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1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
and "radial".
"Generative categories" can be formed by taking central cases and applying certain principles to designate category membership. The principle of similarity is one example of a rule that might generate a broader category from given prototypes.
"Radial categories" are categories motivated by conventions, but not predictable from rules. The concept of "mother", for example, may be explained in terms of a variety of conditions that may or may not be sufficient. Those conditions may include: being married, has always been female, gave birth to the child, supplied half the child's genes, is a caregiver, is married to the genetic father, is one generation older than the child, and is | 21,900 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
the legal guardian. Any one of the above conditions might not be met: for instance, a "single mother" does not need to be married, and a "surrogate mother" does not necessarily provide nurturance. When these aspects collectively cluster together, they form a prototypical case of what it means to be a mother, but nevertheless they fail to outline the category crisply. Variations upon the central meaning are established by convention by the community of language users.
For Lakoff, prototype effects can be explained in large part due to the effects of idealized cognitive models. That is, domains are organized with an ideal notion of the world that may or may not fit reality. For example, the word | 21,901 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
"bachelor" is commonly defined as "unmarried adult male". However, this concept has been created with a particular ideal of what a bachelor is like: an adult, uncelibate, independent, socialized, and promiscuous. Reality might either strain the expectations of the concept, or create false positives. That is, people typically want to widen the meaning of "bachelor" to include exceptions like "a sexually active seventeen-year-old who lives alone and owns his own firm" (not technically an adult but seemingly still a bachelor), and this can be considered a kind of straining of the definition. Moreover, speakers would tend to want to exclude from the concept of "bachelor" certain false positives, | 21,902 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
such as those adult unmarried males that don't bear much resemblance to the ideal: i.e., the Pope, or Tarzan. Prototype effects may also be explained as a function of either basic-level categorization and typicality, closeness to an ideal, or stereotyping.
So viewed, prototype theory seems to give an account of category structure. However, there are a number of criticisms of this interpretation of the data. Indeed, Rosch and Lakoff, themselves chief advocates of prototype theory, have emphasized in their later works that the findings of prototype theory do not necessarily tell us anything about category structure. Some theorists in the cognitive semantics tradition have challenged both classical | 21,903 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
and prototype accounts of category structure by proposing the dynamic construal account, where category structure is always created "on-line"—and so, that categories have no structure outside of the context of use.
## Mental spaces.
In traditional semantics, the meaning of a sentence is the situation it represents, and the situation can be described in terms of the possible world that it would be true of. Moreover, sentence meanings may be dependent upon propositional attitudes: those features that are relative to someone's beliefs, desires, and mental states. The role of propositional attitudes in truth-conditional semantics is controversial. However, by at least one line of argument, truth-conditional | 21,904 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
semantics seems to be able to capture the meaning of belief-sentences like "Frank believes that the Red Sox will win the next game" by appealing to propositional attitudes. The meaning of the overall proposition is described as a set of abstract conditions, wherein Frank holds a certain propositional attitude, and the attitude is itself a relationship between Frank and a particular proposition; and this proposition is the possible world where the Red Sox win the next game.
Still, many theorists have grown dissatisfied with the inelegance and dubious ontology behind possible-worlds semantics. An alternative can be found in the work of Gilles Fauconnier. For Fauconnier, the meaning of a sentence | 21,905 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
can be derived from "mental spaces". Mental spaces are cognitive structures entirely in the minds of interlocutors. In his account, there are two kinds of mental space. The "base space" is used to describe reality (as it is understood by both interlocutors). "Space builders" (or "built space") are those mental spaces that go beyond reality by addressing possible worlds, along with temporal expressions, fictional constructs, games, and so on. Additionally, Fauconnier semantics distinguishes between "roles" and "values". A semantic role is understood to be description of a category, while values are the instances that make up the category. (In this sense, the role-value distinction is a special | 21,906 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
case of the type-token distinction.)
Fauconnier argues that curious semantic constructions can be explained handily by the above apparatus. Take the following sentence:
- 1. In 1929, the lady with white hair was blonde.
The semanticist must construct an explanation for the obvious fact that the above sentence is not contradictory. Fauconnier constructs his analysis by observing that there are two mental spaces (the present-space and the 1929-space). His "access principle" supposes that "a value in one space can be described by the role its counterpart in another space has, even if that role is invalid for the value in the first space". So, to use the example above, the value in 1929-space | 21,907 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
is "the blonde", while she is being described with the role of "the lady with white hair" in present-day space.
# Conceptualization and construal.
As we have seen, cognitive semantics gives a treatment of issues in the construction of meaning both at the level of the sentence and the level of the lexeme in terms of the structure of concepts. However, it is not entirely clear what cognitive processes are at work in these accounts. Moreover, it is not clear how we might go about explaining the ways that concepts are actively employed in conversation. It appears to be the case that, if our project is to look at "how" linguistic strings convey different semantic content, we must first catalogue | 21,908 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
"what" cognitive processes are being used to do it. Researchers can satisfy both requirements by attending to the "construal operations" involved in language processing—that is to say, by investigating the ways that people "structure their experiences" through language.
Language is full of conventions that allow for subtle and nuanced conveyances of experience. To use an example that is readily at hand, framing is all-pervasive, and it may extend across the full breadth of linguistic data, extending from the most complex utterances, to tone, to word choice, to expressions derived from the composition of morphemes. Another example is "image-schemata", which are ways that we structure and understand | 21,909 |
1804305 | Cognitive semantics | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive%20semantics | Cognitive semantics
f morphemes. Another example is "image-schemata", which are ways that we structure and understand the elements of our experience driven by any given sense.
According to linguists William Croft and D. Alan Cruse, there are four broad cognitive abilities that play an active part in the construction of construals. They are: attention/salience, judgment/comparison, situatedness, and constitution/gestalt. Each general category contains a number of subprocesses, each of which helps to explain the ways we encode experience into language in some unique way.
# See also.
- Force dynamics
- Image schema
- Cognitive linguistics
- Conceptual role semantics
- Frame semantics
- Construction grammar | 21,910 |
1804351 | Konrad Szymański | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad%20Szymański | Konrad Szymański
Konrad Szymański
Konrad Krzysztof Szymański (born 6 December 1969) since November 2015 has been the Polish Minister for European Affairs.
# Biography.
Szymański was growing up in Kalisz. He earned a Master of Law at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań in 1995. He was an advisor to the Deputy Marshall of the Sejm from 1999 to 2000, subsequently serving in the Political Cabinet of the Prime Minister of Poland.
From 2004 to 2014, he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Lower Silesian Voivodship & Opole Voivodship with the Law and Justice party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists group. Szymański sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs and its | 21,911 |
1804351 | Konrad Szymański | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad%20Szymański | Konrad Szymański
ower Silesian Voivodship & Opole Voivodship with the Law and Justice party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists group. Szymański sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. He was a substitute on the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and a member of the delegation for relations with Belarus. In 2013 and 2014, Polityka and Rzeczpospolita respectively voted him one of the best Polish members of the European Parliament.
On 9 November 2015 Szymański was appointed the Polish Secretary of State for European Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
# External links.
- Official website | 21,912 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
The Aunty Jack Show
The Aunty Jack Show was a Logie Award–winning Australian television comedy series that ran from 1972 to 1973. Produced by and broadcast on ABC-TV, the series attained an instant cult status that persists to the present day.
The lead character, Aunty Jack was a unique comic creation — an obese, moustachioed, gravel-voiced transvestite, part trucker and part pantomime dame — who habitually solved any problem by knocking people unconscious or threatening to "rip their bloody arms off". Visually, she was unmistakable, dressed in a huge, tent-like blue velvet dress, football socks, workboots, and a golden boxing glove on her right hand. She rode everywhere on a Harley-Davidson | 21,913 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
motorcycle and referred to everyone as "me little lovelies" — when she was not uttering her familiar threat: "I'll rip yer bloody arms off!", a phrase which immediately passed into the vernacular. The character was devised and played by the multi-talented Grahame Bond and was partly inspired by his overbearing Uncle Jack, whom he had disliked as a child, his grandfather Ben Doyle and Dot Strong the ABC's last official tea lady.
