wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
269894 | Ilocos Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocos%20Sur | Ilocos Sur
as Baptist, Iglesia Ni Cristo, Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, other Evangelical Christians as well as Muslims.
# Economy.
The people are engaged in farming, producing food crops, mostly rice, corn, vegetable, root crops, and fruits. Non-food crops include tobacco, cotton, and tigergrass. Cottage industries include loom weaving, furniture making, jewelry making, ceramics, blacksmithing, and food processing.
## Agriculture.
Ilocos Sur's economy is agrarian, but its of unfertile land is not enough to support a population of 338,579.
Such agricultural crops as rice, corn tobacco and fruit trees dominate their farm industries. Secondary crops are camote and cassava, sugar cane and onions.
The | 23,500 |
269894 | Ilocos Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocos%20Sur | Ilocos Sur
rapidly growing population, the decreasing fertility of the soil, and the long period between the planting and harvesting season, have forced the people to turn to manufacture and trade. Many Ilocanos go to the Cagayán valley, Central Plains and Mindanao to sell Ilocano woven cloth.
Weaving is the most extensive handicraft, bolstered by the installation of the NDC Textile Mills in Narvacan which supplies the weavers with yarn.
Other industries are burnay and slipper making in Vigan, furniture and statue making in San Vicente, mortar and pestle making in San Esteban, and bolo making in Santa.
# Education.
Ilocos Sur has 547 public schools including five general high schools, one university, | 23,501 |
269894 | Ilocos Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocos%20Sur | Ilocos Sur
one agricultural college and 56 private schools, 16 of which are Catholic.
# Culture.
The "Ilocos Sur Museum", founded on August 22, 1970, has a collection of cultural treasures which include art include paintings, centuries-old sculptures, pieces of carved furniture, and relics of Spanish European and Chinese cultures that had influenced Ilocano life for centuries.
Chapters of Philippine history and religion are found in the Crisólogo collections which includes family heirlooms, centuries –old "santos" (religious statuettes made of wood or ivory), other ivory images, Vienna furniture, marble-topped tables, ancient-carved beds, rare Chinese porcelains, jars and jarlettes, lamps, Muslim brass | 23,502 |
269894 | Ilocos Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocos%20Sur | Ilocos Sur
wares, and Spanish and Mexican coins.
The Syquia collections, including then President Elpidio Quirino's memorabilia, vie in quality with the Crisólogo collections. But in the midst of a fire scare in Vigan in the past, the relics in the Syquia Mansion were transferred to Manila for safekeeping.
# UNESCO Recognitions in Ilocos Sur.
UNESCO has inscribed two Ilocos Sur sites in the World Heritage List.
## Heritage City of Vigan.
In 1999, the Heritage City of Vigan was inscribed in the World Heritage List. UNESCO describes the site as:
""Established in the 16th century, Vigan is the best-preserved example of a planned Spanish colonial town in Asia. Its architecture reflects the coming together | 23,503 |
269894 | Ilocos Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocos%20Sur | Ilocos Sur
of cultural elements from elsewhere in the Philippines, from China and from Europe, resulting in a culture and townscape that have no parallel anywhere in East and South-East Asia.""
## Santa Maria Church.
In 1993, the Baroque Churches of the Philippines, containing 4 properties, was inscribed in the World Heritage List. One of the properties was the Santa Maria Church of Ilocos Sur. UNESCO describes, ""[the] unique architectural style [of the churches] is a reinterpretation of European Baroque by Chinese and Philippine craftsmen.""
# Notable people from Ilocos Sur.
- Elpidio Quirino — sixth President of the Philippines
- Gabriela Silang — revolutionary leader best known as the first female | 23,504 |
269894 | Ilocos Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocos%20Sur | Ilocos Sur
hinese and Philippine craftsmen.""
# Notable people from Ilocos Sur.
- Elpidio Quirino — sixth President of the Philippines
- Gabriela Silang — revolutionary leader best known as the first female leader of a Filipino movement for independence from Spain
- José Burgos — priest and one of the martyrs of Gomburza
- Pedro Bucaneg — poet, and the "Father of Ilocano literature"
- Leona Florentino — poet in the Spanish and Ilocano languages, and the "mother of Philippine women's literature"
- Isabelo de los Reyes — politician, writer and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the "Father of Filipino socialism" and unionism
# External links.
- Philippine Standard Geographic Code | 23,505 |
1805011 | Johan Van Hecke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan%20Van%20Hecke | Johan Van Hecke
Johan Van Hecke
Johan Jozef Marie Clara Van Hecke (born 2 December 1954 in Ghent) is a Belgian politician and Member of the European Parliament for Flanders with the Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade.
He is also a member of the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with South Africa.
He is married to Els De Temmerman, a journalist and activist who established vzw Childsoldiers, an organization that works for the rehabilitation of child soldiers in Africa. He lives in Oosterzele.
# Education.
- 1978: | 23,506 |
1805011 | Johan Van Hecke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan%20Van%20Hecke | Johan Van Hecke
Degree in medical sociology
# Career.
- 1978-1980: Assistant at the faculty of sociology, Catholic University of Louvain
- 1980-1983: Head of research department and lecturer at the HIPB (Higher Institute for the Paramedical Professions), Ghent
- 1983-1986: National Chairman of the Youth CVP
- 1993-1996: General Chairman of the CVP
- 1997-1999: Director of EPP training institute in South Africa
- 1983-1988: Member of the Oosterzele Municipal Council
- 1989-1997: Mayor of Oosterzele
- 2001: Member of Ostend Municipal Council
- 1985-1997: Member of the House of Representatives
- 1991-1993: Leader of the parliamentary CVP, House of Representatives
- since 1999: Member of the European | 23,507 |
1805011 | Johan Van Hecke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan%20Van%20Hecke | Johan Van Hecke
faculty of sociology, Catholic University of Louvain
- 1980-1983: Head of research department and lecturer at the HIPB (Higher Institute for the Paramedical Professions), Ghent
- 1983-1986: National Chairman of the Youth CVP
- 1993-1996: General Chairman of the CVP
- 1997-1999: Director of EPP training institute in South Africa
- 1983-1988: Member of the Oosterzele Municipal Council
- 1989-1997: Mayor of Oosterzele
- 2001: Member of Ostend Municipal Council
- 1985-1997: Member of the House of Representatives
- 1991-1993: Leader of the parliamentary CVP, House of Representatives
- since 1999: Member of the European Parliament
"See also:" 2004 European Parliament election in Belgium | 23,508 |
1805003 | Peter Grünberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Grünberg | Peter Grünberg
Peter Grünberg
Peter Andreas Grünberg (18 May 1939 – 7 April 2018) was a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disk drives.
# Life and career.
Grünberg was born in Pilsen, Bohemia, which at the time was in the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic) to the Sudeten German family of Anna and Feodor A. Grünberg which first lived in Dysina (Dýšina) to the East of Pilsen. Grünberg was a Catholic.
After the war, the family was interned; the parents were brought to a camp. His father, a Russia-born engineer who since 1928 had worked | 23,509 |
1805003 | Peter Grünberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Grünberg | Peter Grünberg
for Škoda, died on 27 November 1945 in Czech imprisonment and is buried in a mass grave in Pilsen which is also inscribed with "Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945". His mother Anna (who died in 2002 aged 100) had to work in agriculture and stayed with her parents in the Petermann house in Untersekerschan (Dolní Sekyřany), where her children (a sister was born in 1937) were brought later. The remaining Grünberg family, like almost all Germans, was expelled from Czechoslovakia in 1946. Seven-year-old Peter came to Lauterbach, Hesse where he attended gymnasium.
