wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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1804896 | Prunus serotina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus%20serotina | Prunus serotina
often grow in very large numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by mowing and grazing. Entire fencerows can be lined with this poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches falling into the grazing area. Black cherry is a leading cause of livestock illness, and grazing animals access to it should be limited.
# Pests and diseases.
"P. serotina" is a host of caterpillars of various Lepidoptera (see List of Lepidoptera which feed on "Prunus"). The eastern tent caterpillar defoliates entire groves some springs.
# Uses.
Known as capolcuahuitl in Nahuatl (the source of the "capuli" epithet), it was an important food in pre-Columbian Mexico.
The wood of | 23,400 |
1804896 | Prunus serotina | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunus%20serotina | Prunus serotina
epidoptera (see List of Lepidoptera which feed on "Prunus"). The eastern tent caterpillar defoliates entire groves some springs.
# Uses.
Known as capolcuahuitl in Nahuatl (the source of the "capuli" epithet), it was an important food in pre-Columbian Mexico.
The wood of "Prunus serotina" is also used as a spice in foods, as it imparts a unique flavor.
"Prunus serotina" timber is valuable; perhaps the premier cabinetry timber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". High quality cherry timber is known for its strong orange hues and high price. Low-quality wood, as well as the sap wood, can be more tan. Its density when dried is around .
"Prunus serotina" trees are sometimes planted ornamentally. | 23,401 |
1804933 | Gaius Marius Victorinus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Marius%20Victorinus | Gaius Marius Victorinus
Gaius Marius Victorinus
Gaius Marius Victorinus (also known as Victorinus Afer; fl. 4th century) was a Roman grammarian, rhetorician and Neoplatonic philosopher. Victorinus was African by birth and experienced the height of his career during the reign of Constantius II. He is also known for translating two of Aristotle's books from ancient Greek into Latin: the "Categories" and "On Interpretation" ("De Interpretatione"). Victorinus had a religious conversion, from being a pagan to a Christian, "at an advanced old age" (c. 355).
# Life.
Victorinus, at some unknown point, left Africa for Rome (hence some modern scholars have dubbed him "Afer"), probably for a teaching position, and had great | 23,402 |
1804933 | Gaius Marius Victorinus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Marius%20Victorinus | Gaius Marius Victorinus
success in his career, eventually being promoted to the lowest level of the senatorial order. That promotion probably came at the time when he received an honorific statue in the Forum of Trajan in 354 (Jerome supplied biographical information but was not his student). Victorinus' religious conversion from Platonism to Christianity (c. 355), "at an advanced old age" according to Jerome, made a great impression on Augustine of Hippo, as recounted in Book 8 of the latter's "Confessions". His conversion is historically important in foreshadowing the conversion of more and more of the traditionally pagan intellectual class, from the gods who in pagan belief had made Rome great.
Brought up a Christian, | 23,403 |
1804933 | Gaius Marius Victorinus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Marius%20Victorinus | Gaius Marius Victorinus
Emperor Julian had converted to a philosophical and mystical form of paganism; and once in power upon the providential death of Constantius II, then Julian attempted to reorganize the highly decentralized pagan cults, on lines analogous to the Christian Church. The emperor, wanting to purge the schools of Christian teachers, published an edict in June 362 mandating that all state appointed professors receive approval from municipal councils (the emperor's accompanying brief indicated his express disapproval of Christians lecturing on the poems of Homer or Virgil with their religion being incongruous with the religion of Homer and Virgil). Victorinus resigned his position as official "rhetor | 23,404 |
1804933 | Gaius Marius Victorinus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Marius%20Victorinus | Gaius Marius Victorinus
of the city of Rome", professor of rhetoric, not an orator. The sprightly old professor kept writing treatises on the Trinity to defend the adequacy of the Nicene Creed's definition of Christ the Son being "of the same substance" ("homoousios" in Greek) with the Father. After finishing this series of works (begun probably in late 357), he turned his hand to writing commentaries on the Pauline Epistles, the first in Latin. Although it seems from internal references that he wrote commentaries on Romans and the Corinthians letters as well, all that remains are works, with some lacunae, on Galatians, Ephesians, and Philippians (the comments from the first 16 verses of this latter are missing).
We | 23,405 |
1804933 | Gaius Marius Victorinus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Marius%20Victorinus | Gaius Marius Victorinus
are fairly well informed on his previous works, mostly texts for his teaching areas of grammar and rhetoric. His most important works from the standpoint of the history of philosophy were translations of Platonist authors (Plotinus and Porphyry at least), which are unfortunately lost. They greatly moved Augustine and set him on a road of creating a careful synthesis of Christianity and Neoplatonism that was tremendously influential. Victorinus wrote a brief treatise "De Definitionibus" ("On Definition") that lists and discusses various types of definitions used by rhetoricians and philosophers; he recommends the "substantial definitions" preferred by the latter (prior to the late 19th century | 23,406 |
1804933 | Gaius Marius Victorinus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Marius%20Victorinus | Gaius Marius Victorinus
this work was ascribed to Boethius). Victorinus' manual of prosody, in four books, taken almost literally from the work of Aelius Aphthonius, still exists. It is doubtful that he is the author of certain other treatises attributed to him on metrical and grammatical subjects. His commentary on Cicero's "De Inventione" is very diffuse.
He retained his Neoplatonic philosophy after becoming Christian, and in "Liber de generatione divini Verbi", he states that God is above being, and thus it can even be said that He is not. Victorinus noted, "Since God is the cause of being, it can be said in a certain sense, that God truly is (vere ων), but this expression merely means that being is in God as an | 23,407 |
1804933 | Gaius Marius Victorinus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Marius%20Victorinus | Gaius Marius Victorinus
effect is in an eminent cause, which contains it though being superior to it."
# Works.
Mary T. Clark has identified the following works of Marius Victorinus
## Theological works.
- Candidi Arriani ad Marium Victorinum rhetorem de generatione divina
- Marii Victorini rhetoris urbis Romae ad Candidum Arrianum
- Candidi Arriani epistola ad Marium Victorinum rhetorem
- Adversus Arium
- I. Liber Primus
- IA. pars prior
- IB. pars posterior
- II. Liber Secundus
- III. Liber Tertius
- IV. Liber Quartus
- De homoousio recipiendo
- Hymnus Primus
- Hymnus Secundus
- Hymnus Tertius
## Exegetical works.
- In epistolam Pauli ad Ephesios libri duo
- In epistolam Pauli ad Galatas libri | 23,408 |
1804933 | Gaius Marius Victorinus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius%20Marius%20Victorinus | Gaius Marius Victorinus
us
- IA. pars prior
- IB. pars posterior
- II. Liber Secundus
- III. Liber Tertius
- IV. Liber Quartus
- De homoousio recipiendo
- Hymnus Primus
- Hymnus Secundus
- Hymnus Tertius
## Exegetical works.
- In epistolam Pauli ad Ephesios libri duo
- In epistolam Pauli ad Galatas libri duo
- In epistolam Pauli ad Philippenses liber unicus
## Secular works.
- Ars grammatica
- Explanationes in Ciceronis Rhetorican
- In Ciceronis Topica commenta "(lost)"
- De syllogismis hypotheticis "(lost)"
# See also.
- Book of the 24 Philosophers
- Maria (gens)
# External links.
- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina
- Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum: complete texts and full bibliography | 23,409 |
1804949 | Palibythus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palibythus | Palibythus
Palibythus
Palibythus magnificus, sometimes called the musical furry lobster, is a species of furry lobster found in Polynesia. It is generally included in the family Palinuridae, although it has also been separated from that family with the genus "Palinurellus" to form the family Synaxidae in the past. The species is known in Samoan as "", a name which also covers the deep-water shrimp "Heterocarpus laevigatus".
# Distribution.
"Palibythus" is only known to occur around Samoa and the Tuamotu Archipelago. It lives at greater depth than "Palinurellus" – from to – and is slightly larger, at up to in length. All the specimens held in natural history museums stem from the waters of Samoa, with | 23,410 |
1804949 | Palibythus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palibythus | Palibythus
only photos so far known of an animal from the Tuamotu Archipelago that is "almost definitely this species".
# Sound.
Like other spiny lobsters (with the exception of the genera "Jasus" and "Projasus"), "Palibythus" is capable of making a loud screeching noise to distract or discourage potential predators. This is achieved by rubbing plectra at the base of the antennae against elongated "files" on the sides of the antennular plate.