# Background.
An architecture graduate of Sydney University, Bond was already an accomplished writer, producer, comedian, singer, songwriter and guitarist by the time he graduated. He cut his teeth writing and performing as a founder member and leading light of the | 21,914 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
University's legendary Architecture Revues from 1964-69. It was here that he met and became friends with other Sydney students including Geoffrey Atherden, Maurice Murphy and Peter Weir, who became Australia's most internationally acclaimed film director. Through these stage revues Grahame also met his longtime musical, writing and acting partner Rory O'Donoghue, who had begun his performing career playing The Artful Dodger in a Sydney production of the musical "Oliver!" as well as being the lead singer and guitarist in the Sydney rock bands The Pogs and Oakapple Day. Rory was only 14 at the time he met Bond, when The Pogs were brought in to provide musical backing for one of the Architecture | 21,915 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
Revues.
After graduating, Grahame and friends continued working together on a wide range of projects in radio, theatre, TV and film. He collaborated on several short films and stage pieces with Peter Weir, and wrote and played in a number of stage comedies and revues. The success of Bond's work in the Architecture Revues led to a professional stage revue for the PACT Theatre Company, "Balloon Dubloon" (1969) with Peter Weir, which in turn led to an invitation from festival director Sir Robert Helpmann to stage a revue, "Drip Dry Dreams" at the Adelaide Festival and Richbrooke.
Through Bob Allnutt, a staffer at the PACT Theatre Company who also worked for the ABC's Religious Affairs Department, | 21,916 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
Weir, Bond and friends were commissioned to produce a TV special, "Man On A Green Bike", a fantasy that examined three different views of Christmas; this screened on ABC-TV at the end of December 1969. The 50-minute film, which was Bond's first known TV appearance, was co-written by and starred Bond and Peter Weir, with Geoff Malone, James Dellit, and Anna Nygh. The story concerned three men, once friends sharing many adventures, who are now mayors of three cities—medieval Ackley, the futuristic Cadmium, and Petal Lake, a community reminiscent of the 1930s. Into their midst comes the strange figure of Mr. Maloon, a man travelling on a heavily laden green bike, whose presence disturbs and embarrasses | 21,917 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
the mayors.
During 1970 Bond, Weir and co. created and performed the revue "Filth" at the Phillip St Revue, followed by "Hamlet On Ice" at the Nimrod Theatre. Bond's friendship with Weir led to him writing the music for the three-part AFI Award-winning 1970 film "Three To Go" (in which he also had a small acting role), for which Weir directed one segment. Bond also provided the music and played a leading role in Weir's first film, the 1971 short feature "Homesdale".
# Origin.
Aunty Jack was created for a proposed ABC Radio children's radio series, "The Aunty Jack Show", commissioned by Paddy Conroy (former head of ABC TV and now cable channel manager). It was intended to replace the long-running | 21,918 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
children's radio series "The Argonauts Club", which was about to be cancelled. The new series never went to air because ABC executives felt that the Aunty Jack character and some of Grahame's songs were "inappropriate" for young listeners.
The Aunty Jack character made her TV debut in "Aunty Jack's Travelling Show", an episode of ABC-TV's "The Comedy Game", broadcast in late 1971. It was originally to be called "Aunty Jack's Travelling Abattoirs" but ABC executives also found the title inappropriate. The program featured Bond, O'Donoghue and Derum, with Sharman Mellick and Kate Fitzpatrick in supporting roles.
This marked the start of a fruitful partnership between Bond, O'Donoghue and ABC | 21,919 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
writer, producer and director Maurice Murphy. They became the creative nucleus for a string of programs that strongly influenced TV comedy in Australia.
# Influences.
Although frequently compared to "Monty Python's Flying Circus", as the two teams evidently shared the same love of surreal humour, the Aunty Jack character appeared well before The British show was screened in Australia. The Goons have also been mentioned as an inspiration, but in Johnson and Smiedt's history of Australian comedy "Boom Boom", Bond himself said that he had listened to The Goons only occasionally. He mentioned Australian radio star Jack Davey, Bob Dyer, "the Mickey Mouse Club" and "The Steve Allen Show" as early | 21,920 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
interests, but cited the surreal black humour of Joseph Heller's novel "Catch-22" as a major comedic influence.
Peter Weir was also involved behind the scenes in the early days of the series. He had been part of the university revues they had done together in the 1960s, and had a small part in "Homesdale" and was credited as a writer on the "Aunty Jack's Travelling Show" and four episodes of the subsequent series. He gave up performing just before "The Aunty Jack Show", saying in a later interview: "We were very much in the vein of Monty Python, and I saw them in England and they were so superior to what we did… that was it. I told my writing partner I wanted to focus on films, I sold him my | 21,921 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
sketches and that was it. It was very difficult because he had just gotten a TV deal."
Maurice Murphy was a pivotal figure in this fertile era of Australian television comedy—he oversaw "Aunty Jack" and its various spin-off series, and also acted as a vital buffer between the Aunty Jack creative team and the ABC's conservative management. Ted Robinson, then a young director, got his break working for Murphy on the second series of "Aunty Jack". Robinson later took over Murphy's mantle in the 1980s, producing some of the best Australian TV comedy series of the period, including "The Big Gig" and "The Gillies Report". Interviewed for "Mouthing Off", a history of Australian comedy, Robinson enthusiastically | 21,922 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
sang Murphy's praises:
"Aunty Jack's Travelling Show" convinced the ABC to commission a short series, to be screened weekly. "The Aunty Jack Show" premiered on 16 November 1972 and became an immediate cult hit with younger audiences, although it was poorly received by critics. Some viewers found it too confronting, and according to Murphy, the ABC received hundreds of calls after the first episode, complaining about the violence, the "bad language" and especially about the drag aspect of the Aunty Jack character.
# Public reaction and cancellation.
The adverse reaction was reportedly strong enough for the ABC to seriously consider taking the series off the air, but it is generally reported | 21,923 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
that impassioned pleas from the children of certain ABC executives saved the show from being cancelled. This would not be the team's last such run-in with management, however, and the tensions between the creative and bureaucratic elements in the ABC eventually came to a head with "The Off Show" in 1977.
Bond cancelled the show at the end of the second season by having Aunty Jack die of a heart attack, 'mortified' by the other cast members' 'dirty' language and content. Nevertheless, the cast was revived and returned for a special two years later to mark the inauguration of colour television in Australia on 1 March 1975. The special beat ABC's commercial rivals by beginning 3 minutes early, | 21,924 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
at 11:57 pm 28 February 1975 in black and white and then wiping to colour at midnight.
# Episodes.
Two series of "The Aunty Jack Show" were made in 1972 and 1973 respectively. The first series comprised seven episodes, the second six episodes. There were also two specials, one aired 8 June 1973 before the second series began in October, and a second aired in 1975 and an unaired pilot, before the series started. Each episode was built around a central theme.
## Series two (1973).
Regular cast:
# Regulars.
"Aunty Jack" alternated one-off sketches with segments featuring many regular and semi-regular characters. All episodes featured segments with Aunty Jack and her sidekicks — Flange Desire | 21,925 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
(Sandra McGregor), Thin Arthur (Rory O'Donoghue) and, in the first season the Narrator Neville (John Derum) who was replaced in the second season by Kid Eager (Garry McDonald), a parodic amalgam of characters like Dennis the Menace and Ginger Meggs. There were also semi-regular appearances by the folk-singing duo Errol and Neil (Grahame & Rory), and rock'n'roll butcher Kev Kavanagh (Bond), a character that he had introduced (as "Mr Kevin") in Peter Weir's "Homesdale".
Derum left the show after Series 1, wishing to pursue other interests. Derum appeared in archival footage in the special, Aunty Jack Rox On, and was replaced in Series 2 by a new cast member, Garry McDonald, a talented young actor, | 21,926 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
comedian and musician, who had recently graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art. His main role was as Aunty Jack's new sidekick, the cheeky, gum-chewing, freckle-faced Kid Eager. In one episode McDonald premiered a new character, devised by a viewer who had taken up a writing course and was inspired by the first episodes to write and submit scripts, which were welcomed by the team. This character featured only briefly in "Aunty Jack", but became much more prominent in the spin-off "Wollongong the Brave" as the Wollongong media 'un-personality' Norman Gunston. The Gunston character also appeared on the "Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong" LP and starred in the Logie-winning Tonight Show | 21,927 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
parody, "The Norman Gunston Show", which premiered in 1975.