Grünberg received his intermediate diploma in 1962 from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. He then attended the Darmstadt | 23,510 |
1805003 | Peter Grünberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Grünberg | Peter Grünberg
University of Technology, where he received his diploma in physics in 1966 and his Ph.D. in 1969. While there, he met and married his wife, Helma Prauser, who became a schoolteacher. From 1969 to 1972, he did postdoctoral work at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. He later joined the Institute for Solid State Physics at Forschungszentrum Jülich, where he became a leading researcher in the field of thin film and multilayer magnetism until his retirement in 2004.
# Important work.
In 1986 he discovered the antiparallel exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin non-ferromagnetic layer, and in 1988 he discovered the giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR). GMR was simultaneously | 23,511 |
1805003 | Peter Grünberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Grünberg | Peter Grünberg
and independently discovered by Albert Fert from the Université de Paris Sud. It has been used extensively in read heads of modern hard drives. Another application of the GMR effect is non-volatile, magnetic random access memory.
Apart from the Nobel Prize, Grünberg's work also has been rewarded with shared prizes in the APS International Prize for New Materials, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award, the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, the Wolf Prize in Physics and the 2007 Japan Prize. He won the German Future Prize for Technology and Innovation in 1998 and was named European Inventor of the Year in the category "Universities and research institutions" by | 23,512 |
1805003 | Peter Grünberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Grünberg | Peter Grünberg
the European Patent Office and European Commission in 2006.
# Selected publications.
- Grünberg, Peter, Y. Suzuki, T. Katayama, K. Takanashi, R. Schreiber, K. Tanaka. 1997. "The magneto-optical effect of Cr(001) wedged ultrathin films grown on Fe(001)". "JMMM ". 165, 134.
- P. Grünberg, J.A. Wolf, R.Schäfer. 1996. "Long Range Exchange Interactions in Epitaxial Layered Magnetic Structures". "Physica B" 221, 357.
- M. Schäfer, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, K. Takanashi, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1995. "Experiments on Interlayer Exchange Coupling" (invited at 5th NEC Symp., Karuizawa, Japan). "J. of Mat. Sci. and Eng. ". B31, 17.
- A. Fert, P. Grünberg, A. Barthelemy, F. Petroff, W. Zinn (invited at | 23,513 |
1805003 | Peter Grünberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Grünberg | Peter Grünberg
ICM in Warsaw, 1994). 1995. "Layered magnetic structures: interlayer exchange coupling and giant magnetoresistance". "JMMM". 140–144, 1.
- P. Grünberg, A. Fuß, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, J.A. Wolf. 1993. "Interlayer Coupling and its Relation to Growth and Structure". "Proc. of NATO workshop on "Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimension", ed. by R.F.C. Farrow et al., NATO ASI Series B: Physics Vol. 309, p. 87, Plenum Press, N.Y. 1993".
- A. Fuß, S. Demokritov, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1992. "Short- and long period oscillations in the exchange coupling of Fe across epitaxially grown Al- and Au-interlayers". "JMMM". 103, L211.
- P. Grünberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M.B. Brodsky, H. Sowers. | 23,514 |
1805003 | Peter Grünberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter%20Grünberg | Peter Grünberg
tructure". "Proc. of NATO workshop on "Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimension", ed. by R.F.C. Farrow et al., NATO ASI Series B: Physics Vol. 309, p. 87, Plenum Press, N.Y. 1993".
- A. Fuß, S. Demokritov, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1992. "Short- and long period oscillations in the exchange coupling of Fe across epitaxially grown Al- and Au-interlayers". "JMMM". 103, L211.
- P. Grünberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M.B. Brodsky, H. Sowers. 1986. "Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of Fe-layers across Cr-interlayers". "Physical Review Letters". 57, 2442.
# External links.
- Peter Grünberg webpage at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- List of selected papers | 23,515 |
1805021 | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Anthony%20Catholic%20Church%20(Honolulu) | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu)
Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu)
Saint Anthony Catholic Church in Honolulu is a parish in the West Honolulu Vicariate Forane of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu.
# History.
The Catholic faith was brought to Kalihi about 1840 when Brother Calixtus built an altar in a rented store for Sunday Mass. The parish was canonically erected in 1916, when Father Ulrich Taube, SS.CC., built the first wooden church that was consecrated that same year under the title of Saint Anthony of Padua by Msgr. Libert H. Boeynaems, SS.CC., Vicar Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. Father Ulrich commuted daily from the downtown Honolulu rectory at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, serving the faithful | 23,516 |
1805021 | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Anthony%20Catholic%20Church%20(Honolulu) | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu)
of Kalihi Kai until his resignation due to illness in 1927.
Msgr. Stephen Alencastre, SS.CC., Vicar Apostolic, appointed Father Hubert Nijs, SS.CC., as the second pastor of the parish. Father Hubert moved into a rectory cottage next to the church and became the first resident priest in Kalihi Kai. Plantation workers and laborers moving into Kalihi Kai since the turn of the century resulted in a substantial increase in population. In an area where most of the faithful lacked basic education, Father Hubert announced the opening of a parish school and converted the medium-sized parish hall into two rooms. Two Maryknoll nuns volunteered to staff the school with an enrollment of 128 students in | 23,517 |
1805021 | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Anthony%20Catholic%20Church%20(Honolulu) | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu)
the first and second grades that opened on September 2, 1928. These two sisters made a daily commute from their convent located near Punahou School. Five more Maryknoll nuns joined the school in 1929 and Father Hubert purchased the adjacent property across Kaumualii Street and built a two-story convent for the sisters.
The school facilities were expanded as Father Hubert continued to purchase adjacent lots. Father Hubert also erected a three-room school building and made improvements to the convent. In 1947, during the episcopate of Msgr. James Sweeney, Father Hubert razed the old rectory cottage and built a new three story school next to a new rectory. In 1950, Msgr. Sweeney approved the assignment | 23,518 |
1805021 | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Anthony%20Catholic%20Church%20(Honolulu) | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu)
by the Provincial Superior of the Sacred Hearts Fathers of Father Maurice Coopman, SS.CC., as the pastor of Saint Anthony parish. Father Maurice labored patiently, and erased the parish debt accrued during the building of the school and rectory. Father Maurice was retired in 1962 due to illness and Father Anselm Ernest Gouveia, SS.CC., was appointed pastor after serving the faithful as pastor in Kaneohe.
The wooden church built in 1916 was razed in 1967 to make way for a new concrete church designed by Ray Akagi at a cost of $226,800. Designed with a semicircular floor plan, a domed roof, and replete with beautiful ecclesiastical appointments including a mosaic depicting the baptism of Jesus | 23,519 |
1805021 | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Anthony%20Catholic%20Church%20(Honolulu) | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu)
by John the Baptist, floral stained glass windows, and various other stained-glass windows depicting various events in the history of the parish and the diocese, and walnut pews manufactured by the Trappist monks of Lafayette, Indiana the new church was consecrated on August 25, 1968 by Msgr. John J. Scanlan, Bishop of Honolulu.
# Today.
The parish campus includes an elementary school as well as a convent and rectory. The school is staffed by the Philippine province of the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres and lay staff. The parish is staffed by the clergy of the Missionaries of La Salette.
# Resources.
- Saint Anthony School, Kalihi Kai
- "Hawaii Catholic Herald", May | 23,520 |
1805021 | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint%20Anthony%20Catholic%20Church%20(Honolulu) | Saint Anthony Catholic Church (Honolulu)
-glass windows depicting various events in the history of the parish and the diocese, and walnut pews manufactured by the Trappist monks of Lafayette, Indiana the new church was consecrated on August 25, 1968 by Msgr. John J. Scanlan, Bishop of Honolulu.
# Today.
The parish campus includes an elementary school as well as a convent and rectory. The school is staffed by the Philippine province of the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres and lay staff. The parish is staffed by the clergy of the Missionaries of La Salette.
