006-7431, 07/1976, Volume 50, Issue 3, p. 715.
- Hartman, Charles (1986). "Han Yu and the T'ang Search for Unity." New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Owen, Stephen (ed.) (1996). "An Anthology of Chinese Literature." | 20,130 |
420478 | Han Yu | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han%20Yu | Han Yu
Chinese Literature Internet Archive; A History of Chinese Literature Project Gutenberg.
- Leung, K. C. "The Poetry of Meng Chiao and Han Yü" (book review). "Books Abroad", ISSN 0006-7431, 07/1976, Volume 50, Issue 3, p. 715.
- Hartman, Charles (1986). "Han Yu and the T'ang Search for Unity." New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Owen, Stephen (ed.) (1996). "An Anthology of Chinese Literature." New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
# External links.
- John Thompson on Han Yu and the guqin
- Books of the "Quan Tangshi" that include collected poems of Han Yu at the Chinese Text Project: Book 336, Book 337, Book 338, Book 339, Book 340, Book 341, Book 342, Book 343, Book 344, Book 345 | 20,131 |
420485 | Brodmann area 23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brodmann%20area%2023 | Brodmann area 23
Brodmann area 23
Brodmann area 23 (BA23) is a region in the brain that lies inside the posterior cingulate cortex. It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial wall of the cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the cingulate sulcus.
# Human.
This area is also known as ventral posterior cingulate area 23. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies most of the posterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the corpus callosum. At the caudal extreme it is bounded approximately by the parieto-occipital sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the dorsal posterior cingulate | 20,132 |
420485 | Brodmann area 23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brodmann%20area%2023 | Brodmann area 23
area 31, rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and ventrorostrally in its caudal half by the retrosplenial region (Brodmann-1909).
# Guenon.
Brodmann area 23 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Brodmann regarded it as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the combined ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and dorsal posterior cingulate Brodmann area 31 of the human (Brodmann-1909). Distinctive Features (Brodmann-1905): the cortex is relatively thin; smaller cells predominate; the cell density of the multiform layer (VI) is great, producing a distinct boundary with the subcortical white matter; the internal | 20,133 |
420485 | Brodmann area 23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brodmann%20area%2023 | Brodmann area 23
granular layer (IV) is rather well developed; the internal pyramidal layer (V) contains a dense population of round, medium-sized ganglion cells concentrated at the border with layer IV; layers V and VI are narrow with a distinct mutual boundary.
# Macaque.
In the macaque the researchers Bonin and Bailey describe an area they term LC which is in agreement with Brodmann area 23. The LC area
# Subdivisions.
The area has been subdivided further: In the macaque (Macaca fascicularis) the following subdivisions have been suggested:
- 23i (internal)
- 23e (external)
- 23v (ventral), the most caudalventral (inferior) portion and with most highly developed layer IV.
Another suggestion is for | 20,134 |
420485 | Brodmann area 23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brodmann%20area%2023 | Brodmann area 23
dmann area 23. The LC area
# Subdivisions.
The area has been subdivided further: In the macaque (Macaca fascicularis) the following subdivisions have been suggested:
- 23i (internal)
- 23e (external)
- 23v (ventral), the most caudalventral (inferior) portion and with most highly developed layer IV.
Another suggestion is for macaque (Macaca mulatta)
- 23a, adjacent to the callosal sulcus thus closest to Brodmann area 30.
- 23b
- 23c
Further division of 23b is.
- pv23b, posteroventral part for 23b, main thalamic projections from anterior nuclei.
- d23b, dorsal part of 23b, weak connections from the anterior nuclei.
# See also.
- Brodmann area
- List of regions in the human brain | 20,135 |
420499 | Anne de Xainctonge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20de%20Xainctonge | Anne de Xainctonge
Anne de Xainctonge
Venerable Anne de Xainctonge (21 November 1567, Dijon – 8 June 1621, Dole) was the founder of the Society of the Sisters of Saint Ursula of the Blessed Virgin, the first non-cloistered women's religious community. She was declared Venerable by the Roman Catholic Church in 1991.
# Life.
She was born in Dijon, the eldest child of Jean de Xainctonge, a politician, and his wife, Lady Marguerite Collard, both members of the nobility. Her father saw to it that she had a good education. Her upbringing was also very practical. She and her step-sister Nicole were entrusted with the care of the poultry-yard, cellar, and fruit-rooms.
At the age of seventeen, Anne made her appearance | 20,136 |
420499 | Anne de Xainctonge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20de%20Xainctonge | Anne de Xainctonge
in high society with all the pomp of her position. She is described as vivacious and witty. When an acceptable suitor presented himself, she declined the proposal and her parents reluctantly let her have her way. The catechism lesson of a Jesuit, gave her the idea to assist with the instruction. She gathered those students having most difficulty and helped prepare them for the regular class. She also visited hospitals to care for and instruct the sick.
Near her house was a Jesuit school for boys which inspired her with the idea of educating girls.An uncloistered order of women, operating a free school for girls, was a new idea at that time, and Anne met with a great deal of resistance. In 1596 | 20,137 |
420499 | Anne de Xainctonge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20de%20Xainctonge | Anne de Xainctonge
she left Dijon for Dole, a university town, at that time in Franche-Comté and under Spanish influence. There she found other young women interested in teaching women and girls. Rome had recently reasserted the cloister as the only approved form of religious life for women. Nonetheless, on 16 June 1606, Anne opened the first convent of what would later become the "Society of the Sisters of Saint Ursula of the Blessed Virgin", in a house that had previously been a restaurant. In lieu of a religious habit, she and her companions adopted the simple black dress of the Spanish widows everywhere visible in the region of Dole, so as to render them inconspicuous in the streets on the rare occasions they | 20,138 |
420499 | Anne de Xainctonge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20de%20Xainctonge | Anne de Xainctonge
had to leave the house.