# Relatives.
"Palibythus" was originally placed with "Palinurellus" in the family Synaxidae, on the basis that both genera possess a triangular rostrum which is absent in the other genera of spiny lobsters, and that both genera lack the supra-orbital horns found | 23,411 |
1804949 | Palibythus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palibythus | Palibythus
"Palinurellus" in the family Synaxidae, on the basis that both genera possess a triangular rostrum which is absent in the other genera of spiny lobsters, and that both genera lack the supra-orbital horns found in the other spiny lobster genera. Despite this, however, the two genera of furry lobsters are not sister taxa. The genera most closely related to "Palibythus" are "Panulirus" and "Palinurus", while "Palinurellus" is closest to "Jasus" and "Projasus", two other genera which lack the stridulating organ.
# Fishery.
Although "Palibythus" is a large enough lobster to provide food for human consumption, its rarity, and the depths at which it lives, seem to preclude any commercial fishery. | 23,412 |
1804972 | Mellow Yellow (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellow%20Yellow%20(album) | Mellow Yellow (album)
Mellow Yellow (album)
Mellow Yellow is the fourth album from British singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in the US in March 1967 (Epic Records LN 24239 (monaural) / BN 26239 (rechanneled stereo), but not released in the UK because of a continuing contractual dispute that also prevented "Sunshine Superman" from a UK release. In June 1967, a cross-section of both albums was released as "Sunshine Superman" (Pye Records NPL 18181) in the UK. "Mellow Yellow" was the name of Donovan's hit single released the previous November.
# History.
The songs on "Mellow Yellow" represent a transition in Donovan's writing. Donovan's songs had previously illustrated his infatuation with an ability to define | 23,413 |
1804972 | Mellow Yellow (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellow%20Yellow%20(album) | Mellow Yellow (album)
the mid-sixties pop music scene. On "Mellow Yellow" this is still evident in "Sunny South Kensington", "Museum" (originally recorded for the "Sunshine Superman album" and rerecorded for "Mellow Yellow") and the title track, but is also tempered with world-weary observations of that scene ("Young Girl Blues"). The contractual problems that prevented the release of Donovan's music in the UK led him to write such songs as the resigned "Writer in the Sun", where he contemplates the possibility of his own forced retirement from the music industry at the age of 20.
Mickie Most's production and the arrangements of John Paul Jones accommodate these two divergent traits of Donovan's songwriting throughout | 23,414 |
1804972 | Mellow Yellow (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellow%20Yellow%20(album) | Mellow Yellow (album)
"Mellow Yellow". The peppier songs feature a diverse selection of instruments similar to "Sunshine Superman" and helped make a top 10 hit out of the title track on both sides of the Atlantic. The introspective ruminations feature sparse instrumentation that highlights Donovan's guitar playing, singing, and lyrics.
On "Mellow Yellow", Donovan gave a nod to his friend Bert Jansch on "House of Jansch", marking the third Donovan album in a row that paid tribute to the British folk personage.
John Cameron played blues piano, harpsichord, and undertook arrangements.
Paul McCartney provided background vocals on at least one of the tracks. He is uncredited for his work.
# Legacy.
According to a | 23,415 |
1804972 | Mellow Yellow (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellow%20Yellow%20(album) | Mellow Yellow (album)
recent biography (""Darker Than The Deepest Sea: The Search For Nick Drake""), the album was a significant influence on Nick Drake.
The track "Museum" was covered by Herman's Hermits on their 1967 album release "Blaze".
# Reissues.
- On 24 October 1994, EMI released "Four Donovan Originals" (EMI 7243 8 30867 2 6) in the UK. "Four Donovan Originals" is a compact disc box set containing four Donovan albums that were not previously released in the UK. "Mellow Yellow" is disc two of that set.
- On 16 January 2001, Collectables Records released "Mellow Yellow/Wear Your Love Like Heaven" (Collectables 6644), which contained all of "Mellow Yellow" and the first record of "A Gift from a Flower to | 23,416 |
1804972 | Mellow Yellow (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellow%20Yellow%20(album) | Mellow Yellow (album)
a Garden", "Wear Your Love Like Heaven".
- On 24 May 2005, EMI reissued "Mellow Yellow" (EMI 8735672) with ten bonus tracks.
- On 24 September 2010, Sony Music Entertainment reissued "Mellow Yellow" as part of a 3-CD set with "The Hurdy Gurdy Man" and "Barabajagal"
- On 1 October 2018, The state51 Conspiracy reissued "Mellow Yellow" (CON224LP) in the UK and Ireland on LP.
# Track listing.
All tracks by Donovan Leitch. Songs marked with a ‘+’ have been remixed into stereo.
## Original album.
Side one
- 1. "Mellow Yellow" – 3:47
- 2. "Writer in the Sun" – 4:33 +
- 3. "Sand and Foam" – 3:19
- 4. "The Observation" – 2:23
- 5. "Bleak City Woman" – 2:24
Side two
- 1. "House of Jansch" | 23,417 |
1804972 | Mellow Yellow (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellow%20Yellow%20(album) | Mellow Yellow (album)
– 2:43
- 2. "Young Girl Blues" – 3:45
- 3. "Museum" – 2:54
- 4. "Hampstead Incident" – 4:41 +
- 5. "Sunny South Kensington" – 3:48 +
## 2005 EMI CD version.
The ten tracks as on the original release plus the following bonus tracks:
- 1. "Epistle to Dippy" – 3:11
- 2. "Preachin' Love" – 2:40
- 3. "Good Time" – 1:54
- 4. "There is a Mountain" – 2:36 +
- 5. "Superlungs" (second version) – 3:17
- 6. "Epistle to Dippy" (alternative arrangement) – 3:13 +
- 7. "Sidewalk (The Observation)" (demo) – 2:29
- 8. "Writer in the Sun" (demo) – 3:30
- 9. "Hampstead Incident" (demo) – 3:52
- 10. "Museum" (demo) – 3:49
# Personnel.
## Musicians.
- Donovan – acoustic guitar, vocals
- John Cameron | 23,418 |
1804972 | Mellow Yellow (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellow%20Yellow%20(album) | Mellow Yellow (album)
– piano (tracks 4-5, 10, 12-13, 15), harpsichord (tracks 10, 11, 16), organ (track 10) celesta (tracks 2, 6), arrangements (tracks 2, 4-6, 9, 11-16)
- John Paul Jones – Bass guitar, arrangement (track 1)
- Danny Thompson, Spike Heatley – bass
- Phil Seamon – drums
- Bobby Orr – drums (tracks 1, 10)
- John McLaughlin – rhythm guitar (track 1)
- Joe Moretti – rhythm guitar (track 1)
- Danny Moss – saxophone (track 1)
- Ronnie Ross – saxophone (track 1)
- Big Jim Sullivan – electric guitar (track 5)
- Eric Ford – electric guitar (track 10)
- Shawn Phillips – sitar (track 10)
- Pat Halling – violin (track 8)
- Harold McNair – flute (tracks 2, 4, 18)
## Additional musicians on bonus | 23,419 |
1804972 | Mellow Yellow (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellow%20Yellow%20(album) | Mellow Yellow (album)
nny Thompson, Spike Heatley – bass
- Phil Seamon – drums
- Bobby Orr – drums (tracks 1, 10)
- John McLaughlin – rhythm guitar (track 1)
- Joe Moretti – rhythm guitar (track 1)
- Danny Moss – saxophone (track 1)
- Ronnie Ross – saxophone (track 1)
- Big Jim Sullivan – electric guitar (track 5)
- Eric Ford – electric guitar (track 10)
- Shawn Phillips – sitar (track 10)
- Pat Halling – violin (track 8)
- Harold McNair – flute (tracks 2, 4, 18)
## Additional musicians on bonus tracks.
- Jimmy Page – electric guitar (tracks 11, 16)
- Tony Carr – percussion, drums (tracks 11, 16)
## Technical.
- Mickie Most – producer
# External links.
- "Mellow Yellow" - Donovan Unofficial Site | 23,420 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
Ford EXP
The Ford EXP is a sports compact coupe that was produced and sold by Ford Motor Company in North America from the 1982 to 1988 model years. The first two-seat Ford since the 1957 Thunderbird, the EXP made its debut at the 1981 Chicago Auto Show. Sharing the dashboard, wheelbase, suspension, and powertrain with the Ford Escort, the EXP was longer, lower, and more aerodynamic than its five-seat counterpart.