Some of the sketches over the two series included the following:
- "Tarzan Superape" ("An origami rock opera"), which parodied "Jesus Christ Superstar"
- "Dried Elephant Arrangements for Beginners", in which Aunty Jack visits Taronga Zoo to teach viewers the fine art of "elephanto reducioso" with the reluctant assistance of Colin the elephant
- Colonel Passionfruit, a campy military commander who led his squad of gay troops through a dangerous choreographed war with the help of The Pride Of Erin Mine Avoidance Tactic #III
- Country and eastern singers, The Farrelly Brothers, who performed a unique version of Lucky Starr's "I've | 21,928 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
Been Everywhere" - but in this version the only places they had been were the NSW regional towns of Wollongong and Dapto (Bond's home town)
- "Flat 1A 968 George St" (a parody of popular 'sex and sin' soap opera "Number 96") in which viewers were promised "lots of bottoms and lots of breasts" - at which point two actors are shown, clad in multiple plastic 'joke' bottoms and breasts.
# Feature film.
A compilation of colour filmed segments from the first series was edited into an 85-minute feature "The Very Best of The Aunty Jack Show" which was screened at the 1973 Montreux Film Festival. It was not seen by Australian audiences until it was broadcast on ABC television on 26 January 1991.
# | 21,929 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
Legacy.
The popularity of the series led to a one-off TV special, "Aunty Jack Rox On", a concert tour, a #1 hit single, "Farewell Aunty Jack" (a version of the closing theme of the series) and a best-selling album "Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong", released in early 1974. "Farewell Aunty Jack" was released as a single in December 1973, reached Number 1 on the Australian charts a week later, where it stayed for 10 weeks. It was the first single to debut in Australia at Number 1, the first Australian single to debut at Number 1 and also the first Australian single in picture-disc form, reputedly being the first disc of its kind in the world.
By the time Series 2 was underway Bond was already tired | 21,930 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
of Aunty Jack so he decided to kill her off in the final episode, "The R-Certificate Show" when, shocked by the gratuitous sex and nudity, Aunty Jack expires from a heart attack. Bond then departed for a much-needed holiday on Norfolk Island where, jointly inspired by the convict ruins and his holiday reading, Errol Flynn's "My Wicked Wicked Ways", he came up with the concept for a new series set in the bushranger days, which became "Flash Nick From Jindivik".
The next outing for the classic Aunty Jack team was "Wollongong the Brave" (1974), a series of four one-hour specials that showcased favourite characters from the series. Episode 1 "Aunty Jack'n'The Gong in Bloody Concert" featured the | 21,931 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
core characters, augmented by a rock group, with special guest Stevie Wright, former lead singer of The Easybeats, who was then appearing in "Jesus Christ Superstar" with O'Donoghue. Episode 2 featured 'Country and Mediterranean' music group The Farelly Brothers and their singing sheep Jason; Episode 3 featured meat guru Kev Kavanagh and the final instalment "Norman Gunston: The Golden Weeks" eventually spawned "The Norman Gunston Show" in late 1975.
At 11:57 PM on Friday 28 February 1975, Aunty Jack, Thin Arthur, and Kid Eager introduced colour television broadcasting on ABC-TV, beating another channel's first colour program by deliberately starting three minutes early. The team's last major | 21,932 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
TV collaboration was the abortive comedy series "The Off Show" (1977) which was cancelled after only a few episodes following a controversial incident in which ABC executive Alan Batemen pulled the premiere episode from the schedule half an hour before it was due to air and then erased the tape, reportedly because he was offended by the Bill Harding religious parody sketch "Leave It To Jesus".
Although fans long hoped that the show might be released on home video, it was more than thirty years after the show's first screening until this took place. Although there have been a number of reasons suggested, it is generally accepted that the major stumbling block was a long-running disagreement | 21,933 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
between Bond and the ABC, stemming from Bond and O'Donoghue's resentment over the presumed loss of several "Aunty Jack" episodes and the "Off Show" incident. Since Bond and O'Donoghue controlled the rights for all the original music featured in the series, their refusal to release them effectively kept the series off home video until 2005.
For many years there were persistent rumours—fuelled by press statements from Bond himself—that some episodes had been lost or destroyed. This was given added credence by the fact that (like the BBC) the ABC had undertaken an "economy drive" in the late 1970s and early 1980s, during which (it has been reported) that substantial portions of many shows were | 21,934 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
erased.
Although (according to Bond) the original master tapes for three episodes were erased, all the original film footage shot for the missing episodes had survived and with the assistance of the National Archives of Australia the footage was located and restored, enabling the missing episodes to be reconstructed. The long-awaited release of the complete Series 1 on DVD took place in December 2005, and the complete Series 2 followed in April 2006. Although the master videotapes were monochrome, and the main episodes are presented in this format on DVD, much of the footage for the series was filmed in colour and these are included as alternate scenes. The only episode in the entire Aunty | 21,935 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
Jack Show series not to be released on DVD was the 1973 special, 'Aunty Jack Rox On'.
# Stage show.
Aunty Jack returned in early 2006 in a live stage show titled "The Aunty Jack Show and Tell", starring Grahame Bond and Rory O'Donoghue. As well as Aunty Jack and Thin Arthur, the show featured the singing tramps Neil and Errol, Country and Eastern music exponents the Farrelly Brothers, the Ri Fol Tit Men and bodgie butcher and meat artist Kev Kavanagh.
# See also.
- "Aunty Jack Introduces Colour"
- "Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong"
- "Farewell Aunty Jack"
- "Wollongong the Brave"
# External links.
- information about the TV series and stage show
- Aunty Jack tribute page image and sound | 21,936 |
1804328 | The Aunty Jack Show | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Aunty%20Jack%20Show | The Aunty Jack Show
06 in a live stage show titled "The Aunty Jack Show and Tell", starring Grahame Bond and Rory O'Donoghue. As well as Aunty Jack and Thin Arthur, the show featured the singing tramps Neil and Errol, Country and Eastern music exponents the Farrelly Brothers, the Ri Fol Tit Men and bodgie butcher and meat artist Kev Kavanagh.
# See also.
- "Aunty Jack Introduces Colour"
- "Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong"
- "Farewell Aunty Jack"
- "Wollongong the Brave"
# External links.
- information about the TV series and stage show
- Aunty Jack tribute page image and sound bites from "Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong"
- The Aunty Jack/Grahame Bond Ography
- "The Aunty Jack Show" at Australian Screen Online | 21,937 |
1804354 | Qinzhou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qinzhou | Qinzhou
Qinzhou
Qinzhou (postal: Yamchow, , Jyutping: "Jam1 zau1" (Canton) /"Ham1 zau1" (Local) ) is a prefecture-level city in Guangxi, China, lying on the Gulf of Tonkin and having an urban population of 433,000.
# History.
The area originally belonged to Guangdong and was transferred to Guangxi in 1965. The city was originally a county Qinxian (postal: Yamhsien). From the beginning of the present era, Qinzhou (Wade-Giles: "K'in-chou") was for many centuries "the center of Chinese overland trade with Indo-China".
# Administration.
The Qinzhou municipal region comprises two (county-level) districts and two counties.
Population data is as of 2009.
- Qinnan District () - pop. 570,000
- Qinbei | 21,938 |
1804354 | Qinzhou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qinzhou | Qinzhou
District () - pop. 650,000
- Lingshan County () - pop. 1,400,000
- Pubei County () - pop. 810,000
# Geography.
Despite its latitude and location on the Gulf of Tonkin coast, Qinzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa"), with short, mild winters, and long, hot and humid summers. Winter begins dry and rather sunny but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast and often rainy, while summer continues to be rainy though is the sunniest time of year; the coastal location moderates summer daytime temperatures, but there are 10.9 days annually with rainfall totaling at least . Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature | 21,939 |
1804354 | Qinzhou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qinzhou | Qinzhou
ranges from in January to in July, and the annual mean is . Annual rainfall is around , the majority of which occurs from June to August. With monthly possible sunshine ranging from 17% in February to 55% in September, the city receives an average of 1,721 hours of bright sunshine annually.