# Resources.
- Saint Anthony School, Kalihi Kai
- "Hawaii Catholic Herald", May 27, 1966
- "Hawaii Catholic Herald", August 23, 1968, and, August 30, 1968 | 23,521 |
269939 | Seven Oaks | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven%20Oaks | Seven Oaks
Seven Oaks
Seven Oaks or Sevenoaks may refer to:
Canada
- Seven Oaks (electoral district), in Winnipeg, 1956–89
- Seven Oaks School Division
- Seven Oaks House Museum
- Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)
- Morningside, Toronto, alternate name for the neighbourhood
United States
- Seven Oaks Dam, California
- Seven Oaks Reservoir, California
- Seven Oaks (Dahlonega, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Georgia
- Seven Oaks (Sac City, Iowa), listed on the NRHP
- Seven Oaks, Maryland
- Seven Oaks Estate, Palisades, New York, listed on the NRHP
- Seven Oaks (Asheville, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP
- Seven Oaks, Bluffton, South Carolina
- Seven Oaks, South Carolina
- Seven Oaks, Texas
- | 23,522 |
269939 | Seven Oaks | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven%20Oaks | Seven Oaks
listed on the NRHP in Georgia
- Seven Oaks (Sac City, Iowa), listed on the NRHP
- Seven Oaks, Maryland
- Seven Oaks Estate, Palisades, New York, listed on the NRHP
- Seven Oaks (Asheville, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP
- Seven Oaks, Bluffton, South Carolina
- Seven Oaks, South Carolina
- Seven Oaks, Texas
- Seven Oaks Farm and Black's Tavern, Greenwood, Virginia, listed on the NRHP
United Kingdom
- Sevenoaks, a Commuter town in Kent, England
- Sevenoaks (district)
- Sevenoaks (UK Parliament constituency)
- Sevenoaks railway station
- Sevenoaks Preparatory School
- Sevenoaks School
- Sevenoaks Town F.C.
- Sevenoaks Wildlife Reserve
- Sevenoaks Weald, a village in Kent | 23,523 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
Questionnaire construction
Questionnaire construction refers to the design of a questionnaire to gather statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires can provide valuable data about any given subject.
# Questionnaires.
Questionnaires are frequently used in quantitative marketing research and social research. They are a valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from a large number of individuals, often referred to as respondents.
What is often referred to as "adequate questionnaire construction" is critical to the success of a survey. Inappropriate questions, incorrect ordering of questions, incorrect | 23,524 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
scaling, or a bad questionnaire format can make the survey results valueless, as they may not accurately reflect the views and opinions of the participants.
Different methods can be useful for checking a questionnaire and making sure it is accurately capturing the intended information. Initial advice may include:
- consulting subject-matter experts
- using questionnaire construction guidelines to inform drafts, such as the Tailored Design Method, or those produced by National Statistical Organisations.
Empirical tests also provide insight into the quality of the questionnaire. This can be done by:
- conducting cognitive interviewing. By asking a sample of potential-respondents about their | 23,525 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
interpretation of the questions and use of the questionnaire, a researcher can
- carrying out a small pretest of the questionnaire, using a small subset of target respondents. Results can inform a researcher of errors such as missing questions, or logical and procedural errors.
- estimating the measurement quality of the questions. This can be done for instance using test-retest, quasi-simplex, or mutlitrait-multimethod models.
- predicting the measurement quality of the question. This can be done using the software Survey Quality Predictor (SQP).
# Types of questions.
- Closed-ended questions – Respondents' answers are limited to a fixed set of responses.
- Yes/no questions – The respondent | 23,526 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
answers with a "yes" or a "no".
- Multiple choice – The respondent has several option from which to choose.
- Scaled questions – Responses are graded on a continuum (e.g.: rate the appearance of the product on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the most preferred appearance). Examples of types of scales include the Likert scale, semantic differential scale, and rank-order scale. (See scale for further information)
- Matrix questions – Identical response categories are assigned to multiple questions. The questions are placed one under the other, forming a matrix with response categories along the top and a list of questions down the side. This is an efficient use of page space and the respondents' | 23,527 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
time.
- Open-ended questions – No options or predefined categories are suggested. The respondent supplies their own answer without being constrained by a fixed set of possible responses. Examples include:
- Completely unstructured – For example, "What is your opinion on questionnaires?"
- Word association – Words are presented and the respondent mentions the first word that comes to mind.
- Sentence completion – Respondents complete an incomplete sentence. For example, "The most important consideration in my decision to buy a new house is..."
- Story completion – Respondents complete an incomplete story.
- Picture completion – Respondents fill-in an empty speech balloon.
- Thematic apperception | 23,528 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
test – Respondents explain a picture or create a story about what they think is happening in the picture.
- Contingency question – A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question. This avoids asking questions of people that do not apply to them (for example, asking men if they have ever been pregnant).
# Multi-item scales.
Within social science research and practice, questionnaires are most frequently used to collect quantitative data using multi-item scales with the following characteristics:
- Multiple statements or questions (minimum ≥3; usually ≥5) are presented for each variable being examined.
- Each statement or question has an | 23,529 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
accompanying set of equidistant response-points (usually 5-7).
- Each response point has an accompanying verbal anchor (e.g., “strongly agree”) ascending from left to right.
- Verbal anchors should be balanced to reflect equal intervals between response-points.
- Collectively, a set of response-points and accompanying verbal anchors are referred to as a rating scale. One very frequently-used rating scale is a Likert scale.
- Usually, for clarity and efficiency, a single set of anchors is presented for multiple rating scales in a questionnaire.
- Collectively, a statement or question with an accompanying rating scale is referred to as an item.
- When multiple items measure the same variable | 23,530 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
in a reliable and valid way, they are collectively referred to as a multi-item scale, or a psychometric scale.
- The following types of reliability and validity should be established for a multi-item scale: internal reliability, test-retest reliability (if the variable is expected to be stable over time), content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity.
- Factor analysis is used in the scale development process.
- Questionnaires used to collect quantitative data usually comprise several multi-item scales, together with an introductory and concluding section.
# Questionnaire construction issues.
Before constructing a questionnaire survey, it is advisable to consider how the | 23,531 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
results of the research will be used. If the results won't influence the decision-making process, budgets won't allow implementing the findings, or the cost of research outweighs its usefulness, then there is little purpose in conducting the research.
The research objective(s) and frame-of-reference should be defined beforehand, including the questionnaire's context of time, budget, manpower, intrusion and privacy. The types of questions (e.g.: closed, multiple-choice, open) should fit the data analysis techniques available and the goals of the survey.
The manner (random or not) and location (sampling frame) for selecting respondents will determine whether the findings will be representative | 23,532 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
of the larger population.
The level of measurement – known as the scale, index, or typology – will determine what can be concluded from the data. A yes/no question will only reveal how many of the sample group answered yes or no, lacking the resolution to determine an average response. The nature of the expected responses should be defined and retained for interpretation.
A common method is to "research backwards" in building a questionnaire by first determining the information sought (i.e., Brand A is more/less preferred by "x%" of the sample vs. Brand B, and "y%" vs. Brand C), then being certain to ask all the needed questions to obtain the metrics for the report. Unneeded questions should | 23,533 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
be avoided, as they are an expense to the researcher and an unwelcome imposition on the respondents. All questions should contribute to the objective(s) of the research.
Topics should fit the respondents' frame of reference, as their background may affect their interpretation of the questions. Respondents should have enough information or expertise to answer the questions truthfully. Writing style should be conversational, yet concise and accurate and appropriate to the target audience and subject matter. The wording should be kept simple, without technical or specialized vocabulary. Ambiguous words, equivocal sentence structures and negatives may cause misunderstanding, possibly invalidating | 23,534 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
questionnaire results. Double negatives should be reworded as positives.