In line with the first-generation Escort, the EXP was produced in a version from 1982 to 1985, undergoing a facelift during the 1985 model year. The model was dropped after the 1988 model year. Although not intended to replace the EXP (as it was originally designed to become the 1989 | 23,421 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
Ford Mustang), the 1989 Ford Probe would become the next front-wheel drive sports coupe sold by Ford. After the EXP, the next two-seat Ford marketed in North America would be the 2002 Ford Thunderbird. Then in 1998 the Escort of the time was marketed as a ZX2, a nod to the EXP and the XR2 from the 1980s. Although EXPs were sports cars, it was common to remove the rear carpeting to put in rear seats as the floor pans are identical between the 3-door Escorts, Escort GTs, and EXPs, however the lower roof line makes rear seating uncomfortable.
From 1982 to 1983, the EXP was sold by Lincoln-Mercury dealers as the Mercury LN7. The LN7 was distinguished largely by its "bubbleback" hatch, large bumper | 23,422 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
strips across the doors, "black-out" tail lights, and more slits in the nose clip than those of an EXP. The vehicle, however, was dropped after failing to meet sales expectations.
# Development.
By 1980, Ford Motor Company had entered a period of major transition. Following the termination of Lee Iaccoca (to become CEO of Chrysler), chairman Henry Ford II retired and Ford's chief stylist, Eugene Bordinat, stepped down as well.
During the late 1970s, there had been a push by automobile manufacturers around the world to make small, fuel efficient cars; this was initiated by the OPEC oil embargo of October 17, 1973–1974. This embargo included a 70% increase in oil prices, causing long lines | 23,423 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
at gasoline filling stations, and skyrocketing prices for gasoline. People wanted, demanded more miles for their gasoline dollars. By the end of the decade, this led auto manufacturers from the United States, Japan, and West Germany to rethink the adage that "bigger is better".
The world would respond with smaller cars. A second energy crisis and a renewed recession followed in 1979-1982. Ford studied a two-seater commuter car called the Super Gnat. It was to have a three-cylinder engine with a wheelbase of just 78 inches. In addition, Ford built the Mustang RSX concept car, exploring a slightly smaller two-seat derivative of the Mustang.
Although Lee Iacocca was fired from the company, the | 23,424 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
most important part of his career at Ford was the Ford Mustang. In 1964, the Mustang was developed by adapting the underpinnings and powertrain of the mainstream Ford Falcon economy car and repackaging it as the sporty Mustang. During the 1970s, the same product engineering was used in the development of the Ford Granada, Ford Thunderbird/Mercury Cougar, and the entire Lincoln product line.
To replace the aging Ford Pinto, the company began development on the Ford Escort in the late 1970s. While originally intended to be a "world car", the North American version shared little aside from its engine, suspension, and its name in the final design.
The basis for developing the Escort into the EXP | 23,425 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
stemmed from company marketing research. Ford felt that the growing number of one and two person households, combined with the lifestyle of the younger target audience who desired a small sporty car, led them to the conclusion that Americans wanted a "lively little car that is dependable, efficient, and good-looking". Conversely, if a potential customer wanted the extra room for four or five passengers, they would buy an Escort, Mustang, or Fairmont. Much like a European gran turismo, the EXP would be a personal vehicle for two people with a cargo area in back for emergency transport of anything or anyone else.
As the Falcon became the Mustang and the Maverick became the Granada, Ford restyled | 23,426 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
the Escort from the beltline up and turned the rear seats into cargo space. The distinguishing feature between the vehicles would be an all-new rear hatchback and front headlights. Mercury received a similar variant of the Lynx named the LN7.
Comparing the EXP to the original Thunderbird, Ford Division, general manager Louis E. Latalf said, "we're introducing another two-seater with the same flair, but the EXP will be a very affordable, very fuel efficient car matched to the lifestyles of the eighties."
Ford EXP and Mercury LN7 development took place in Ford's St Thomas plant in Ontario, the plant that produced the majority of EXPs and LN7s and all of the EXPs and LN7s for the 1982 and 1983 | 23,427 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
models. Here LN7s and EXPs were continually experimented on and further engineered as more technologies became available. But the plant only produced EXPs from February 16, 1981 to August 5, 1983 and LN7s from February 16, 1981 to June 30, 1983 ending the 1983 model year for both cars leaving the American plants to produce all the 1984 to 1988 EXPs.
## Name origin.
According to an article published in "Popular Mechanics" (March 1981), the letters EXP were supposed to stand for "Erika Project Personal", where project cars are designated "X". The "Erika" came from the code-name from the European Escort.
But it is more likely the abbreviations "EXP" and "LN7" are just different variations on | 23,428 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
the models they're derivative of: "Escort" and "Lynx".
# 1980–1981 EXP sales model.
The EXP was coming but Ford hadn't marketed it yet or decided what some of its details and options would be. A few EXPs were built just for conceptual design and advertisement. These extremely rare EXPs shared the body style of the EXPs and LN7s to come in 1982 but featured many things that would be available in every EXP or LN7. They were all painted in vibrant colors with black painted across the entire car under the door bumper-lines and had a round silver badge where Ford's blue oval would find itself in 1982. These models particularly stood out as they had dual vents towards the front of the hood instead | 23,429 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
of the vents to be later seen on the front bumper clips, lacked bumper strips on the doors, and the rear taillights were completely red where all the EXPs produced had black around the reverse lights. An SS package and "bubblebacks" -like that of the LN7 and 2nd gen. EXPs- were optional along with black paint around the door windows later seen on 2nd gen. EXPs, aluminum oval-spoke wheels and "1.6L" badges on the front fenders. At least 10 were made in Canada and were all featured in a rare catalog featuring only those cars and people with them. No sightings have been recorded since.
The first non-concept or prototype EXP (white with red interior) and LN7 (green with grey interior) both rolled | 23,430 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
off the line on February 16, 1981. The first EXP was driven off the line by Canadian Premier William Davis.
Ford expected to make/sell 200,000 EXPs and 70,000 LN7s in the first model year (1982) but their production numbers only met half that expectation. It is presumed they didn't meet the predicted sales figures either.
# First generation (1982–1985).
The EXP's uni-body rode on the Escort's 94.2inch (2393 mm) wheelbase, with front-wheel drive, and four-wheel independent suspension from 1970s European Fords. At 50 inches tall and 14 feet long, the EXP was longer, lower, and sportier than the North American Escort. The EXP's wheelbase is also close to the "foxbody" Mustang of the same era | 23,431 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
differing by less than an inch in length.
Performance wasn't the car's strong suit, however, since the EXP weighed about 200 pounds more than a typical 1980s Escort but carried the same small 1.6 L "CVH" I4 engine rated at 70 hp (52 kW) and a standard 4-speed IB4 manual transaxle. The engine was specifically developed for the North American market of fuel efficiency while the European models of these engines spun faster and made more power. Originally there were to be two available engine options; 1.3-liter CVH and a 1.6-liter CVH, however the choice was made to only use the larger version. Europe ended up with all the CVH variants while North America only saw the 1.6 and later 1.9-liter CVH | 23,432 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
engines. Also the suspension is that of European Fords from the 1970s, sharing nearly every part with modifications for FWD applications of North American Escorts. Nevertheless, the March 1981 issue of "Car and Driver" reported that their EXP with a manual transmission reached 44 MPG on the highway, a figure comparable to modern hybrid cars.
Both the Ford EXP and the Mercury LN7 had a sharply sloped windshield, wheel arches with prominent lips, and wide body side moldings not far below the top of the wheel well. The biggest difference was the rear fascia. The EXP was a notchback with a lift-up hatch, while the LN7 used a big "bubbleback" backlite. The EXP's minimalist grille consisted merely | 23,433 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
of twin horizontal slats on the sloped front panel (the LN7 had ten). The "bubbleback" appearance was used on the larger Mustang-derived sports coupe for Mercury called the Capri. These appearances made the coefficient of drag low for both the EXP (0.37) and LN7 (0.36) and also helped fuel efficiency.
Priced considerably higher than the Escort, the EXP carried an ample list of standard equipment. It included power brakes, full instrumentation, full carpeting, map lighting (non-sunroof), electric back window defroster, power hatchback release, a digital clock, a cargo area security shade, and rims that are noticeably wider than those of Escorts. Models with a manual transmission had a sport-tuned | 23,434 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
exhaust. Automatic models had a wide-open throttle cutout switch for the optional air conditioning compressor clutch. Other options include floor vents and power steering or air conditioning and manual steering, AM/FM radio, cruise control, roof luggage rack, rear window wiper, various seat styles and fabrics, removable sunroof, right hand mirror, TRX tires and shocks, child seat, and a very wide variety of colors inside and out with many various pinstripes and other painted decals.