# Nature.
Critically endangered Chinese White Dolphins still live in the waters of these areas such as in Sanniang Bay. They are threatened by various factors such habitat loss.
# Economy.
In 2004, the GDP totaled 17,5 billion yuan, and the GDP per capita was yuan.
Grain cultivation, hog husbandry, fruit growing and fishing are of significance in the surrounding areas.
Qinzhou is also one of the centers | 21,940 |
1804354 | Qinzhou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qinzhou | Qinzhou
of turtle farming; according to one estimate, as of ca. 2012, over 10,000 families in the Qinzhou area were involved in that industry, raising 1.25 million turtles at their homes and farms. Around 1,500 tons of turtles are sold by Qinzhou's turtle farmers to the national market every year.
Oysters are also a significant product from Qinzhou. Oyster farming has reached 230,000 tons a year in an area of 10,100 hectares (38.9 square miles) It has become so popular, every year from December 1–28, Qinzhou hosts its annual Oyster Festival. Gourmet food is served and the oyster is celebrated all month long. People from all over the world go to enjoy oysters prepared in a variety of ways. There are | 21,941 |
1804354 | Qinzhou | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qinzhou | Qinzhou
has become so popular, every year from December 1–28, Qinzhou hosts its annual Oyster Festival. Gourmet food is served and the oyster is celebrated all month long. People from all over the world go to enjoy oysters prepared in a variety of ways. There are demonstrations where chefs prepare oysters the way you want right in front of you.
# Famous people.
- Liu Yongfu (1837–1917) soldier of fortune, creator of the Black Flag Army
- Han Feng (1956–) Tobacco monopoly apparatchik outed in 2010 as a "Chinese Casanova"
- Chen Xingqian, one of the founders of Qinzhou's turtle farming industry
- Feng Zicai (1818 – 1903)
# Sister cities.
- Qinzhou currently has a sister city, Kuantan, Malaysia. | 21,942 |
1804365 | Retrograde inversion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retrograde%20inversion | Retrograde inversion
Retrograde inversion
Retrograde inversion is a musical term that literally means "backwards and upside down": "The inverse of the series is sounded in reverse order." Retrograde reverses the order of the motive's pitches: what was the first pitch becomes the last, and vice versa. This is a technique used in music, specifically in twelve-tone technique, where the inversion and retrograde techniques are performed on the same tone row successively, "[t]he inversion of the prime series in reverse order from last pitch to first."
Conventionally, inversion is carried out first, and the inverted form is then taken backward to form the retrograde inversion, so that the untransposed retrograde inversion | 21,943 |
1804365 | Retrograde inversion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retrograde%20inversion | Retrograde inversion
ends with the pitch that began the prime form of the series. In his late twelve-tone works, however, Igor Stravinsky preferred the opposite order, so that his row charts use inverse retrograde (IR) forms for his source sets, instead of retrograde inversions (RI), although he sometimes labeled them RI in his sketches.
For example, the forms of the row from "Requiem Canticles" are as follows:
Note that IR is a transposition of RI, the pitch class between the last pitches of P and I above RI.
Other compositions that include retrograde inversions in its rows include works by Tadeusz Baird and Karel Goeyvaerts. One work in particular by the latter composer, "Nummer 2", employs retrograde of the | 21,944 |
1804365 | Retrograde inversion | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retrograde%20inversion | Retrograde inversion
es labeled them RI in his sketches.
For example, the forms of the row from "Requiem Canticles" are as follows:
Note that IR is a transposition of RI, the pitch class between the last pitches of P and I above RI.
Other compositions that include retrograde inversions in its rows include works by Tadeusz Baird and Karel Goeyvaerts. One work in particular by the latter composer, "Nummer 2", employs retrograde of the recurring twelve-tone row B–F–F–E–G–A–E–D–A–B–D–C in the piano part. It is performed in both styles, particularly in the outer sections of the piece. The final movement of Hindemith's Ludus Tonalis, the Postludium, is an exact retrograde inversion of the work's opening Praeludium. | 21,945 |
1804372 | Jan Březina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan%20Březina | Jan Březina
Jan Březina
Jan Březina (born 14 April 1954 in Konice)
is a Czech politician and Member of the European Parliament with TOP 09, part of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. He was elected for Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party, but left the party in February 2012.
He is a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development and a member of the
Delegation for relations with the countries of south-east Europe.
# Education.
- 1978: Master's degree in mining (VŠB Technical University of Ostrava)
# Career.
- since 1990: Member of KDU-ČSL (Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party)
- | 21,946 |
1804372 | Jan Březina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan%20Březina | Jan Březina
People's Party)
- since 1995: Member of a district committee of KDU-ČSL
- since 2000: Member of the board of KDU-ČSL
- since 2000: Member of the KDU-ČSL national conference
- since 2000: Member of the KDU-ČSL national committee
- 1995-1997: Deputy Mayor of Uničov
- 1997-2000: Chief Executive of Olomouc District Office
- 2000-2004: Member of the Regional Assembly of the Olomouc Region and President of the Olomouc Region
- 2000-2004: Joint Committee with the EU Committee of the Regions
- 2004: Member of the Committee of the Regions
- since 1998: Participated in the drafting of the Czech Republic's strategy papers
# See also.
- 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic | 21,947 |
1804366 | James Knight (explorer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Knight%20(explorer) | James Knight (explorer)
James Knight (explorer)
James Knight (–) was an English director of the Hudson's Bay Company and an explorer who disappeared on an expedition to find the Northwest Passage.
# Career.
Knight was born in England and joined the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1676 as a carpenter. In 1682, he became chief factor of the trading post of Fort Albany in James Bay, where he became rich. In 1697, he bought stock in the HBC; in 1711, he gained a seat on the board of directors.
The long wars of the Grand Alliance and the Spanish Succession between England and France had spread to North America and battered the Company financially and logistically. Four of the Company's five trading posts were lost to the | 21,948 |
1804366 | James Knight (explorer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Knight%20(explorer) | James Knight (explorer)
French; Knight led an expedition in 1693 that successfully recaptured Fort Albany, the only one retained by the English. However, among the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 was the restoration of the captured posts.
In 1714, Knight was sent out to take possession of York Factory and restore the Company's fortunes. Despite the damage to the fort from the French occupation, and the hardships of the climate, he succeeded in rebuilding the Company's business, and in 1719, it paid its first dividend in 20 years.
# Northwest Passage.
Knight was determined to find the Northwest Passage, a then-hypothetical route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Canadian North. A | 21,949 |
1804366 | James Knight (explorer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Knight%20(explorer) | James Knight (explorer)
Chipewyan interpreter working for Knight told him of a possible mineral-rich route across the north. Knight outfitted two ships, the "Albany" and "Discovery"—captained by George Berley and David Vaughan respectively—to search for this route, and set off in 1719. They never returned.
In 1721, Knight and his crew were on Marble Island, located from today's Rankin Inlet. It is possible the ships encountered the shallows of the local waters and were wrecked, although they were able to successfully offload large quantities of coal, several cannons and provisions.
There is evidence of interaction with the local Inuit, but by 1722, Knight and his crew were reported to have perished from sickness | 21,950 |
1804366 | James Knight (explorer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Knight%20(explorer) | James Knight (explorer)
and famine. Apparently, the Company post at Churchill was completely unaware of the shipwreck, as no search or rescue expedition was ever sent. The ruins of Knight's settlement on Marble Island were discovered in 1768, by Company explorer Samuel Hearne.
## Timeline of evidence.
- 1719: James Knight is last seen.
- 1720: Henry Kelsey's log at York Factory notes that Knight wintered on the coast and spoiled the Eskimo trade by taking up their land.
- 1721: Kelsey sails north to trade but is turned back by headwinds before reaching the probable wreck site.
- 1722: John Scroggs goes north and finds an Inuit camp on Marble Island with objects that probably came from Knight's ship. He returns | 21,951 |
1804366 | James Knight (explorer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Knight%20(explorer) | James Knight (explorer)
and reports "Every Man was Killed by the Eskemoes."