If a survey question actually contains more than one issue, the researcher will not know which one the respondent is answering. Care should be taken to ask one question at a time.
Questions and prepared responses (for multiple-choice) should be neutral as to intended outcome. A biased question or questionnaire encourages respondents to answer one way rather than another. Even questions without bias may leave respondents with expectations. The order or grouping of questions is also relevant; early questions may bias later questions. Loaded questions evoke emotional responses and may skew results.
The list of prepared | 23,535 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
responses should be collectively exhaustive; one solution is to use a final write-in category for "other ________". The possible responses should also be mutually exclusive, without overlap. Respondents should not find themselves in more than one category, for example in both the "married" category and the "single" category (in such a case there may be need for separate questions on marital status and living situation).
Many people will not answer personal or intimate questions. For this reason, questions about age, income, marital status, etc. are generally placed at the end of the survey. This way, even if the respondent refuses to answer these questions, he/she will have already answered | 23,536 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
the research questions.
Presentation of the questions on the page (or computer screen) and use of white space, colors, pictures, charts, or other graphics may affect respondent's interest – or distract from the questions. Numbering of questions may be helpful.
Questionnaires can be administered by research staff, by volunteers or self-administered by the respondents. Clear, detailed instructions are needed in either case, matching the needs of each audience
## Methods of collection.
There are a number of channels, or modes, that can be used to administer a questionnaire. Each has strengths and weaknesses, and therefore a researcher will generally need to tailor their questionnaire to the | 23,537 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
modes they will be using. For example, a questionnaire designed to be filled-out on paper may not operate in the same way when administered by telephone. These mode effects may be substantial enough that they threaten the validity of the research.
Using multiple modes can improve access to the population of interest when some members have different access, or have particular preferences.
## Question wording.
The way that a question is phrased can have a large impact on how a research participant will answer the question. Thus, survey researchers must be conscious of their wording when writing survey questions. It is important for researchers to keep in mind that different individuals, cultures, | 23,538 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
and subcultures can interpret certain words and phrases differently from one another.
There are two different types of questions that survey researchers use when writing a questionnaire: free-response questions and closed questions. Free-response questions are open-ended, whereas closed questions are usually multiple-choice. Free-response questions are beneficial because they allow the responder greater flexibility, but they are also very difficult to record and score, requiring extensive coding. Contrastingly, closed questions can be scored and coded more easily, but they diminish expressivity and spontaneity of the responder.
In general, the vocabulary of a question should be very simple | 23,539 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
and direct, and preferably under twenty words. Each question should be edited for readability and should avoid leading or loaded questions. If multiple questions are being used to measure one construct, some of the questions should be worded in the opposite direction to evade response bias.
A respondent's answer to an open-ended question can be coded into a response scale afterwards, or analysed using more qualitative methods.
## Question sequence.
Questions should flow logically, from the general to the specific, from least to most sensitive, from factual and behavioral matters to attitudes and opinions. When semi-automated, they should flow from unaided to aided questions. The researcher | 23,540 |
269927 | Questionnaire construction | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questionnaire%20construction | Questionnaire construction
ld ensure that the answer to a question is not influenced by previous questions.
According to the three-stage theory (also called the sandwich theory), questions should be asked in three stages:
- 1. screening and rapport questions
- 2. product-specific questions
- 3. demographic questions
# See also.
- Computer-assisted telephone interviewing
- Computer-assisted personal interviewing
- Automated computer telephone interviewing
- Official statistics
- Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Questionnaires
- Paid survey
- Data mining
- NIPO Software
- DIY research
- SPSS
- Marketing
- Marketing research
- Scale (social sciences)
- Statistical survey
- Quantitative marketing research | 23,541 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
Possessive determiner
Possessive determiners constitute a sub-class of determiners which modify a noun by attributing possession (or other sense of belonging) to someone or something. They are also known as possessive adjectives, although the latter term is sometimes used with a wider meaning.
Examples in English include possessive forms of the personal pronouns, namely: "my", "your", "his", "her", "its", "our" and "their", but excluding those forms such as "mine", "yours", "hers", "ours", and "theirs" that are used as possessive pronouns but not as determiners. Possessive determiners may also be taken to include possessive forms made from nouns, from other pronouns and from noun phrases, such | 23,542 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
as "John's", "the girl's", "somebody's", "the king of Spain's", when used to modify a following noun.
In many languages, possessive determiners are subject to agreement with the noun they modify, as in the French "mon", "ma", "mes", respectively the masculine singular, feminine singular and plural forms corresponding to the English "my".
# Comparison with determiners.
Possessive determiners, as used in English and some other languages, imply the definite article. For example, "my car" implies "the car that belongs to me/is used by me". (However, "This is the car I have" implies that it is the only car you have, whereas "This is my car" does not imply that to the same extent. When applied | 23,543 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
to relatives other than parents or spouse, there is no implication of uniqueness – "my brother" can mean equally well "one of my brothers" as "the one brother I have".) It is not correct to precede possessives with an article (*"the my car") or (in today's English) other definite determiner such as a demonstrative (*"this my car"), although they can combine with quantifiers in the same ways that "the" can ("all my cars", "my three cars", etc.; see English determiners). This is not the case in all languages; for example in Italian the possessive is usually preceded by another determiner such as an article, as in "la mia macchina" ("my car", literally "the my car").
# Nomenclature.
While some | 23,544 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
classify the words "my", "your", etc. as possessive adjectives, others, due to the differences noted above, do not consider them adjectives – at least, not in English – and prefer possessive determiners. In some other languages the equivalent parts of speech behave more like true adjectives, however.
The words "my", "your", etc. are sometimes classified, along with "mine", "yours" etc., as possessive pronouns or genitive pronouns, since they are the possessive (or genitive) forms of the ordinary personal pronouns "I", "you" etc. However, unlike most other pronouns, they do not behave grammatically as stand-alone nouns, but instead qualify another noun – as in "my book" (contrasted with "that's | 23,545 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
mine", for example, where "mine" substitutes for a complete noun phrase such as "my book"). For this reason, other authors restrict the term "possessive pronoun" to the group of words "mine", "yours" etc. that substitute directly for a noun or noun phrase.
Some authors who classify both sets of words as "possessive pronouns" or "genitive pronouns" apply the terms dependent/independent or weak/strong to refer, respectively, to "my", "your", etc. and "mine", "yours", etc. For example, under this scheme, "my" is termed a dependent possessive pronoun and "mine" an independent possessive pronoun.
# Possessive determiners in English.
The basic pronominal possessive determiners in modern English | 23,546 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
are "my", "your", "his", "her", "its", "our", "their" and "whose" (as in "Whose coat is this?" and "the man whose car was stolen"). As noted above, they indicate definiteness, like the definite article "the". Archaic forms include "thy" and "mine/thine" (for "my/thy" before a vowel). For details, see English personal pronouns.
Other possessive determiners (although they may not always be classed as such, though they play the same role in syntax) are the words and phrases formed by attaching the clitic "-'s" (or sometimes just an apostrophe after "-s") to other pronouns, to nouns and to noun phrases (sometimes called determiner phrases). Examples include "Jane's", "heaven's", "the boy's", "Jesus'," | 23,547 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
"the soldiers'," "those men's", "the king of England's", "one's", "somebody's".
For more details of the formation and use of possessives in English, see English possessive. For more details about the use of determiners generally, see English determiners.
# Other languages.
Though in English the possessive determiners indicate definiteness, in other languages the definiteness needs to be added separately for grammatical correctness.
In Norwegian the phrase "my book" would be "boka mi", where "boka" is the definite form of the feminine noun "bok" (book), and "mi" (my) is the possessive pronoun following feminine singular nouns.