The society spread rapidly in the east of France and in Switzerland. In addition to the original school, seven more were established by de Xainctonge during her lifetime. In 1619, a community was established in Porrentruy, Switzerland. Francis de Sales wrote to her expressing the wish that she make an establishment in his diocese, but she died in Dôle at the age of 53, before that could happen.
# Veneration.
Due to her work she was considered a candidate for beatification soon after her death, but the French Revolution and other wars of the period led to the destruction of many documents. Some sources add that de Xainctonge herself asked that her personal writings | 20,139 |
420499 | Anne de Xainctonge | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne%20de%20Xainctonge | Anne de Xainctonge
on to the original school, seven more were established by de Xainctonge during her lifetime. In 1619, a community was established in Porrentruy, Switzerland. Francis de Sales wrote to her expressing the wish that she make an establishment in his diocese, but she died in Dôle at the age of 53, before that could happen.
# Veneration.
Due to her work she was considered a candidate for beatification soon after her death, but the French Revolution and other wars of the period led to the destruction of many documents. Some sources add that de Xainctonge herself asked that her personal writings be burned after her death. On 14 May 1991, John Paul II declared the heroic virtues of Anne Xainctonge. | 20,140 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
Aroup Chatterjee
Aroup Chatterjee (born 23 June 1958) is a British Indian author and physician. He was born in Calcutta, and moved to the United Kingdom in 1985. He is the author of the book "Mother Teresa: The Untold Story" (originally published as "Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict"), a work which challenges the widespread regard of Mother Teresa as a symbol of philanthropy and selflessness.
Chatterjee's criticism inspired the documentary "Hell's Angel" that was shown on Channel 4, a British television channel. The documentary was written by a well-known critic of Mother Teresa, Christopher Hitchens, who co-produced it with journalist and filmmaker Tariq Ali. Chatterjee and Hitchens were the | 20,141 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
two Devil's advocates, or hostile witnesses to Catholic Church procedures for the beatification of Mother Teresa in 2003.
# Life and career.
Chatterjee was born in 1958 and raised in the district of Calcutta, India, moving to the United Kingdom in 1985. In the 1970s and 1980s while studying at Calcutta Medical College he worked part-time for a left-wing political party campaigning against poverty and later worked at a hospital where he regularly treated patients from the oldest and poorest districts of the city as well as refugees from the civil war with what is now Bangladesh. Later while living in the UK he became concerned by the increasingly common portrayal of the widespread destitution | 20,142 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
and disease in his native Calcutta which stemmed from press reporting of the work of Mother Teresa. At that point he describes his attitude to Mother Teresa as "If anything, I was positively inclined towards her" although he says he never saw any of her nuns in the slums. However it was this image at odds with his own experience as a doctor in Calcutta that caused him to look more closely at her work and reputation.
From the 1990s onwards he began to uncover what he calls a "cult of suffering" which Mother Teresa and her followers in the Missionaries of Charity were running back in Calcutta supported by her friend Pope John Paul II.
In February 1993 Chatterjee sent a proposal for a short documentary | 20,143 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
to Vanya Del Borgo, associate producer of Bandung Productions which was owned by Tariq Ali. The proposal was passed to a Channel 4 commissioner who approved it, and Del Borgo with Chatterjee's proposal began work, approaching journalist and author Christopher Hitchens to write and present it. The documentary became the 1994 film "Hell's Angel". Chatterjee found the documentary "too sensationalist" and Hitchens went on to write his book .
Chatterjee spent the next year travelling and interviewing people who had worked closely with Mother Teresa and the Missionaries of Charity and began to campaign against the conditions in Nirmal Hriday, also known as the Kalighat Home for the Dying in Calcutta. | 20,144 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
In particular he heard stories of lack of basic hygiene, the absence of any pain medication and the frequent reuse of hypodermic needles.
Chatterjee then began work on a book, eventually released by Meteor Books in 2002 under the original title "Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict". Chatterjee says in addition to the hours of interviews, "I started in pre Internet days and I spent months in libraries in London. I also travelled the world researching it. I followed slum dwellers, beggars, destitute children with a video camera. I interviewed hundreds of people. I stood with video camera outside Teresa's home for hours."
Following the publication of his book Chatterjee continued to speak out against | 20,145 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
what he calls the "bogus and fantastic figure" of Mother Teresa, acting as Devil's advocate in the process of her sainthood. He continues to work as a physician in London where he lives with his Irish wife, who was raised as a Roman Catholic, and their three children.