- 1724: Knight's will is executed in England.
- 1725: Northern Indians at Churchill report finding a ship's boat. There is no record of a Company sloop losing its boat.
- 1767: Sloop from Churchill or York Factory finds a previously unnoticed harbour near the eastern end of Marble Island which has a ruined building, an anvil, cannon, shot, a heap of bricks and coal and other debris. The coal heap implies that they did not stay for more than one winter. Inuit interpreters say some Englishmen spent a winter there but their fate is unknown. Later Samuel Hearne found a "great Number of graves" and the hulks of two ships in five fathoms of water. | 21,952 |
1804366 | James Knight (explorer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Knight%20(explorer) | James Knight (explorer)
Items were sent to London and identified as belonging to the "Albany" and "Discovery".
- 1769: Hearne hears from an elderly Inuk that only five men were alive by the second summer, and the last man died while digging a grave for his companion.
- 1970: Investigators estimate that the entrance to the cove was so shallow that it would have damaged the "Albany" going in or out.
- 1989: Researchers Owen Beattie and John G. Geiger find many small artefacts, fragmentary human remains on the surface, and Inuit but no European graves. They also find evidence of successful hunting, which together with the large coal stores and substantial winter structure suggest the crew would have successfully overwintered | 21,953 |
1804366 | James Knight (explorer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James%20Knight%20(explorer) | James Knight (explorer)
that the entrance to the cove was so shallow that it would have damaged the "Albany" going in or out.
- 1989: Researchers Owen Beattie and John G. Geiger find many small artefacts, fragmentary human remains on the surface, and Inuit but no European graves. They also find evidence of successful hunting, which together with the large coal stores and substantial winter structure suggest the crew would have successfully overwintered from 1719 to 1720.The two ships were found, but there was no detailed survey of the wrecks to see if they were damaged. Williams guesses the men spent one winter on Marble Island, were unable to use their ships and left southward in ship's boats to an unknown fate. | 21,954 |
1804368 | Sorø | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorø | Sorø
Sorø
Sorø is a town in Sorø municipality in Region Sjælland on the island of Zealand ("Sjælland") in east Denmark. The population is 7,866 (2016). The municipal council and the regional council are located in Sorø.
Sorø was founded in 1161 by Bishop Absalon, later the founder of Copenhagen, and is the site of Sorø Academy (Danish "Sorø Akademis Skole"). The Academy is an educational institution built in 1140. Also built that year was Sorø Klosterkirke, the church where Bishop Absalon and Margaret I of Denmark were buried (she was later moved to Roskilde Domkirke, Roskilde).
Many people live in Sorø, but work either in the greater Copenhagen metropolitan area or in the town of Roskilde.
# | 21,955 |
1804368 | Sorø | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorø | Sorø
Economy.
Companies headquartered in Sorø include Hørkram.
# Notable people.
- Jens Schielderup Sneedorff (1724 in Sorø – 1764) a Danish author, professor of political science and a central figure in Denmark in the Age of Enlightenment
- Jens Paludan-Müller (1771 in Sorø – 1845) a Danish bishop, teacher and author, bishop of the Diocese of Aarhus 1830-1845
- Christian Frederik Lütken (1827 in Sorø - 1901) a Danish zoologist and naturalist
- Emilie Mundt (1842 in Sorø – 1922) a Danish painter of portraits of children.
- Margrete Heiberg Bose (1865–1952) an Argentine physicist of Danish origin
- Thorkel Møller (1868 in Sorø - 1946) a Danish architect who worked in Aarhus
- Axel Thayssen | 21,956 |
1804368 | Sorø | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorø | Sorø
(1885 in Sorø – 1952) a Danish tennis player, competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
- Astrid Holm (1893 in Sønder Bjerge Sogn – 1961) a Danish theater and film actress from the early silent film era
- Bent Jensen (born 1925 in Sorø) a Danish rower, competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics
- Peter Reinhard Hansen (born 1968 in Sorø) Professor of Economics at the University of North Carolina
- Yvonne Herløv Andersen (born 1942) a Danish politician, elected to the Folketing in 1977 from Sorø, serving until 1979
- Ina Skriver (born 1949 in Sorø) a Danish-born actress and model who worked mostly in British films and TV, now lives in Somerset
- Trine Hansen (born 1973) grew up in Sorø, a retired | 21,957 |
1804368 | Sorø | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorø | Sorø
ilent film era
- Bent Jensen (born 1925 in Sorø) a Danish rower, competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics
- Peter Reinhard Hansen (born 1968 in Sorø) Professor of Economics at the University of North Carolina
- Yvonne Herløv Andersen (born 1942) a Danish politician, elected to the Folketing in 1977 from Sorø, serving until 1979
- Ina Skriver (born 1949 in Sorø) a Danish-born actress and model who worked mostly in British films and TV, now lives in Somerset
- Trine Hansen (born 1973) grew up in Sorø, a retired female rower, Bronze medallist at the 1996 Summer Olympics
# See also.
- Sorø Museum
- Sorø Academy
# External links.
- Sorø municipality's official website
- Tourist information | 21,958 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
Kakatiya dynasty
The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty whose capital was Orugallu, now known as Warangal. It was eventually conquered by the Delhi Sultanate.
The demise of Kakatiya dynasty resulted in confusion and anarchy under alien rulers for sometime, before the Musunuri Nayaks brought stability to the region.
# Etymology and names.
Studies of the inscriptions and coinage by the historian Dineshchandra Sircar reveal that there was no contemporary standard spelling of the family name. Variants include "Kakatiya", "Kakatiyya", "Kakita", "Kakati" and "Kakatya". The family name was often prefixed to the name of the monarch, giving constructs such as "Kakatiya-Prataparudra". Some | 21,959 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
of the monarchs also had alternate names; for example, "Venkata" and "Venkataraya" may have been alternate names of Prataparuda I, with the former appearing on a coin in the form "Venkata-Kakatiya".
The dynasty's name derives from the word "Kakati", which is variously thought to be the name of a goddess or a place. It is possible that Kakati was the name of a deity worshipped by the early Kakatiya chiefs, and also the name of the place where they resided.
Kumarasvami Somapithin, a 15th-century writer who wrote a commentary on Vidyanatha's "Prataparudriya", states that the dynasty was named after Kakati, a form of the goddess Durga. Although the Hindu mythological texts do not mention any such | 21,960 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
form of Durga, the worship of a goddess named Kakati is attested by several other sources. For example, Vallabharaya's "Krida-Bhiramamu" mentions an image of Kakatamma (Mother Kakati) in the Kakatiya capital Orugallu. the 16th-century Shitap Khan inscription mentions the reinstallation of the image of goddess Jaganmatrika (mother of the universe) and the lotus seat of the Kakatirajya, which had been destroyed by the Turushkas (Turkic people). According to one theory, Kakati was originally a Jain goddess (possibly Padmavati), and later came to be regarded as a form of Durga.
The Bayyaram tank inscription from the reign of Ganapati-deva names the family's founder as Venna, and states that he | 21,961 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
resided at Kakati, because of which his descendants came to be known as Kakatishas. Ganapati-deva's Garavapadu charter names the family's founder as Durjaya, and states that his descendant Karikala Chola arrived at a town called Kakati during a hunting expedition, and set up his camp there. The modern identity of Kakati is uncertain: different historians have variously attempted to identify it with modern Kakati village in Karnataka and Kanker in Chhattisgarh. "Siddeshvara Charitra", a later literary work, states that the ancestors of the Kakatiya family lived at Kandarapura (identified with modern Kandhar in Maharashtra). However, no other evidence supports this tradition.