In some Romance languages such as French and Italian, the gender | 23,548 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
of the possessive determiners agrees with the thing(s) owned, not with the owner. French, for example, in the singular, uses "son" for masculine nouns and also for feminine noun phrases starting with a vowel, "sa" elsewhere; compare "Il a perdu son chapeau" ("He lost his hat") with "Elle a perdu son chapeau" ("She lost her hat"). In this respect the possessive determiners in these languages resemble ordinary adjectives. French also correlates possessive determiners to both the plurality of the possessor and possessee, as in "notre voiture" (our car) and "nos voitures" (our cars). In Spanish, however, possessive determiners do not change for gender, e.g. "mi hijo y mi hija" ("my son and my daughter"), | 23,549 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
but do change for plurality of the possessee, e.g. "Mi esposa tiene mis gafas" ("My wife has my glasses"). Spanish possessive "pronouns" do agree with gender and plurality of the possessee, e.g. "Esas niñas son nuestras. Ese bolígrafo es nuestro." ("Those girls are ours. That pen is ours.").
In Italian, constructions such as "il tuo libro nero" ("the your book black ", rendered in English as "your black book") and "quel tuo libro nero" ("that your book black", rendered in English as "that black book of yours") are grammatically correct. In Italian, the possessive determiners behave in almost every respect like adjectives.
Some Germanic languages, such as English and Dutch, use different pronouns | 23,550 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
depending on the owner. English has the (uninflected) words "his" and "her"; Dutch uses the (uninflected) "zijn" and "haar". Other Germanic languages, such as German and several Dutch dialects including Limburgish and Brabantian, additionally use different forms depending on the grammatical gender of the object owned. German has "sein" (with inflected forms like "seine") for masculine and "ihr" (with inflected forms like "ihre") for feminine possessors; in German, the "hat" sentences above would be "Er hat seinen Hut verloren" (He lost his hat) and "Sie hat ihren Hut verloren" (She lost her hat) respectively. Brabantian also inflects "zijn" (his) and "haar" (her) according to the grammatical | 23,551 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
gender and number of the thing(s) owned.
Some languages have no distinctive possessive determiners, and express possession by declining personal pronouns in the genitive or possessive case, or by using possessive suffixes or particles. In Japanese, for example, "boku no" (a word for "I" coupled with the genitive particle "no"), is used for "my" or "mine". In Mandarin Chinese, the possessive determiner and possessive pronoun take the same form as each other: the form associated with "wǒ" ("I") is "wǒ de" ("my", "mine"), where "de" is the possessive particle.
Some languages use the same word for both the possessive determiner and the matching possessive pronoun. For example, in Finnish "meidän" | 23,552 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
can mean either "our" or "ours".
On the other hand, some Micronesian languages such as Pohnpeian have a large number of possessive classifiers that reflect both the possessor and the possessum: "nah pwihk" means "his (live) pig;" "ah pwihk" means "his (butchered) pig;" and "kene pwihk" means "pork; his pig (to eat)." As a further example, "tehnweren ohlo war" (-n that-man canoe) means "that man's canoe," referring to a person of high status.
# Semantics.
For possessive determiners as elsewhere, the genitive does not always indicate strict "possession", but rather a general sense of "belonging" or "close identification with". Consider the following examples:
- "my mother" or "my people"
- | 23,553 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
"his train" (as in "If Bob doesn't get to the station in ten minutes he's going to miss "his train"")
- "my CD" (as in "The kids are enjoying "my CD"")
# Forms.
Possessive determiners commonly have similar forms to personal pronouns. In addition, they have corresponding possessive pronouns, which are also phonetically similar. The following chart shows the English, German, and French personal pronouns, possessive determiners and possessive pronouns.
- * These forms are grammatically 3rd person plural, but refer to a naturally 2nd person.
# References.
- Biber, Douglas, "et al." (1999) "Longman Grammar of Spoken English." Harlow, Essex: Longman. .
- Jespersen, Otto. (1949) "A Modern English | 23,554 |
1804971 | Possessive determiner | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possessive%20determiner | Possessive determiner
ouns.
- * These forms are grammatically 3rd person plural, but refer to a naturally 2nd person.
# References.
- Biber, Douglas, "et al." (1999) "Longman Grammar of Spoken English." Harlow, Essex: Longman. .
- Jespersen, Otto. (1949) "A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles." Part 2 ("Syntax," vol. 1). Copenhagen: Munksgaard; London: George Allen and Unwin.
- Payne, John, and Rodney Huddleston. (2002) "Nouns and Noun Phrases." Chap. 5 of Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum. "The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
- Quirk, Randolph, "et al." (1985) "A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language." Harlow, Essex: Longman. . | 23,555 |
1804987 | Tommy Tedesco | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy%20Tedesco | Tommy Tedesco
Tommy Tedesco
Thomas J. Tedesco (July 3, 1930 – November 10, 1997) was an American guitarist and studio musician in Los Angeles and Hollywood. He was part of the loose collective of the area's leading session musicians later popularly known as The Wrecking Crew, who played on thousands of studio recordings in the 1960s and 1970s, including several hundred Top 40 hits.
Tedesco's playing credits include the theme from television's "Bonanza", "The Twilight Zone", Vic Mizzy's theme from "Green Acres", "M*A*S*H", "Batman", and "Elvis Presley's '68 Comeback Special". Tedesco was shown on-camera in a number of game and comedy shows, and played ex-con guitarist Tommy Marinucci, a member of Happy Kyne's | 23,556 |
1804987 | Tommy Tedesco | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy%20Tedesco | Tommy Tedesco
Mirth-Makers, in the talk-show spoof "Fernwood 2 Night".
# Career.
Born in Niagara Falls, New York, Tedesco moved to the West Coast where he became one of the most-sought-after studio musicians between the 1960s and 1980s. Although he was primarily a guitar player, he also played mandolin, ukulele, sitar and over twenty other stringed instruments.
Tedesco was described by "Guitar Player" magazine as the most recorded guitarist in history, having played on thousands of recordings, many of which were top 20 hits. He recorded with most of the top musicians working in the Los Angeles area including the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Everly Brothers, the Association, Barbra Streisand, | 23,557 |
1804987 | Tommy Tedesco | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy%20Tedesco | Tommy Tedesco
Jan and Dean, the 5th Dimension, Elvis Presley, Sam Cooke, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Zappa, Ricky Nelson, Cher, and Nancy and Frank Sinatra as well as on Richard Harris's classic "MacArthur Park". His playing can be found on Jack Nitzsche's "The Lonely Surfer", on Wayne Newton's version of "Danke Schoen", B. Bumble and the Stingers's "Nut Rocker", the Rip Chords' "Hey Little Cobra", the Ronettes' "Be My Baby", the Sandpipers' "Guantanamera", the T-Bones' "No Matter What Shape'" and Nino Tempo & April Stevens' version of "Deep Purple". For "Guitar Player", Tedesco wrote a regular column called "Studio Log" in which he would describe a day's work recording a movie, TV show or album, the special challenges | 23,558 |
1804987 | Tommy Tedesco | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy%20Tedesco | Tommy Tedesco
each job posed and how he solved them, what instruments he used, and how much money he made on the job.
Tedesco also performed on film soundtracks such as "The French Connection", "The Godfather", "Jaws", "The Deer Hunter", "Field of Dreams", "Gloria" plus several Elvis Presley films. He was also the guitarist for the Original Roxy cast of "The Rocky Horror Show". Additionally, he performed the opening guitar solo for the Howard Hawks and John Wayne film "Rio Lobo". He was one of the very few sidemen credited for work on animated cartoons for "The Ant and the Aardvark" cartoons (1968–1971).