As the full 1982 model year began, Ford offered an optional (at no extra cost) 4.05:1 final drive for better performance. Later came a close-ratio transmission with 3.59:1 final drive ratio intended for the same | 23,435 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
purpose. Ford also offered an 8"(203 mm) rear brake drum set over the 7"(180 mm) rear brake drums of other EXPs and Escorts. As the years went on many different rim options became available but the color choices became more limited.
Finally, in March 1982, an 80 hp (59 kW) version of the CVH engine became available (High Output option H.O.). It had higher (9.0:1) compression, a dual-inlet air cleaner, lower-restriction exhaust, a bifurcated four-into-two-into-one exhaust manifold, larger carburetor venturis (a 32mm primary and a 34mm secondary compared to the 32mm of both venturis in the non-HO engine), and a higher-lift camshaft.
Then, in the last week of September 1982, in co-operation with | 23,436 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
Bosch, Ford Canada assembled the first electronic multi-port fuel-injected (EFI) 1.6 L for the EXP GT giving it the distinction of being the first model Ford offered with that option for the U.S. market. Although EFI with the EEC IV was an add on to the existing 80 hp H.O. "CVH" engine, it produced 88 hp (65.5 kW) and 94 lb/ft of torque in a 9.5:1 compression ratio, naturally aspirated configuration giving it an affinity for higher octane fuel.
## EXP Turbo Coupe.
By 1984, Ford was trying hard to conquer the youth market, especially the affluent young motorist with offerings such as the Mustang SVO, Thunderbird Turbo Coupe, and the new EXP Turbo Coupe also built by Ford's Special Vehicle Operations | 23,437 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
(SVO). It shared most of the parts the McLaren ASC EXP came with; turbo, Koni shocks, stiffer springs, lower ride height, improved brakes, and TRX Michelin tires.
In the car's initial development there was a plan for adding fuel injection and a turbo charger to increase power significantly, but there wasn't enough time to get it into the first 2 production years. The turbocharged 1.6 L "CVH" engine, available for the Escort and EXP, featured a high-lift camshaft and EEC-IV electronic controls. With an 8:1 compression ratio and boost pressure up to 8 psi, torque was increased to 120 lb/ft and power raised to 120 hp (89.5 kW), a gain of some 35 percent over the naturally aspirated models.
The | 23,438 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
Turbo Coupe had a unique front air dam and rear decklid spoiler, with a taped "Turbo" badge on the rear bumper. It also had two-tone paint with a black lower section, a unique C-pillar appliqué featuring the EXP lettering, black wheel flares, and black rocker panel moldings.
## Mercury LN7.
The Mercury division of Ford Motor Company marketed the EXP as the Mercury LN7, much as the Mercury Lynx was derived from the Ford Escort. While sharing a common powertrain with the EXP, the LN7 differed slightly in its styling. As with the Mercury Capri, the LN7 was styled with a convex-curved "bubbleback" backlite. In addition, the grille had slightly different styling, with the grille of the LN7 having | 23,439 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
10 slats compared to the 2 of the EXP.
The LN7 sold far under sales projections and was discontinued after the 1983 model year after approximately 40,000 were sold; compared to the rest of the Lincoln-Mercury model line, a two-seat compact sports coupe was relatively out of place.
# Second generation (1985–1988).
By the mid-1980s, two-seat compact sports coupes were in vogue. By 1985, the EXP found competition in the Honda CR-X, Pontiac Fiero, and Toyota MR2. While the latter two were mid-engine, rear-wheel drive vehicles, all were similar to the EXP in deriving a number of powertrain and chassis components from other production vehicles. After four years of production, the first-generation | 23,440 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
EXP was discontinued during the 1985 model year. Originally marketed towards buyers that valued fuel efficiency over high performance, the Ford EXP had begun to struggle against newer vehicles. Build quality and refinement were also inferior to its Japanese competitors.
In 1985, a group of Ford assembly employees took an EXP off the line and upgraded it with parts from the updated 1985½ Ford Escort. The one-off "prototype" built by the factory workers was presented to Ford CEO Donald Petersen, who liked it and approved it for production, as a "1985½" model.
Officially renamed the "Ford Escort EXP", the second-generation EXP abandoned the controversial front headlights and widely flared fenders | 23,441 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
in favor of a version of the bodywork from the standard Ford Escort, sharing its flush-mounted headlamps and amber turn signal lenses. The Escort EXP was given a model-specific front bumper with an integrated air dam; along with the Escort GT, the EXP was produced with its own grille, distinguished by a single slot below the Ford emblem. The rear bodywork remained largely the same; with the exception of the Mercury LN7 "bubble hatch" becoming standard; the grey rear taillamp lenses introduced in 1985 were retained. To match the lowered front bumpers, the rear bumpers were redesigned.
Along with the exterior, the interior of the EXP was redesigned to match the rest of the Ford Escort line.
## | 23,442 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
Luxury Coupe (1985.5-1988).
The Ford Escort EXP Luxury Coupe was equipped with low-back cloth/vinyl (or all-vinyl) seats (from the standard Ford Escort), AM/FM stereo radio, overhead console, left remote mirror (standard), with a tachometer and trip odometer. From the 1985½ introduction to the end of 1986, the Luxury Coupe came with a 1.9L CVH inline-4 with a 2-barrel carburetor, making 90 hp. For 1987 and 1988, the 1.9L engine was equipped with throttle-body fuel injection, termed CFI (Central Fuel Injection) by Ford, while still making 90 hp.
## Sport Coupe (1986-1988).
Introduced for 1986, the Ford Escort EXP Sport Coupe was produced through 1988. Externally distinguished by 15-inch alloy | 23,443 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
wheels, dual electric mirrors, and fog lamps, the Sport Coupe was fitted with components from the Ford Escort GT, including suspension and brake upgrades and sport bucket seats. Fitted with a center console, the Sport Coupe was equipped with a systems monitor (with LEDs as warning indicators for headlights, taillights, and fuel level). The Sport Coupe was fitted with a 106 hp version of the 1.9L CVH engine, equipped with multiport fuel injection. For 1987, the output was increased to 115 hp.
# Discontinuation.
From its 1982 introduction, sales of the EXP were never as strong as Ford marketing executives had intended. After the introduction of competitive 2-seat vehicles (such as the Pontiac | 23,444 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
Fiero and Honda CRX), buyers shifted towards higher-performance vehicles. During the 1980s, insurance rates on 2-seat cars were rising over those of cars with back seats, creating a separate deterrent for buyers.
Within Ford, the development of the Ford Mustang played a separate part in the demise of the EXP. In 1982, Ford commenced work on the fourth-generation Mustang; beginning work on a "design of tomorrow", the goal was to shift the Mustang from rear-wheel drive to front-wheel drive, increasing fuel efficiency; in place of the Fox platform, the Mustang was to become a counterpart of the Mazda MX-6. At the time, General Motors was considering a similar redesign of the Chevrolet Camaro and | 23,445 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
Pontiac Firebird by 1990.
By the mid-1980s, as the public learned of the planned front-wheel drive Mustang, it spawned a negative reaction from buyers and dealers, leading Ford to reconsider the decision. However, as the front-wheel drive car was significantly far along in the development cycle, Ford chose to bring it to production, renaming it Ford Probe (after a series of aerodynamically advanced Ford concept cars). As Ford could not afford the market overlap of producing three compact sports coupes (alongside the Ford Festiva, Ford Escort, and Ford Tempo two-doors), the company chose to discontinue the Escort EXP, as it was the slowest-selling nameplate.
In October 1988, after over 225,000 | 23,446 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
Ford (Escort) EXPs were produced, the final Ford Escort EXP rolled off the assembly line.
# Variants.
## EXP / LN7 convertibles.
Ford was experimenting with the EXP's potential with the newly released EXPs and LN7s of 1982. A select few of each were turned into convertible models. These models are very rare as Ford did not sell any more than the estimated 28 LN7s and recorded 8 EXPs that were produced, not to mention what kind of costs were involved in converting these cars. The 8 EXPs were converted by Dynamic Conversions in Hillsdale, Michigan. The 28 LN7s were converted by Andy Hotten's crew in Ford's St Thomas factory were most EXPs and LN7s were built. Very few of these convertible models | 23,447 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
are reported to be around today.