# Sources.
Much | 21,962 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
of the information about the Kakatiya period comes from inscriptions, including around 1,000 stone inscriptions, and 12 copper-plate inscriptions. Most of these inscriptions document matters relating to religion, such as donations to Hindu temples. They are particularly abundant for the period 1175–1324 CE, which is the period when the dynasty most flourished and are a reflection of that. The probability is that many inscriptions have been lost due to buildings falling into disuse and also the ravages of subsequent rulers, most notably the Muslim Mughal Empire in the Telangana region. Inscriptions are still being discovered today but governmental agencies tend to concentrate on recording those | 21,963 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
that are already known rather than searching for new examples. According to a 1978 book, written by P.V.P. Sastry's 1978 book on the history of the Kakatiyas, published by the Government of Andhra Pradesh
Information about the Kakatiya period also comes from Sanskrit and Telugu literary works written during Kakatiya and post-Kakatiya period. The most notable among these works include "Prataparudriyam", "Krida-bhiramamu", "Panditaradhya-charitamu", "Sivayogasaramu", "Nitisara", "Niti-shastra-muktavali", "Nritta-ratnavali", "Pratapa-charita", "Siddheshvara-charitra", "Somadeva-rajiyamu", "Palnativira-charitra", "Velugotivari-vamsavali", and "Velugotivari-vamsacharitra". Chronicles by Muslim authors | 21,964 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
such as Isami and Firishta describe Prataparudra's defeats against the Muslim armies. The Kannada text "Kumara-Ramana-charita" also provides information about Prataparudra's relations with the Kampili kingdom.
Besides epigraphs and literature, the forts, temples, and tanks constructed during the Kakatiya period are an important source of information about the contemporary society, art and architecture.
# Origin.
The Kakatiya rulers traced their ancestry to a legendary chief or ruler named Durjaya. Many other ruling dynasties of Andhra also claimed descent from Durjaya. Nothing further is known about this chief.
Most of the Kakatiya records do not mention the varna (social class) of the family, | 21,965 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
but the majority of the ones that do, proudly describe them as Shudra. Examples include the Bothpur and Vaddamanu inscriptions of Ganapati's general Malyala Gunda "senani". The Kakatiyas also maintained marital relations with other Shudra families, such as the Kotas and the Natavadi chiefs. All these pieces of evidence indicate that the Kakatiyas were of Shudra origin.
A few copper-plate inscriptions of the Kakatiya family describe them as belonging to the Kshatriya (warrior) varna. These inscriptions primarily document grants to brahmans, and appear to be inspired by the genealogies of the imperial Cholas. For example, the Motupalli inscription of Ganapati counts legendary solar dynasty kings | 21,966 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
such as Rama among the ancestors of Durjaya, the progenitor of the Kakatiya family. The Malkapuram inscription of Vishveshvara Shivacharya, the preceptor of Kakatiya rulers Ganapati-deva and Rudrama-Devi, also connects the Kakatiyas to the solar dynasty (Sūryavaṃsa). The term "Kshatriya" in these panegyric records appears to signify the family's warrior-like qualities rather than their actual varna.
# Early feudatory chiefs.
The regnal years of the early members of the Kakatiya family are not certain. Venna, said to have been born in the family of Durjaya, is the earliest known Kakatiya chief. The Bayyaram tank inscription names his successors as Gunda I, Gunda II, and Gunda III, comparing | 21,967 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
them to the three Ramas (Parashurama, Dasharatha-Rama, and Balarama). Gunda III was succeeded by Erra, who ruled Kurravadi and other regions. The inscription states that Erra's successor Gunda IV alias Pindi-Gunda ( 955-995) beheaded all his enemies. Gunda IV is also mentioned in the Mangallu grant of the Eastern Chalukya ruler Dānārnava in 956 CE.
Gunda IV was succeeded by Beta I ( 996-1051), who was succeeded by Prola I ( 1052-1076), called "ari-gaja-kesari" ("lion to the elephant-like enemies") in the Bayyaram inscription. The succeeding chiefs included Beta II (c. 1076–1108), Tribhuvanamalla Durgaraja (c. 1108–1116) and then Prola II (c. 1116–1157).
## Relationship to the Rashtrakutas.
Early | 21,968 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
members of Kakatiya family appear to have served as military generals of the Rashtrakutas, as indicated by a 956 inscription of the Vengi Chalukya prince Dānārnava. The inscription suggests that an attack by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III forced the Vengi Chalukya king Amma II to flee his kingdom, after which Dānārnava (titled Vijayaditya) ruled the kingdom as a Rashtrakuta vassal. It records Dānārnava's grant of Mangallu village to a brahmana named Dommana, at the request of Kakatiya Gundyana. Dommana had performed a religious ceremony called "Karpati-vrata" for Gundyana, for which he received the village as an "agrahara". The inscription names Gundyana's ancestors as Gundiya-Rashtrakuta | 21,969 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
and Eriya-Rashtrakuta. This suggests that Gundyana was a Rashtrakuta general, and not a Vengi Chalukya subordinate, as assumed by some earlier historians.
The Bayyaram tank inscription, which records the construction of "Dharma-kirti-samudra" tank by Ganapati's sister Mailama (or Mailamba), provides another genealogical list. The similarities of names mentioned in the Mangallu and Bayyaram inscriptions lists suggest that both of these refer to the same family:
Historian P.V.P. Sastry theorizes that Betiya was the son of Eriya (alias Erra) and father of Gundyana (alias Pindi-Gunda), but may have become too insignificant to be mentioned by his descendants, because of premature death or another | 21,970 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
reason.
The significance of the suffix "Rashtrakuta" in the names of the early Kakatiya chiefs is debated. According to one theory, the suffix implies that these chiefs were Rashtrakuta subordinates. This theory is based on the fact that the phrase "Rashtrakuta-Kutumbinah" appears in several Rashtrakuta-era copper-plate inscriptions and refers to the officers and subjects of the Rashtrakuta kingdom.
According to another theory, the suffix implies that the Kakatiyas were a branch of the Rashtrakuta family, because the term "Rashtrakuta-Kutumbinah" was used for officers employed by the Rashtrakuta administration, not feudatory chiefs: the early records of the Kakatiya chiefs describe them as | 21,971 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
"samantas" (feudatory chiefs). The Kazipet Darga inscription of Tribhuvanamalla Durgaraja states that the Kakatiya chief Beta was born in the family of Samanta Viṣṭi. Historian P.V.P. Sastry theorizes that "Viṣṭi" is a corruption of Vrishni, the name of a clan from which some Rashtrakutas claimed descent. He notes that some chiefs of Rashtrakuta origin adopted the title "Viṭṭi-Narayana", which means "as great as Narayana (Krishna) of the Vitti (Vrishni) family. Sastry further proposes that the term "Voddi", which appears in the phrase "Voddi-kula" ("Voddi family") in the Mangallu inscription may be same as "Viṣṭi". Sastry also believes that the early Kakatiya chiefs followed Jainism, which was | 21,972 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
also patronized by the Rashtrakutas, thus strengthening the view that the two dynasties were connected (see Religion section below).
The Kakatiyas seemed to have adopted the mythical bird Garuda as their royal insignia, as attested by the Ekamranatha temple inscription of Ganapati-deva, the Palampet inscription of the Kakatiya general Recharla Rudra, and Vidyanatha's "Prataparudriya". The Bayyaram tank inscription calls the Kakatiya chief Beta I (son of Gunda IV) "Garudamka"-Beta, and "Garuda" here appears to refer to the family's emblem. In Hindu mythology, Garuda is the vahana of god Vishnu. The Rashtrakutas and some other dynasties of Deccan claimed descent from the Vrishni clan (associated | 21,973 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
with Vishnu's avatar Krishna), and had adopted Garuda as their royal insignia. According to Sastry, this corroborates the theory that the Kakatiyas were associated with the Rashtrakuta family. Sastry further speculates that the Kakatiyas may have adopted the Garuda symbol because of Jain influence: the yaksha of the Jain tirthankara Shantinatha is represented by the Garuda symbol.
Based on Ganapati-deva's Garavapadu inscription, which names Karikala Chola among the family's ancestors, epigraphist C.R.K. Charlu theorized that the Kakatiyas were a branch of the Telugu Cholas. However, no other Kakatiya record mentions Karikala, and unlike the Telugu Cholas, the Kakatiyas did not claim to belong | 21,974 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
to the Kashyapa-gotra. Therefore, Sastry dismisses Charlu's theory as untenable.