As a solo artist, Tedesco recorded a number of jazz guitar albums, but his musical career ended in 1992 | 23,559 |
1804987 | Tommy Tedesco | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy%20Tedesco | Tommy Tedesco
when he suffered a stroke that resulted in partial paralysis. The following year he published his autobiography, "Confessions of a Guitar Player".
Tedesco died of lung cancer in 1997, at the age of 67, in Northridge, California. His son, Denny Tedesco, directed the 2008 documentary film "The Wrecking Crew", which features interviews with Tommy and many of his fellow session musicians. The film finally saw theatrical release in 2015, after musical rights were cleared. Before that it had been screened only at film festivals, where clearance rights were not required.
# Awards.
In 2017, Tommy Tedesco was posthumously inducted into the Niagara Falls Music Hall of Fame.
# Selected discography.
## | 23,560 |
1804987 | Tommy Tedesco | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy%20Tedesco | Tommy Tedesco
As leader.
- "The Electric Twelve-String Guitar" (Imperial Records, 1964)
- "The Guitars of Tommy Tedesco" (Imperial Records, 1965)
- "Calypso Soul" (Imperial Records, 1966)
- "When Do We Start" (Discovery, 1978)
- "Autumn" (Trend, 1978)
- "My Desiree" (Discovery, 1981)
- "Carnival Time" (Trend/Discovery, 1983)
- "Hollywood Gypsy" (Discovery, 1986)
- "Tommy Tedesco Performs Roumanis' Jazz Rhapsody for Guitar & Orchestra" (Capri 1992)
## As sideman.
With Chet Baker
- "Blood, Chet and Tears" (Verve, 1970)
With Don Ellis
- "Haiku" (MPS, 1974)
With Quincy Jones
- "The Hot Rock OST" (Prophesy, 1972)
With Jack Nitzsche
- "Heart Beat" (Soundtrack) (Capitol, 1980)
With Lalo Schifrin
- | 23,561 |
1804987 | Tommy Tedesco | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy%20Tedesco | Tommy Tedesco
ody for Guitar & Orchestra" (Capri 1992)
## As sideman.
With Chet Baker
- "Blood, Chet and Tears" (Verve, 1970)
With Don Ellis
- "Haiku" (MPS, 1974)
With Quincy Jones
- "The Hot Rock OST" (Prophesy, 1972)
With Jack Nitzsche
- "Heart Beat" (Soundtrack) (Capitol, 1980)
With Lalo Schifrin
- "The Cincinnati Kid" (soundtrack) (MGM, 1965)
- "" (Dot, 1967)
- "" (Paramount, 1968)
- "Mannix" (Paramount, 1968)
- "The Fox" (soundtrack) (MGM, 1968)
- "Che!" (soundtrack) (Tetragrammaton, 1969)
- "Kelly's Heroes" (soundtrack) (MGM, 1970)
- "Enter the Dragon" (soundtrack) (Warner Bros., 1973)
- "Gloria" (Columbia, 1980)
With Hugh Masekela
- "Herb Alpert / Hugh Masekela" (Horizon, 1978) | 23,562 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
Renin–angiotensin system
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS), or renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as systemic vascular resistance.
When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor prorenin (already present in the blood) into renin and secrete it directly into circulation. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen, released by the liver, to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, predominantly those | 23,563 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
of the lungs. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance). This increases the volume of extracellular fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.
If the RAS is abnormally active, blood pressure will be too high. There are many drugs that interrupt different steps in this system to lower blood pressure. These drugs | 23,564 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
are one of the primary ways to control high blood pressure, heart failure, kidney failure, and harmful effects of diabetes.
# Activation.
"Further information: Autoregulation
The system can be activated when there is a loss of blood volume or a drop in blood pressure (such as in hemorrhage or dehydration). This loss of pressure is interpreted by baroreceptors in the carotid sinus. It can also be activated by a decrease in the filtrate sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration or a decreased filtrate flow rate that will stimulate the macula densa to signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin.
- 1. If the perfusion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney's macula densa decreases, | 23,565 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
then the juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells, modified pericytes in the glomerular capillary) release the enzyme renin.
- 2. Renin cleaves a decapeptide from angiotensinogen, a globular protein. The decapeptide is known as angiotensin I.
- 3. Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide, "angiotensin II" by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. One study in 1992 found ACE in all blood vessel endothelial cells.
- 4. Angiotensin II is the major bioactive product of the renin–angiotensin system, binding to receptors on intraglomerular | 23,566 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
mesangial cells, causing these cells to contract along with the blood vessels surrounding them and causing the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex. Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine, autocrine/paracrine, and intracrine hormone.
# Cardiovascular effects.
"Further reading: Angiotensin effects and Aldosterone function"
It is believed that angiotensin I may have some minor activity, but angiotensin II is the major bio-active product. Angiotensin II has a variety of effects on the body:
- Throughout the body, angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor of arterioles.
- In the kidneys, angiotensin II constricts glomerular arterioles, having a greater effect | 23,567 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
on efferent arterioles than afferent. As with most other capillary beds in the body, the constriction of afferent arterioles increases the arteriolar resistance, raising systemic arterial blood pressure and decreasing the blood flow. However, the kidneys must continue to filter enough blood despite this drop in blood flow, necessitating mechanisms to keep glomerular blood pressure up. To do this, angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles, which forces blood to build up in the glomerulus, increasing glomerular pressure. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is thus maintained, and blood filtration can continue despite lowered overall kidney blood flow. Because the filtration fraction has increased, | 23,568 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
there is less plasma fluid in the downstream peritubular capillaries. This in turn leads to a decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure (due to unfiltered plasma proteins) in the peritubular capillaries. The effect of decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries will facilitate increased reabsorption of tubular fluid.
- Angiotensin II decreases medullary blood flow through the vasa recta. This decreases the washout of NaCl and urea in the kidney medullary space. Thus, higher concentrations of NaCl and urea in the medulla facilitate increased absorption of tubular fluid. Furthermore, increased reabsorption of fluid into the | 23,569 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
medulla will increase passive reabsorption of sodium along the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.
- Angiotensin II stimulates / exchangers located on the apical membranes (faces the tubular lumen) of cells in the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in addition to channels in the collecting ducts. This will ultimately lead to increased sodium reabsorption.
- Angiotensin II stimulates the hypertrophy of renal tubule cells, leading to further sodium reabsorption.
- In the adrenal cortex, angiotensin II acts to cause the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the tubules (e.g., the distal convoluted tubules and the cortical collecting ducts) in the kidneys, | 23,570 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
causing them to reabsorb more sodium and water from the urine. This increases blood volume and, therefore, increases blood pressure. In exchange for the reabsorbing of sodium to blood, potassium is secreted into the tubules, becomes part of urine and is excreted.
- Angiotensin II causes the release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin – ADH is made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. As its name suggests, it also exhibits vaso-constrictive properties, but its main course of action is to stimulate reabsorption of water in the kidneys. ADH also acts on the central nervous system to increase an individual's appetite for salt, and to stimulate | 23,571 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
the sensation of thirst.
These effects directly act together to increase blood pressure and are opposed by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
# Local renin–angiotensin systems.
Locally expressed renin–angiotensin systems have been found in a number of tissues, including the kidneys, adrenal glands, the heart, vasculature and nervous system, and have a variety of functions, including local cardiovascular regulation, in association or independently of the systemic renin–angiotensin system, as well as non-cardiovascular functions. Outside the kidneys, renin is predominantly picked up from the circulation but may be secreted locally in some tissues; its precursor prorenin is highly expressed in | 23,572 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
tissues and more than half of circulating prorenin is of extrarenal origin, but its physiological role besides serving as precursor to renin is still unclear. Outside the liver, angiotensinogen is picked up from the circulation or expressed locally in some tissues; with renin they form angiotensin I, and locally expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme, chymase or other enzymes can transform it into angiotensin II. This process can be intracellular or interstitial.