## The Untold Story".
In December 2002 independent publisher Meteor Books, owned by Bhagbat Chakraborty, published Chatterjee's book under the title "Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict". In 2016 the same book was reissued under a new title, "Mother Teresa: The Untold Story" by Fingerprint! publishers after being taken up by literary agent Kanishka Gupta. The book covers her life and her rise to fame following the documentary "Something | 20,146 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
Beautiful for God" by Malcolm Muggeridge, the Calcutta home for the dying and the practices of running it, the non-consensual death bed baptisms of Hindus and Muslims, the pathetic hygienic practices in the homes run by her, her very limited connections with Kolkata and the masses and the vast amount of financial donations given to the charity but not spent at Nirmal Hriday. He covers her Nobel Peace Prize and the speech in which she claimed to have saved tens of thousands of destitute people; Chatterjee estimates in his book the real number was 700. He also writes about the celebrities and the powerful people who had audiences with her, and the controversies surrounding the money she accepted | 20,147 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
from dictators such as Haitian president Jean-Claude Duvalier, convicted fraudster Charles Keating and disgraced publisher Robert Maxwell. The book looks at the worldwide reach of the Missionaries of Charity and examines the available evidence for her financial accounts along with her personal crusade against abortion and contraception. He blames the West, especially the United States of America, for creating her benevolent image as a savior in the backdrops of a ravaged sub continent. The final chapters address her death, funeral and beatification and Chatterjee's own involvement as an official devil's advocate or hostile witness and the transcripts of the proceedings. Chatterjee sums up his | 20,148 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
view of Mother Teresa's life's work as:
### Critical reception.
The self-published book has been praised for the content but has been criticized for its editorial errors. "Times Higher Education" praised the book as necessary and well-documented, which could have been improved with editing. "The Irish Times" praised the content and advocated for its wide dissemination in light of its seriousness but noted Chatterjee's personal agenda to have undermines the credibility. It criticized the book for suffering from glaring errors of syntax, missing words, repetitions et al and for his often contradictory assertions.A review by Tim Challies praised the extensive documentation in the book consisting | 20,149 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
of multitude of examples; though noting the shoddy organizing, as a result of being self-published. The "Socialist Review" favorably received it as "a valuable contribution to unmasking the real Teresa".
"The Telegraph" praised the 2016 reprint as a brutally honest and relentlessly scathing read which gives readers an impartial point of view.A review in The Quint described it as a disconcerting book that had exhaustive details and consisted of laborious arguments though parts of it did appear to be inarticulate rants and failed to be objective.
# Devil's advocate.
On the path to Mother Teresa's sainthood, a process Chatterjee has described as "a superstitious, black magic ceremony", Chatterjee | 20,150 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
acted as one of two official Devil's advocates during the process of her beatification in 2003, the other being Christopher Hitchens. In order to begin the requirements of beatification, the first step on the way to sainthood, the Catholic Church was required to announce a first miracle ascribed to Mother Teresa, which it did on 1 December 2002, the alleged miraculous cure of Monica Besra of a cyst caused by tuberculosis. Chatterjee pointed out the cure was a result of medical treatment Besra received from Superintendent of the Balurghat Hospital and not the placing of metal jewellery on her body. His position was also confirmed by her doctor Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, speaking of the nine months of | 20,151 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
drugs and treatment he provided: "I've said several times that she was cured by the treatment." Initially both Besra and her husband called the miracle "a hoax," as did Prabir Ghosh from the Kolkata Humanist Association, who runs a programme raising awareness of holy men who dupe ordinary Indians into paying for supposed miracle cures. During the process, the Catholic Church allows consultation with doubters where the miracle is contested. In his book, Chatterjee details his deposition to the committee, his correspondence with the official postulator Brian Kolodiejchuk, and the transcripts of his questions and answers.
# See also.
- Criticism of Mother Teresa
# External links.
- Review of | 20,152 |
420482 | Aroup Chatterjee | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroup%20Chatterjee | Aroup Chatterjee
husband called the miracle "a hoax," as did Prabir Ghosh from the Kolkata Humanist Association, who runs a programme raising awareness of holy men who dupe ordinary Indians into paying for supposed miracle cures. During the process, the Catholic Church allows consultation with doubters where the miracle is contested. In his book, Chatterjee details his deposition to the committee, his correspondence with the official postulator Brian Kolodiejchuk, and the transcripts of his questions and answers.
# See also.
- Criticism of Mother Teresa
# External links.
- Review of Chatterjee book in the "Socialist Review"
- Maternal Neglect – Review of "Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict" by Latha Menon | 20,153 |
420513 | Lists of extinct species | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20extinct%20species | Lists of extinct species
Lists of extinct species
This page features lists of extinct species, organisms that have become extinct, either in the wild or completely disappeared from Earth. In practice, a species not definitely located in the wild in the last 50 years is called extinct.
- Lists of extinct animals
- List of extinct plants
- List of recently extinct amphibians
- List of recently extinct arthropods
- List of recently extinct bird species
- List of recently extinct fishes
- List of recently extinct insects
- List of recently extinct invertebrates
- List of recently extinct mammals
- List of recently extinct molluscs
- List of recently extinct reptiles
# See also.
- Extinction
- Extinction event
- | 20,154 |
420513 | Lists of extinct species | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists%20of%20extinct%20species | Lists of extinct species
ated in the wild in the last 50 years is called extinct.
- Lists of extinct animals
- List of extinct plants
- List of recently extinct amphibians
- List of recently extinct arthropods
- List of recently extinct bird species
- List of recently extinct fishes
- List of recently extinct insects
- List of recently extinct invertebrates
- List of recently extinct mammals
- List of recently extinct molluscs
- List of recently extinct reptiles
# See also.
- Extinction
- Extinction event
- Endangered species
- Extinct (disambiguation)
- Domain (biology): Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
- Kingdom (biology): Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaeabacteria, Bacteria/Eubacteria | 20,155 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
Harlow Curtice
Harlow Herbert Curtice (August 15, 1893 – November 3, 1962) was an American auto industry executive who led General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. As GM's chief, Curtice was selected as Man of the Year for 1955 by TIME magazine.