After the decline of the Rashtrakuta power, the Kakatiyas served as vassals of the Kalyani Chalukyas. After the decline of the Chalukya power in the 12th century, they assumed sovereignty by suppressing other Chalukya subordinates in the Telangana region.
# As sovereigns.
## Prataparudra I.
The 1149 Sanigaram inscription of Prola II is the last known record of the Kakatiyas as vassals. The 1163 Anumakonda inscription of Prataparudra I is the earliest known record that describes the Kakatiyas as a sovereign power.
According to Sastry, Prataparudra I reigned between around 1158 – 1195, while Sircar gives the | 21,975 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
dates 1163–1195. He was also known as Rudra Deva, Kakatiya Rudradeva, Venkata, and Venkataraya He was the son of Prola II, who had made efforts to assert greater Kakatiya influence on territories in the western parts of the declining Western Chalukyan empire and who died in a battle fought against the Velanati Choda ruler Gonka II around 1157/1158 while doing so. It was during Prataparudra's reign, in 1163, that the Kakatiyas declared an end to their status as feudatory chiefs of the Chalukyas. It is notable that inscriptions were henceforth written using the Kakatiya chiefs' vernacular Telugu rather than the Kannada language that had prevailed until that point.
Mahadeva succeeded Prataparudra | 21,976 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
I as ruler, reigning probably from 1195 to 1199.
## Ganapati.
Just as the Seuna and Hoysala dynasties took control of linguistically related areas during the 13th century, so too did the Kakatiyas under the rule of Ganapati. He is also known as Ganapathi Deva and, according to Sastry, reigned between 1199–1262; Sircar gives regnal dates of 1199–1260. He significantly expanded Kakatiya lands during the 1230s when he launched a series of attacks outside the dynasty's traditional Telangana region and thus brought under Kakatiya control the Telugu-speaking lowland delta areas around the Godavari and Krishna rivers. The outcome in the case of all three dynasties, says historian Richard Eaton, was | 21,977 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
that they "catalyzed processes of supralocal identity formation and community building".
The Kakatiya capital at Orugallu, established in 1195, was not forgotten while Ganapati expanded his territory. He organized the building of a massive granite wall around the city, complete with ramps designed for ease of access to its ramparts from within. A moat and numerous bastions were also constructed.
Ganapati was keen to bolster the dynasty's economy. He encouraged merchants to trade abroad, abolishing all taxes except for a fixed duty and supporting those who risked their lives to travel afar. He created the man-made Pakhal Lake.
## Rudrama Devi.
Rudrama Devi, also known as Rudramadevi, reigned | 21,978 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
around 1262–1289 CE (alternative dates: 1261–1295 CE) and is one of the few queens in Indian history. Sources disagree regarding whether she was the widow of Ganapati or his daughter.
Marco Polo, who visited India probably some time around 1289–1293, made note of Rudrama Devi's rule and nature in flattering terms. She continued the planned fortification of the capital, raising the height of Ganapati's wall as well as adding a second earthen curtain wall in diameter and with an additional -wide moat.
A fragmentary Kannada language inscription also states that the Kakatiya general Bhairava defeated the Yadava army probably in or after 1263 CE, which may be a reference to his repulsion of Mahadeva's | 21,979 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
invasion. A coin of Mahadeva bears the Kakatiya emblem varaha with the Yadava symbols; this Varaha may have been stuck on Mahadeva's coins to mark the Kakatiya victory.
Rudrama was married to Virabhadra, an Eastern Chalukyan prince of Nidadavolu who had been selected for that purpose by her father. Having no son as an heir, Rudrama abdicated in favour of her grandson when it became apparent that the expansionist sultan Alauddin Khalji was encroaching on the Deccan and might in due course attack the Kakatiyas.
## Prataparudra II.
The earliest biography of Rudrama Devi's successor, Prataparudra II, is the "Prataparudra Caritramu", dating from the 16th century. His reign began in 1289 (alternative | 21,980 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
date: 1295) and ended with the demise of the dynasty in 1323. It is described by Eaton as the "first chapter in a larger story" that saw the style of polity in the Deccan change from being regional kingdoms to transregional sultanates that survived until the arrival of the British East India Company in the 18th century.
# Decline.
The Kakatiya kingdom attracted the attention of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji because of the possibility for plunder. The first foray into the Kakatiya kingdom was made in 1303 and was a disaster due to the resistance of the Kakatiya army in the battle at Upparapalli. In 1309 Alauddin sent his general, Malik Kafur, in an attempt to force Prataparudra | 21,981 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
into acceptance of a position subordinate to the sultanate at Delhi. Kafur organized a month-long siege of Orugallu that ended with success in February 1310. Prataparudra was forced to make various symbolic acts of obeisance designed to demonstrate his new position as a subordinate but, as was Alauddin's plan, he was not removed as ruler of the area but rather forced thereafter to pay annual tribute to Delhi. It was probably at this time that the Koh-i-Noor diamond passed from Kakatiya ownership to that of Alauddin, along with 20,000 horses and 100 elephants.
In 1311, Prataparudra formed a part of the sultanate forces that attacked the Pandyan empire in the south, and he took advantage of that | 21,982 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
situation to quell some of his vassals in Nellore who had seen his reduced status as an opportunity for independence. Later, though, in 1318, he failed to provide the annual tribute to Delhi, claiming that the potential for being attacked on the journey made it impossible. Alauddin's son Mubarak Shah responded by sending another of his generals, Khusrau Khan, to Orugallu with a force that bristled with technology previously unknown in the area, including trebuchet-like machines. Prataparudra had to submit once more, with his obeisance on this occasion being arranged by the sultanate to include a very public display whereby he bowed towards Delhi from the ramparts of Orugallu. The amount of his | 21,983 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
annual tribute was changed, becoming 100 elephants and 12,000 horses.
The new arrangements did not last long. Taking advantage of a revolution in Delhi that saw the Khalji dynasty removed and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq installed as sultan, Prataparudra again asserted his independence in 1320. Tughlaq sent his son, Ulugh Khan, to defeat the defiant Kakatiya king in 1321. Khan's army was riven with internal dissension due to its containing factions from the Khalji and Tughluq camps. This caused the siege on this occasion to last much longer — six months, rather than the few weeks that had previously been the case. The attackers were initially repulsed and Khan's forces retreated to regroup in Devagiri. | 21,984 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
Prataparudra celebrated the apparent victory by opening up his grain stores for public feasting. Khan returned in 1323 with his revitalised and reinforced army and, with few supplies left, Prataparudra was forced into submission after a five-month siege. The unprepared and battle-weary army of Orugallu was finally defeated, and Orugallu was renamed as Sultanpur. It seems probable, from combining various contemporary and near-contemporary accounts, that Prataparudra committed suicide near to the Narmada River while being taken as a prisoner to Delhi.
# Characterization.
## Geography.
The Kakatiya base was the city of Orugallu in the dry uplands of northern Telangana on the Deccan Plateau. | 21,985 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
From there they expanded their influence into Coastal Andhra, the delta between the Godavari and Krishna rivers that feed into the Bay of Bengal. According to Rao and Shulman, the latter contained a high proportion of Brahmins while the former was the haunt of "peasants, artisans, and warriors". Under the Kakatiyas, cultural innovation often began in the uplands, was refined in the lowlands and then recycled back into the Deccan. This bi-directional flow of cultural influences brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the Telugu language where nothing of that nature had previously existed. The unification of the distinct upland and lowland cultures was their most | 21,986 |
1804336 | Kakatiya dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakatiya%20dynasty | Kakatiya dynasty
lands and then recycled back into the Deccan. This bi-directional flow of cultural influences brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the Telugu language where nothing of that nature had previously existed. The unification of the distinct upland and lowland cultures was their most significant political achievement, achieved through a process of binding many locally powerful figures in allegiance to the empire.
The area of land under Kakatiya control reached its zenith around the 13th century CE during the rule of Ganapati Deva. By this time, South India and the Deccan was essentially under the aegis of four Hindu monarchies, of which the Kakatiyas were one. | 21,987 |
1804363 | Ernie Sigley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernie%20Sigley | Ernie Sigley
Ernie Sigley
Ernest William Sigley (born 2 September 1938) is a Gold Logie winning Australian host, radio presenter and singer. Known as a pioneer of Australian television, Sigley is often styled as a "little Aussie battler" with a larrikin sense of humour.