## EXP EV.
Further experimentation from Ford with their EXPs resulted in producing 4 all-electric EXPs. These selected 1982 EXPs are powered by 39HP GE (General Electric) electric motors and Soleq parts all built together by EVA out of Cleveland, OH. Electric Vehicle Associates (EVA) used their technology from the Escorts they made ("EVcorts"). Production of both vehicles were limited as the costs to convert these 2 cars was far beyond the cars' original values. Its original range is estimated between 20 and 60 miles with a top speed of 70MPH. This idea didn't meet expectations either as these EXPs were lacking both sport and practicality. It's unsure if EVA | 23,448 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
went on to convert EXPs and Escorts at their own expense.
Many other EXPs would be subject to electric propulsion, but not on Ford's dime. It was a popular competition in colleges, tech schools, and universities to convert smaller cars like EXPs to electric power and then compete against other schools with them. Involved in these competitions were the cars' general performance, endurance, and efficiency.
## EXP ASC/McLaren.
In 1982 American Sunroof Company (ASC) and McLaren equipped two EXPs with sunroofs, true notchbacks, ground effects, and charged aspiration. ASC (American Sunroof Corporation) did the cosmetic modifications and McLaren made the performance modifications. One has the following | 23,449 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
modifications: a supercharger, turbocharger, tighter steering, 1 inch shorter ride height, Recaro racing seats, TRX suspension, KONI shocks, twin fuel pumps, fuel injection, machined uprights (for wheel clearance), enhanced power steering, and portion-valved brakes. This EXP ASC McLaren makes 120HP and 137 ft/lb of torque. Ford added their own removable sunroofs, ground effects, "bubblebacks", and spoilers to save money and later turbocharged EXPs themselves to make the same amount of power. The other EXP has yet to be spotted.
# Promotional EXPs and LN7s.
## LN7 Scoundrel 500.
As part of a Weinstock's promotion a select batch of Mercury LN7s were built with all black interior, purple exterior, | 23,450 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
and gold pinstripes along the body and within the black bump strips. These LN7s had every available factory option and could only be won by sweepstakes entries, Ford family members and employees could not enter the sweepstakes or own any of the LN7 Scoundrels. Along with being awarded an LN7, winners were granted a $1000 gift certificate for/from Weinstocks. If a winner had already ordered an LN7 they could be refunded in full and their ordered LN7 became the Scoundrel Edition car if they chose. It's assumed that only 500 of these LN7s were ever made.
## LN7 Budweiser King.
Another huge promotional sweepstakes event involved some rare LN7 replicas of the Budweiser Race Team's LN7 funny-car | 23,451 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
in 1982. Grand prize of the drawing was a normal LN7 (provided by Ford Motor Company) painted to perfectly match the real drag strip car, only one model is known to exist and its whereabouts are unknown. First prizes were tickets to two NHRA national events. Second prizes were four go-cart replicas of the Budweiser funny car, eight others were won at select NHRA events. It is unknown how many were made but they were all built by Ford Motor Company with 3hp motors powering them up to 15mph.
# GN34.
At least one first-generation EXP was modified as an early "test mule" for the 3.0 L SHO V6 engine co-developed between Ford and Yamaha and was part of Ford's GN34 program to develop a mid-engine | 23,452 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
sports car. Some were made RWD with the Yamaha V6 on display in the rear bubble hatch while others were AWD models with the V6 under the hatch as well. Some V6s were punched from 3.0 to 3.2 to 3.4 to 3.6 liters all mated to a ZF-5 transmissions.
It is unknown how many EXP-based test mules were built; later prototypes were custom-built designs. The GN34 mid-engine sports car was shelved in the late 1980s, with the Ford-Yamaha V6 engine leading to the introduction of the Ford Taurus SHO sports sedan.
# Motorsport.
## PPG Pace Car.
One rare Mercury LN7 was also converted specifically for the 1981 PPG CART Indy Car World Series. It featured a dramatic front chin spoiler, brake-cooling ducts | 23,453 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
just ahead of the rear wheels, and a wrap-around rear spoiler all provided by ASC (American Sunroof Company) and Ford. The power plant was an early turbocharged version of the 1.6L CVH built by Jack Roush and Ford's SVO, featuring a reworked version of the factory 2-barrel carburetor, TRW cold-forged pistons for 8.5:1 compression, polished factory connecting rods, ported head milled down .06" on top a European 1.6L CVH head gasket, 3-angle valve seats, a turbocharger adding just 8psi, and water-alcohol-injection all adding up to 7,000RPMs (electronically limited) of 180 horsepower. The transmission is a factory Escort/Lynx/EXP/LN7 4-speed manual transmission blue-printed with extreme care and | 23,454 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
tight tolerances at an aircraft level allowing it to handle both the 180 horsepower, 7,000RPMs of input, and top speeds around 125mph. Very few photos of the car exist but it is currently on display in the Roush Racing Museum among a few of Ford's GN34 specimens.
One rare Ford EXP is one converted specifically serve as a CART Series PPG Indy Car World Series Pace Car in 1982. This car wears a tapered front clip and unique hatch and body-integrated spoiler, both reminiscent of a past EXP prototype. It also is widened at each of the four quarter panels of the car believed to allow room for a Ford-Yamaha SHO V6 in the front or possibly in the rear like the aforementioned GN34 EXP experiment. It | 23,455 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
is also possible to be host to another 1.6L CVH built and turbocharged by Jack Roush and Ford's SVO. Very few photos of the car exist but it is currently on display in the Roush Racing Museum among a few of Ford's GN34 specimens.
## SCCA EXP/LN7.
Ford provided 3 EXP/LN7 cars for SCCA competition racing in 1981-1983.
One car was made with PBS. What was previously an LN7 was transformed into a competition race car through fiberglass body parts, racing suspension, and a PBS 2.0L (Ford 1.6L) CVH mated with a 5-speed transmission.
A second car was made into a competition rally car by Blume Power Inc. for driver "Dick Turner" rumored to be RWD and hosting a V8 under the hood.
The third car was | 23,456 |
1804938 | Ford EXP | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%20EXP | Ford EXP
is currently on display in the Roush Racing Museum among a few of Ford's GN34 specimens.
## SCCA EXP/LN7.
Ford provided 3 EXP/LN7 cars for SCCA competition racing in 1981-1983.
One car was made with PBS. What was previously an LN7 was transformed into a competition race car through fiberglass body parts, racing suspension, and a PBS 2.0L (Ford 1.6L) CVH mated with a 5-speed transmission.
A second car was made into a competition rally car by Blume Power Inc. for driver "Dick Turner" rumored to be RWD and hosting a V8 under the hood.
The third car was another circuit car like the PBS LN7 but little is known about this racer.
# External links.
- Ford EXP recall information at Justia.com | 23,457 |
1804994 | Our Lady of the Mount Catholic Church (Honolulu) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our%20Lady%20of%20the%20Mount%20Catholic%20Church%20(Honolulu) | Our Lady of the Mount Catholic Church (Honolulu)
Our Lady of the Mount Catholic Church (Honolulu)
Our Lady of the Mount Catholic Church in Honolulu is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church of Hawaii in the United States. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Honolulu and its bishop. Located in the Kalihi Valley neighborhood community, it once served the immigrant Portuguese pineapple and sugarcane plantation laborers of the early 20th century. They dedicated their church to "Nossa Sanhora do Monte" or "Our Lady of the Mount", in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
# Resources.
- Our Lady of the Mount Catholic Church in Honolulu | 23,458 |
1804967 | Kenneth Carlsen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth%20Carlsen | Kenneth Carlsen
Kenneth Carlsen
Kenneth Carlsen (born 17 April 1973) is a Danish former professional tennis player, who was active between 1992 and 2007. Carlsen played left-handed with a one-handed backhand. His greatest asset was his powerful serve, and his game was therefore best suited to fast surfaces (grass and hardcourt). For most of his long career Carlsen was Denmark's best tennis player, and consistently among the few Danish players playing at the highest international level. He was awarded as best Danish "Tennis Player of the Year" seven times by the Danish Tennis Federation (first time in 1991, last time in 2005). Two times the award went to the Danish Davis Cup team, of which Kenneth Carlsen until | 23,459 |
1804967 | Kenneth Carlsen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth%20Carlsen | Kenneth Carlsen
2003 was a central part (having a 29–13 record in singles).