Curtice was born in Petrieville, Michigan. He joined General Motors at age 20, and rose through its AC Spark Plug division to head it by age 36, and made the division profitable during the Depression. Selected to head the Buick division of GM, he expanded its line and made it profitable in the 1930s.
In 1948, Curtice became executive vice president of GM, and succeeded to the presidency in 1953 when GM president Charles Wilson became Secretary of Defense. | 20,156 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
With Curtice as president, GM became immensely profitable, and became the first corporation to have $1 billion in profits in one year.
In 1958, Curtice retired just after his 65th birthday. The following year, he accidentally shot and killed a friend while duck hunting. He died in 1962 at age 69.
# Early life.
Curtice was born in Petrieville, Michigan, on August 15, 1893, the son of Marion Curtice and the former Mary Ellen Eckhart, and was raised in Eaton Rapids, Michigan, attending Eaton Rapids High School. During school vacations, he kept the books for his father, a commission merchant, and also worked in a woolen mill. He graduated from the Ferris Business College in 1914. After moving | 20,157 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
to Flint, Michigan later in 1914, Curtice began his meteoric rise at GM. He started as a bookkeeper for GM's AC Spark Plug Division. The 20-year-old, in his job interview by the company comptroller, told him that his ambition was to become comptroller himself within a year. He did so, becoming AC Spark Plug's comptroller at just 21. Curtice went beyond the ledger, exploring the plant to find out what the figures meant in terms of men and equipment.
After a brief period of service as an Army enlisted man, Curtice resumed his career at AC Spark Plug, becoming assistant general manager in 1923 and president in 1929. While other product lines struggled with or were destroyed by the Depression, | 20,158 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
Curtice's AC Spark Plug Division expanded and prospered.
# Executive.
GM's Buick division was having great difficulties during the Depression (according to Curtice, production was at only 17% of 1926 levels). Curtice was put in charge, and quickly made a new organization for Buick, and marketed a new car. He also created a small network of dealers that would be exclusively Buick dealers. Curtice guided Buick through the war years and by the time he was elevated to a GM vice presidency, he had made Buick the fourth best-selling car line.
During World War II, Buick produced aircraft engines with such efficiency that the Army considered making Curtice a General, but he declined. In 1946, GM | 20,159 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
President Charles Wilson offered him the position of executive vice president—to be Wilson's right-hand man—but Curtice declined, stating that he wished to see Buicks rolling again off the assembly line before he left the division. In 1948, Wilson offered the position again to Curtice; this time he accepted.
Curtice had greater power as executive vice president than any prior holder of that position. He was in charge of all staff matters. In 1953, Wilson left after President Dwight Eisenhower appointed him Secretary of Defense. GM's board of directors appointed Curtice to take Wilson's place.
# President.
Curtice kept GM's tradition of letting division heads be effectively autonomous. However, | 20,160 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
with GM's Allison Division (aircraft motors) lagging in 1953, he stepped in personally to help run the division and find money for a massive investment for a new line of engines that again made the division competitive with Pratt & Whitney. In 1955, Eastern Airlines' Eddie Rickenbacker placed a large order for the new engines. In his first two years as president, Curtice traveled abroad twice, spending millions each time with on-the-spot decisions.
The early months of Curtice's rule at GM saw fears of a recession. In February 1954, with the economy still lagging, Curtice announced that GM would spend $1 billion (approximately $12 billion today) in expanding its plants and facilities in anticipation | 20,161 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
of the boom to come. This set off a spree of capital spending by other corporations, which helped ensure the recovery of the economy. Ford matched the billion with a billion of its own, while Chrysler announced plans to spend $500 million. Meanwhile, Curtice, a poker player, upped the ante by announcing plans to spend a second billion. Curtice saw that the economy would recover, and was prepared for it. In 1955, GM sold five million vehicles and became the first corporation to earn a billion dollars in a year. Curtice was given "Time" magazine's "Man of the Year" recognition for 1955 because "in a job that required it, he has assumed the responsibility of leadership for American business. In | 20,162 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
his words 'General Motors must always lead.'" During his presidency, he was only at his home in Flint, Michigan at the weekends; he remained at GM headquarters during the week.
In 1956, he announced plans to devote another billion to capital investment, the largest such sum ever invested by a single firm in a single year. At the peak of his earning ability, he made $800,000 per year (over $9 million today).
He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1971.
# Later life.
Upon reaching age 65, Curtice retired on August 31, 1958. He remained a director of GM. In 1959, he accidentally shot and killed retired GM vice president, Harry W. Anderson, while on a duck hunting trip to Canada.
Curtice | 20,163 |
420505 | Harlow Curtice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harlow%20Curtice | Harlow Curtice
he announced plans to devote another billion to capital investment, the largest such sum ever invested by a single firm in a single year. At the peak of his earning ability, he made $800,000 per year (over $9 million today).
He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1971.
# Later life.
Upon reaching age 65, Curtice retired on August 31, 1958. He remained a director of GM. In 1959, he accidentally shot and killed retired GM vice president, Harry W. Anderson, while on a duck hunting trip to Canada.