In the adrenal glands, it is likely involved in the paracrine regulation of aldosterone secretion; in the heart and vasculature, it may be involved in remodeling or vascular tone; and in the brain, where it is largely independent | 23,573 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
of the circulatory RAS, it may be involved in local blood pressure regulation. In addition, both the central and peripheral nervous systems can use angiotensin for sympathetic neurotransmission. Other places of expression include the reproductive system, the skin and digestive organs. Medications aimed at the systemic system may affect the expression of those local systems, beneficially or adversely.
# Fetal renin–angiotensin system.
In the fetus, the renin–angiotensin system is predominantly a sodium-losing system, as angiotensin II has little or no effect on aldosterone levels. Renin levels are high in the fetus, while angiotensin II levels are significantly lower; this is due to the limited | 23,574 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
pulmonary blood flow, preventing ACE (found predominantly in the pulmonary circulation) from having its maximum effect.
# Clinical significance.
- ACE inhibitors–inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme are often used to reduce the formation of the more potent angiotensin II. Captopril is an example of an ACE inhibitor. ACE cleaves a number of other peptides, and in this capacity is an important regulator of the kinin–kallikrein system, as such blocking ACE can lead to side effects.
- Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, can be used to prevent angiotensin II from acting on its receptors.
- Direct renin inhibitors can also be used for hypertension. | 23,575 |
269931 | Renin–angiotensin system | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renin–angiotensin%20system | Renin–angiotensin system
t angiotensin II. Captopril is an example of an ACE inhibitor. ACE cleaves a number of other peptides, and in this capacity is an important regulator of the kinin–kallikrein system, as such blocking ACE can lead to side effects.
- Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, can be used to prevent angiotensin II from acting on its receptors.
- Direct renin inhibitors can also be used for hypertension. The drugs that inhibit renin are aliskiren and the investigational remikiren.
- Vaccines against angiotensin II, for example CYT006-AngQb, have been investigated.
# See also.
- ACE inhibitors
- Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers | 23,576 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
Scottish Episcopal Church
The seven dioceses of the Scottish Episcopal Church (; ) make up the ecclesiastical province of the Anglican Communion in Scotland. The church has, since the 18th century, held an identity distinct from that of the Presbyterian-aligned Church of Scotland.
A continuation of the Church of Scotland as it was intended by King James VI, and as it was for the approximately 30-year period from the Restoration of Charles II to the re-establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland following the Glorious Revolution, the Episcopal Church of Scotland is now a member of the Anglican Communion. It recognises the position of the Archbishop of Canterbury as president of the Anglican | 23,577 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
Instruments of Communion, but without jurisdiction in Scotland "per se". This close but ambivalent relationship – consisting of a partial recognition of the authority of the Church of England, yet concurrent claim of independence – results from the unique history of the Scottish Episcopal Church.
Scotland's third largest church, the Scottish Episcopal Church has 303 local congregations. According to the Mission Atlas Project, 85,000 affiliates identify with the Scottish Episcopal Church with the members being "largely upper middle class with a large number of landed aristocrats." In the 2011 Census a total of more than 100,000 residents of Scotland declared themselves to be either Episcopalians | 23,578 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
or members of another denomination of the Anglican Communion. The all-age membership of the church in 2017 was 30,909 of whom 22,073 were communicant members. Weekly attendance was 12,149.
The current Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church is Mark Strange, elected since 27 June 2017.
# Official name.
The Scottish Episcopal Church was previously called the Episcopal Church in Scotland, reflecting its role as the Scottish province of the Anglican Communion. Although not incorporated until 1712, the Scottish Episcopal Church traces its origins including but extending beyond the Reformation and sees itself in continuity with the church established by Ninian, Columba, Kentigern, and other Celtic | 23,579 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
saints. The Church of Scotland claims the same continuity.
The church is sometimes pejoratively referred to in Scotland as the "English Kirk", but this can cause offence.
This is probably in part due to the fact that it is, nonetheless, a union of the non-juring Episcopalians with the "qualified congregations" who worshipped according to the liturgy of the Church of England.
# History.
## Origins of Christianity in Scotland.
Saint Ninian conducted the first Christian mission to what is now southern Scotland.
In 563 AD, Saint Columba travelled to Scotland with twelve companions, where according to legend he first landed at the southern tip of the Kintyre peninsula, near Southend. However, | 23,580 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
being still in sight of his native land he moved further north along the west coast of Scotland. He was granted land on the island of Iona off the Isle of Mull which became the centre of his evangelising mission to the Picts. However, there is a sense in which he did not leave his native people, as the Irish Gaels had been colonising the west coast of Scotland for some time. Aside from the services he provided guiding the only centre of literacy in the region, his reputation as a holy man led to his role as a diplomat among the tribes; there are also many stories of miracles which he performed during his work to convert the Picts. He visited the pagan king Bridei, king of Fortriu, at his base | 23,581 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
in Inverness, winning the king's respect and Columba subsequently played a major role in the politics of that country. He was also very energetic in his evangelical work; in addition to founding several churches in the Hebrides, he worked to turn his monastery at Iona into a school for missionaries. He was a renowned man of letters, having written several hymns and being credited with having transcribed 300 books personally. He died on Iona and was buried in the abbey he established.
The Scottish church would continue to grow in the centuries that followed, and in the 11th century Saint Margaret of Scotland (Queen Consort of Malcolm III of Scotland) strengthened the church's ties with the Holy | 23,582 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
See as did successive monarchs such as Margaret's son, David, who invited several religious orders to establish monasteries.
## Reformation.
The Scottish Reformation was formalised in 1560, when the Church of Scotland broke with the Church of Rome during a process of Protestant reform led, among others, by John Knox. It reformed its doctrines and government, drawing on the principles of John Calvin which Knox had been exposed to while living in Switzerland. In 1560, the Scottish Parliament abolished papal jurisdiction and approved Calvin's Confession of Faith, but did not accept many of the principles laid out in Knox's "First Book of Discipline", which argued, among other things, that all | 23,583 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
of the assets of the old church should pass to the new. The 1560 Reformation Settlement was not ratified by the crown for some years, and the question of church government also remained largely unresolved. In 1572 the acts of 1560 were finally approved by the young James VI, but under pressure from many of the nobles the Concordat of Leith also allowed the crown to appoint bishops with the church's approval. John Knox himself had no clear views on the office of bishop, preferring to see them renamed as 'superintendents'; but in response to the new Concordat a Presbyterian party emerged headed by Andrew Melville, the author of the "Second Book of Discipline".
The Scottish Episcopal Church began | 23,584 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
as a distinct church in 1582, when the Church of Scotland rejected episcopal government (by bishops) and adopted a presbyterian government by elders as well as reformed theology. Scottish monarchs made repeated efforts to introduce bishops and two ecclesiastical traditions competed.
## Episcopal government imposed by the Stuarts.
In 1584, James VI of Scotland had the Parliament of Scotland pass the "Black Acts", appointing two bishops and administering the Church of Scotland under direct royal control. This met vigorous opposition and he was forced to concede that the General Assembly should continue to run the church. Calvinists who disliked the more ceremonious style of liturgy were opposed | 23,585 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
by an Episcopalian faction. After ascending to the English throne in 1603 James stopped the General Assembly from meeting, increased the number of Scottish bishops and in 1618 held a General Assembly in Perth; this gathering adopted "Five Articles" of Episcopalian practices. Many Scottish church leaders, and their congregations, responded to the Five Articles with boycotts and disdain.