# Career.
Carlsen began playing tennis at age nine, and in his teens became one of the best juniors in the world. He finished as no. 3 in the world in 1991. He turned full-time professional in 1992, and his breakthrough as senior in a major tournament came at the Copenhagen Open where he beat top-20 player Alexander Volkov in the first round. Later that year, he reached the final in Brisbane—-only his fourth ATP tournament. His debut in the 1993 Australian Open confirmed his position among the best players in the world as he went to the fourth round. The same year he reached his career-best singles ranking as World No. 41 in June. | 23,460 |
1804967 | Kenneth Carlsen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth%20Carlsen | Kenneth Carlsen
Since 1993 he was for most of the time ranked within the Top 100. In 1994 he played the most famous match of his career when he beat Stefan Edberg in five sets at Wimbledon.
In 1996 he reached the final of the tournament that triggered his career, Copenhagen Open, but lost to Cédric Pioline. The next year he reached the final in Auckland, but this time lost to Jonas Björkman. This saw his ranking shoot up 20 spots to World No. 52. In 1999, Carlsen reached the final in Newport, but lost to Chris Woodruff.
In 2000 he suffered from a serious shoulder injury, and underwent surgery twice. As a result, he did not play any tournaments that year. His recovery was relatively slow, and he could not | 23,461 |
1804967 | Kenneth Carlsen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth%20Carlsen | Kenneth Carlsen
return to professional tennis until June 2001. His long absence from the sport, however, did not seem to affect his playing negatively. In 2002 he won his second ATP tournament in Tokyo, and in 2005 he won the Regions Morgan Keegan Championship in Memphis at almost 32 years old. His resurgence saw him in June 2005 become World No. 50.
Carlsen rarely played doubles, but reached three ATP doubles finals in his career. In Copenhagen with Frederik Fetterlein in 1997 (lost to Andrei Olhovskiy/Brett Steven), Tashkent, Uzbekistan with Sjeng Schalken in 1998 (lost to Stefano Pescosolido/Laurence Tieleman), and Beijing with Michael Berrer in 2006 (lost to Mario Ančić/Mahesh Bhupathi).
He played a total | 23,462 |
1804967 | Kenneth Carlsen | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth%20Carlsen | Kenneth Carlsen
He played a total of 46 Grand Slam events during his career, and used to hold the record for most first-round exits for a long time; 30. But he was surpassed by Albert Montañés at 2014 Australian Open where he reached 31 career Grand Slam first-round exits.
On June 27, 2007 he announced that he would retire from professional tennis, and he played his last ATP match in first round of the Stockholm Open on October 10, 2007. The week after, he played his final professional tennis match at a Challenger tournament in Kolding, Denmark.
In November 2008 Carlsen was appointed a captain of the Denmark Davis Cup team. Under his guidance the Danes returned in 2011 to the Europe/Africa Zone Group I. | 23,463 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
Number the Stars
Number the Stars (1989) is a work of historical fiction by American author Lois Lowry, about the escape of a Jewish family (the Rosens) from Copenhagen, Denmark, during World War II.
The story centers on ten-year-old Annemarie Johansen, who lives with her family in Copenhagen in 1943. She becomes a part of the events related to the rescue of the Danish Jews, when thousands of Jews were helped to reach neutral ground in Sweden in order to avoid being relocated to concentration camps. She risked her life in order to help her best friend, Ellen Rosen, by pretending that Ellen is Annemarie's late older sister Lise, who had died earlier in the war. Lise had been killed by the Nazi | 23,464 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
military as a result of her work with the Danish Resistance, though her former fiancé Peter, based in part on Danish resistance member Kim Malthe-Bruun, continues to help them. The story's title is taken from a reference to Psalm 147:4, in which the writer relates that God has numbered all the stars and has named each one of them. It ties into the Star of David, worn by Ellen Rosen on her necklace, which is symbolic to Judaism.
The novel was awarded the Newbery Medal in 1990 as the previous year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". Lois Lowry traveled to Copenhagen to conduct research and interviews for the book. She took the photo of the girl used for the | 23,465 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
cover (shown in infobox). That cover was used on many editions of the book.
# Plot summary.
Annemarie Johansen and her friend, Ellen Rosen, are ten-year-old girls living in Copenhagen, Denmark, during World War II. Annemarie has a 5-year-old sister named Kirsti. There are Nazis on every street corner in Copenhagen. Butter, sugar, coffee, cigarettes and other goods are unavailable. Electricity and many other things have been rationed.
After an encounter with two German soldiers, Annemarie and Ellen are much more careful. Later on, it turns out that for unknown reasons the Germans are "relocating" Denmark's Jews. At the synagogue, the Nazis have taken the names and addresses of all the Jewish | 23,466 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
people in Copenhagen. Ellen and her family are Jewish. Ellen's parents have fled with Peter, the former fiancé of Annemarie's older sister, Lise, who died years before. Ellen must stay with the Johansens, pretending to be Lise, even though she is half the age of the real Lise. Soldiers enter the Johansens' apartment at 4 in the morning, thinking that the Rosens are "Paying a visit" to the Johansens. Annemarie and Ellen wake up and Annemarie breaks the Star of David necklace off Ellen's neck. If the soldiers had seen it, they would have known Ellen was a Jew. The soldiers see Ellen's dark hair and become suspicious because the Johansens have blond hair, and Ellen has brown hair. Luckily, Lise | 23,467 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
had brown hair as an infant. Mr. Johansen shows the Nazis a picture of baby Lise, and they leave.
Mrs. Johansen, Annemarie, Ellen, and Kirsti leave the next morning to go to Uncle Henrik's house by the sea. Sweden, a Nazi-free country, can be seen from Uncle Henrik's house. Before they had gone to his house, Mr. Johansen had spoken in code to Henrik. When they get there, Henrik seems like his ordinary self. The next day, Henrik says that Annemarie's Great-Aunt Birte has died. A huge casket is placed in the middle of the living room. Annemarie knows that there is no Aunt Birte, but learns from her uncle that it is easier to be brave if you do not know something, so she does not tell Ellen the | 23,468 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
truth about her "aunt".
Later on, many people come to mourn "Aunt Birte", to Annemarie's puzzlement. Nazis come to the house and see all the people and start questioning the family. They explain that Great-Aunt Birte has died, and they are carrying out traditional rituals. The Nazis order the casket opened, and Mrs. Johansen acts fast. She says that Great-Aunt Birte had typhus, a very contagious and dangerous disease, or so the doctor said. She goes to the casket to open it, but one of the soldiers slaps her in the face and says they can open it when the soldiers leave.
After they leave, the wake continues. Peter, who is present, reads the beginning of Psalm 147 from the Bible to the group, | 23,469 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
recounting the Lord God numbering the stars. As the psalm is not familiar to Annemarie, her thoughts begin to wander. She wonders how it is possible to number the stars in the sky and remembers Ellen saying that her mother is afraid of the ocean because her mother thinks it is cold and cruel. Annemarie thinks that the night sky and the world are also cold and cruel. Peter opens the casket and gives the warm clothing and blankets concealed within it to the Jewish families. They depart in smaller groups to avoid attracting attention. Ellen says goodbye to Annemarie and her mother.
In the morning, Annemarie sees her mother crawling in the distance because she had broken her ankle. After helping | 23,470 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
her mother back to the house, Annemarie finds a packet of great importance to the Resistance, a packet which Mr. Rosen dropped when he accidentally tripped on a flight of stairs. Mrs. Johansen tells Annemarie to fill a basket with food and the packet, and run as fast as she can. Annemarie runs off onto a wooded path in the direction of her uncle's boat. She is halted by Nazi soldiers with dogs. When they question Annemarie about what she is doing out so early, she lies, saying that she is taking a basket with a meal to her uncle. The soldiers do not believe her, and one of them grabs at the basket. However, the soldiers eventually let her go, and Annemarie makes it to her uncle's boat. She gives | 23,471 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
Uncle Henrik an envelope that contains a handkerchief. The handkerchief had traces of cocaine on it to numb the dog's sense of smell. When the Nazi dogs took onto the boat sniff the handkerchief, they can no longer smell Uncle Henrik's hidden "cargo": the Jewish people he is smuggling to safety.
Uncle Henrik returns to Denmark later that evening from Sweden. He tells Annemarie that many Jewish people, including the Rosens, were hiding in his boat. He also explains that the handkerchief in her package contained the scent of rabbit blood, which attracted the dogs, and the strong odor of cocaine, which numbs their noses, preventing them from tracking down the Jews in Henrik's boat. Several revelations | 23,472 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
are made, including that Peter is in the Danish Resistance.