Curtice resided in Flint throughout his career. He died at his home in Flint in 1962, aged 69, of an apparent heart attack. He was survived by his wife, three daughters, and a brother. | 20,164 |
420492 | Liu Zongyuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu%20Zongyuan | Liu Zongyuan
Liu Zongyuan
Liu Zongyuan (77328 November 819) was a Chinese writer, politician, and poet who lived during the Tang Dynasty. Liu was born in present-day Yongji, Shanxi. Along with Han Yu, he was a founder of the Classical Prose Movement. He has been traditionally classed as one of the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song".
# Biography.
## Early life.
Liu Zongyuan was born in 773. His courtesy name was Zihou.
## Civil service career.
Liu Zongyuan's civil service career was initially successful; but, in 805, he fell out of favour with the imperial government because of his association with a failed reformist movement. He was exiled first to Yongzhou, Hunan, and then to Liuzhou, | 20,165 |
420492 | Liu Zongyuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu%20Zongyuan | Liu Zongyuan
Guangxi, where he eventually became the city Governor. A park and temple in Liuzhou is dedicated to his memory. His exile allowed his literary career to flourish: he produced poems, fables, reflective travelogues and essays synthesizing elements of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.
## Death.
He died in 819.
# Works.
Liu's best-known travel pieces are the "Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou" (永州八游记). Around 180 of his poems are extant, of which five have been collected in the anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems. Some of his works celebrate his freedom from office, while others mourn his banishment.
One of his most famous poems is ""Jiangxue"" (江雪), sometimes translated into English | 20,166 |
420492 | Liu Zongyuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu%20Zongyuan | Liu Zongyuan
as "Winter Snow" or "River Snow": this poem has been an inspiration to many works of Chinese painting.
Liu Zongyuan wrote "Fei Guoyu" (T: 非國語, S: 非国语, "Argument against the Harangues of the Various States"), a criticism of "Guoyu". In response, Liu Zhang (, circa 1095–1177); Jiang Duanli (T: 江端禮, S: 江端礼); and Yu Pan (虞 槃 fl. 1300), Yu Ji's (, 1272–1348) younger brother, wrote texts titled "Fei Fei Guoyu" T: 非非國語, S: 非非国语; "Argument against the Argument against the Harangues of the Various States") in opposition to Liu Zongyuan's essay.
# See also.
- Classical Chinese poetry
- List of Three Hundred Tang Poems poets
- Tang poetry
# Works cited.
- Chen, Jo-shui, "Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual | 20,167 |
420492 | Liu Zongyuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu%20Zongyuan | Liu Zongyuan
poets
- Tang poetry
# Works cited.
- Chen, Jo-shui, "Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. .
- Nienhauser Jr., William H.; Hartmann, Charles; Crawford, William Bruce; Walls, Jan W.; Neighbors, Lloyd, "Liu Tsung-yüan", New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1973.
# External links.
- Liu Zongyuan in Wengu textbase, five poems in traditional Chinese arrayed with Bynner's translation.
- Biography and translations of five poems. (Translated by Tony Barnstone and Chou Ping)
- Books of the "Quan Tangshi" that include collected poems of Liu Zongyuan at the Chinese Text Project:
- Book 350
- Book 351
- Book 352
- Book 353 | 20,168 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
You Don't Know Jack (commonly abbreviated YDKJ, and stylized as YOU DON'T KNOW JACK) is a series of video games developed by Jackbox Games (formerly known as Jellyvision Games) and Berkeley Systems, as well as the title of the first "You Don't Know Jack" game in the series. "You Don't Know Jack", framed as a game show "where high culture and pop culture collide", combines trivia with comedy. While it is primarily a PC and Mac-based franchise with over two dozen releases and compilations for those platforms, there have been a few entries released for consoles: two for the original PlayStation, and the 2011 release which had versions for the Xbox 360, PlayStation | 20,169 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
3, Nintendo DS and Wii. In 2012, Jackbox Games developed and published a social version of the game on Facebook with cross-platform versions subsequently released for iOS, Android and Kindle. On November 5, 2013, the majority of the franchise's many volumes and spinoffs were reissued onto Steam by Jackbox Games. On November 18, 2014, "You Don’t Know Jack 2015" was released as part of The Jackbox Party Pack on Windows, macOS, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and later Nintendo Switch, iPad, Amazon Fire TV, Android TV, Nvidia Shield, Apple TV, and Xfinity X1. On October 17, 2018, "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream" was released as part of the The Jackbox Party Pack 5 for the same | 20,170 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
platforms as "You Don't Know Jack 2015."
# History.
In 1991, Jellyvision's former identity, Learn Television, released the award-winning film "The Mind's Treasure Chest", which featured lead character Jack Patterson. When Learn Television sought to use new multimedia technologies to create a more active learning experience, the company teamed up with Follett Software Company and developed ""That's a Fact, Jack!"", a reading motivation CD-ROM game show series covering young adult fiction, targeted to 3rd through 10th graders. The game would give a title for a child to read, and then ask questions related to that title.
The idea for "You Don't Know Jack" began while "That's a Fact, Jack!" was | 20,171 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
still in development. The game's title comes from the less vulgar version of the phrase "You don't know jack shit."
# Gameplay.
Most versions of the game can be played by one, two, or three players. (The game can be played with up to four players on the tabletop version and the console versions of "You Don't Know Jack 2011". The 2011 PC version is limited to two players. The "Full Stream" edition can accommodate up to eight players plus up to 1000 additional "Audience" members). All versions of the game feature the voice of an off-screen host, who reads questions aloud, provides instructions regarding special question types, and pokes fun at the players.