James's son Charles I was crowned in Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, in 1633 with full Anglican rites. Subsequently, in 1637, Charles attempted to introduce a version of the "Book of Common Prayer", written by a group of Scottish prelates, most notably the Archbishop of St Andrews, John Spottiswoode, and the Bishop | 23,586 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
of Ross, John Maxwell, and edited for printing by the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud; it was a combination of Knox's "Book of Common Order", which was in use before 1637, and English liturgy in hopes of further unifying the (Anglican) Church of England and the (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland. When the revised "Book of Common Prayer" was used for the first time during worship on 23 July 1637 in St Giles' Edinburgh, it sparked a riot which was so representative of the strength of popular feeling in Scotland that it indirectly precipitated the Bishops' Wars and this successful challenge of royal authority helped encourage many unhappy Irish Catholics into partaking in the Irish Rebellion | 23,587 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
of 1641 and the already increasingly uncooperative English Parliament into likewise declaring war on the king in the English Civil War. As a result of the weakness of the king, Presbyterian Covenanters were able to become the de facto government in Scotland until disagreement between the Scottish and English Parliaments over how to run Britain in terms of both civil and religious governance after the king was defeated led to another war and Scotland's conquest by the Covenanters' erstwhile allies the English Parliament's New Model Army.
Following the Restoration of the monarch in 1660, the government of Charles II reimposed episcopacy, and required all clergymen to swear allegiance to the king | 23,588 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
and bishops and renounce the Covenants, or be prevented from preaching in church. Up to a third, at least 270, of the ministry refused, mostly in the south-west of Scotland, and numerous ministers also took to preaching in the open fields in conventicles across the south of Scotland, often attracting thousands of worshippers. This was forcibly repressed by the government, in actions later dubbed The Killing Time. The conflict continued under King James VII of Scotland (also James II of England) until the Glorious Revolution led to his removal from power.
With the 1689 refusal of the Scottish bishops to swear allegiance to William of Orange whilst James VII lived and had not abdicated, the Presbyterian | 23,589 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
polity was finally re-established in the Church of Scotland. However, the Comprehension Act of 1690 allowed Episcopalian incumbents, upon taking the Oath of Allegiance, to retain their benefices, though excluding them from any share in the government of the Church of Scotland without a further declaration of Presbyterian principles. Many 'non-jurors' also succeeded for a time in retaining the use of the parish churches.
The excluded Scottish bishops were slow to organise the Episcopalian remnant under a jurisdiction independent of the state, regarding the then arrangements as provisional, and looking forward to a reconstituted national Episcopal Church under a sovereign they regarded as legitimate | 23,590 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
(see Jacobitism). A few prelates, known as college bishops, were consecrated without sees, to preserve the succession rather than to exercise a defined authority. At length the hopelessness of the Stuart cause and the growth of congregations outside the establishment forced the bishops to dissociate canonical jurisdiction from royal prerogative and to reconstitute for themselves a territorial episcopate.
The Scottish "Book of Common Prayer" came into general use at start of the reign of William and Mary. The Scottish Communion Office, compiled by the non-jurors in accordance with primitive models, has had a varying co-ordinate authority, and the modifications of the English liturgy that would | 23,591 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
be adopted by the American Church were mainly determined by its influence.
Among the clergy of post-Revolution days the most eminent are Bishop John Sage, a well-known patristic scholar; Bishop Rattray, liturgiologist; John Skinner, of Longside, author of "Tullochgorum"; Bishop Gleig, editor of the 3rd edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica"; Dean Ramsay, author of "Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character"; Bishop A. P. Forbes; G. H. Forbes, liturgiologist; and Bishop Charles Wordsworth. Bishop James Sharp, a former moderate Covenanter and Resolutioner, was appointed Archbishop of St Andrews and primate of Scotland in 1661. He was reviled by Covenanters, and his murder in 1679 led to | 23,592 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
an escalation of hostilities.
## From the Union of England and Scotland in 1707.
In 1707 Scotland and England were merged into a single Kingdom of Great Britain. The Scottish Episcopalians Act of 1711 protected the Episcopal Church, which marked its virtual incorporation as a distinct society. However, matters were still complicated by a considerable, though declining, number of Episcopalian incumbents holding parish churches. Moreover, the Jacobitism of the non-jurors provoked a state policy of repression in 1715 and 1745, and fostered the growth of new Hanoverian congregations, using the English Prayer Book (served by clergy who had been ordained by a bishop but amenable to none), who qualified | 23,593 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
themselves under the act of 1711. This act was further modified in 1746 and 1748 to exclude clergy ordained in Scotland.
These causes reduced the Episcopalians who, by 1689, had been a large section of the population to a minority, save in a few corners of the west and north-east of Scotland. Their official recognition of George III, on the death of Charles Edward Stuart in 1788, removed the chief bar to progress. In 1792 the penal laws were repealed, but clerical disabilities were only finally removed in 1864. The Qualified Chapels were gradually absorbed in the early 19th century.
After the independence of the Thirteen Colonies, the Scottish Episcopal Church also took the step of consecrating | 23,594 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
Samuel Seabury at Aberdeen in 1784. He became the first bishop of the American Episcopal Church after being refused consecration by Church of England clergy. In this way, it can be said that the Episcopal Church in the United States owes as much of its origins to the Scottish Episcopal Church as to the Church of England.
The Theological College was founded in 1810, incorporated with Trinity College, Glenalmond, in 1848, and re-established at Edinburgh in 1876. Theological training is now provided by the various dioceses and is supervised by the Theological Institute of the Scottish Episcopal Church (TISEC).
In 1900 the church had 356 congregations, with a total membership of 124,335 and 324 | 23,595 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
working clergy. Membership did not grow in the following decades as it was believed it would.
In 1989 there were approximately 200 stipendiary and 80 non-stipendiary clergy. Membership was 65,000, with 31,000 communicants.
In 1995, the Scottish Episcopal Church began working through a process known as "Mission 21". Canon Alice Mann of the Alban Institute was invited to begin developing a missionary emphasis within the congregations of the church throughout Scotland. This led to the development of the "Making Your Church More Inviting" programme which has now been completed by many congregations. In addition to working on making churches more inviting, "Mission 21" emphasises reaching out to | 23,596 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
new populations which have previously not been contacted by the church. As "Mission 21" has developed, changing patterns of ministry have become part of its remit.
## 21st century.
In terms of official membership, Episcopalians constitute well under 1 per cent of the population of Scotland, making them considerably smaller than the Church of Scotland. The church has 310 parishes with a 2012 adult membership of 34,916 and communicant numbers some 10,000 fewer at 24,650. As with other churches in Scotland, attendance has declined over recent years: the overall figures reflect rises in some dioceses and decline in others, but amount to an overall fall in attendance of 15 per cent between 2007 | 23,597 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
and 2012. The church's 2016 annual report noted a "continuing decline in overall numbers", and in almost identical language it was reported in 2018 that the church faced "continuing decline in members and attendance".
In recent decades, the Scottish Episcopal Church has taken a left-of-centre stand on various political issues including economic justice, the ordination of women and "inclusion". The Church canon was altered to allow same-sex marriage after it was formally approved by the General Synod in June 2017, despite the protests of some, including the representatives of the conservative diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney.
Following the vote, a number of individual congregations have begun | 23,598 |
269882 | Scottish Episcopal Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish%20Episcopal%20Church | Scottish Episcopal Church
to leave the church, although they have been obliged to leave their buildings and funds behind them. In November 2017 a high-profile female supporter of same-sex marriage, Anne Dyer was appointed bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney by the other bishops, rather than elected as usual. This drew protests, but the primus attacked these as "subversion" Ms. Dyer was consecrated in March 2018 A number of clergy subsequently resigned, and in January 2019 the Westhill Community Church voted to leave the SEC.
The Scottish Episcopal Institute, a theological college for the whole of the Scottish Episcopal Church, was founded in 2015. It provides training for both lay ministers and ordained clergy.
# Structure.
## | 23,599 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.