Two years later, the war in Europe ends, and all of Denmark celebrates. The Jews who were forced to leave Denmark will find that their friends and neighbors have kept up their apartments in hopes of their return. Peter had been captured and executed by the Nazis in the town square earlier in the war, after which Annemarie learned that her sister Lise died, not in an accident, but because the Nazis intentionally hit her with a military car: she was also in the Resistance. It is unknown whether Ellen or her parents return to Copenhagen.
# Reception.
Critical and popular reactions were positive. "Kirkus Reviews" said that "...like Annemarie, | 23,473 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
the reader is protected from the full implications of events--but will be caught up in the suspense and menace of several encounters with soldiers and in Annemarie's courageous run as courier on the night of the escape."
In addition to winning numerous awards, the book has been one of the best-selling children's books of all time. According to "Publishers Weekly", it was the 82nd best selling children's book of all time in the United States with sales above 2 million as of 2001. Sales have remained solid, even years after publication.
# Theatre Adaptation.
In 1996, Dr. Doug Larche, with the editorial assistance of Susan Elliott, wrote a dramatic adaptation of "Number the Stars" which was | 23,474 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
published by The Dramatic Publishing Company of Woodstock, Illinois. As of this writing, the play has had over 250 productions, including opening two Holocaust Museums and playing two summers at the Danish International Immigrant Museum. It continues to be produced at major youth and regional theatres, as well as community, university, college, high school, middle school and academy theatres around the world. In 1998, The Dramatic Publishing Company released "Number the Stars A Musical Play", adapted by Sean Hartley.
# Film adaptation.
In September 2017, actor Sean Astin announced that he had spent the last ten years attempting to get a film adaptation greenlit.
# External links.
- Lois | 23,475 |
1804983 | Number the Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number%20the%20Stars | Number the Stars
he Dramatic Publishing Company of Woodstock, Illinois. As of this writing, the play has had over 250 productions, including opening two Holocaust Museums and playing two summers at the Danish International Immigrant Museum. It continues to be produced at major youth and regional theatres, as well as community, university, college, high school, middle school and academy theatres around the world. In 1998, The Dramatic Publishing Company released "Number the Stars A Musical Play", adapted by Sean Hartley.
# Film adaptation.
In September 2017, actor Sean Astin announced that he had spent the last ten years attempting to get a film adaptation greenlit.
# External links.
- Lois Lowry – Author | 23,476 |
269894 | Ilocos Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocos%20Sur | Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur () is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Vigan City, located on the mouth of the Mestizo River is the provincial capital. Ilocos Sur is bordered by Ilocos Norte and Abra to the north, Mountain Province to the east, La Union and Benguet to the south and the South China Sea to the west.
Ilocos Sur was founded by the Spanish "conquistador", Juan de Salcedo in 1572. It was formed when the north (now Ilocos Norte) split from the south (Ilocos Sur). At that time it included parts of Abra and the upper half of present-day La Unión. The current boundary of the province was permanently defined through "Act 2683", which was signed in March 1917.
The | 23,477 |
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province is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, namely, the Heritage City of Vigan and the Baroque Church of Santa Maria
# History.
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the coastal plains in northwestern Luzón, stretching from Bangui (Ilocos Norte) in the north to "Namacpacan" (Luna, La Union) in the south, were a region called the "Ylokos". This region lies in between the China Sea in the west and Northern Cordilleras on the east. The inhabitants built their villages near the small bays on coves called "looc" in the dialect. These coastal inhabitants were referred to as "Ylocos" which literally meant "from the lowlands". The entire region was then called by the ancient name "Samtoy" | 23,478 |
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from "sao mi ditoy" which in Ilocano mean "our dialect". The region was later called by the Spaniards as "Ylocos" or "Ilocos" and its people "Ilocanos".
The Ilocos Region was already a thriving, fairly advanced cluster of towns and settlements familiar to Chinese, Japanese and Malay traders when the Spaniard explorer Don Juan de Salcedo and members of his expedition arrived in Vigan on June 13, 1572. Forthwith, they made "Cabigbigaan" (Bigan), the heart of the Ylokos settlement their headquarters which Salcedo called "Villa Fernandina" and which eventually gained fame as the "Intramuros de Ilocandia". Salcedo declared the whole Northern Luzón as an "encomienda", or a land grant. Subsequently, | 23,479 |
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he became the "encomendero" of Vigan and Lieutenant Governor of the Ylokos until his death in July 1574.
Augustinian missionaries came to conquer the region through evangelization. They established parishes and built churches that still stand today. Three centuries later, Vigan became the seat of the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia.
A royal decree of February 2, 1818 separated Ilocos Norte from Ilocos Sur, the latter to include the northern part of La Unión (as far as Namacpacan, now Luna) and all of what is now the province of Abra. The sub-province of Lepanto and Amburayan in Mountain Province were annexed to Ilocos Sur.
The passage of "Act 2683" by the Philippine Legislature in March 1917 | 23,480 |
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defined the present geographical boundary of the province.
## Precolonial era.
The ancient land of Samtoy
On the northwestern part of Luzon, the Ilocos range restricts a narrow stretch coastal plain throughout its entire length as the home of one of the tribes of the Malay race, the Ilocanos.
Gleanings from ancient chronicles such as that of Fray Andrés Carro say that the word "Samtoy" was applied to ancient Ylokos or to the most important town of the region, where the most important dialect was spoken.
The ancient land of Ylokos or Samtoy extended from Bangui in the north to Aringay in the south. Situated between the coast of the South China Sea and the rugged mountain ranges of the Cordillera | 23,481 |
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is a long narrow strip of coastal plain. On the western China Sea side, the land is sandy. On the eastern side, near the slopes of the mountains that separates the region from the Mountain Province, the land is rocky, leaving just a narrow strip of plain here and there for cultivation. In places, the mountains come so close to the sea that the public highway has to wind along the steep mountain and sea. The pressure of increasing population and consequent land hunger has made the people of this region thrifty.
## Spanish exploration.
The coast of Samtoy, already familiar to Chinese and Japanese traders before Magellan's time, was known to the Spanish colonizers in 1572 when Juan de Salcedo | 23,482 |
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traveled along Samtoy or what is now known as the Ilocos Provinces. Sent by the "Adelantado", Miguel López de Legazpi, to explore the whole island of Luzón, Salcedo founded "Ciudad Fernandina" in 1574 in the heart of Yloko settlement in "Bigan", in what is now Ilocos Sur. It became the center of Spanish rule and influence, and the evangelization and pacification movements.
The Spaniards, after Salcedo's exploration, created Samtoy, the whole northwestern region of Luzon into an "encomienda" with Villa Fernandina at Tamag (Bigan) as the capital.
Salcedo was made lieutenant governor of Ylokos and the "encomendero" of Bigan where he died on March 11, 1576. It was due to his efforts that the settlements | 23,483 |
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in Tagurín, Santa Lucía, Nalbacán, Bantay, Candón and Sinayt were pacified and made to pay tribute to the King of Spain.
### Conversion of the natives.
To implement Spain's policy, missionaries came to convert the natives to Christianity. A Spanish chronicler wrote: "The Ilocos are all Christians and are the humblest and most tractable.'
The evangelization of Ilocos Sur was allotted to the Augustinians who established parishes in Santa in 1576, Tagurín in 1586, Sta. Lucía in 1586, Nalbacán in 1587, Candón 1591, and Bantay in 1590. In 1641 they built a church in Bigan, which 117 years later, was to become the cathedral of the Episcopal See of Nueva Segovia.
## Partition of Ylokos.
Ylokos | 23,484 |
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comprised the present provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, and a part of Mountain Province.
A royal decree dated February 2, 1818, separated the northern section of Ylokos which became the province of Ilocos Norte. The southern portion, called "Ilocos Sur", included the northern part of La Union and all of what is now the province of Abra. In 1854, the province of La Unión was created out of the towns that had belonged to Ilocos Sur and Pangasinan. Ilocos Sur previously extended as far south as Namacpacan (in Luna), and the territory south of this belonged to Pangasinan. It was the union of portions of Ilocos Sur from the Amburayan were taken from the Mountain Province and incorporated | 23,485 |
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with Ilocos Sur.
Abra, which was part of Ilocos Sur, was created in 1864 with Lepanto as a sub-province to Ilocos Sur, and remained as such until March, 1971 when the passage of Act made it again a separate province.
### Vigan, capital of Ylocos.
Vigan is almost four centuries old, and was once known as "Kabigbigaan" from "biga" (Alocasia Indica), a coarse erect and araceous plant with large and ornate leaves with grows on the banks of the rivers. Its name "Bigan" was later changed to "Vigan". To the Spaniards it was "Villa Fernandina" in honor of King Ferdinand, the Spanish ruler then.