The game usually opens with a green | 20,172 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
room segment, in which the players are prompted to enter their names and given instructions for play. The audio during this segment includes rehearsing singers, a busy producer, and a harassed studio manager/host. The only graphics are a large "On Air/Stand By" sign in the middle of the screen, visual representations of the players' button assignments, and a box for name entry. On games after "Volume 2," on certain days, such as Christmas Eve, or certain times such as a Saturday night, or even during Twilight, the announcer will mention the time of day or the special holiday, and sometimes grumble about the game being played at that time or on that day.
Most versions of "You Don't Know Jack" | 20,173 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
offer the choice of playing a 7- or 21-question game; some versions offer only 15 questions ("Netshow", "LFF", "5th Dementia", "Mock 2"), and others offer only 13 questions ("The Ride"), 11 questions ("HeadRush", ""You Don't Know Jack" 2011" and "Full Stream"), or 7 questions ("The Lost Gold"). In a 21-question game, there is a brief intermission after the tenth question. Most questions are multiple choice, with some occasional free-entry questions, or mini-games. The Facebook version offers only 5 questions.
In its original format, before each question, one player is given a choice of three categories. Each has a humorous title that has some connection to the topic of the corresponding question. | 20,174 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
After a short animated introduction, which is often accompanied with a sung jingle about the question number, the host asks the question. Typically, the question is multiple choice, and the first player to "buzz in" and give the correct answer wins the money for that question and gets to choose the next category. If a player answers incorrectly, he or she loses money, but not before the host wisecracks about it. There are occasionally other question types offered (see below).
In earlier versions' multi-player games, each player is allowed one chance to "screw" an opponent in each half of a full game, or once in an entire short game. Using the "screw" forces the opponent to give an answer to | 20,175 |
420471 | You Don't Know Jack (franchise) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%20Don't%20Know%20Jack%20(franchise) | You Don't Know Jack (franchise)
a question within ten seconds. If the player who is "screwed" answers correctly, he or she wins the money while the player who "screwed" him or her loses money. This basic design has changed slightly in some versions of the game. For example, in the teen spinoff "HeadRush", the screws are replaced by pairs of false teeth, so players "bite" their opponent instead. In "The Ride," instead of just forcing an opponent to answer, players engage in "FlakJack", where they launch multiple screws into the screen, partially or totally obscuring the question. The player being "screwed" must then answer, even though the question may no longer be readable.
In "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream", either one | 20,176 |
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or two screws (depending on the total number of players in the game, not counting Audience members) could be awarded in one of two ways: (1) they could be given to the player(s) who gave the fewest correct answers in the "Dis or Dat" round; and (2) to the lowest-scoring player(s) at the break starting Round Two. (Several factors—too numerous to name here—determined how many screws would be awarded in each case, and players could only hold one screw at a time.) Unlike previous versions of the game, screws can affect all other players instead of just one (most notably if they have not yet answered before the screw is activated), and they make the question more difficult to answer for the players | 20,177 |
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instead of forcing the them to answer within a short amount of time. Examples include removing all vowels from the answers, flipping the text upside-down on their devices, making the text of the question and the answers on the player's devices extremely small or large, or bouncing the answers around the screen in the style of a screensaver program. Others include forcing the players to enter a password, scroll through an excessively long "Terms of Service" form, or choosing a new screen name before being able to select an answer.
In the previous games, different category options were worth differing amounts of money, which was revealed after a category was chosen. This amount indicated how | 20,178 |
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difficult the question would be. Amounts initially varied between $1,000, $2,000, & $3,000, and were doubled during the second round of questions. However, early volumes of the series occasionally featured questions hosted by guests spawned from Fiber Optic Field Trips and Celebrity Collect Calls; these were worth $5,000 and appeared as the first question of the second round. Later games in the series opted not to give players three randomly generated categories, instead giving a set number of questions in a set order. Instead of random questions, players 'buzz in' to set the amount of money the question is worth. Values could range from only a few hundred dollars to $10,000 or more.
Some of | 20,179 |
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the volumes have a feature called "Don't Be a Wimp", which is activated if one player has a very large lead. If no one answers a question, the host may deride the leading player, calling on the audience to shout "Don't be a wimp!", and forcing the leader to answer the question.
In some volumes, the host also punishes a player who buzzes in too early; the question disappears, leaving the player with ten seconds to type the answer. For both "The Ride" and "Fifth Dementia", this is replaced by different punishments: the player is forced to pick from a list of four nonsensical answers, all of which are wrong, or both the question and answers are scrambled. This punishment is only triggered if a | 20,180 |
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player buzzes in at the very instant that the question appears on the screen. In those three instances, the player that buzzed in is not permitted to "screw" the other players.
## Question types.
The majority of "You Don't Know Jack" questions are multiple choice, with four possible choices. Some questions are fill-in-the-blank, requiring a typed response.