# Early life.
He was born in Footscray, Melbourne, one of seven children of a boilermaker. After completing his education at Williamstown High School, Sigley's career began in 1952 as a turntable operator on Danny Webb's breakfast program at radio station 3DB (Melbourne). Television started in Australia in 1956, and Sigley made his TV debut as host of "Teenage Mailbag" on HSV-7 in 1957. Shortly after this, he travelled to London, gaining | 21,988 |
1804363 | Ernie Sigley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernie%20Sigley | Ernie Sigley
some work experience at the BBC. But a bigger break was to come with a three-year stint at Radio Luxembourg, where he performed under the name 'Ernie Williams'.
Sigley is remembered for his 1964 association with the Adelaide leg of The Beatles tour of Australia. In one press conference, Sigley's questioning of The Beatles brought about an enthusiastic response from John Lennon, which led to one of the best interviews of the tour.
# Radio career.
In 1981 he returned to 3DB to host the breakfast program. Sigley was host of the afternoon program on Melbourne's 3AW from 1996 until his retirement on Friday 7 November 2008, when he took on a part-time role at the station. Sigley partnered either | 21,989 |
1804363 | Ernie Sigley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernie%20Sigley | Ernie Sigley
Bruce Mansfield or Philip Brady in the Friday night slot. Sigley ended his radio career in January 2009 after a 57-year association with the industry, when it is believed he stormed out of a heated meeting with 3AW management.
# Television career.
He was part of the original cast of "Sunnyside Up", and in the 1960s and early 1970s, Sigley hosted the prime time Adelaide variety show, Adelaide Tonight on NWS-9. Beginning in 1974, Sigley was the host of the national Nine Network variety show, "The Ernie Sigley Show", featuring notable Australian media personalities such as Denise Drysdale, Noni Hazlehurst, Pete Smith and Joy Westmore. The program was abruptly axed after an off-air outburst by | 21,990 |
1804363 | Ernie Sigley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernie%20Sigley | Ernie Sigley
Sigley, directed at station owner Kerry Packer and producer Peter Faiman, when the network cut short his first show for 1976 to accommodate a network sports awards telecast. Packer flew to Melbourne the next day and dismissed Sigley in person, effective immediately, and replaced him with Don Lane.
After his dismissal in 1976, Sigley moved to ATV-0 and hosted the early evening variety show "Ernie" and then in 1978, "the Penthouse", which became "Saturday Night Live" on HSV-7 co-hosting with Mary Hardy.
He was the original host of the Australian version of the popular game show, "Wheel of Fortune", from 1981 to 1984. In 1982, he presented the regional variety program "Six Tonight" from BTV-6 | 21,991 |
1804363 | Ernie Sigley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernie%20Sigley | Ernie Sigley
Ballarat, and the daytime talent show "Pot Luck" in 1987.
After a break from television, Sigley returned in 1989 with Denise Drysdale, hosting GTV-9's morning program "In Melbourne Today".
Sigley was involved in a stoush with fellow TV star Don Lane at a Logies after party in 1988, after Sigley allegedly made insulting remarks about Lane's partner.
# Singing career.
Sigley began singing as a choir boy at St Paul's Cathedral,and went on to be a regular on the local Town Hall circuit in the 1950's. In 1957, his first record, "Love Is A Golden Ring", was released by W & G Records.
In 1974, Sigley, with Denise Drysdale, recorded the popular duet, "Hey Paula", released by Festival Records, Australia | 21,992 |
1804363 | Ernie Sigley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernie%20Sigley | Ernie Sigley
and produced at Armstrong Studios, Melbourne. This song went on to be a No. 1 best-selling hit for them in Australia.
Sigley regularly performed around Australia on the club circuit, often with his television partner, Denise Drysdale. More recently he has teamed up with fellow broadcaster and singer, Denis Walter.
# Awards.
Sigley won the TV Week Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television in 1975. He had previously won 11 local Logies for his work in Adelaide.
# Personal life.
Three times married and twice divorced,Sigley is married to Glenys O'Brien, a multi-Logie award-winning former television personality. They live in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne and | 21,993 |
1804363 | Ernie Sigley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernie%20Sigley | Ernie Sigley
ise Drysdale. More recently he has teamed up with fellow broadcaster and singer, Denis Walter.
# Awards.
Sigley won the TV Week Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television in 1975. He had previously won 11 local Logies for his work in Adelaide.
# Personal life.
Three times married and twice divorced,Sigley is married to Glenys O'Brien, a multi-Logie award-winning former television personality. They live in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne and have four adult children.
Sigley is also a passionate supporter of the Western Bulldogs (formerly known as the Footscray Football Club).
His family announced in October 2016 that Ernie is living with Alzheimer's disease. | 21,994 |
1804397 | Composite chart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composite%20chart | Composite chart
Composite chart
In astrology, a composite chart is a chart that is composed of the planetary midpoints of two or more horoscopes. Practitioners of astrology commonly construct a composite chart when two people meet and form a relationship. According to astrologers, the composite chart will give clues as to the nature and function of the relationship.
# Literature.
- Robert Hand, "Planets in Composite: Analyzing Human Relationships". 366 pages. Para Research; Fourth Printing, Hardback edition (1976)
- Steven Forrest, Jodie Forrest, "Skymates, Vol. II: The Composite Chart". 456 pages. Seven Paws Press (March 1, 2005)
- John Townley, "Composite Charts; The Astrology of Relationships". 528 pages. | 21,995 |
1804397 | Composite chart | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Composite%20chart | Composite chart
e chart when two people meet and form a relationship. According to astrologers, the composite chart will give clues as to the nature and function of the relationship.
# Literature.
- Robert Hand, "Planets in Composite: Analyzing Human Relationships". 366 pages. Para Research; Fourth Printing, Hardback edition (1976)
- Steven Forrest, Jodie Forrest, "Skymates, Vol. II: The Composite Chart". 456 pages. Seven Paws Press (March 1, 2005)
- John Townley, "Composite Charts; The Astrology of Relationships". 528 pages. Llewellyn Publications (July 1, 2000)
- Joan Negus, "Interpreting Composite and Relationship Charts (All About Astrology)". 16 pages. Astro Communications Services (December 1996) | 21,996 |
1804392 | Milan Cabrnoch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan%20Cabrnoch | Milan Cabrnoch
Milan Cabrnoch
Milan Cabrnoch (born 6 August 1962 in Čáslav) is a Czech physician and politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.
He was a substitute for the Committee on Budgetary Control and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee.
# Education.
- 1986: Doctor of Medicine (Faculty of Paediatrics, Charles University, Prague)
# Career.
- 1986–1994: Doctor
- 1994–1998: Head of department at the Ministry of Health
- 1998: Deputy Minister of Health
- since 1995: Member of ODS | 21,997 |
1804392 | Milan Cabrnoch | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan%20Cabrnoch | Milan Cabrnoch
# Education.
- 1986: Doctor of Medicine (Faculty of Paediatrics, Charles University, Prague)
# Career.
- 1986–1994: Doctor
- 1994–1998: Head of department at the Ministry of Health
- 1998: Deputy Minister of Health
- since 1995: Member of ODS (Civic Democratic Party)
- 2000–2004: Member of the ODS executive council
- 1998–2004: Member of Kolín Town Council
- 1998–2004: Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic and Vice-Chairman of the Chamber's Committee for Social Policy and Health
- Member of the Permanent Delegation of the Parliament of the Czech Republic to the Council of Europe
"See also:" 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic | 21,998 |
1804407 | Hynek Fajmon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hynek%20Fajmon | Hynek Fajmon
Hynek Fajmon
Hynek Fajmon (born 17 May 1968 in Nymburk) is a Czech politician and Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Democrats, and sits on
the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets.
He is a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, a member of the delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China, and a member of Committee on Budgets.
On 27 September 2007, he published an article expressing a favorable view of the U.S. radio detecting base, at the time a very controversial topic in the Czech Republic.
# Education.
- 1992: Master's degree (Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, Charles University, Prague)
- | 21,999 |
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