Founded in 1574 by Spanish "conquistador" Juan de Salcedo as capital of ancient Ylocos, Vigan vied in | 23,486 |
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importance and gentility with the city of Intramuros. Even before Salcedo came to Bigan, the town was already a center of Malayan civilization with a population of 8,000, a population greater than that of Manila then. It was already enjoying some prosperity, trading with the Chinese and Japanese who brought fine jars, silk and crockery through the nearby port of Pandan, Caoayan.
In the 19th century, Vigan also traded with Europe. Ships loaded indigo in its port for the textile mills in the Continent. The invention of chemical dyes in Germany ruined this industry. By then, the affluent citizens of Vigan had stocked their homes with statuettes of brass and iron, dinner wares, other artifacts | 23,487 |
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of European civilization, fine ivory and inlaid furniture and China wares.
### Social institutions.
Before Salcedo died in 1576, be bequeathed his "encomienda" to a selected group who perpetuated the tenancy system from which developed the practice of caciquism and landlordism, and consequently, usury. The aristocracy of the "babaknang"s against whom the "kaillanes" rose in revolt in 1762 is apparent. The two sections of the town — one for the "meztizo"s and the other for the "naturales" are still distinct. These practices became prominent during the indigo boom at the middle of the 19th century. Caciquism, together with landlordism and usury, was the greatest obstacle to the progress of the | 23,488 |
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province. Ilocos underwent the throes of these practices to be what it is today.
### Migration.
In the development of Ilocos Sur, the colonizers utilized free labor. Resentment to free labor brought about sporadic revolts, and those who refused to be slaves and tenants left the region and went to Abra and Cagayan Valley. From 1898 to the first decade of the 20th century, covered ox carts moved to the rich plains of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac.
In these travels, the children were amused by the tales of Lam-ang, Angalo and Aran, Juan Sadot and other legendary Ilocano characters. Folk songs like "Pamulinawen", "Manang Biday", "Dungdungwen Kanto Unay, Unay", and the Iloko "dal-lot", to | 23,489 |
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the accompaniment of the "kutibeng" were popularized.
The second phase of Ilocano migration was from 1908 to 1946 when surplus labor hands migrated to the plantations of Hawaii and the American West Coast. At the height of this migration, the average density of population in Ilocos Sur was 492 inhabitants per square mile, the most dense in the Philippines then, excluding Manila. The last batch of labor migration of Hawaii was in 1946 when 7,365 men were recruited by the Department of Labor. Vigan was the recruiting center. At present, more than seventy percent of the 63,500 Filipinos in Hawaii are Ilocanos.
## Uneasy peace.
The history of Ilocos Sur, from the beginning of the Spanish rule | 23,490 |
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to the first decade of the nineteenth century was characterized by revolts in protest against tributes and forced labor, as well as the monopolies of some industries.
The best known of these revolts was the Ilocos revolt (1762–1763), better known as Silang's Revolt. This was principally a revolt of the masses aimed at the "Babaknang"s and the "alcalde-mayor" of Vigan. After Diego Silang's assassination on May 28, 1763, his wife, Josefa Gabriela, continued the fight until she was captured and hanged publicly on September 20, 1763.
On September 16, 1817, another revolt resulted in protest against the government's monopoly in the manufacture of "basi" the native wine. The rebels under the command | 23,491 |
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of Ambaristo were defeated by a contingent of regular troops and recruits.
On March 25, 1898, Isabelo Abaya started a revolt in Candón and raised a red flag in the town plaza. The historic "Ikkis ti Candon" was the start of the several revolutions in the Ilocos Region.
## Philippine Revolution and Philippine-American War.
Ilocos Sur, like other provinces in the Philippines, was quick to rally behind Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in the Philippine Revolution in 1896. Upon the capture of Vigan, the revolutionists made the Bishop's Palace, their headquarters. On March 21, 1898, Don Mariano Acosta of Candón established the provincial revolutionary government in that town.
When General Aguinaldo returned | 23,492 |
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from his exile in Hong Kong to begin the Philippine–American War, he sent General Manuel Tinio to carry on the guerilla warfare against the Americans. Vigan served as Tinio's headquarters until its occupation by the U.S. 45th Infantry under Lt. Col. Parker on Dec. 4, 1899.
On the Tirad Pass in Concepción, east of Candón, General Gregorio del Pilar, covering the retreat of General Aguinaldo to the Cordilleras and ultimate to Palanan, died a heroic death on December 2, 1899 in a battle against the American Forces under Major C. March.
With the smoldering embers of the Filipino-American War already dying out, and with the gradual return of peace and order, a civil government under the Americans | 23,493 |
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was established in Ilocos Sur on September 1, 1901 with Don Mena Crisólogo, a delegate to the Malolos Congress, as the first provincial governor.
## World War II.
About forty years later, another bloody skirmish took place in Vigan, On December 10, 1941, a contingent of Japanese Imperial forces landed in Mindoro, Vigan, Santa, and Pandan, Caoayan.
Four years later, the Battle of Bessang Pass in Cervantes, fought between General Yamashita's forces and the U.S. 21st Infantry was the climax in the fight for liberation. On April 18, 1945, Ilocos Sur was declared liberated from the Japanese with the joint efforts of Filipino & American soldiers including Ilocano guerrillas.
## Economic prosperity.
The | 23,494 |
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first half of the 19th century was an economic boom for Ilocos Sur and other Ilocano provinces. It was during this period when the cotton, tobacco and indigo industries were encouraged by the government. With the operations of the Real Compañía de Filipinas, the textile industry was developed on a large scale, and the abolition of the tobacco monopoly accelerated economic progress. But the invention of chemical dyes put the indigo industry out of the business scene.
Today, the premier money crop is Virginia leaf tobacco. The windfall was brought about by the Tobacco Subsidy Law, authored by Congressman Floro Crisólogo.
The 1970s were a dark period for the province as armed men known as the | 23,495 |
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"saka-saka" (Ilocano, literally "bare-footed") terrorized the province; and this reign of terror resulted in the famous burning of the barangays of Ora East and Ora Centro in the municipality of Bantay. This era ended with the rise of Luis "Chavit" Singson to the governor's seat.
# Geography.
Ilocos Sur occupies the central section of the Ilocos Region in northern Luzon. It is bordered by Ilocos Norte to the north, Abra to the northeast, Mountain Province to the east, Benguet to the southeast, La Union to the south, and the South China Sea to the west. Its area of occupies about 20.11% of the total land area of .
The topography of Ilocos Sur is undulating to rolling with elevations ranging | 23,496 |
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from above sea level.
## Climate.
The climate is generally dry as defined by the Hernandez climate classification—the dry months are from October to May. However, the southernmost portion, Cervantes, is humid and rain is evenly distributed throughout the year while the southeastern part of Sugpon is drier. August has the most rainfall while January and February have the least. The mean temperature in the province is . January is the coldest.
## Administrative divisions.
Ilocos Sur comprises 32 municipalities and 2 component cities, which are organized into two legislative districts. There are a total of 768 barangays in the province.
## Barangays.
The 32 municipalities and 2 cities of | 23,497 |
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the province comprise a total of 768 barangays, with "Puro" in Magsingal as the most populous in 2010, and "Montero" in Banayoyo as the least.
# Demographics.
The population of Ilocos Sur in the was people, with a density of .
The 1960 census lists 338,058 people; 64,446 dwelling units of which 2,974 are lighted with electricity; 3227 provided with radio; 7379 served with pipe water; 25,137 served with artesian and pumped water; and 310 using electricity, kerosene and gas for cooking.
## Inhabitants.
Ilocos Sur is inhabited mostly by Ilocanos belonging to the third largest ethnic group of Malay origin. A Spanish chronicler wrote that “the people are very simple, domestic and peaceful, large | 23,498 |
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of body and very strong. “They are highly civilized. They are a most clean race, especially the women in their homes which they keep very neat and clean.”
Miguel de Loarca records around 1582 that the Ilocanos are intelligent as the Zambaleños for they are farmers. The main occupation of the people is agriculture.
Father Juan de Medina noted in 1630 that the natives are ‘the humblest and most tractable known and lived in nest and large settlements'.
## Religion.
The province is predominantly Roman Catholic with 75% of population adherence. Aglipayan Church is also a considerable large minority with a 20% adherence. Other religious beliefs are represented by other Christian Churches such | 23,499 |
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