Special questions are also played during the game. Each version of "You Don't Know Jack" has its own different types of special questions, but some of the most common are:
- DisOrDat: Featured in all versions except "Vol.1" and "Sports", the DisOrDat is only played by one player (except in "You Don't Know Jack 2011, OUYA,"Roku", Party, | 20,181 |
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and You Don't Know Jack 2015", where the other player(s) can steal the money after a wrong answer, and in "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream", where all players participate), with a 30-second time limit (except in "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream", where players get 5 seconds for each subject). The player is given two categories and seven different subjects, and it is up to the player to determine which category the subject falls under (or, in some cases, whether the subject fits both of the two categories). For example, a player might have to determine if Jay Leno was a daytime or a nighttime talk show host, if orecchiette is a type of pasta or a parasite, or if "Urban" is the name of a Pope | 20,182 |
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or a Britney Spears song. Money is added for every correct answer, and deducted for every wrong answer, as usual; any questions not answered before the 30 seconds expires are treated as wrong, and penalized accordingly.
- Gibberish Questions: Featured in all PC versions except "HeadRush", "You Don't Know Jack 2011", iOS, OUYA, "Party", "Roku", and "2015". Players are given a mondegreen: a nonsensical phrase that rhymes with a more common phrase or title. For example, "Pre-empt Tires, Like Crack" could be the gibberish to "The Empire Strikes Back". The question has a time limit of 30 seconds, and the first player to buzz in and type the correct answer wins the money. Clues are given as time | 20,183 |
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passes, but the money decreases by 5% of the initial starting value with every 1.5 seconds that elapse. In "The Ride", the value decreases steadily over the entire 30 seconds. This question is famous for an Easter egg where if the player types in the phrase "fuck you" ("fuck off" in the UK version), the host will respond in an annoyed way and will either deduct $50,000 from their score or reset their score to $0 (whichever punishment is bigger), may deduct an additional $100,000 from their score, and may change their name. If another player does it, the host responds by chastising that player for a lack of originality, but does not deduct anything from their score or change their name. If a | 20,184 |
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third player does it, the host will declare the game to be over and leave, forcing the software to close out, and if the player presses random keys, the host will say an extra statement regarding that the game is ending regardless of what the player does before closing out the software. This Easter egg varies in later volumes of the game starting with "The 5th Dementia". Instead, the host will respond by deducting $100,000 from the first player that typed the offending answer and replacing the player's spaceship avatar with a barefoot. If another player does it, the host will deduct $2 from that player's score. If a third player does it, the host will declare the game to be over and leave, forcing | 20,185 |
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the software to close out as usual. No additional dialogue from the host is provided from pressing any keys. Furthermore, no name change is given to any of the players. In "The Lost Gold", the host will respond by deducting $52,681 from the first player that typed the offending answer and changing the player's name to "Arschloch". If another player does it, the host will deduct $92,681 from that player's score, but no name change is done. If a third player does it, the host will declare the game to be over and leave, but instead of automatically closing out the software, the host will take the players to a joke minigame, called Gorilla Hunter; you're given six bullets, but there's nothing to | 20,186 |
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shoot at and there's no reload after all six bullets are used up, forcing the players to quit the software manually through the pause menu. In the 2012 Facebook game, the host mocks the player saying that he can say the "nasty words" as well and proceeds to say a lot of them bleeped-out of context; no extra cash is lost other than the normal wrong answer penalty.
- Anagram Questions: These exist only in "5th Dementia" and "The Lost Gold", and follow the same rules as the Gibberish Questions; however, instead of trying to figure out a rhyme, players must rearrange the letters given into a saying, name, or other group (as in the famous example of "genuine class" being an anagram of "Alec Guinness"). | 20,187 |
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Unlike in other question types requiring a typed-in answer, the answer to an Anagram Question must be spelled "exactly right" to win the money. This type of question has appeared in the Facebook version, as well, with the difference being the players are given four choices.
- HeadButt: Only existing in "HeadRush", these also follow the rules of the Gibberish Questions. Players are given a word equation such as "color of pickles + opposite of night" and have to put it together to form a name or other group (in this case, the color of pickles is "Green", and the opposite of night is "Day", so the answer would be "Green Day").
- Fiber Optic Field Trip: These only exist in "Vol.1", "Sports", "Vol.2", | 20,188 |
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and "Movies", and only appear in full-length (21-question) games. A random person is called from out of the phonebook and asked to come up with a trivia question. Fiber Optic Field Trips are initiated during the first half of the game, and the trivia question hosted by the special guest is the first question of the second half.
- Celebrity Collect Call: These exist in "Vol.2" only and follow the same basic format as the Fiber Optic Field Trips. The host calls a celebrity who is asked to come up with a question. Celebrities include Tim Allen, Florence Henderson, and Vanessa L. Williams. Sometimes, the conversation between the host and the celebrity lasts a very long time.
- Pub Quiz: This replaces | 20,189 |
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the Fiber Optic Field Trips and Celebrity Collect Calls in the British edition of the game. Instead of calling a random person in a city, the host calls a bartender in a random pub within the UK to host the question.
- Trash Talkin' with Milan: Only existing in "HeadRush", "Milan the Janitor" (voiced by Igor Gasowski) hosts a standard multiple choice question about grammar.
- Bug Out: This exists only in "5th Dementia". The goal is simple: Bugs will crawl and display a choice. When you see a choice that does not match the clue, buzz in. In a multiplayer match, if you are right, your opponents pay you money, but if you are wrong, you pay your opponents.
- Fill in the Blank: Instead of having | 20,190 |
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four answers to choose from, you have to type the answer out.
- Sequel Question: Some questions have questions that refer to them and are guaranteed to appear immediately after them. When this happens, all three selectable categories will refer to the sequel question. In "The Ride", "5th Dementia", "Mock 2", "You Don't Know Jack 2011, iOS, Ouya, Party, and You Don't Know Jack 2015" all questions are arranged into 'episodes' whose questions always appear in the same order. This allows for a question to refer to any previous question, and for running jokes to be made. In "You Don't Know Jack 2011" as the question sets are set into episodes, you will get questions that are 20 or 30 questions after | 20,191 |
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the first. ('A Harp out of Harp' related to Cookie's party episode.) In "Full Stream", there are also Sequel Questions, most notably in a series of questions with a "Special Guest" (see "Guest Host Question" below).
- Pissed About A Question: A special kind of sequel question. This exists in both "Offline" volumes. Jellyvision creates new questions about angry letters they have received from irritated players. Each of these question is based upon a letter from a viewer who complained about the previous question.
- Road Kill/Coinkydink: Exists in "The Ride" (as RoadKill) and "Mock 2" (as Coinkydink). In this fast-paced question type, players are given two clues (Such as "Sexy voice" and "Hefty | 20,192 |
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kid"). Several words fly past in rapid succession, and the players must buzz in when the word on the screen connects the two clues in a pair (In this case, the answer is "husky"). At the end of the round, players can earn a bonus for choosing the category which all the correct answers have in common.
- Jack BINGO: Exclusive to "The Ride". A five-letter word related to the episode's theme is first given (for example, W-I-M-P-S in an episode about gym class). A clue to an answer is provided, after which the letters in the given word are randomly lit. The contestants are to buzz in when the first letter to the clue's answer is lit. (In the example, the clue may be "SNL's Doug and Wendy ______"; | 20,193 |
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the player rings in when the "W" is lit for the word "Whiner.") $500 and that answer's letter is given to the first player who is correct, and the next clue is given; a $500 penalty is received for wrongly timed responses. The first to collect enough answers to spell out the given word wins the prize declared before the start of this round; it can go unrewarded if nobody finishes the word after a set number of clues.
- ThreeWay: Found only in "Vol.3" and the first PlayStation version. Players are given three words that have something in common (for example: solid, liquid, and gas) and several clues that only relate to one of the words (for example, "______ Plumr"). Players must match the clues | 20,194 |
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to the proper words. The possible answers flash up on the screen, and the player must buzz in when the correct answer appears (in this case, "liquid").
- Wendithap'n: This exists in "Louder! Faster! Funnier!", "Mock 2", "The Lost Gold" and its German version; "You Don't Know Jack VOL.4" (as Wann War Was?) and it follows the same rules as the ThreeWay. The player is given an event (either in pop culture history, or in sequence order) and must decide if several other events occurred before it, after it, or never occurred at all.
- Guest Host Question: Someone else hosts and gives a question. Only appearing in "Vol. 3", "The Ride" & "Full Stream", the last of these as a "Special Guest" Question | 20,195 |
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with Jimmy Fallon (which bleeds over into the rest of that particular game).
- Impossible Questions: Only appearing in "Vol. 3" and the first PlayStation version, Impossible Questions are worth very large amounts of money, but as the name implies, they are almost always very, very difficult. An example of an Impossible Question is one which asks the players what color eyes the bald guy has on the box of "You Don't Know Jack Sports", the number of years between the invention of the can and that of the first practical can opener within a two-year range (high or low), what number between one and nine Cookie is thinking of, or what the third word is in the third scene in the third act of "Richard | 20,196 |
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III". In a case of double-bluffing, one question, 'What has four legs, a tail, and barks?', has the category 'It's a Dog!' and the answer 'a dog'. "The Lost Gold" had a variation of this question as well, not formally named and consisting of Pirate-oriented questions, for example, "What was the name of Blackbeard's Parrot?" This was connected to the game's plot - as explained in the game's introduction, a pirate has been cursed to haunt the game until its players accrue enough 'booty'. The pirate has thus secretly arranged the pirate-themed questions, which he believes are still common knowledge, in an attempt to speed up the process, not realizing how obscure and archaic his knowledge has become.
- | 20,197 |
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Super Audio Question: A sound will play, and the player is asked a question about it.
- Whatshisname Question: In this question, the host is trying to remember a certain name. A clue is provided every few seconds, and the players must buzz in and type the name. In "HeadRush", this question type is known as Old Man's Moldy Memories and in "You Don't Know Jack 2015" as Foggy Facts with Old Man both featuring the character of "Old Man", voiced by Andy Poland in which he hosts the question.
- Picture Question: Similar to the Super Audio Question, but based on a picture rather than a sound.
- Who's The Dummy?: Exclusive to "You Don't Know Jack 2011, iOS, OUYA, Party, and You Don't Know Jack 2015". | 20,198 |
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Cookie Masterson has taken up ventriloquism, and asks a trivia question by way of his ventriloquist dummy, Billy O'Brien (or his sister Betty O'Brien). As the host explains, he has difficulty pronouncing consonant sounds such as B's, P's, and M's (which become D's, T's, and N's, respectively, and are translated as such in the text of the question and the answer choices), which adds a minor layer of difficulty to the question. One such question also appears in "Full Stream".
- Cookie's Fortune Cookie Fortunes (with Cookie "Fortune Cookie" Masterson): Exclusive to "You Don't Know Jack 2011, iOS, the 2012 Facebook version, OUYA, Party, and You Don't Know Jack 2015", this round appears randomly | 20,199 |
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